Dk 122 Konsep Sistem Informasi

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6/6/2008 handout-SI-032204 KSI -by:sol's- 1

SI-032204

Konsep Sistem Informasi(4-sks)

Oleh :

Solikin WS.,[email protected]


SI-032204

Konsep Sistem Informasi(4-sks)

Prasyarat : Pengantar Teknologi InformasiTujuan :

memahami dan menguasai konsep sisteminformasi, dapat menjelaskan peranan informasi dalamsuatu organisasi, struktur dari suatu sistem informasi,dukungan komputer terhadap suatu sisteminformasi, dannilai informasi bagi pengambilan keputusan

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• Materi :

1. Pengertian data dan informasi2. Konsep dasar sistem dan sistem informasi3. Konsep organisasi dan manajemen dalam

kaitannya dengan suatu sistem informasi4. Struktur sistem informasi: komponen, aktivitas,

peran, dan tujuan pembangunan sistem informasi5. Jenis-jenis sistem informasi berbasis komputer6. Peran sistem informasi untuk pengambilan

keputusan


• Buku Referensi :

1. Couger, J.D. and Mc Fadden, F.R., "Introduction to Computer-Based Information Systems", John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.

2. McLeod Jr., Raymond, “Management Information System A Study of Computer-Based Information System”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

3. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System A Contemporary Perpective”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

4. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System Management The Digital Firm, Seven Edt.”, Prentice-Hall,New Jersey, 2002.

5. Turban-McLean-Wetherbe, “Information Technology For Management,Second Edition”, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1999.

6. Steven Alter, “Information Systems Foundation of E-Business, 4Ed”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,2002.

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Pengertian Data dan InformasiData :“Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadiandalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dandi susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakanoleh user).

Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung artiberupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungandarinya.

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Informasi (1)“Data have been shaped into form that is meaningful and useful to human beings”.(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapatdimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.

Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahandata yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berartiberupa suatu informasi” atau

Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai(berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakanuntuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.


Data vs Informasi

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Informasi(2)Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.

Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).

Data InformasiProcess


Informasi(3)

Sumber Informasi :Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)KuesionerKejadian / event (pencatatan, perekaman ataupun penangkapansinyal digital secara langsung).Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric, operational research, simulation, heuristic, dsb).

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Informasi(4)Karakteristik (kualitas) Informasi yang baik :

Timeliness (informasi harus tepat waktu, tersedia manakala dibutuhkan)Accuracy (informasi harus akurat / teliti)Reduced Uncertainty (informasiketidakpastiannya harus ditekan / diminimize/diperkecil)Element of Surprise (informasi tidakmengandung unsur / elemen kejutan)


Informasi(5)Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user) dapat direpresentasikan dalam media :

Kertas/hardcopyTampilan/display-monitor/videoSuara/audio

Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnyadalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipelaporan antara lain :

Loran PeriodikLaporan Indikator KunciLaporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report)Laporan KhususLaporan Penyimpangan (exception report)

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Informasi(6)Laporan dapat di representasikan denganberbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umumdigunakan :

NarasiTabelGrafik dan GambarKombinasiKertas/hardcopy


• System ?

Input Output

Feedback

System

“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordiniruntuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)

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information systemAn information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization


What is a System?

ManufacturingProcess

Input ofRaw Materials

Output ofFinished Products

Environment

Other Systems

Control byManagement

ControlSignals

ControlSignals

FeedbackSignals

FeedbackSignals

System Boundary

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The Internetworked -Business

Manufacturingand

ProductionEngineering &

ResearchAccounting,Finance, andManagement

Suppliers and Other Business Partners

Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics

Advertising Sales Customer Service

Consumer and Business Customers

CompanyBoundary

Intranets

The Internet

Extranets

Extr

anet

s


A Federation of Information Systems

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Information System Applications


Focuses for Information Systems

Knowledge — the raw material used to create useful information.Process — the activities (including management) that carry out the mission of the business.Communication — how the system interfaces with its users and other information systems.

