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msoflioSi uaRresad popularulia sxva
dasxva tipis nusxebi: „yvela drois asi saukeTe
so wigni“, „ormocdaaTi wigni, romelic unda
waikiTxo, sanam cocxali xar“, „Cveni drois
udidesi mwerlebi“ da a.S. am mimarTulebiT
gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda msoflio meoce
saukunis bolos da Sedga axali siebi: `msofli
os orasi saukeTeso wigni mkiTxvelTa azriT~,
`saukeTeso mwerlebi gamomcemelTa azriT~,
`aTaswleulis wignebi~ da a.S. mkiTxvelebis, kritikosebisa Tu ga
momcemelTa azri imdenad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda, rom bevri daibna.
magaliTad, kritikosebis erTi nawili mwerlad saerTod ar aRiarebs
joan roulings, xolo mkiTxvelebi da gamomcemlebi mas, rogorc
„hari poteris“ avtors, saukeTesoTa xuTeulSi asaxeleben da xSirad
Seqspirze did avtorad miiCneven.
gaCnda SegrZneba, rom saukeTeso mwerlebisa da saukeTeso nawar
moebebis SerCevis procesi uaRresad subieqturia da „namdvili“
pasuxis, romelic yvelas daakmayofilebda, povna SeuZlebeli aR
moCnda. swored imisTvis, rom msoflio mwerlobis Taobaze metnak
lebad obieqturi suraTi mieRoT, 2002 wels norvegiis wignis klubma
msoflios 66 qveynidan yvelaze ufro saxelovani da aRiarebuli 100
mwerali moiwvia. ra Tqma unda, mwerlebis azri mwerlobaze SeiZle
didi mweralilevan berZeniSvili
literatura
68
ba bevrad ufro obieqturi iyos, vidre kritikosebis, gamomcemlebi
sa da mkiTxvelebisa. im mwerlebs Soris, romlebsac unda SeedginaT
msoflios yvela drois 100 saukeTeso wigni, iyvnen yirgizi Cingiz
aitmatovi, amerikelebi pol osteri da norman meileri, meqsikeli
karlos fuentesi, Cexi milan kundera, ingliselebi jon le kare da
doris lesingi, germaneli zigfrid lenci, Svedi astrid lindgreni,
Turqi orhan famuqi, frangi alen robgrie, indoeli salman raSdi,
nigerieli vole soiinka – Tanamedrove msoflios marTlac rCeuli
mwerlebi.
norvegiis wignis klubis TaosnobiT Sekrebilma mwerlebma
marTlac Seqmnes msoflios yvela drois asi saukeTeso wignis nusxa,
ro melSic yvelaze meti, oTxi wigniT, warmodga fiodor dostoevski,
samsamiT – uiliam Seqspiri, lev tolstoi da franc kafka, ororiT
– homerosi, gustav floberi, uiliam folkneri, Tomas mani, gabriel
garsia markesi da a.S. amave dros, am mwerlebis azriT, yvelaze didi
wigni, rac ki odesme dawerila, aris servantesis „don kixoti“, Tumca
servantesis verc erTi sxva wigni asi wignis am CamonaTvalSi ver mox
vda.
mwerlebi mxolod nusxas adgendnen; maT ar gviTxres, ratom aris
„don kixoti“ aseTi kargi wigni; ar gviTxres, ratom iyo Sedevrebis
weraSi dostoevski balzakze ufro nayofieri, Tu balzakma masze
bevrad meti wigni dawera da gacilebiT ufro „uxvmosavliani“ iyo,
rogorc mwerali. „norvegiul“ siaSi dostoevskis „danaSauli da sas
jeli“, „idioti“, „eSmakni“ da „Zmebi karamazovebi“ Sevida, xolo balz
akisa — mxolod „mama gorio“. mwerlebma ar gviTxres, Tu ratom moxv
da msoflio Sedevrebis am nusxaSi Seqspiris „hamleti“, „mefe liri“
da „otelo“ da ar moxvda ara mxolod genialuri tragediebi „makbe
ti“, „riCard mesame“ an „romeo da julieta“, aramed misi aranaklebi
sidiadis komediebi, magaliTad, „zafxulis Ramis sizmari“, „venecie
li vaWari“ da „Wirveulis morjuleba“ an, Tundac, saqveynod cnobili
sonetebi.
