Digital Organization HINDI

8/18/2019 Digital Organization HINDI

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Input-Output Interface

Input-Output Interface isjhQsy Devices rFkk Computer System dh Memory Unitds e/; Information ds vknku&iznku ds fy, ek/;e dk dk;Z djrk gS CPU ds lkFkInterface ds fy, isjhQsjy Devices dks fo'ks"k izdkj dh Communication Links dhvko';drk gksrh gSaA bu isjhQsjy Devices dks lakj laf/k;ksa ls !ks#us dk

e$%; nns'; CPU rFkk Input Output Devices dh dk;Z iz(kkyh ds e/; fu)ufyf%krv*r gksrs gSa&

(1) Input-Output Devices Eectro-Mec!anica rFkk buds dk;Z djus dh iz(kkyhCentra Processin" Unit rFkk Memory dh dk;Z iz(kkyh ls f+k*u gksrh gS;ksafd ;s Eectronic Devices gksrh gSaA

(#) Centra Processin" Unit dh r$yuk esa Input-Output Devices dh Data $ransfer dhnj -g$r /kheh gksrh gSa vr. bu nksuksa dks Sync!roni%e djus dhvko';drk gksrh gSaA

(&) Input-Output Devices ds Data co'es rFkk ormats CPU rFkk Memory Unit dsor' ormat ls f+k*u gksrs gSaA

(*) iz;sd Input-Output Devices dk dk;Z djus dk rjhdk rFkk 0fr ,d n1ljs lsf+k*u gksrh gSa rFkk Input-Output Devices dks blh izdkj fu;af2r djus dhvko';drk gksrh gS f!lls og Centra Processin" Unit ls !$#h v*; Input-OutputDevices ds dk;Z dks iz+kkfor u djsaA

b*gha vko';drkvksa dks i1jk djus ds fy, rfkk fof+k*urkvksa dks n1jdjus ds fy, Centra Processin" Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds e/; fof'k"3 +ar',areComponents y0k;s !krs gSaA blls l+kh Input rFkk Output Devices ds e/; fof'k"3+ar',are Components y0k;s !krs gSaA blls l+kh Input rFkk Output Devices es e/;l1ukvksa dk 4Fkkuk*rj(k l$k5 5i ls gksrk gSa b*gha +ar',are Components

dks Interface Unit ;k Input-Output Mo'ue dgrs gSa ;ksafd ;s Processor us rFkkisjhQsjy Devices ds e/; Interface iznku djrs gSaA blds vfrfjr iz;sd isjhQsjyDevices dk viuk Controer +kh gksrk gSa !ks l isjhQsjy Device dh dk;Z iz(kkyhdh fu;af2r djrk gSaA

Mo'ue dk Mo'e

1

.''ress Lines

Data Lines

Contro Lines

I/O Mo'ue

System

us

Links to

Perip!eraDevices


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Data Rate

Device

Behaviour Partner (K-bytes/sec)

0eyoar' Input +uman 2321

Mouse Input +uman 232#

4oice Input Input +uman 232#

Scanner Input +uman #224oice Output Output +uman 235

Line Printer Output +uman 1

Laser Printer Output +uman 122

6rap!ics 'ispay Output +uman &27222

CPU to frame uffer Output +uman #22

8et,ork-termina Input or

Output

Mac!ine 2329

8et,ork-L.8 Input or

Output

Mac!ine #22

Optica 'isk Stora"e Mac!ine 922Ma"netic tape Stora"e Mac!ine #7222

Ma"netic 'isk Stora"e Mac!ine #7222

Devices dk o0hZdj(k

Input-Output bus and Module: - Input-Output us Data Lines7 .''ress Lines7 rFkkContro Lines dk le1g gksrk gSa Computer Processor rFkk fof+k*u izdkj dhPerip!era Devices ds -h dh lakj lf*/k;ksa dks f2 esa fn%kk;k 0;k gS&

I/O Device dk I/O us ls Connection

vkerkSj ij 0eyoar'7 Printer7 Ma"netic $ape7 Monitor vkfn computer ls !$#usokyh Input Output Devices gksrh gSaA iz;sd Perip!era Device Input-Output us dslkFk Interface Unit 6kjk !$#h jgrh gSaA iz;sd Interface Mo'ue Input Output us6kjk izk7r .''ress rFkk fu;a2(k ladsrksa dks Deco'e djds la0r Perip!era DeviceControer dks ladsr iznku djrk gSaa Interface Device rFkk Processor ds e/; DataCommunication dks 8*9ksukb! djrk gS rFkk bldh ns%kjs%k +kh djrk gSaA

iz;sd Perip!era Device dk viuk controer gksrk gS !ks l Eectro-Mec!anica Device dk;Z iz(kkyh dks fu;af2r djrk gSaA nkgj(k ds fy,: Printer Controer Printin" C!aracter dk ;u: Print time7 dk0! dh 0fr vkfn dk fu;a2(k djrkgSaA controer Perip!era Device ds v*nj ;k -kgj !$#k gks ldrk gSaA Processor ls !$#h Input-Output us vknku&iznku djus ds fy,: Computer Processor Input-

Output us dh .''ress us dks l Device dk a''ress nsrk gSaa Input-Output us ls!$#h iz;sd Interface Unit esa .''ress Deco'er gksrk gSa !ks a''ress ine dks

#

Processor

Interface Interface Interface Interface

Data

Address

Control

Keyboard

and Display

Terminal

Printer Magnetic

Disk Magnetic

Type


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Monitor djrk gSaA !- Interface Unit .''ress Line ij viuk .''ress Detect djrh gSa r-og us Line rFkk Device ds -h ds iFk dks lf9; djrh gSaA v*; l+kh Perip!eraDevices f!*gsa viuk la0r .''ress izk7r ugha gksrk gSa oks Interface Unit 6kjkfuf"9; dj nh !krh gSaA