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The CMM Process Management Model

Capability Maturity Model (CMM) – a standardized framework for assessing the maturity level of an organization’s information system development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity:

Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality. Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed. All projects use a version of this process to develop and maintain information systems and software. Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are established. Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4.


Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

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Types of Information Systems

Transaction

Processing

Systems

Process

Control

Systems

Enterprise

Collaboration

Systems

Operations

Support

Systems

Management

Information

Systems

Decision

Support

Systems

Executive

Information

Systems

Management

Support

Systems

Information Systems


A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about business transactions.

A management information system (MIS) is an information system that provides for management-oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization.

A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or provides information to help make decisions.

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An expert system is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefit of nonexperts.

A communications and collaboration system is an information system that enables more effective communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.

An office automation system is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for improved work flow between workers.


Other Categories of Information Systems

Expert Systems

Knowledge Management Systems

Functional Business Systems

Strategic Information Systems

Cross-Functional Information Systems

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The Information Systems Development Process


Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise

•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs

•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers

Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?

•IS Human Resources•IS Development

•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance

•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance

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Chapter SummaryInformation Systems play a vital role in the efficient and effective operations of E-Business, E-Commerce and enterprise collaboration.The business professional must know:

Foundations (fundamentals) of ISInformation TechnologiesBusiness ApplicationsDevelopment Processes; andManagerial Challenges


Chapter Summary (cont)A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.An information system uses the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities.

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IS Resources:Hardware Resources Software ResourcesPeople ResourcesData ResourcesNetwork Resources

Products:Paper ReportsVisual DisplaysMultimedia DocumentsElectronic MessagesGraphics imagesAudio Responses

Chapter Summary (cont)


Information systems perform three vital roles in business firms. They support:

Business processes and operations,Business decision making; andStrategic competitive advantage

Major application categories of information systems include:

Operations Support Systems; andManagement Support Systems

Chapter Summary (cont)

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Data : Tipe DataLima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarangyaitu : 6.p132-177)

1. predefined data item,2. images,3. text,4. audio, dan5. video

Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmupengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentukgambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik sepertidigitization, voice messaging dan video conference


Predefined data item

Predefined data item tediri dari numeric ataualphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti danformat khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnyadigunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasidan transaksi yang menggunakan data. Sebagai contoh credit card number, transaction date, purchase account, danmerchant ID.

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Text

Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dankarakter lainnya yang pengertiannyadikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantungpada bentuk yang ditentukan(prespecified format) atau definisi dariitem individual (defined of individual items).


Images

Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar, baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambaryang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures), atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik. Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan dikirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang sama seperti text.

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Audio Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.

Video Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannyamisalnya melalui video conference.


Satuan DataBit satuan terkecil dataByte satu karakter=8 bitWord satu kata=2 byte=16 bitDouble Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bitData satu data=beberapa byte yang punya artiRecord satu baris dataField satu lajur/kolom dataTable satu table data (baris dan kolom)Library satu kumpulan file dataDatabase satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)

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Evolution of DB SystemsFlat files - 1960s - 1980sHierarchical – 1970s - 1990sNetwork – 1970s - 1990sRelational – 1980s - presentObject-oriented – 1990s - presentObject-relational – 1990s - presentData warehousing – 1980s - presentWeb-enabled – 1990s - present


Basis Data (Database)Elemen Basis Data

Terdapat 3 elemen basis data yaitu : User, IsiData dan Tempat Penyimpan (memori) data.Dalam elemen user terdapat 3 golongan yaitu : Operator yang memerlukan fasilitas ‘Query’ ataupaket program yang sudah jadiProgrammer yang memerlukan bahasapemrograman DBMSDBA (database administrator) yang memerlukandata dictionary system (DDS)

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Pengertian Basis Data

Basis Data adalah kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan (berinteraksi) satu dengan yang lainnya, tersimpan diperangkat keras computer dandigunakan perangkat lunak untukmemanipulasinya.Penerapan database dalam sisteminformasi di sebut database sistem.


