12
0,1,67(58/ ('8&$ğ,(, 7,1(5(78/8, ù, 632578/8, $/ 5(38%/,&,, 02/'29$ 81,9(56,7$7($ '( 67$7 ',1 02/'29$ )$&8/7$7($ '( '5(37 &X WLWOX GH PDQXVFULV &=8 &8&2ù ',$1$ &21',ğ,,/( '( $&25'$5( $ 3527(&ğ,(, ',3/20$7,&( 1$ğ,21$/,/25 Ì1 '5(378/ ,17(51$ğ,21$/ 38%/,& 6SHFLDOLWDWHD ± 'UHSW LQWHUQDĠLRQDO SXEOLF $8725()(5$7 al tezei de doctor in drept &KLúLQăX 7H]D D IRVW HODERUDWă OD &DWHGUD 'UHSW ,QWHUQDĠLRQDO úL 'UHSWXO 5HODĠLLORU (FRQRPLFH ([WHUQH D )DFXOWăĠLL GH 'UHSW D 8QLYHUVLWăĠLL GH 6WDW GLQ 0ROGRYD &RQGXFăWRU úWLLQĠLILF $OH[DQGUX %85,$1 doctor habilitat in drept, SURIHVRU XQLYHUVLWDU 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GH 6WDW GLQ 0ROGRYD 5HIHUHQĠL RILFLDOL $XJXVWLQ )8(5($ GRFWRU in drept, profesor universitar, 8QLYHUVLWDWHD Ä1LFRODH 7LWXOHVFX´ %XFXUHúWL 5RPkQLD 9LRUHO 0$5&8 doctor in drept, profesor universitar, $FDGHPLD GH 3ROLĠLH Ä$OH[DQGUX ,RDQ &X]D´ %XFXUHúWL 5RPkQLD 6XVĠLQHUHD YD DYHD ORF OD Ä´ IHEUXDULH RUD , in FDGUXO úHGLQĠHL &RQVLOLXOXL ùWLLQĠLILF 6SHFLDOL]DW ' GLQ FDGUXO 8QLYHUVLWăĠLL GH 6WDW GLQ 0ROGRYD 0' 5HSXEOLFD 0ROGRYD PXQ &KLúLQăX VWU $ 0DWHHYLFL %ORF VDOD GH FRQIHULQĠH 7H]D GH GRFWRUDW úL DXWRUHIHUDWXO SRW IL FRQVXOWDWH SH SDJLQD :(% D &1$$ KWWSZZZFQDDDFDGPG OD %LEOLRWHFD 8QLYHUVLWăĠLL GH 6WDW GLQ 0ROGRYD úL OD %LEOLRWHFD 1DĠLRQDOă D 5HSXEOLFLL 0ROGRYD $XWRUHIHUDWXO D IRVW H[SHGLDW OD Ä´ LDQXDULH 6HFUHWDU úWLLQĠLILF DO &RQVLOLXOXL ùWLLQĠLILF 6SHFLDOL]DW doctor in drept 1DWDOLD &+,572$&Ă &RQGXFăWRU úWLLQĠLILF doctor habilitat in drept, SURIHVRU XQLYHUVLWDU $OH[DQGUX %85,$1 $XWRU 'LDQD &8&2ù

Diana Cucos Abstract

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Diana Cucos Abstract

0,1,67(58/�('8&$ğ,(,��7,1(5(78/8,�ù,�632578/8,�$/�5(38%/,&,,�02/'29$

81,9(56,7$7($�'(�67$7�',1�02/'29$

)$&8/7$7($�'(�'5(37

&X�WLWOX�GH�PDQXVFULV

& �=�8�� ������������������

&8&2ù�',$1$

&21',ğ,,/(�'(�$&25'$5(�$�3527(&ğ,(,�',3/20$7,&(�1$ğ,21$/,/25

�Ì1�'5(378/�,17(51$ğ,21$/�38%/,&�

6SHFLDOLWDWHD�����������± 'UHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SXEOLF

$8725()(5$7�al tezei de doctor in drept

&KLúLQăX������

7H]D�D�IRVW�HODERUDWă�OD�&DWHGUD�'UHSW�,QWHUQDĠLRQDO�úL�'UHSWXO�5HODĠLLORU�(FRQRPLFH�([WHUQH�D�)DFXOWăĠLL�GH�'UHSW�D�8QLYHUVLWăĠLL�GH�6WDW�GLQ�0ROGRYD