.''ress Line dks a''ress nsus ds lkFk gh computer processor Contro Line dks

function co'e dks izk7r dj blds vu$lkj Perp!era Device ls dk;Z djkrh gSaA functionco'e ,d izdkj dh Input-Output Comman' ;k Processor 6kjk fn;k 0;k funsZ'k gksrkgSa f!ls Inteface Unit rFkk lls !$#h Perip!era Device dks i1jk djuk gksrk gSa* izdkj dh Comman' gksrh gS f!*gsa Interface Mo'ue izk7r dj ldrk gSaA ;scomman' fu)u gSa&

Control Code: - ;g Comman' Perip!era Device dks lf9; djus rFkk dk;Z funsZ'k fn;s!kus ds fy;s iz;ks0 dh !krh gSaA nkgj(k ds fy, fdlh Ma"netic $ape Unit dksor,ar' Direction esa 'k$5 djus ds fy, $ape dks :e,in' djus ds fy, ;k $ape dks ,d:ecor' ihs djus ds fy, Processor 6kjk funsZf'kr fd;k !k ldrk gSaAStatus Commands: - bl Comman' dk iz;ks0 Inteface Unit rFkk Perip!era Device dhfof+k*u Status Con'ition ds fy, fd;k !krk gSaA nkgj(k ds fy, Processor Perip!eraDevice ls Data $ransfer ls igys ldh f4Fkfr dh !k/k gksus dh !ka djrk gSa rFkk DataInput Comman' +ks!rk gSaA fQj Interface Unit Line vius uffer :e"ister ls Data iznkudjrs gSa !ks Processor 6kjk izk7r dj fy;k !krk gSaA

&

Interface to

System us

Interface to

E;terna Device

Data :e"ister

Status/Contro :e"ister

Data Lines

I/O

Lo"ic

.''ress Lines

Contro Lines

E;terna

Device

Interface

Lo"ic

Data

Status

Contro

E;terna

Device

Interface

Lo"ic

Data

Status

Contro


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I/O Module

Input-Output rFkk Memory bus: - Input-Output Devices ds Communication djus dsvfrfjr Computer Processor dks Memory Unit ds lkFk +kh Communicate djuk gksrkgSaA blfy, Input-Output us dh rjg gh Memory us dh vko';drk gksrh gSaAMemory us esa Input-Ouput us dh Data Line .''ress Line rFkk :ea'/rite ControLines Processor 6kjk Memory rFkk Input-Output Devices ls laidZ djus ds rhu izdkjgks ldrs gSaA

(1) Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds fy, vy0&vy0 -lksa dk iz;ks0djukA

(#) Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds fy, ,d gh Common us dk iz;ks0djuk f!lesa nksuksa ds fy, vy0&vy0 Contro Line gksA

(&) Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds fy, ,d gh us dk iz;ks0 djukf!lesa Contro Line +kh nksuksa ds fy, ,d gh gksA

Isolated Versus Memory Mapped I/O): - vusd Computer Memory Unit ;k Input-OutputDevice rFkk Centra Processi"n Unit ds e/; l1ukvksa ds vknku iznku ds fy, ,d ghdk?eu us dk iz;ks0 djrs gSaA Memory Unit 6kjk Data $ransfer rFkk Input-OutputDevice @kjk Data $rnasfer esa vy0 & vy0 :ea' rFkk rite Line dk iz;ks0 djds +ksnfd;k !krk gSaA Processor nks :ea' ;k rite Lines esa ls ,d dks lf9; djds ;gysf%kr djrk gSa fd .''ress Line 6kjk fn;k 0;k .''ress fdlh Memory or' ds fy,gS vFkok Interface Unit ds fy, gSaA !- Input-Output Device ls l1ukvksa dkvknku&iznku djuk gksrk gSa r- Input-Output :ea' rFkk Input-Output rite Contro

Line lf9; gksrh gSaA bl izdkj dh lajuk l+kh Input-Output Interface .'resses dksMemory .'resses ls vy0 Isoate djrh gSaA bl izdkj Contro us esa .''ress .ssi"ndjus dh fof/k dks Isoate' Input-Output Met!o' dgrs gSaA Isoate' Input-Outputmet!o' esa Processor ds vy0&vy0 Input rFkk Output funsZ'k gksrs gSa rFkkiz;sd funsZ'k ds lkFk Interface :e"ister dk .''ress !$#k jgrk gSaA !- Processor Input ;k Instruction ds Operation Co'e dks Deco'e djrk gSa rks ;g l funsZ'k ls!$#s g$, .''ress dks Common .''ress Line dks iznku djrk gSa rFkk blds lkFkgh Processor Input ds fy, Input-Output :ea' ;k Output ds fy, Input-Output ,rite controine dks lf9; djrk gSaA ;g -kg; roksa dks !ks Common us ds lkFk !$#sg$;s gSaA *gsa Inform djrk gSa fd .''ress Line esa f4Fkr a''ress fdlh memoryls Instruction ;k Data ykuk vFkok +ks!uk gks rks processor Memory .''ress ine dks

nsus ds lkFk&lkFk memory rea' ;k memory ,rite Contro ine dks lf9; dj nsrk gSaA!ks Computer ds lkFk !$#s -kg; roksa dks Inform djrk gSa fd .''ress Lineesa fn;k 0;k .''ress Interface Unit ds fy;s u gksdj ,d Memory 'k>n ds fy, gSaAIsoate' Input-Output fof/k esa Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Interface Unit ds fy,vy0&vy0 .''ress Space gksrk gSa rFkk ;g fof/k Memory rFkk Input-Output.''resses dks vy0&vy0 j%krh gSaA f!lls Memory .''resses ds 4aue Interface Unit.''resses 6kjk iz+kkfor gksrs gSaA n1ljs izdkj ds 4o5i esa Processor Memoryork rFkk 7n!erfa-e Unit ds fy, ,d gh .''ress Space dk iz;ks0 djrk gSa blifjf4Fkfr esa Processor ds ikl dsoy ,d gh izdkj ds :ea' rFkk rite Si"na gksrsgSaA bl izdkj dh .''ressin" fof/k dks Memory Mappe' Input-Output dgrs gSaA blls