Pengertian Sistem Basis Data Sistem Basis Data adalah suatu sistem informasiyang mengintegrasikan kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya danmembuatnya tersedia untuk beberapa aplikasi yang bermacam-macam di dalam suatu organisasi. Software yang digunakan untuk mengatur (manage) data adalah DBMS (Data Base Management System). Contoh DBMS : Excell, Access, FoxBase, FoxPro, Oracle, Informix, Sybase, dll

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Kenapa perlu konsep Basis Data

Dalam pendekatan pengolahan data tradisional sumber data ditangani sendiri-sendiri oleh masing-masing bagian untuk tiapaplikasi.Sedangkan dalam konsep database, pengolahan data dilakukan secaraterintegrasi dalam sebuah database, dimanatiap-tiap orang atau bagian dapatmemandang database dari sudut pandanganyang berbeda.


Organisasi File Basis DataOrganisasi data secara konvensional dirasakankurang, karena berorientasi pada file, artinya data cenderung hanya berhubungan dengan data yang lainnya dalam satu file saja, kurang ada hubungandengan data lain yang berada di file lain. Oleh karena itu dikembangkan jenis organisasi data yaitu :

Hirarki (berjenjang), Network (jaringan) danRelasional (hubungan).

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Organisasi Hirarki (1)Organisasi Hirarki / berjenjang atau disebut jugastruktur data poon (tree). Suatu pohon dibentuk daribeberapa elemen grup data yang berjenjang, disebut dengan node. Node yang paling atasdisebut root (level-1), tiap node dapat bercabang kenode-node yang lain. Dengan ketentuan setiappohon hanya mempunyai satu root saja dan tiap-tiap node kecuali root hanya dapat mempunyaisebuah orang tua (parent) saja tetapi tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai beberapa anak (child).


Organisasi Hirarki (2)

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Organisasi Network(1)

Pada Organisasi pohon tiap node tidak dapatmempunyai leih dari satu orang tua, makapada strukur data jaringan tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua.


Organisasi Network(2)

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Organisasi Relasional (1)

Hubungan di dasarkan pada field kunci (yaitufield yang unik / tidak ada duanya), contohfile MHS dan file NILAI dihungkan melaluifield kunci NPM.


Organisasi Relasional (2)

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Relasi Data


Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi(..catatan tambahan)

SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untukmendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base Information System)Resources : 5M + I

ManMachineMoneyMaterialMethod andInformation

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Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas, karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannyaSistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja, tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dllKarakteristik sistem :

1. Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll

2. Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan3. Holistik (menyeluruh)4. Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)5. Sinergi6. Hierarki7. Ada aturan (regulasi)8. Harus punya tujuan (objective)


Information Systems Architecture(ISA)

Overall blueprint for organization’s information systemsConsists of:

Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc.Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8)People – people management using project management tools (Gantt charts, etc.)Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed)Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)

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Information EngineeringA data-oriented methodology to create and maintain information systemsTop-down planning approach.Four steps:

PlanningResults in an Information Systems Architecture

AnalysisResults in functional specifications…i.e. what we want

DesignResults in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it

ImplementationResults in final operational system


Information Systems Planning

Strategy developmentIT Planning to meet Corporate strategy

Three steps:1. Identify strategic planning factors 2. Identify corporate planning objects3. Develop enterprise model

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Identify Strategic Planning Factors (table 2.1)

Organization goals – what we hope to accomplishCritical success factors – what MUST work in order for us to surviveProblem areas – weaknesses we now have


Identify Corporate Planning Objects (table 2.3)

Organizational unitsOrganizational locationsBusiness functions – these might become the usersEntity types – the things we are trying to modelInformation (application) systems

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Develop Enterprise Model

Decomposition of business functionsSee figure 2.2

Enterprise data model See figure 2.1

Planning matrixes See figure 2.3


Enterprise Data ModelFirst step in database developmentSpecifies scope and general contentOverall picture of organizational data, not specific designEntity-relationship diagramDescriptions of entity typesRelationships between entitiesBusiness rules

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InformasiData yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanyadan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilankeputusanUntuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlumengalami proses pengolahanSifat informasi :

1. Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)2. Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)


INPUT PROSES OUTPUT

Data Proses Informasi - Bisa sangat simple- Bisa dapat complicated

• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, makadatanya harus bersih.