rogori unda iyos didi mwerali, saerTod ras niSnavs sidide mwer
lobaSi? cnobilia, rom didi mwerlebis sias, rogor wesi, qronolo
giurad saTaveSi udgas didi berZeni poeti, „iliadisa“ da „odiseis“
namdvili da misi saxeliT cnobili himnebis an sxva poemebis savaraudo
avtori – homerosi. jerjerobiT iseTi mecnieri, kritikosi, mwera li
an kvalificiuri mkiTxvelic ki ar gamovlenila, romelic homero
sis sidideSi eWvs Seitanda. esaa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, utyuari
avtoriteti mwerlobis sferoSi. modi, vnaxoT, ras warmoadgens misi
sidide da rogor izomeba igi.
upirveles yovlisa, mwerali didia, Tu misi nawarmoebi didi iyo ma
Sinac, roca daiwera da didi rCeba an kidev ufro gazrdilia dRes. Tu
didi mwerali
Cingiz aitmatovi(1928-2008)
pil osteri(dab. 1947)
norman meileri(1923-2007)
karlos fuentesi(1928-2012)
69
igi upasuxebda Tavis drosac da upasuxebs dRevandelobasac. ra Tqma
un da, ufro mniSvnelovania, dRes rogor fasdeba esa Tu is mwerali.
iS viaTi ar aris SemTxveva, rom sicocxleSi uaRresad popularuli
mwerali Semdgom epoqebSi am simaRles veRar inarCunebs. samagali
Tod gamogvadgeba SesaniSnavi berZeni poeti hesiode, romelsac Zveli
berZ nebi homerosis gverdiT ayenebdnen da xandaxan upi ratesobasac
ki aniWebdnen, dRes ki mxolod klasikuri filologiis specialis te
bisa da calkeuli dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvisaa cnobili. amave
dros dasamali ar aris, rom, homerosisa da hesiodesgan gansxvavebiT,
arseboben mwerlebi, romelTa sidide bevrisTvis SeumCneveli darCa
maT cxovrebaSi da mxolod sikvdilis Semdeg daikaves Tavisi Rirseu
li adgili. XX saukune icnobs ramdenime aseT SemTxvevas. klasikuri
magaliTia didi mwerali franc kafka, romlis sidide mis sicocxle
Si mxolod erTeulebma icodnen, dRes ki sayovelTaod aRi arebulia,
rogorc meoce saukunis mwerlobis erTerTi udidesi geniosi.
garda zemoTqmulisa, mwerlis sidide ganisazRvreba im gavleniT,
romelic mas mouxdenia Tavis TanamoZmeebze, sxva mwerlebze. magzigfrid lenci
(1926-2014)
doris lesingi(1919-2013)
jon le kare(dab. 1931)
milan kundera(dab. 1929)
literatura
homerosi
70
aliTad, cnobilia, rom homerosma gavlena iqonia did romael po
etze, romauli nacionaluri eposis Semoqmedze – publius vergili
us maronze da, Sesabamisad, Semdgom mTel evropul literaturaze.
rogor moaxdina homerosma gavlena vergiliusze? homerosis „ilia
da“ aRwers trois oms da „odisea“ am omidan odisevsis Sin dabrunebis
faTerakebs. vergiliusis poema „eneida“ aRwers eneasis faTerakebiT
savse mogzaurobas axali samSoblos saZebnelad („odiseis“ aSkara
gavleniT) da brZolas italiaSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad („ili
adis“ aSkara gavleniT). „iliada“ da „odisea“ berZnuli anbanis 24 asos
mixedviT Zvelma mecnierebma 2424 simRerad dahyves, xolo vergili
usma sruliad gaazrebulad Tavisi poema ocdaoTxis naxevar, Tormet
simRerad dahyo da pirveli eqvsi mTavari gmiris mogzaurobas dauT
mo da bolo eqvsi – italiur oms.