Processor memory a''ress rFkk Input-Output .''ress esa dksbZ v*rj ugha djrkgSaA Processor Interface :e"ister Memory System dk gh fg4lk ekurk gSaA Interface

*


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:e"isters fu5Br fd;s !k $ds .''ress Memory 'k>nks ds fy, iz;ks0 ugha fd;s !kldrs gSaA f!lls .''ress Memory dh :an"e de gks !krh gSaA Mempry Mappe' Input-Output esa memory ls Data $ransfer djus ds fy, vy0&vy0 Input rFkk Output funsZ'kugha gksrs gSaA blesa f!u funsZ'kksa 6kjk Interface :e"isters ls l1ukvksa dkvknku&iznku djrs gSaA *gha funsZ'kksa ls Memory Unit ls :ea' ;k rite djus

okys Loa' ;k Store funsZ'kksa dks Input-Output :e"isters ls Data Input ;k Outputdjus ds fy, iz;ks0 fd;k !k ldrk gSaA Input-Output funsZ'kksa dh r$yuk esaComputer esa vf/kdrj Memory l)-f*/kr funsZ'k gksrs gSaA ysfdu Memory Mappe'Input-Output esa l+kh Memory l)-f*/kr funsZ'k Input-Output ds fy, iy>/k jgrsgSaA blesa .''ress Space dk ,d fg4lk Interface :e"isters ds fy, jgrk gSa ysfdulkek*;r. b*gsa fdlh +kh .''ress ij fu5Br fd;k !k ldrk gSaA ;fn og .''ress igysls gh fdlh Memory 'k>n dks fu5Br fd;k 0;k gks rksA

Input – Output Interface Function

Input < Output Interface Unit ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd perip!era 'evices dks fu;af2r djrh gSarFkk Memory ;k CPU vkSj Input-Output Device ds e/; l1ukvksa dk vknku iznkudjrh gSa bl izdkj Interface Unit esa nks izdkj ds Interface gksrs gSaA igyk CPUrFkk Memory Unit ds lkFk Interface rFkk n1ljk Input-Output Device ds lkFk -kg;Interface3 Interface Unit ds e$%;r. fu)ufyf%kr dk;Z gksrs gSa&Control !imin": - Computer Pro"rammer dh Input-Output vko';drkvksa ds vu$lkjCPU fdlh +kh le; ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Perip!era Devices ds lkFk fdlh Pattern esaInformation dk vknku iznku dj ldrk gSaA bl izdkj Data Input-Output ds vfrfjrvusd dk;Z ds fy, CPU ds Interna :esource !Sls memory rFkk system us dksle;ku$lkj -ka3dj iz;ks0 fd;k !krk gS vr. Input-Output dk;Z ds fy, Contro rFkk$imin" dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA f!lls Interna :esource rFkk Perip!era Devices ds e/;Data la; dks fu;af2r fd;k !k ldsA

nkgj(k ds fy, fdlh Perip!era Devices ds CPU ds fy, Data $ransfer dks fu;af2rdjus ds fy, fu)ufyf%kr j(k gks ldrs gSa&13 Processor Interface Unit ls blds lkFk !$#h Input-Output Device ds Status dh

eka0 djs0kA#3 Interface Unit Processor dk Input-Output Device dk Status ns0hA&3 ;fn Input-Output Device Data $ransfer ds fy, rS;kj gS rks CPU Input-Output

Interface Unit dks Data $ransfer ds fy, Comman' ns0kA*3 Interface Unit Perip!era Device ls Data yte izk7r djs0hA93 Interface Unit ls Data CPU dks 4Fkkuk*rj(k gks0kA

C#$ Communication: - CPU rFkk Interface Unit ds e/; Information dk vknku&iznkuSystem us 6kjk gksrk gSaA iz;sd Input-Output Interface Unit esa CPUCommunication dh @kerk gksuh vko';d gSaA CPU Communication esa Interface Unitds fu)ufyf%kr dk;Z gksrs gSaA

Command Decodin": - Input-Output Interface Unit CPU ls Comman' izk7r djrh gSaA ;sComman' Contro us esa ladsrksa ds 5i esa +ks!h !krh gSaA nkgj(k ds fy,fdlh Disk Drive ds fy, Interface Unit :ea' Sector rite Sector Seek $rack 8umer vkfnizdkj ds Comman' CPU ls izk7r dj ldrk gSaA

Data: - Data us dh lgk;rk ls CPU rFkk Input Output Interface Unit ds e/; l1ukvksa

dk vknku iznku gksrk gSaA

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Status %eportin": - Perip!era Devices CPU dh r$yuk esa v;f/kd /kheh 0fr ls dk;Zdjrh gSaa blfy, Input-Output Interface Unit ds Status dks !kaus dh vko';drk gksrhgSaA ;g !kudkjh CPU ds Status Si"na ds 6kjk nh !krh gSa :ea'y rFkk usylkek*; Status Si"na gSaA fof+k*u izdkj dh Error dh !kudkjh nsus ds fy, +khStatus Si"na gksrs gSaA

&ddress %ec"nition: - f!l izdkj iz;sd Memory 'k>n dk ,d fuf'r rFkk vf6rh;.''ress gksrk gSaA blh izdkj Input-Output Device dk +kh vf6rh; .''ress gksrkgSaA vr. iz;sd Input-Output Interface Unit esa vius ls !$#h Perip!era Device dsa''ress dks igkuus dh @kerk gksuh kfg,A

De'ice Communication: - CPU Communication dh rjg gh Interface Unit vius ls !$#hPerip!era Device ds lkFk l1ukvksa dk vknku iznku djus ds fy, +kh l@kegksuh kfg,A Device Communication esa +kh CPU Communication dh rjg Data7Comman' rFkk Status dk vknku iznku gksrk gSa ysfdu ;g l1ukvksa dk vknkuiznku Interface Unit rFkk blls !$#h Perip!era Device ds e/; gksrk gSa !Slk fdfu)ufyf%kr f2 esa fn%kk;k 0;k gSa &

