Direct Payments & other mechanisms for ecosystem

Conservation

The Tanzania Land Conservation Trust in the Maasai Steppe

The Wildlife Conservation lease program in Kitengela

Masai SteppeTarangire-Manyara system

• AWF’s Heartland approach -- focuses on large landscapes of significant wildlife value across Africa.

• Tarangire Manyara one such HL• Comprises

– Tarangire Nat. Park – 2,600 sq. km– L. Manyara Nat. park – 330sq. km – Dispersal areas --- Simanjiro, and corridors that link

these 2 protected areas– Conservation targets for the landscape

The Tanzania Land Conservation Trust

• Registered in July 2000, aims to provide an alternative mechanism for conserving critical conservation land in Tanzania.

• to benefit conservation and local communities who live with wildlife adjacent to its lands.– Has a board of 8 Trustees– Its Trust deed provides for steering committee in each

land that is acquired by the Trust– Has acquired the first piece of land the Manyara

Ranch

The Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem

Why Manyara?

• Is an important land unit between L. Manyara and Tarangire National Parks.

• Provides corridor space for elephant, wildebeest and zebra, is home to populations of eland, oryx, greater and lesser Kudu, warthog, leopard, impala, giraffe and is rich in bird life.

• Government of Tanzania wanted to privatise all livestock ranches owned by the Narco including Manyara

• Group formed to Lobby against privatisation.• TLCT proposed as an alternative mechanism

combining community access to particular resources as well as a revenue share from ranching and other conservation activities.

• Ranch turned over to the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust (TLCT) through Presidential order

Acquisition of Manyara

Activities proposed in the Manyara Ranch

• AWF working with the land Trust to :– Develop tourism in the ranch to generate income – Define areas of access by local communities – e.g.

grass banks proposed for dry season use under conditions to be determined, and water.

– Development of a livestock improvement program for neighbouring pastoral communities

Challenges of the TLCT

• New institution– No funding of its own. Secretariat and project

implementation current supported by AWF– Capacity of the board still weak

• Sustainability issues– Will it continue to espouse conservation &

communities benefits as its key focus– Model untested in TZ

The case for Kitengela

• The Kitengela is a part of the Athi-Kapiti ecosystem which comprises Nairobi National Park, the Kitengela and individually owned lands.

• The ecosystem is approx. 2,500 sq. km. • The Nairobi park is only 114 sq. km• Kitengela is located south of the park and Nairobi

City and serves as migratory corridor and dispersal area for wildlife.

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KONZA

ISINYA

KISERIAN

ATHI-RIVER

ONGATA RONGAINGONG

KAJIADO

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KONZA

ISINYA

KISERIAN

ATHI-RIVER

ONGATA RONGAINGONG

KAJIADO

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KONZA

ISINYA

KISERIAN

ATHI-RIVER

ONGATA RONGAINGONG

KAJIADO

Wildebeest

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KONZA

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KISERIAN

ATHI-RIVER

ONGATA RONGAINGONG

KAJIADO

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ATHI-RIVER

ONGATA RONGAINGONG

KAJIADO

Zebra

Wet season

Wet seasonDry Season

Dry Season

Cattle

Wildlife/Livestock Movement within the Athi-Kapiti

River

Railway Line

Fenced Park Bnd

Roads

Towns$

Legend1

Numbers1 - 6

7 - 27

28 - 60

61 - 96

97 - 168

Legend

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Kitengela

Nairobi NP

Kapiti Plains

Machakos Ranches

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Nairobi NP

Kapiti Plains

Machakos Ranches

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KONZA

ISINYA

KISERIAN

ATHI-RIVER

ONGATA RONGAINGONG

KAJIADO

Kitengela

Nairobi NP

Kapiti Plains

Machakos Ranches

1984 1990

2000

River

Railway Line

Fenced Park Bnd

Roads

Towns$

Legend1

Bomas#

QuarryFarmsUrban

Legend2

Land-Use Changes within Athi-Kapiti

Threats to the system

• Growing human population numbers and settlement

• Crop farming• Fencing and quarrying along the areas previously

used for dispersal and as migration corridors• Changing land use – especially rapid since the

early 90’s when the EPZ was developed in the Kitengela

Impacts on the wildlife system

• Blockage and or disruption of important migration routes

• Habitat fragmentation and declining access to critical resources for WL in the ecosystem

• Declining numbers of wildlife, • Increasing conflicts arising from these and other

changes in the ecosystem

The Kitengela Lease Program

• Aims to provide a financial incentive to encourage land owners south of the park to allow wildlife unrestricted access to their land.

• Started in April 2000, initially with 214 acres, in 2001 grew to 2,708 and in April 2002 was at 7,000 acres. 14,000 acres are wait listed

• Landowners are paid US$ 4 per acre per year – a figure close to the income individuals make from rearing livestock

• Payments made in 3 installments during the year

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KONZA

ISINYA

KISERIAN

ATHI-RIVER

ONGATA RONGAINGONG

KAJIADO

Kitengela

Nairobi NP

Kapiti Plains

Machakos RanchesRiver

Railway Line

Fenced Park Bnd

Roads

Towns$

Legend1

Zebra and Wildebeest Distribution, Fenced and Leased Lands in the Athi-Kapiti Plains

Numbers1 - 6

7 - 27

28 - 60

61 - 96

97 - 168

Leased-land

Fenced-land

Legend2

Challenges to the program

• Rampant land sales• Value of lease in comparison to land sales.• Lack of other programs to supplement lease

incomes• Absence of a strong institutional mechanism to:

– Hold leases on a long term basis, enforce the terms of the lease as program grows

• Insufficient funds to endow the program

• Work on TLCT by AWF’s Tanzania Program

• The Kitengela work by Helen Gichohi with support from Wildlife Conservation Society & David Nkedianye of Friends of Nairobi National Park.