homerosi iqca Tavisi xalxis namdvil maswavleblad. berZnuli ga
naTlebis sistema gulisxmobda swored homerosis Seswavlas. cxov
rebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts berZnebi homerosis gaTvaliswinebiT
awyobdnen da cdilobdnen, politikuri mowyobac ki misi poeziisTvis
miesadagebinaT. cxovrebis yovel sferoSi homerosi gaxda etalo
ni, misabaZi magaliTi an aTvlis wertili, saidanac unda momxdariyo
ganviTareba. homerosma waruSleli gavlena moaxdina mTel berZnul
kulturaze, ar arsebobs arc erTi berZeni dramaturgi, tragikosi
iqneba es Tu komikosi, arc erTi prozaikosi, mxatvruli prozis os
tati Tu istorikosi, arc erTi filosofosi, romelsac homerosi
Tavis maswavleblad ar hyavda aRiarebuli. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom „iliada“ da „odisea“ berZeni xalxisTvis gaxda nacionaluri epo
si, rogorc „eneida“ – romaelebisTvis an rogorc „vefxistyaosani“
– qarTvelebisTvis.
ragind didi ar unda iyos ama Tu im mwerlis nacionaluri avtorite
ti, saerTaSoriso aRiarebis gareSe misi sidide lokalur terito
rias an enas ver gascdeba. kolumbias uamravi „didi“ mwerali hyavs,
magram msofliom maTgan mxolod gabriel garsia markesi, „martoo
bis asi wlisa“ da „qoleris droindeli siyvarulis“ avtori aRiara.
arabul samyaros aTasobiT uniWieresi mwerali hyavs, magram msofli
om „miramaris“ avtori najib mahfuzi gamohyo; argentineli geniose
bidan ki imave msofliom mxolod kortasarisa da, gansakuTrebiT,
borxesis saxelebi gamoarCia.
zogierTs hgonia, rom didi mwerali didi qveynidan unda iyos. didi
qveyana niSnavs did enas, mraval mkiTxvels, did auditorias, did ti
raJebs da a.S. saukeTeso avtorebisa da wignebis siebi adasturebs am
Teziss: bevri didi mweralia didi britaneTidan, amerikis SeerTebu
li Statebidan, germaniidan, safrangeTidan, ruseTidan. bunebrivia,
didi qveyana „exmareba“ Tavis did mwerals, magram am wess aqvs Tavisi
astrid lindgreni(1907-2002)
orhan famuqi(dab. 1952)
alen rob-grie(1922-2008)
salman raSdi(dab. 1947)
didi mwerali
71
gamonaklisebi: norvegiis mosaxleoba xuT milions odnav aRemateba
da, bunebrivia, norvegias did qveynad ver CavTvliT, magram swored am
qveyanam, romelic teritoriiTa da mosaxleobiT sul odnav uswrebs
saqarTvelos, msoflios misca iseTi aRiarebuli didi mwerlebi,
rogorebic iyvnen „SimSilis“, „misteriebisa“ da „viqtoriis“ saxel
ganTqmuli avtori, didi mwerali knut hamsuni da „gareuli ixvisa“
da „Tojinebis saxlis“ avtori, msoflios yvela drois erTerTi
udidesi dramaturgi – henrik ibseni. arc aTmilioniani portugaliaa
aRiarebuli did qveynad, magram erovnuli eposis – „luiziadebis“
avtori luiS de kamoesi, didi poeti fernando pesoa da 1988 wlis no
belis premiis laureati Joze samaragu mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli
didi mwerlebi arian. am TvalsazrisiT „Cempionia“ patara irlandia,
romelic mosaxleobiTac da teritoriiTac saqarTvelos utoldeba;
igi ar gaxlavT daCagruli msoflio talantebiT da didi mwerlebiT:
„guliveris mogzaurobis“ avtoriT, jonaTan sviftiT, dawyebu
li, „tristram Sendis“ SemoqmediT, lorens sterniT, „dorian greis
port retisa“ da SesaniSnavi zRaprebis avtoriT – oskar uaildiTa da
„pigmalionis“ avtoris, SesaniSnavi dramaturgiT – bernard SouTi
gagrZelebuli da msoflios yvela drois erTerTi udidesi poetiT,
uiliam batler ieitsiTa da meoce saukunis erTerTi udidesi mwer
liT, „ulises“ avtoriT – jeims joisiT damTavrebuli. marTalia, ir
landielebs is exmareba, rom isini inglisurad weren.