One E;terna Device

Data (ufferin": - Data ufferin" Input Unit dk e$%; dk;Z gksrk gSaA Memory UnitrFkk CPU dh Data $ransfer nj -g$r C gksrh gSa !-fd Perip!era Input-OutputInterface Unit dh Data ufferin" ds fy, l@ke gksuk kfg,A

Memory Unit ls vius okys Data dks C nj ij Interface Unit dks +ks! fn;k!krk gSaA Interface Unit esa Data v4Fkk;h 5i ls la0zfgr djrk gSaA !- Perip!eraDevice Data izk7r djus ds fy, rS;kj gks !krh gSa rks Interface Unit vius uffer

:e"ister esa la0zfgr Data Perip!era Device dks 4Fkkuk*rfjr dj nsrk gSa blh izdkj!- Perip!era Device ls Data Memory dks 4Fkkuk*rfjr djuk gks r- +kh Data dksigys Interface Unit esa uffer fd;k !krk gSaA bl izdkj Interface Unit dks MemoryUnit rFkk Perip!era Device nksuksa ds dk;Z dh 0fr ds vu$5i dk;Z djus ds fy,l@ke gksuk kfg,A

rror Detection: - Error Detect djuk rFkk budh !kudkjh CPU dks iznku djus dkdk;Z +kh Interface Unit dk gksrk gSa ;s 2$f3;k< fof+k*u izdkj ls gks ldrh gSa:nkgj(k ds fy, Perip!era Device esa fdlh izdkj dk Mec!anica ;k Eectrica unctiondks Dhd ls u gksuk ;k 'evice ls Interface Unit dks Data $ransfer djrs le; Data itPattern esa -nyko vk !kuk vkfnA Data 4Fkkuk*rj(k esa vius okyh 2$f3;ksa dksDetect djus ds fy, Error Detectin" Co'e dk iz;ks0 fd;k !krk gSa nkgj(k ds fy,:Data $ransfer djus ls igys iz;sd Data C!aracter ds lkFk ,d vfrfjr it !$# !krh

5

Contro Lo"ic

Contro rom

I/O Mo'ue

Status to I/O

Mo'ue

uffer

$rans'ucer

Data (Device-uni=ue to an'from Environment)

Data (its) to an' from I/O

Mo'ue


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gSa f!ls isfj3h it dgrs gSaA bl it dks bl izdkj Set fd;k !krk gSa fd Data itPattern esa >I> its dh d$y la%;k le gks vFkok fo"ke gks rFkk blh vk/kkj ij blError Detectin" rduhd dks Even Parity Co'e dgrs gSaA !- Data yte Interface Unit 6kjk izk7r dh !krh gSa rks Interface Unit bl isfj3h it dks C!eck djrh gSa rFkk2$f3;ksa dh !ka djrh gSaA 2$f3 izk7r gksus ij Interface Unit CPU dks 2$f3

ladsr +ks!rh gSaA

#erip*eral De'ices: -

oks Input rFkk Output Devices !ks Computer ds lkFk lh/ks rkSj ij !$#h jgrh gSPerip!era Devices dgykrh gSa vkerkSj ij iz;ks0 dh !kus okyh Perip!era Devicesfu)ufyf%kr gSa &

E( 0eyoar'( MonitorG( MouseH( Printer I( Dispay UnitsJ( ScannerK( Ma"netic DisksL( Ma"netic $apes vkfnA

0eyoar'7 Scanner rFkk Mouse vkfn Input Devices gS !ks Computer dks Dataiznku djus dk dk;Z djrh gSa Printer7 Monitor rFkk Dispay Units vkfn Output DevicesgS !ks Computer 6kjk dh 0bZ Processin" ls izk7r ifj(kkeksa dks ns%kus ;k dk0! ijkius dk dk;Z djrh gS Ma"netic rFkk Ma"netic $ape vkfn os Devices gS !ksComputer dks .u;iary Stora"e iznku djrh gSa rFkk ;s Devices Input rFkk Outputnksuksa izdkj dk dk;Z dj ldrh gSa os Devices !ks Computer 6kjk i1(kZr;k.fu;a2(k esa jgrh gSa: *gsa Onine Connecte' Perip!era Devices dgrs gSaA bu

Devices dks Computer System dk gh fg4lk ekuk !krk gS bu Perip!era Devices dksbl izdkj Desi"n fd;k !krk gSa f!lls ;s CPU 6kjk comman' feyus ij Memory Unit esal1uk;sa Store dj ldsa vFkok memory unit ls l1uk;sa iM# ldsa ;k izk7r dj ldsaAbu Perip!era Devices dh lajuk Eectromec!anica ;k Eectroma"netic izdkj dh gksrhgSaA d$ egoi1(kZ rFkk N;ogkfjd rkSj ij iz;ks0 dh !kus okyh Perip!eraDevices dk laf@k7r ifj; uhs fn;k !k jgk gS&+eyboard: - Computer dks Data iznku djus dk l-ls izfyr rFkk N;ogkfjd rjhdk0ey-oar' 6kjk Data Entry djkuk gSA 0ey-oar' ,d lk/kkj(k $ype,riter dh rjg fn%kusokyh Device gS f!lls ge Computer dks .p!anumeric l1uk;sa lh/ks rkSj ij iznkudj ldrs gSaA 0ey-oar' esa iz;ks0 dh !kus okyh 0eys dks fu)ufyf%kr esa -k


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Input fd;s !kus okys v@kj dh f4Fkfr dks iznf'kZr djrk gSaA Cursor Movement 0eysdk rhj dk f*g -uk g$vk gksrk gSa !ks ;g iznf'kZr djrk gSa fd ;g Cursor Movement 0ey dks :i"!t7 Left7 Up @ Do,n ;k uhs fdl fn'kk esa ys !k,0hA 8umeric0ey Mat!s 0(kukvksa ds fy;s la%;kvksa dks Input djus ds fy, iz;ks0 dh !krhgSaA Computer 0eyoar' esa d$ specia iji! 0ey +kh gksrh gSa !Sls & Ctr