• prosesnya meliputi :1. Verifikasi2. Validasi3. Duplication data

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Macam-macam atribut suatu data :1. Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)2. Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)3. Temporal4. Classifier5. Relational

Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :1. Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)2. Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)3. Tepat GUNA (relevancy)4. Tepat SAJI (presentation)


Manfaat InformasiTerhadap Proses :

1. Menghemat Tenaga2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi3. Mempercepat Proses4. Perbaikan Dokumentasi5. Pencapaian Standar6. Perbaikan Keputusan

Terhadap Produk :1. Peningkatan “feature”2. Perubahan Karakteristik3. Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk4. Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa

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Terhadap Kualitas :1. Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)2. Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan

pelayanan, dsb)

Komponen SI :1. Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)2. Infoware (Database)3. Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)4. Brainware (humanware)


Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan

Infoware (Database)DBMS (Data Base Management System)DBA (Database Administrator)Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karnafaktor SDMJika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akansangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinanagar data tetap up-to-date.

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Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)Mencakup Organisasi dan ProsedurProsedur :

1. Prosedur Penyiapan Data2. Prosedur Perekaman Data3. Prosedur Pemrosesan Data4. Prosedur Pengamanan Data5. Dsb

Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di“Re-Design”Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan iniharus disosialisasikanKalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepadarencana induk perusahaanDulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division


BrainwareMengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3 komponen yang lainnyaContoh job dalam bidang IT:

1. Operator Perekam Data2. Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan3. Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)4. Analis Sistem (Analyst)5. Administrator Database (Database Administrator)6. Perancang Sistem (System Designer)7. Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)8. Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering) 9. Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)

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Karakteristik Sistem


Siklus Pengolahan Data

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Amazon.com : An Evolving Business ModelsThe Need for Frameworks and ModelsThe Work System FrameworkWork System PrinciplesRelationships Beetwen Work Systems and ISThe Principle Based Systems Analysis MethodMeasurement Work System PerformanceClasification Related to

Understanding Systems from Business Viewpoint


Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for books)

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The Work System Framework

The CustomerThe Product and ServicesThe Business ProcessThe ParticipantThe InformationThe TechnologyContextInfrastructure


The Customer

People who use and receive direct benefit from the products and services

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The Product and Services

The combination of physical things information and services that the work system produces for to customer


The Business Process

The sets of the steps or activities that are performed within the work system

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The ParticipantPeople who perform the work step in the business process


The InformationThe information used by the participants to perform their work

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The TechnologyThe hardware, software and the other tools and equipment used by the participants


Context

The organizational, competitive, technical and regulatory realm within which the work system operates

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InfrastructureIs share human and technical resources that the work system rellieson even through these resources exist and are managed outside of it.


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Data and Knowledge Management (KM)I. Data Management :

1. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)2. Data Life Cyle Process and

Knowledge Discovery3. Data Source and Collection4. Data Quality (DQ)5. Multimedia and OO Databases6. Document Management


II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

1. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing

2. Data Warehousing and Marts3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and

Mining

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III. Data Visualization and Technology

1. Data Visualization2. Multidimensionality3. GIS


IV. Marketing Databases in Action1. The Marketing Transaction

Database2. Implementation in Example

V. KM1. Knowledge Base and Organizational

Learning2. Implementing KM Systems

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I. Data Management I. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)