rogor wers didi mwerali? magaliTisTvis aviRoT igive homero
si da misi „iliada“ – evropuli literaturis pirveli Zegli. raze
mogviTxrobs es wigni? am kiTxvaze pasuxi TiTqmis yvelam icis: „ilia
da“ trois omze mogviTxrobs. rogor aRwerda vinme sxva, ara homero
si, am oms? modi, warmovidginoT, rom es davaleba Cven mogveca, Cven
unda aRvweroT trois omi. SevasruloT es amocana da Semdeg Cveni
mokrZalebuli Sedegi homerosis ocdarvasaukunian Sedevrs Seva
daroT.
trois omis dawyeba xdeba ab ovo, anu „kvercxidan“. laTinuri ga
moTqma ab ovo iTargmneba, rogorc „Tavidan“ an „sul Tavidan“ da
gulisxmobs, rom raRac daiwyo kvercxidan gamoCekili sicocxliT.
trois omi ki daiwyo kvercxidan gamoCekili adamianiT, saxelganTqmu
li mSvenieri heleneTi. upirveles yovlisa, saidan gaCnda kvercxi?
ase mivadgebiT ara mxolod trois omis, aramed, Zveli berZnebis az
riT, „yvelafris“ kidev erT dasawyiss, adamianTa da RmerTTa mamas,
zevss. berZnuli miTebis moyvarulebma ician, rom samyaro zevsamde
Seiqmna, magram wminda religiuri TvalsazrisiT, zevsi manamdec iyo,
sanam daibadeboda. axla ar gamovedevnoT manamde momxdar ambebs (qa
osiuranosikronosi) da daviwyoT zevsiT.
vole soiinka(dab. 1934)
lev tolstoi(1828-1910)
franc kafka(1983-1924)
gustav floberi(1821-1880)
literatura
72
rom vTqvaT, zevss qalebi uyvarda da Tavisi meuRlis, heras, eWvia
nobas gamudmebiT aZlevda sababso, es niSnavs, araferi vTqvaT – zevss
ara mxolod uyvarda qalebi, is Tavad siyvaruli iyo. da es siyvaru
li misi axireba ki ara, misi arsi iyo: WeSmaritad, RmerTi siyvarulia.
sayvarel arsebasTan SerTva da misgan STamomavlobis miReba zevsis
erTerTi upirvelesi funqciaa. sxvadasxva qals is sxvadasxva sa xiT
moevlineboda, radgan namdvili saxiT misi danaxva mokvdavisTvis
SeuZlebeli iyo. mSvenier qals, etoliis mefe Testiosis asulsa da
spartis mefe tindarevsis meuRles, ledas, igi arwivisgan Zlivs Tav
daRweuli sabralo gedis saxiT moevlina, acduna qali da SeeuRla.
imave RamiT leda dauwva Tavis meuRlesac. am fantastikuri movle
nis Sedegad ledam dado ori kvercxi, romlidanac gamoiCeknen debi
– helene da klitemnestra da Zmebi – kastori da polidevkesi. ledas
Svilebidan erTerTs, helenes, anu „mSvenier helenes“ Cven kargad
vicnobT, rogorc trois omis gamomwvev mizezs. mivatovoT helene
mokvdavi da gamzrdeli mamis (Tumca Cven ukve viciT saidumlo, sinam
dvileSi is zevsis asulia), tindarevsis sasaxleSi, spartaSi, da Tavad
gadavinacvloT TesaliaSi, CrdiloeT saberZneTSi, qalaq fTiaSi.
aqac yvelaferi zevsiT iwyeba. zevss moewona zRvis mefis, nerevsis,
qaliSvili – vercxlisfexeba Tetisi, magram moulodnelad metoqe
gauCnda promeTevsis saxiT. promeTevsma (misi saxeli SeiZleba „wi
naswar momfiqrebels“, „winaswarmetyvelsac“ niSnavdes) gaafrTxila
adamianTa da RmerTTa mama, rom TetisTan SeuRlebis SemTxvevaSi mas
SeeZineboda vaJi, aqilevsi, romelic sidiadiT mamas gadaaWarbebda.
zevss tyuilad ar uwodebdnen „brZens“, daujera promeTevss da arc
mas dauTmo Tetisi, rom axali mZlavri RmerTis dabadebisTvis xeli
SeeSala. ori metrfis saboloo gadawyvetilebiT, ukvdavi Tetisi
mokvdav pelevss – mirmidonelTa mefes miaTxoves.