(Contro)7 De (Deete)7 .t (.ternat)7 Ins (Insert)7 S!ift7 Enter rFkk 8umock vkfn0eyoar' 6kjk l1uk;sa ,d&,d v@kj 0eyoar' ls djds Input dh !krh gS blfy, blsSin"e C!aracter Mo'e Input +kh dgrs gSaA Data Entry djrs le; !Sls gh ge fdlh 0eydks n-krs gSa rks 0eyoar' bl key ds la0r ,d inary Co'e' C!aracter Computer dks+ks!rk gSaA Computer esa Information Input djus dh 0fr dsoy Computer User dh$ypin" Spee' ij fu+kZj djrh gSa ;ksafd Centra Processin" Unit (CPU) v;f/kdC0fr @kerk okyh Device gksrh gS !ks v;f/kd rhozrk ls Operation dks Performdjrh gSA !- 0eyoar' 6kjk /kheh 0fr ls Information Input dh !krh gS rks CPUvf/kdrj fuf"9; vo4Fkk esa jgrk gS rFkk Information dks izk7r djus dk bar!kj djrhgSA Processin" Unit dk ln$i;ks0 djus ds fy, ge -g$r vf/kd ek2k esa Pro"ramsrFkk Information dks igys ls gh fdlh Stora"e Device !Sls Ma"netic $ape ;k Disk esaStore djds j%krs gSa f!lls fd vko';drk i#us ij Information rFkk Pro"rams dks rhoz0fr ls Computer esa Input fd;k !k ldsA

Mouse: - Mouse ,d Input Device gS !ks Cursor dks Computer Screen ij fdlh +kh f4FkfrvkSj fn'kk esa ys !kus ds fy, iz;ks0 dh !krh gSaA Mouse dks Desktop ij f!l fn'kkesa =k$ek;k !krk gSa Computer Screen ij Cursor lh fn'kk esa ig$a !krk gSaAComputer esa fdlh Menu dks $uus ds fy, ;k dksbZ Comman' nsus ds fy, igysMouse 6kjk cursor dks l !0g ig$ak;k !krk gS fQj Mouse ij f4Fkr utton dks ,d-kj ;k nks -kj n-k;k !krk gSaA Mouse ds lkFk 0eyoar' dk iz;ks0 +kh vko';dgksrk gSaA

Monitor: - Computer esa Input dh !kus okyh l1ukvksa rFkk Computer dhProcessin" 6kjk izk7r ifj(kkeksa dks ns%kus ds fy, Monitor dk iz;ks0 fd;k !krkgSaA 4i'eo Monitor lokZf/kd yksdBz; rFkk N;kogkfjd Output Device gSA Computer Screen ;k Dispay Unit ;k Monitor dh e$%; fo'ks"krk Cursor gksrk gS !ks computer 6kjk Input fd;s !kus okys v@kj dks Computer Screen ij f4Fkfr dks iznf'kZr djrkgSaA Cursor dks Monitor ij fdlh +kh !0g ig$ak;k !k ldrk gSa !Sls fdlh Line dh'k$5vkr esa fdlh Line ds -h esa fdlh 'k-n dh 'k$5vkr esa fdlh v@kj ls igysvkfnA cursor dh f4Fkfr ds vu$lkj fdlh v@kj dks fe3k;k ;k -h esa Insert +khfd;k !k ldrk gSaA 0ey-oar' 6kjk !- ge fdlh l1uk dks Computer esa Input djkrsgSa rks !Sls gh ge fdlh Information dks 0ey dks n-krs gSa rks lds la0r v@kjgS vkSj ls ge Dhd dj ldrs gSaA Computer ds lkFk fof+k*u izdkj ds vi'eoMonitor iz;ks0 fd;s !krs gSa ysfdu ,d Eectron 6un gksrh gS !ks Eectronic eami*u djrh gSaA ;g Eectro 6un ,d $ue ds v*nj jgrh gS rFkk bl $ue ds lkeusP!osp!orescent Screen j%kh !krh gS dSFkks# js $ue Monitor esa Eectro 6unEectron eam i*u djrh gSA ;g Eectro 6un ,d $ue ds v*nj gjrh gSa rFkk bl$ue ds lkeus P!osp!orescent Screen j%kh !krh gSa dSFkks# js $ue Monitor esaEectron 6un Eectron eam dks bl P!osp!orescent Screen ij +ks!rh gSaA ;g Eectroniceam +ori%onta ;k 4ertica fdlh +kh vksj fofyr gks ldrh gSaA Screen ij dksbZPattern i*u djus ds fy, dSFkks js $ue ds v*nj f4Fkr 6ri' ifjorhZ 4ariae4ota"e izk7r djrh gSaA f!lds dkj(k eectron eam Screen ls 3djkrh gs rFkk bu

Seecte' f-*n$vksa dks edkrh gS Computer Screen f!u Picture Eements ls feydj-urh gS Pi;e dgrs gSaA Screen ij ,d v@kj dk fuekZ(k djus ds fy, ,d ls vf/kd

A


9/12

Pi;es dks Iuminate gksuk i#rk gSaA Computer Monitor dh Screen ,d $eevisiondh Screen dh rjg gksrh gSaA blesa #9 4ertica Line gksrh gSaA f!*gsa ,d lkFkns%kk !k ldrk gS rFkk ,d 4ertica Line esa A2 v@kj gksrs gSaA bu nksuksa ds0$(kuQy ls gesa Screen ij fn%kk;h nsus okys d$y C!aracter o; dh la%;k izk7rgksrh gSaA ,d C!aracter o; og @ks2 gksrk gSa !gka Eectronic eam ds 3djkus

dh la+kkouk gksrh gSaA ,d c!aracter o; esa Pi;es dh la%;k f!ruh vf/kd gks0hbuls izk7r Pattern dh 4i"3rk ruh gh vf/kd gks0h ;k Pattern dk :esoution vCkgks0kA