The DifficultiesThe Amount of data increases exponentiallyCollected by many individuals, using several methods and devicesOrganization’s data are relevant for specific decisionRaw Data my be stored in different computing systems, databases, formats, and human and computer languagesData Security, Quality, and integrity


These difficulties and the critical need for

Timely and Accurated informationSearch effective and efficient

Data management Support TPSRelational DatabasesClient/Server EnvironmentFinding Data Quiqly and Easly

Creation of Data Warehouse

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2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery

Trace how and where data flows in organizationBusiness do not run on data, They run on information and their knowledge of how to put that information to uses successfully.The transformation of data into knowledge mybe accomplished in several ways


iMac

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3. Data Source and CollectionThe Data life cycle begins with the acquisition of data from data sources.Data can include :DocumentsPicturesMapsSound and


AnimationConceptsOpinionsRaw orSummarized or extrated data

Data Source :Internal DataPersonal DataExternal Data

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Internal Data :are organizational internal data are stored in one or more placesAbout : people, product, services, and processes

Personal DataIS user or other coorporateemployees by creating personal data


External Data :Data are available on :

CD-ROMInternet Server (film, music or voice)Pictures (diagram, atlases)Television

Large amounts of external data are available on the internet.The internet and commercial databases services -> Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

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Methods For Collection Raw Data

Can be collected :Manually orInstruments or sensors Scanned or Transferred Electronically

Manual Data Collected :Time studiesSurveysObservations andConstributions from experts


4. Data Quality (DQ)Data are frequently found to be :

InaccurateIncompleteAmbiguous

The economical and social damage from poor quality data costs billions of dollars

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Problem Data :DQ Problem divide into four catagories and dimension :1. Instrinsic DQ :

Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation

2. Accessability DQ : Accessability and security

3. Contextual DQ :Relevance, Value Added, timeliness, completeness, amount data

4. Representasion DQ:Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise representation, consistent representation


Problem Data (cont..):Data are not correctData are not timelyData are not measured or index properlyNeeded data simply do not exist

One of the major issues of DQ is DATA INTEGRITY

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5. Multimedia and OO Databases

An object-oriented databases (OOD) is part of the object-oriented programming, OS, and Modeling.It is used for complex application, such as computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) that require accessability to pictures, blueprints, and other images.


OOD are sometimes referred to as multimedia databases and are manage special Multimedia Databases Management Systems (MDMS)These manage data in variety of formats in additional to standard text or numeric fields. The formats include Images such as digitized photographs or forms of bit-mapped graphics

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6. Document Management (DM)Document Management Systems (DMS) provide information to decision makers in an electronic format DM is the automated control of electronic document, page images, spreadsheet, word processing document, and complex, compound documents through their entire life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to final archiving.DMS usually include computerized imaging systems


II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

I. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing

Data processing in organizations can be viewed either as transactional or analyticalTransactional Processing, in the routine daily processing of the transactional of the organizations such as ordering or billing

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A good data delivery system therefore should be able to support :

Easy data access by the end users themselveQuicker decision makingMore accurate and effective decision makingFlexible decision making


This improved option of analytical processing involves three concepts :1. A business representation of data for

end users2. A client/server enviroment that gives

the user query and reporting capabilities

3. A server-base repository, the data warehouse, that allows centralized security and control over the data

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2. Data Warehousing and MartsData Warehouse, benefits :

1. To reach data quickly2. To do it easly

The purpose of data warehouse is to establish a data repository that makes operational data accessable in a form rapidly acceptable for analytical processing activities such as decision support, EIS, and other user application.


Data Warehouses allow for the storage of metadata, which include data summaries that are easier to index and search, especially with web tools

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Characteristic of Data Warehousing 1. Organization :

data are organized by detailed subject, containingly information relevant for decision support

2. ConsistencyData in different operational databases my be encoded differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner

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3. Time variantThe data are kept for 5 to 10 years so they can be used for trends, forecasting and comparisons over time

4. NonvolatileOnce entered into the warehouse, data are not update (Tdk dptdiubah)


5. RelationalTypically the data warehouse uses a relational structure

6. Clent/ServerThe data warehouse uses the client/server architecture mainly to provide the end user an easy access to its data

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Data Marts is a replicated subset of the data warehouse and is dedicated to a functional or regional area.