uiliam folkneri(1897-1962)
Tomas mani(1875-1955)
gabriel garsia markesi
(1927-2014)
xulio kortasari(1914-1984)
didi mwerali
zevsi
73
adamianisa da qalRmerTis qorwilSi bevri adamiani da uamravi
RmerTi dapatiJes. mowveul RmerTebs Soris ar aRmoCnda erisi – qao
sis, uTanxmoebisa da areulobis qalRmerTi. qalRmerTs ewyi na, daaw
era oqros vaSls „yvelaze mSvenier qals“ (τή καλλίστη – „te kalliste“)
da Seagora qorwilSi. samma qalRmerTma miiCnia, rom vaSli mas
ekuTvnoda: zevsis meuRlem, Zalauflebis, ojaxisa da mSobiarobis
mfarvelma qalRmerTma, didebulma heram; zevsis asulma, sibrZnisa
da samarTliani omis qalRmerTma, qalwulma aTenam da sila mazisa
da siyvarulis qalRmerTma afroditem (homerosis mixedviT, zev
sisa da diones asulma, Tumca arsebobs kronosis mier uranosisT
vis mokveTili asoTi gaCenili zRvis qafidan afrodites dabadebis
ufro dramatuli da poeturi versia). gaCnda kiTxva: ra aris mSve
xorxe luis borxesi(1899-1986)
luiS de kamoesi(1524(?)-1580)
henrik ibseni(1828-1906)
knut hamsuni(1859-1952)
literatura
leda da gedi, mxatvari leonardo da vinCi, 15101515, galerea borgeze, romi
74
niereba – Zalauf lebis sidiade, sibrZne da vaJkacoba Tu fizikuri
silamaze? zevsi Tavisianebis kamaTSi ar Caeria da sami qalRmerTi
trois ufliswulTan, mefe priamosis ZesTan, parisTan, gagzavna. pa
risisTvis Zneli gadasawyveti aRmoCnda am ulamazes qalRmerTTa
gan idealuri silamazis qali SeerCia da daiwyo „winasaarCevno“ Se
moTavazebebi: hera mas mTel evropasa da azias dahpirda; aTena – omSi
sworupovar vaJkacobas, sibrZnes da didi meomris Tvisebebs; xolo
afrodite – dedamiwis yvelaze lamazi qalis, spartis dedoflis, he
lenes siyvaruls. parisma swored helene airCia da gamarjvebulad
afrodite daasaxela. trois momaval omSi ganawyenebuli hera da aTe
na misi da misi samSoblos dauZinebeli mtrebi iqnebian.
helene ukve gaTxovili iyo spartis mefe menelaosze (es ar uTq
vams afrodites), ase rom, pariss isRa darCenoda, stumrad Casuli
yo menelaosTan da moetaca helene (zogi versiiT, helenes Seuyvarda
parisi da sakuTari nebiT gahyva mas). Tavis droze helenes, rogorc
dedamiwis ulamazes qals, uamravi mTxovneli hyavda. odisevsis rCe
viT tindarevsma yvela sasiZos fici daadebina, rom pativs scemdnen
helenes arCevans da daicavdnen mis qorwinebas. rodesac parisma he
lene moitaca, menelaosma yvelas Seaxsena swored es fici. berZneb
ma gadawyvites, helene daebrunebinaT; Tavi mouyares mTeli saberZ
neTis mefeebsa da winamZRolebs, did gmirebs – aqilevss, odisevss,
aiass, diomedess, nestors da sxvebs; Seqmnes uzarmazari laSqari,
romelsac saTaveSi menelaosis Zma, mikenis mefe agamemnoni Cauyenes
uiliam batler ieitsi
(1865-1939)
bernard Sou(1856-1950)
Joze saramago(1922-2010)
fernando pesoa(1888-1935)
didi mwerali
mSvenieri helene da parisi, mxatvari Jak lui davidi, 1788, luvris muzeumi, parizi
75
da uamravi xomaldisgan Semdgari uzarmazari flotiT miadgnen pa
risis samSoblos, troadis napirs. ase daiwyo trois omi. omi aT wels
grZeldeboda da sabolood uamravi gmiris, maT Soris saukeTeso ber
Zeni da troeli gmirebis – aqilevsisa da heqtoris sikvdiliT, trois
saboloo daqceviTa da helenes saberZneTSi dabrunebiT dasrulda.