#rinter: - Computer 6kjk izk7r ifj(kkeksa rFkk Output Data dks dk0! ij kius ds fy,Printer dk iz;ks0 fd;k !krk gSaA bl rjg izk7r Output dks +ar' Copy Output +kh dgrsgSaA Printer ,d On Line Output Device gksrh gSaA Printer ls ge vlhfer Output Data,d lkFk ns%k ldrs gSa !-fd Computer Screen ij dsoy lhfer Data dks gh ,d lkFk ns%k!k ldrk gSaA Printer ls izk7r +ar' Copy Output dks fdlh +kh 4Fkku ij f-uk fdlhDevice dh lgk;rk ds iz4r$r fd;k !k ldrk gSaA !-fd Computer Screen ls izk7r SoftCopy Output dks igys fdlh Stora"e Device esa la0zghr djuk i#s0k ri'kr fdlh4Fkku ij lds iz4r$rhdj(k ds fy, Computer System dh +kh vko';drk gks0hA

Printers dks fof+k*u vk/kkjksa ij o0hZdOr fd;k !k ldrk gSa Printer ds dk;Zdjus dh 0fr ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds Printer gksrs gSa &

,o Speed #rinter: - bl izdkj ds printers ,d -kj esa dsoy ,d v@kj dks gh kirsgSa blfy, bu Printers dh kius dh 0fr fu)u gksrh gSaA bu Printers dh 0frc!aracter izfr lsds( esa ekih !krh gSaA

.i"* Speed #rinter: - bl izdkj ds Printers ,d -kj esa Output Data dh i1jh ,d Line ;ki1jk ,d Pa"e ki ldrs gSaA blfy;s bu Printers dh kius dh 0fr C gksrh gS

rFkk bu Printers dks Line Printer +kh dgrs gSaA bu Printers dh 0fr Lines izfr feu3esa ekih !krh gSaABzf*3a0 dh rduhd ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds Printers gksrs gSaA

Impact #rinter: - Printin" dh bl rduhd esa Printe' dk0! ds lkFk Contact esa jgrk gSbl izdkj ds Printer esa /kkr$ ls fufeZr +ammer ;k Print +ea' 4;kgh okys fjf-u rFkkdk0! ls 3djkrk gS f!lds ifj(kke4o5i 'k>n dk0! ij i !krk gS ;g Printin" rduhd $yperiter dh Printin" rduhd ds leku gksrh gSaA fof+k*u izdkj ds Impact Printer fu)ufyf%kr gSa &

Daisy *eel #rinter: - bls C!aracter Printer +kh dgrs gSaA ;ksafd ;g ,d -kjesa ,d v@kj dks dk0! ij kirk gSa bl izdkj ds Crin!er dks Letter Buaity Printer +kh dgrs gSaA f!lls Output Ima"e dh 0$(koPkk -M# !krh gSaA bl Printer esa ,dImpact 6kjk ,d v@kj irk gSaA Daisy !ee Printer dh kius dh 0fr 52 v@kj izfrlSd( rd gksrh gS f!ldh iz;sd Spoke ds 8js ij ,d C!aracter dk Dksl ont +kjk

jgrk gSaA!- fdlh C!aracter dks kiuk gksrk gSa rks ;g !ee r- rd =k1erk gS !- rd

fd l c!aracter ds la0r spoke !ammer ds lkFk Print Position esa ugha vk !krh gS r-rd +ammer Spoke :ion rFkk dk0! ij ,d lkFk 3djkrk gS rFkk f!lls c!aracter dk0! iji !krk gSaA bl izdkj ds Printer dk ,d e$%; yk+k ;g gS fd bl Printer esa dk0! dslkFk Caron Paper y0kdj ,d gh Printin" Output ds lkFk dbZ Caron Copies izk7r dh

!k ldrh gSaA


10/12

DO! Matri0 #rinter: - bl izdkj ds Printer dh Printin" 0fr -g$r C gksrh gSa rFkkblds 6kjk kis !kus okys c!aracters esa yhykiu gksrk gS bl Printer ls fof+k*uvkdkj izdkj vkSj +kk"kk ds c!aracter7 "rap!ics vkfn ki ldrs gSaA d;ksafd blPritner esa i1oZ fufeZr e$nzk ont ugha gksrs gSaA Dot Matri; Printer esa Print+ea' 6kjk v@kj kis !krs gSaA Print +ea' esa vusd Buksa dk ,d Matri; gksrk

gSaA Print +ea' esa ks3s & ks3s Print +ammers dh Oa%kyk gksrh gS !ksBuksa ds 8jksa dh rjg fn%kkbZ nsrh gSaA iz;sd Print +ammer ds :ion rFkkdk0! ds lkFk Impact ;k 3djkus ls dk0! ij ,d Dot irk gSaA bl izdkj vusd Dotfeydj ,d C!aracter dk fuekZ(k djrs gSaA Print +ea' esa ?7 7 1*7 1A ;k #* Buksa rddk 4ertica le1g gks ldrk gSaA Print +ea' essa f!ruh vf/kd Buksa dk 4erticale1g gks0k blds 6kjk kis 0;s c!aracters dh 0$(koPkk ruh gh vf/kd gks0hAvf/kdrj Dot Matri; Printer nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa -ka;h ls nka;h vksj rFkk nka;hls -ka;h fn'kk esa Print djus dh @kerk j%krs gSaA -ka;h ls nka;h vksj 0fr djrsle; Print +ea' ,d Line dks Print djrk gS rFkk nka;h ls -ka;h vksj 0fr djrs le; ogn1ljh Line dks Print dj ysrk gSaA