Summary of strategic Uses of Data Warehousing

Industry Functional Area of Use Strategic UseAirline Operations and Marketing analysis of route

profitabilityBanking Product Development, Customer service,

operation and marketing trend analysis, product and service promotion. Reduction of IS expenses

Healt Care Operation reduction of operational expenses

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3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining

The program of extracting useful knowledge from volumes of data is known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) or just knowledge discovery.KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel, potensially usefull, and ultimatelly understandable patterns in data


KDD support by three technologies :1. Massive data collection2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers3. Data Mining Algorithms

Tools and Techniques of KDDKDD tools over time can be divided into four major stage :

1. Data Collection (1960s)2. Data Acess (1980s)3. Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)4. Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)

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The problem with the data collection and access techniques is that they are not suitable for a large volume of data, nor can they be used effectively by end user.Even though Structured Query Language (SQL) use is becamingmore user friendly.


OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing)

OLAP refers to such end-user activities as DSS modeling using spreadsheets and grahics, which are done online. Unlike online transaction online processing (OLTP) application.

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Data MiningData mining derives is name from the similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable are.


I. Impact on OrganizationsII. Impact on Individuals at

WorkIII. Societal Impacts and The

Internet Community

IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS, INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY

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1. Structure2. Authority3. Power and4. Job Content

I. IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS


1. Job Satisfaction2. Dehumanization and

Psychological Impacts3. Impacts On Health and

Safety

II. IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS AT WORK

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1. Opportunitis For People With Disabilities

2. Quality of Life Improvements3. Other Impacts

III. SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND THE INTERNET COMMUNITY


Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content a. Flatter Organizational Hierarchiesb. Staff-To-Line Ratioc. Special Unitsd. Centralization of Authoritye. Power and Statusf. Job Contensg. Role Ambiguity and Conflict

IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

1.1. Structure

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Increased Productivity and increased span of controlDecreased number of expertsFOH result from :

reduction in the total number of employees,reengineering of business process, and ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –level job

A. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies (FOH)


The number of professional and specialists could decline in relation to the total number of employees in the organizations.

B. Staff-To-Line Ratio

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Creating a technology centreInternet/electronic commerce unitDecision support system departementIntelligent system departement

C. Special Units


Because of the trend toward smaller and flatters organizations, centralization become more popular.Example : introduction of expert systems in general electric’s maintenance area increased the power of the desentarlization units because they become less dependent on the companys headquarters.

D. Centralization of Authority

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Knowledge is powerChanging the power structure within organizationExample : expert system may reduce the power of certain professional group, becaise their knowledge will be in the public domain.

E. Power and Status


Job Conten is important not only because it is related to organizational structure, but also becase it is interrelated with employee satisfaction, compensation, status, and productivity.Changes in job content occuur when work is redesigned.Example : when BPR (Business Process Reenginerring) is attempted or when electronic commerce changes the marketing system.

F. Job Contens

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Employee Career LaddersChanges in SupervisionOther Considerations

The Manager’s Job


1.2. Personnel Issues


Automation of routin decisionLess expertise required for many decisionsLess reliance on experts to provide support to top executivePower distribution among managersElectronic support of complex decision (intelligent agents, DSS)


1.3. The Manager’s Job

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Job StressRepetitive Strain InjuriesLessening The Negative Impact on Health and SafetyOther Impacts

Impacts On Health and Safety


Dehumanization :Negative effect on people’s individuality, such : many people feel loss of identity.Expert systems or artificial intelligence are increasingly replacing people in the creative arena.

Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts

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Psychological Impacts :Isolating influence : depression and lonelinessDistance learning : lack of social impact.

Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts(2)


IS and Individual