homerosi rom ara didi, aramed Cveulebrivi mwerali yofiliyo,
Tavis poemas zevsiT Tu ara, ledas kvercxiT Tu ara, ganxeTqilebis
vaSliT Tu ara, helenes motacebiT Tu ara, trois omis gaCaRebiT
mainc daiwyebda; magram homerosi Cveulebrivi mwerali ar aris – „il
iadaSi“ trois omis arc dasawyisia aRwerili da arc dasasruli, am
poemaSi aRwerilia trois omis mxolod meaTe wlis ormocdaTormeti
dRe (es dReebi iyofa samoqmedo da umoqmedo dReebad da ganawile
bulia wriuli simetriiT, ix. qvemoT sqema); „iliada“ iwyeba aqilevsis
ganrisxebiT da mTavrdeba mamisTvis – priamosisTvis mokluli va
Jis – heqtoris cxedris gadacemiT da misi dakrZalviT. miuxedavad
amisa, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom vinmes ise srulad gadmoeca trois
omis ambavi, rogorc es homerosma moaxerxa. kacma rom Tqvas, amgvari,
TiTqmis jadosnuri ostatoba aris kidec pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris
didi mwerali. homerosi drois im mcire monakveTidan, romelsac
aRwers, drois isrebs isvris warsulsa da momavalSi da misi gmire
bis, RmerTebisa da adamianebis mogonebebSi cocxldeba warsuli da
maTsave winaswarmetyvelebaSi realuri xdeba momavali. ase, magali
Tad, zevsis winaswarmetyveleba gvimJRavnebs trois omis ganviTare
bisa da misi dasrulebis detalebs:
najib mahfuzi(1911-2006)
viliam Sekspiri(1564-1616)
oskar uaildi(1854-1900)
jeims joisi(1882-1941)
literatura
pelevsi da Tetisi
76
„gaqceulebi mivardnen aqilevs pelevsis Zis lamazgembanian
xomaldebs da man brZolaSi CarTos Tavisi megobari patroklosi;
igi SubiT gangmiros saxelovanma heqtorma ilionis win mas Sem
deg, rac es gmiri mraval sxva troel Wabuks gamoasalmebs sicocx
les, maT Soris Cems sakuTar vaJsac, RvTaebriv sarpedons. da maSin
moklas heqtori ganrisxebulma aqilevsma. amis Semdeg brZolas
samudamod gadmovanacvleb xomaldebidan da manam gavagrZeleb,
sanam aqavelebi ar aiReben maRal ilions aTenas rCevebis mixed
viT~.
es didi mwerlobis mxolod erTi magaliTia. danarCenebis moZieba
TqvenTvis mimindvia.
Sesabamisad, mwerali didia, Tu
• didia misi nawarmoebi;
• gavlena moaxdina sxva mwerlebze;
• aqvs nacionaluri aRiareba;
• aqvs saerTaSoriso aRiareba;
• did mwerals „exmareba“ didi qveyana, Tumca cnobili arian pa
tara qveynebis didi mwerlebic;
• mwerlis sidides yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs misi ostatoba
dReebis simetriuli ganawileba „iliadaSi“
1 9 1 12 1 1 1 1 Rame 1 1 1 1 12 1 9 1
1 qriseisis moTxovna
9 Savi Wiri, aTenelebi wvaven gvamebs
1 aqilevsis risxva, qriseisis dabruneba
12 RmerTebi eTiopiaSi da maTi dabruneba
1 Tetisi sTxovs daxmarebas zevss
1 pirveli orTabrZola, diomedesi, meore orTabrZola
1 aqavelTa galavnis ageba
1 troelTa Seteva
Rame elCoba aqilevsTan, dolonia
1 heqtori klavs patrokloss
1 aqilevsi klavs heqtors
1 patroklosis dakrZalva
1 dakrZalvis Semdgomi TamaSebi
12 heqtoris gvamis Seuracxyofa da dabruneba
1 priamosis dabruneba, heqtoris datireba
9 heqtoris koconis momzadeba
1 heqtoris dakrZalva
migel de servantesi(1547(?)-1616)
ernest hemingue(1899-1961)
onore de balzaki(1799-1850)
fiodor dostaevski(1821-1881)
didi mwerali
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