Dot Matri; Printer dh 0fr Daisy !ee Printer ls vf/kd gksrh gSaA bl Printer dh Printin" 0fr 92 ls *22 C!aracters Per Secon' < CPS gksrh gSaA Dot Matri; Printer 6kjk ja0hu ik;h +kh dh !k ldrh gSa f!lls vko';drk vu$lkj ack an' !ite ;kCooure' Output izk7r fd;k !k ldrk gSaA blds fy, User dks ack :ion ds 4Fkku ijCooure' Strippe' okyk :ion y0kuk gksrk gSaA Soft,are Instruction ds vu$lkjPrint +ea' dh Busa vy0&vy0 Coour Stripes ij 3djkrh gSa rFkk vko';drk vu$lkjCoour ds v@kjksa dks dk0! ij kirh gSaA Dot Matri; Printer Daisy !ee Printer 6kjk kis 0;s Output dh r$yuk esa R;knk gksrh gSa Dot Matri; Printer # izdkj dh0$(koPkk okyk Output iznku dj ldrk gSa&1ear ,etter 2uality #rintin": - bl izdkj dh Printin" esa Print +ea' iz;sd Printin" Linedks ,d lsvf/kd -kj esa Over Strike 6kjk kirk gSa f!lls iz;sd C!aracter 0gjk rFkk

4i"3 irk gSaA ,d Print Line dks ,d ls vf/kd -kj esa kius ds dkj(k bl izdkj dhPrintin" esa Printin" 0fr /kheh gksrh gSaADraft 3uality #rintin": - bl izdkj dh Printin" esa +ea' iz;sd Line dks dsoy ,d gh-kj esa kirk gSa f!lls fu)u dksf3 dh ikbZ okyk Output izk7r gksrk gSa blizdkj dh Printin" ls is g$;s C!aracters dh 4i"3rk rFkk 0$(koPkk vCh ughagksrh gSaA1on Impact #rinter: - bl izdkj dh Printin" rduhd esa Print +ea' rFkk dk0! ds e/;fdlh +kh izdkj dk laidZ ugha gksrk gS blfy, bls 8on Impact Printer dgrs gSaA blrduhd esa Print +ea' :ion ds lkFk dk0! ij ugha 3djkrk gS: f!lds dkj(k blPrinter esa dk0! ds lkFk Caron Paper y0kdj Printin" Output dh Caron Copies ughaizk7r dh !k ldrh gSaA d$ 8on Impact Printers ds -kjs esa uhs lek;k 0;kgSa&In4 5et #rinter: - ;g Printer Dot Matri; dh rjg gh Output iznku djrk gS vFkkZr blPrinter esa ius okys c!aracter +kh -g$r lkjs Dots ls feydj -us gksrs gSa ysfduDot Matri; printer esa 'ots print !ea' dh Buksa ds 3djkus ls -urs gSa !-fd blrduhd esa Dots 4;kgh dh l1@e -1anks ls feydj -urs gSaA bl Printer ls izk7rOutput vf/kd 4i"3 gksrk gSa ;ksafd iz;sd C!aracter vusd Dots ls feydj -urkgSaA Ink et Printer ds Print +ea' esa ,d uks!y gksrk gSaA bl uks!y ls 4;kgh dhl1@e -1anksa dh -kSkj djds c!aracter rFkk fof+k*u izdkj ds f2 kis !krsgSaA bl izdkj ds Printer esa -g$r C vkoOfr okys foT$r 6enerator ls Pie%oeectricCrysta dks df)ir djds Cartri'"e ls 4;kgh dks l1@e -1anks dh -kSkj fudkyh

!krh gS rFkk ;s 4;kgh dh l1@e -1ans foT$r byS3Uks ls funsZf'kr gksdj

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dk0! ij bfCnr c!aracter kirh gSaA Ink et Printer vis@kkdOr de 'kksj i*u djrsgSaA bu Printers ds Output dh Print =uaity &22 Dots Per Inc! < DPI rd gksrh gSaA,aser #rinter: - bl Printer dh Printer rduhd ;kaf2d 5i ls de !f3y gksrh gSaA bldhPrintin" rduhd P!otocopy Mac!ine dh rduhd dh rjg gksrh gSa f!ls eo"rap!y$ec!ni=ue dgrs gSaA Feo"rap!y7 P!oto"rap!y $ec!ni=ue dh rjg gksrh gSaA blesa

im dh !0g ,d P!oto-Sensitive Drum gksrk gSa f!l ij vkosf'kr inkFkz dk ysiugksrk gSaA Laser Printer esa Microprocessor Laser eam dk fu;a2(k djrk gSa f!llsLaser fdj(k ,d Secon' esa g!kjksa -kj niZ(k ls 3djkdj rFkk funsZf'kr gksdj/kuked vkosf'kr Ue rd ig$arh gSaA Ue ij f4Fkr f!u f-*n$vksa ij ys!j fdj(k3djkrh gS os 8eutrai%e' gks !krs gSa rFkk u f-*n$vksa ij ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh4;kgh f!ls $oner dgrs gS: fid !krh gS: ri'kr ;s $oner dk0! ij f2 -uk ysrkgS rFkk Output dk0! ij i !krk gSaA ;g Output bl vo4Fkk esa v4FkkbZ gksrkgSaA bls 4Fkk;h -ukus ds fy, dk0! dks 4FkkbZ 5i ls Sea dj fn;k !krk gSaAblds -kn Drum dks fQj ls v0ys 9 ds fy, /kuked vkosf'kr dj fn;k !krk gSaALaser Printer ds 0$(k fu)ufyf%kr gksrs gSa&

(1) vfr C Printin" 0frA(#) vfr C Output 0$(koPkk rFkk 4i"3rkA(&) vfr fu)u 'kksj 4rjA(*) fof+k*u izdkj dh 6rap!ics dks kius dh @kerkA(9) fof+k*u vkdkj rFkk izdkj ds c!aracters dks kius dh @kerkA(5) ,d -kj esa i1jk ,d Pa"e kius dh @kerkA

Laser Printers dks Pa"e Printer +kh dgrs gSa ;kafd ;s ,d -kj esa i1jk ,dPa"e kirs gSaA ;s Printer Pastic dh S!eets ij +kh Output ki ldrs gSaA budkiz;ks0 ikbZ dh Offset Mac!ine dh Master Print dks kius ds fy, +kh fd;k !krkgSa f!lls Output dh vf/kd la%;k esa izfrfyB;k< kih !krh gSa Laser Printers dh

dher dkQh vf/kd gksrh gSaA

Data !ransfer ds fofHkUu Mode

fdlh Perip!era Device dks izk7r inary Information Processin" ds fy;s Memory Unitesa la0zfgr dh !krh gS rFkk fdlh Perip!era Device dks Processor 6kjk4Fkkuk*rfjr dh !kus okyh Information +kh Memory Unit ls gh fudkyh !krh gSaAProcessor d+kh&d+kh Input-Output Units ls lh/ks rkSj ij Information vknku&iznkudjrk gSaA ysfdu l1ukvksa dk Source rFkk e1y Destination Memory Unit ghgksrk gSaA Computer rFkk Input-Output Devices ds e/; Data $ransfer dks fu)ufyf%krrhu rjg ds fu;af2r fd;k !k ldrk gSa &

(i) Pro"ram Input-Output

(ii) Interrupt < Driven Input < Output

(iii) Direct Memory .ccess < DM.

#ro"ram Input – Output: - Pro"ram Input < Output fof/k esa Input-Output Devices7Memory ls lh/ks Information dks vknku & iznku ugha dj ldrhA Input < OutputDevice rFkk Memory ds e/; Data $ransfer djus ds fy, Processor dks gh lkjs funsZ'knsus gksrs gSaA blesa Processor7 Input Device dks Input funsZ'k nsrk gSa f!llsInput Device ls Processor esa 4Fkkuk*rfjr gksrk gS Processor ls Memory esa Data$ransfer djus ds fy, Processor Store Instruction nsrk gSaA v*; funsZ'kksa dhvko';drk transfer fd, 0;s 'k>nksa dks f0uus ds fy, rFkk Input-Output Device ds

Status dks !kaus ds fy, gksrh gSaa bl izdkj Pro"ram7 Intput-Output fof/k ds dk;ZComputer Pro"ram esa fy%ks g$;s Input < Output funsZ'kksa ds 6kjk gksrs gSaA

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pro"ram esa fy%ks funsZ'k 6kjk gh iz;sd Data Item ds 4Fkkuk*rj(k dh'k$5vkr gksrh gSaA vkerkSj ij Data transfer Perip!era Device ls processor ds fy, ;kProcessor ls Perip!era Device ds fy, gksrk gSaA v*; funsZ'kksa dh vko';drk CPUls Memory Unit ds fy, rFkk Memory Unit ls CPU ds fy, Data $ransfer djus gsr$gksrh gSaA Pro"ram fu;*2(k 6kjk Information dk vknku iznku djus ds fy,

Processor dks Perip!era Devices dh y0krkj Monitorin" dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA ,d-kj !- Data $ransfer dh 'k$5vkr gksrh gS rks Processor dks nks-kjk Data $ransfer gks ldrk gSaA ;g !kuus ds fy, Interface dks Monitor djus dh vko';drk gksrhgSaA Input-Output Devices rFkk Interface Unit dh Monitorin" Processor ls la0zfgrPro"ramme' Instruction ij fu+kZj djrh gSaA Pro"ramme' Input-Output fof/k esaProcessor r- rd Pro"ram Loop esa jgrk gSa !- rd dh Input < Output Interface Unit lsvius Data $ransfer ds fy, rS;kj gksus dk ladsr ugha nsrhA ;g ,d le; %kir djusokyh izf9;k gS rFkk blesa Processor vuko';d 5i ls N;4r jgrk gSaA fu)ufyf%kr f2esa: Input-Output Device ls Interface Unit ds 6kjk Processor ds fy, Data $ransfer dknkgj(k fn%kk;k 0;k gS &

F G a" it

Input Output Device ls CPU esa Data $ransfer vkD inary it dk le1g ,d yte dgykrk gSaA Devices ,d -kj esa Data dh ,dyte dks $ransfer djrs gSaA !- Data $ransfer ds fy, ,d yte iy>/k gksrh gSa rksInput-Output Device bls Input-Output us esa ky nsrh gSa rFkk Data 4ai' Line dkslf9; dj nsrh gSaA Interface Unit vius Data :e"ister esa Data yte dks la0zfgr djysrh gSa rFkk Data .ccepte' Line dks lf9; dj nsrh gSaA Interface Unit vius Status:e"ister esa ,d it set dj nsrh gSa f!ls a"it dgrs gSaA Input-Output Device v-Data 4ai' Line dks fuf"9; dj nsrh gS ysfdu ;s r- rd nks-kjk Data $ransfer ugha djldrh !- rd Interface Unit Data .ccepte' Line fuf"9; u dj nsaA Status :e"ister esa a"dks C!eck djus ds fy, Processor esa Pro"ram fy%kk gksrk gSaA ;g fa" ;g l1frdjrk gSa fd Input-Output Device us Interface Unit ds Data :e"ister esa Data yte ky

nh gSaA Processor y0krkj Status :e"ister dks :ea' djrk gSa: a"it ds eku dh!ka djrk gSa ;fn fa" it ,d gks rks Processor7 Data :e"ister ls Data :ea' djrk gSarFkk a" it dks Processor vFkok Interface Unit 6kjk Cear vFkkZr 'k1*; dj fn;k!krk gSaA ,d -kj !- a" it dks 'k1*; dj fn;k !krk gSa rks Interface Unit Data.ccepte' Line dks fuf"9; dj nsrh gSa rFkk v- Input-Output Device v0yh Data ytedks $ransfer dj ldrh gSaA Pro"ramme' Input-Output fof/k esa Processor ds fy,vko';d Pro"ram dk o, C!art fn;k 0;k gSaA

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CPUI/O

Device

Data :e"ister

Interface

Status

:e"ister F

Data us

.''ress us

I/O :ea'

I/O rite Data .ccepte'

I/O us

Data 4ai'

:ea' Data :e"ister

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