&RQGXFăWRU�úWLLQĠLILF� $OH[DQGUX�%85,$1�doctor habilitat in drept, SURIHVRU�XQLYHUVLWDU��8QLYHUVLWDWHD�GH�6WDW�GLQ�0ROGRYD

5HIHUHQĠL�RILFLDOL� $XJXVWLQ�)8(5($�GRFWRU in drept, profesor universitar, 8QLYHUVLWDWHD�Ä1LFRODH�7LWXOHVFX´ �%XFXUHúWL��5RPkQLD

9LRUHO�0$5&8�doctor in drept, profesor universitar, $FDGHPLD�GH�3ROLĠLH�Ä$OH[DQGUX�,RDQ�&X]D´��%XFXUHúWL��5RPkQLD

6XVĠLQHUHD�YD�DYHD�ORF�OD�Ä��´�IHEUXDULH�������RUD������, in FDGUXO�úHGLQĠHL&RQVLOLXOXL�ùWLLQĠLILF�6SHFLDOL]DW�'��������������� GLQ�FDGUXO�8QLYHUVLWăĠLL�GH�6WDW�GLQ�0ROGRYD��0'�������5HSXEOLFD�0ROGRYD��PXQ��&KLúLQăX��VWU��$��0DWHHYLFL������%ORF����VDOD�GH�FRQIHULQĠH������

7H]D�GH�GRFWRUDW�úL�DXWRUHIHUDWXO�SRW�IL�FRQVXOWDWH�SH�SDJLQD�:(%�D�&�1�$�$���KWWS���ZZZ�FQDD�DFDG�PG���OD�%LEOLRWHFD�8QLYHUVLWăĠLL�GH�6WDW�GLQ�0ROGRYD�úL�OD�%LEOLRWHFD�1DĠLRQDOă�D�5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD�

$XWRUHIHUDWXO�D�IRVW��H[SHGLDW��OD�Ä��´�LDQXDULH������

6HFUHWDU úWLLQĠLILF�DO�&RQVLOLXOXL�ùWLLQĠLILF�6SHFLDOL]DW�doctor in drept

1DWDOLD�&+,572$&Ă

&RQGXFăWRU�úWLLQĠLILF��doctor habilitat in drept, SURIHVRU��XQLYHUVLWDU

$OH[DQGUX�%85,$1

$XWRU'LDQD�&8&2ù

Page 2: Diana Cucos Abstract

&$5$&7(5,67,&$�*(1(5$/Ă�$�/8&5Ă5,,

$FWXDOLWDWHD�WHPHL�FHUFHWDWH�úL�JUDGXO�GH�LQYHVWLJDUH�D�SUREOHPHL��3UREOHPHOH�FX�FDUH�VH�FRQIUXQWă�SRSXODĠLD�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�DX�FăSăWDW�R�LPSRUWDQĠă�

GHRVHELWă�OD�DFHVW�vQFHSXW�GH�VHFRO�úL�GH�PLOHQLX��FD�UH]XOWDW�DO�GH]YROWăULL�FRODERUăULL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�úL�DPSOLILFăULL�UHODĠLLORU�FRPHUFLDOH��$FFHQWXDUHD�GHFDODMHORU�vQ�GLIHULWH�]RQH�DOH�JOREXOXL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�VWDQGDUGHOH�GH�YLDĠă�DOH�SRSXODĠLHL��SUHFXP�úL�YDULDĠLD�RSĠLXQLORU�SULYLQG�ORFXO�GH�PXQFă��LQVWLWXĠLD�GH�LQVWUXLUH�úL�ĠDUD�GH�UHúHGLQĠă�DX�LPSOLFDĠLL�vQ�GRPHQLXO�UDSRUWXULORU�MXULGLFH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��,DU�vQ�PRG�SDUWLFXODU��QXPHURDVHOH�SUREOHPH�MXULGLFH�GLQ�XOWLPHOH�decenii sunt generate de dreptul persoanelor de a se stabili intr�R�DOWă�ĠDUă��OLEHUD�FLUFXODĠLH�D�RDPHQLORU��OLEHUWDWHD�GH�FRPXQLFDĠLH�vQWUH�RDPHQL��SHUIHFWDUHD�FăVăWRULLORU�vQFKHLDWH�vQWUH�SHUVRDQH�DYkQG�FHWăĠHQLL�GLIHULWH��HWF��$FHDVWă�FLUFXODĠLH�JOREDOă�D�SHUVRDQHORU��DOăWXUL�GH�FHD�D�EXQXULORU��FDSLWDOXOXL�úL�LQIRUPDĠLHL��ILLQG��GH�DOWIHO��DYDQWDMRDVă�SHQWUX�DPEHOH�VWDWH�LPSOLFDWH��IL[HD]ă�DQXPLWH�OHJăWXUL�GH�LQWHUGHSHQGHQĠă�vQWUH�VWDWH��LDU�vQ�XQHOH�VLWXDĠLL�UHSUH]LQWă�úL�L]YRUXO�DQXPLWRU�FRQIOLFWH��

Aflandu�VH�SH�WHULWRULXO�XQXL�VWDW�VWUăLQ��LQGLYLGXO�VH�SR]LĠLRQHD]ă�vQWU�R�UHODĠLH�OHJDOă�FX�GRXă�VWDWH��VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�úL�VWDWXO�SH�WHULWRULXO�FăUXLD�HO�úL�D�VWDELOLW�UHúHGLQĠD�VDX�vúL�GHVIăúRDUă�DIDFHULOH��2GDWă�FX�LQWUDUHD�SH�WHULWRULXO�VWDWXOXL�VWUăLQ��LQGLYLGXO�FDGH�LPHGLDW�VXE�MXULVGLFĠLD�WHULWRULDOă�D�DFHVWXL�VWDW��GHúL��vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��HO�UăPkQH�VXE�MXULVGLFĠLD�SHUVRQDOă�D�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO��3ULQWU�XQ�DFRUG�FRPXQ�LQWHUVWDWDO�V�D�VWDELOLW�XQ�DQXPLW�VWDQGDUG�GH�FRQGXLWă�FDUH�WUHEXLH�XUPDW�GH�FăWUH�VWDWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�WUDWDPHQWXO�DSOLFDELO�VWUăLQLORU��ÌQ�DEVHQĠD�YUHXQHL�DXWRULWăĠL�FDSDELOH�Vă�DSOLFH�VDX�Vă�XUPăUHDVFă�H[HFXWDUHD�DFHVWXL�VWDQGDUG��GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�D�DXWRUL]DW�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�Vă�UHYHQGLFH�GUHSWXULOH�FHWăĠHDQXOXL�VăX�SULQ�PHWRGH�GLSORPDWLFH�VDX�DOWH�PHWRGH�VDQFĠLRQDWH�GH�FăWUH�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��'UHSWXO�OD�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�HVWH��DVWIHO��R�OLPLWDUH�D�MXULVGLFĠLHL�WHULWRULDOH�D�VWDWXOXL�VWUăLQ��

(YROXĠLD�GH]RUGRQDWă�úL�SHUSHWXă�D�UDSRUWXULORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�FUHHD]ă�GLILFXOWăĠL�GH�FXQRDúWHUH�úWLLQĠLILFă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��3UH]HQWD�OXFUDUH�HVWH�R�vQFHUFDUH�GH�D�HYLGHQĠLD�GLIHULWH�DVSHFWH�VSHFLILFH�úL�FRQWUDGLFWRULL�DOH�SUREOHPHL�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�QDĠLRQDOLORU��VWDWXOXL��'DWRULWă�SROHPLFLL�ULGLFDWH�vQ�MXUXO�DFHVWXL�VXELHFW��LQWHQĠLD�DXWRUXOXL�D�IRVW�FD�vQ�FHOH�FH�XUPHD]ă�Vă�H[DPLQH]H�vQ�PRG�GHWDOLDW�XQ�DQXPLW�VHJPHQW�DO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��úL�DQXPH��FRQGLĠLLOH�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�FHWăĠHQLORU�VWDWXOXL��? ,PSOLFDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�FD]XUL�GH�GXEOă�VDX�SOXULFHWăĠHQLH��XQGH�UHFODPDQWXO�úL�UHFODPDWXO�VXQW�VWDWH�QDĠLRQDOH�DOH�LQGLYLGXOXL�SUHMXGLFLDW��

? 6ROLFLWDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�SRVWHULRU�GREkQGLULL�XQHL�QRL�FHWăĠHQLL�

��7HUPHQXO�GH�³QDĠLRQDOLWDWH´�vQ�VHQVXO�FHWăĠHQLHL�XQXL�VWDW�QX�WUHEXLH�FRQIXQGDW�FX�WHUPHQXO�GH�³QDĠLRQDOLWDWH´�vQ�VHQVXO�DSDUWHQHQĠHL�OD�R�DQXPLWă�QDĠLXQH�vQ�VHQVXO�UDVHL��ÌQ�OHJLVODĠLD�XQRU�VWDWH�úL�vQ�SUDFWLFD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�SHQWUX�FHWăĠHQLH�VH�IRORVHúWH�úL�WHUPHQXO�GH�QDĠLRQDOLWDWH��LDU�SHQWUX�FHWăĠHDQ�úL�FHO�GH�QDĠLRQDO�VDX�GH�UHVRUWLVDQW��$VWIHO��WHUPHQLL�GH�FHWăĠHDQ�úL�QDĠLRQDO�YRU�IL�XWLOL]DĠL�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�VLQRQLPH��WHQGLQĠă�vQWkOQLWă�WRW�PDL�IUHFYHQW�vQ�OLPEDMXO�MXULGLF�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��

? &RQIX]LD�H[LVWHQWă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�FRQFXUDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FX�LQVWLWXĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�

? &UHDUHD�FRQFHSĠLHL�ÄFHWăĠHQLHL�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH´�? &LUFXPVWDQĠHOH�VSHFLILFH�FDUH�SRW�DSăUHD�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�HSXL]DUH�D�UHFXUVXULORU�LQWHUQH�GH�FăWUH�FHWăĠHDQXO�OH]DW�vQ�GUHSWXUL�SH�WHULWRULXO�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDW���DX�FRQVWLWXLW�PRPHQWH�GH�SURYRFDUH�SHQWUX�DXWRUXO�WH]HL�úL�FULWHULL�GHFLVLYH�SHQWUX�UHGXFHUHD�DVSHFWXOXL�GH�FHUFHWDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GRDU�OD�FRQGLĠLLOH�QHFHVDUH�GH�D�IL�FXPXODWH�SHQWUX�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL��)LLQG�R�LQVWLWXĠLH�D�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�GH�PDUL�SURSRUĠLL��úL�FDUH�OD�PRPHQWXO�DFWXDO�VH�DIOă�vQ�SOLQă�DILUPDUH��GH]YROWDUH��FRPSOHWDUH�úL�WUDQVIRUPDUH��SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�ULGLFă�SUREOHPH�GLILFLOH��DVWIHO�vQFkW�DERUGDUHD�FRPSOHWă�D�DFHVWRUD�vQWU�R�VLQJXUă�OXFUDUH�SDUH�D�IL�LPSRVLELOă��3HQWUX�FHUFHWDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GLQWU�XQ�XQJKL�PDL�PDUH��SUHFXP�úL�vQ�VFRSXO�WUDWăULL�FRPSOH[H�D�SUREOHPHL�GDWH��VH�UHFRPDQGă�GH�D�FRQVXOWD�úL�R�ELEOLRJUDILH�VXSOLPHQWDUă��FDUH�Vă�LQFOXGă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�DFRUGDWă�DSDWUL]LORU�úL�SHUVRDQHORU�MXULGLFH��SURWHFĠLD�IXQFĠLRQDOă��FODX]D�&DOYR��ú�D�

�3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��ILLQG�FHO�PDL�ERJDW�GRPHQLX�vQ�QRUPH�FXWXPLDUH��KRWăUkUL�MXGHFăWRUHúWL�úL�DUELWUDOH��DOăWXUL�GH�R�PXOWLWXGLQH�GH�RSLQLL�GRFWULQDUH��D�QHFHVLWDW�R�XUJHQWă��FRGLILFDUH��)RUPXODUHD�UHJXOLORU�MXULGLFH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�HVWH�DWkW�GH�R�LPSRUWDQĠă�WHRUHWLFă��FkW�úL�SUDFWLFă��1HFHVLWDWHD�VSRULWă�GH�FRGLILFDUH�D�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFHVW�VXELHFW�D�GHWHUPLQDW��vQ�DQXO�������&�'�,��D�2�1�8��Vă�IL[H]H�WHPD�Ä3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă´�GUHSW�XQD�GLQWUH�FHOH�WUHL�WHPH�VXSXVH�FRGLILFăULL�úL�GH]YROWăULL�SURJUHVLYH��,QLĠLDO��*UXSXO�GH�/XFUX�D�IRVW�FRQGXV�GH�FăWUH�UDSRUWRUXO�VSHFLDO��0��%HQQXQD��HO�ILLQG�VXFFHGDW��XOWHULRU��GH�FăWUH�SURIHVRUXO�-RKQ�5��'XJDUG��ÌQ�FDGUXO�*UXSXOXL�GH�/XFUX�V�D�XUPDW�SURFHGXUD�WUDGLĠLRQDOă��úL�DQXPH�IRUPXODUHD�DUWLFROHORU�OD�WHPD�VXSXVă�FRGLILFăULL��6SUH�ILQHOH�DQXOXL�������OD�UHFRPDQGDUHD�SURIHVRUXOXL�-DPHV�&UDZIRUG��&RQVLOLXO�([HFXWLY�DO�$VRFLDĠLHL�GH�'UHSW�,QWHUQDĠLRQDO�D�GHFLV�vQILLQĠDUHD�&RPLWHWXOXL�SHQWUX�3URWHFĠLH�'LSORPDWLFă�D�3HUVRDQHORU�)L]LFH�úL�D�3URSULHWăĠLL���&RPLWHWXO�D�IRVW�DQJDMDW�vQ�GH]EDWHUL�DFWLYH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DQDOL]D�GRPHQLXOXL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��$YkQG�OD�ED]ă�FRPSOH[LWDWHD�úL�LPSRUWDQĠD�VXELHFWXOXL��SUHFXP�úL�LQWHUHVXO�$VRFLDĠLHL�GH�D�FXSULQGH�SHUVSHFWLYHOH�DWkW�DOH�ĠăULORU�GH]YROWDWH��FkW�úL�DOH�FHORU�vQ�FXUV�GH�GH]YROWDUH��&RPLWetul a cerut in mod particular VWDELOLUHDFRPSRQHQĠHL�VDOH�SH�ED]D�SULQFLSLXOXL�PXOWLQDĠLRQDO�

&KLDU�GDFă�VH�FRQVLGHUă�Fă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�DMXQV�OD�FHO�PDL�ÄRSRUWXQ�PRPHQW´�SHQWUX�FRGLILFDUH��DFHVW�GRPHQLX�QX�HVWH�XQ�VXELHFW�SULPLW�FX�FDOPLWDWH��'LPSRWULYă��VXQW�LPSOLFDWH�DúD�FDOLILFDWLYH�FD��ÄDUKDLF´��ÄFRQWURYHUVDW´��ÄGHPRGDW´��1HILLQG�R�LQVWLWXĠLH�VWDWLFă��GH�DOWIHO�FD�úL�RULFDUH�LQVWLWXĠLH�D�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�WUHFXW�SULQ�HQRUPH�PRGLILFăUL�vQ�GHFXUVXO�XOWLPLORU�GHFHQLL��FDUH�LQHYLWDELO�L�DX�PRGLILFDW�úL�vPERJăĠLW�FRQĠLQXWXO��'LYHUVLILFDUHD�UHODĠLLORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�D�JHQHUDW�SUREOHPH�FDUH�QHFHVLWă�XQ�VWXGLX�PDL�DSURIXQGDW��2GDWă�FX�GH]YROWDUHD�UHODĠLLORU�LQWHUVWDWDOH��SUREOHPHOH�FH�ĠLQ�GH�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FDSăWă�R�QRXă�FRQILJXUDĠLH�úL�VH�LYHVF�QRL�DVSHFWH��$SDU�HYLGHQW�vQWUHEăULOH��vQ�FH�PăVXUă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�SRDWH�ÄĠLQH�SDVXO´�HYROXĠLHL�UDSLGH�D�UHODĠLLORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��FDUH�LQIOXHQĠHD]ă�PHUHX��FDGUXOXL�MXULGLF�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��FDUH�VXQW�PRGDOLWăĠLOH�GH�FRQHFWDUH�úL�FRQOXFUDUH�D�LQVWLWXĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FX�LQVWLWXĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��D�SUHYă]XW�RDUH�OHJLVODĠLD�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH DFRUGDUHD VWULFWR�VHQVX�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FHWăĠHQLORU�8QLXQLL�±�LDWă�FkWHYD�SUREOHPH�OD�FDUH�WUHEXLH�GH�UHIOHFWDW��2ULHQWDUHD�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ�FăWUH�R�UHFXQRDúWHUH�úL�SURWHFĠLH�FkW�PDL�YDVWă�D�GUHSWXULORU�

Page 3: Diana Cucos Abstract

LQGLYL]LORU��SUHFXP�úL�RIHULUHD�XQXL�ODUJ�DFFHV�GLUHFW�úL�LQGLUHFW�OD�RUJDQLVPHOH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��D�PRGLILFDW�úL�PRGXO�DFWXDO�GH�WUDWDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��(YROXĠLD�VRFLHWăĠLL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOHD�GHWHUPLQDW�QRL�FăXWăUL�úL�HODERUăUL��FRQVLGHUkQGX�VH�Fă� WUHEXLH�GHILQLWă�R�FRQFHSĠLHUHDFWXDOL]DWă D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��'LQ�DFHVWH�FRQVLGHUHQWH� in lucrare s�a incercat de a avea XQ�PRG�RELHFWLY�GH�DERUGDUH�úL�DQDOL]ă�D�WHPHL��6�DX�SUH]HQWDW�QRLOH�WHQGLQĠH�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�vQ�DQVDPEOX�FX�UHJXOLOH�FXWXPLDUH��VWDELOLWH�SULQ�SUDFWLFD�VWDWHORU��KRWăUkUL�MXGHFăWRUHúWL�úL�DUELWUDOH��SUHFXP�úL�GH�GRFWULQă��$XWRUXO�QX�LQWHQĠLRQHD]ă�Vă�IDFă�R�HOXFLGDUH�H[KDXVWLYă�D�VXELHFWXOXL�VDX�Vă�RIHUH�VROXĠLL�GHILQLWLYH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SUREOHPHOH�VXV�PHQĠLRQDWH��ÌQ�OXFUDUH�VXQW�SUH]HQWDWH�SULQFLSDOHOH�DVSHFWH�úL�WHQGLQĠH�GLQ�GRPHQLXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FX�HYLGHQĠLHUHD�HOHPHQWHORU�QRL��SUHFXP�úL�D�ODFXQHORU��LDU�XQGH�HVWH�SRVLELO��VXJHUDUHD�XQRU�VROXĠLL�VDX�SUH]HQWDUHD� FRQFOX]LLORU�FX�VFRS�GH�UHFRPDQGDUH��

ÌQ�YHGHUHD�GHWHUPLQăULL�WUăVăWXULORU�HVHQĠLDOH�DOH�FRQGLĠLLORU�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��DX�IRVW�DQDOL]DWH�RSLQLLOH�FHORU�PDL�UHQXPLĠL�DXWRUL�FDUH�DX�SXV�ED]HOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��LQFOXVLY�MXULVSUXGHQĠD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�úL�SUDFWLFD�VWDWHORU�GLQ�DFHVW�GRPHQLX�

5HIHULQGX�QH�OD�JUDGXO�GH�VWXGLHUH�D�WHPHL��WUHEXLH�GH�PHQĠLRQDW�Fă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�úL�D�JăVLW�UHIOHFWDUH�vQ�OLWHUDWXUD�GH�VSHFLDOLWDWH��vQVă��FX�SUHSRQGHUHQĠă�vQ�OXFUăULOH�GH�GUHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FX�FDUDFWHU�JHQHUDO��$VWIHO��5DOXFD�0LJD�%HúWHOLX�FRQVLGHUă�Fă�OD�R�H[DPLQDUH�PDL�DWHQWă�D�SR]LĠLHL�LQGLYLGXOXL�vQ�UDSRUWXULOH�MXULGLFH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�VH�FRQVWDWă�Fă��GHVHRUL��YDORULILFDUHD�GH�FăWUH�LQGLYL]L�D�GUHSWXULORU�vQFăOFDWH�HVWH�SRVLELOă�QXPDL�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�statelor. Plangerile individuale nu pot fi formulate decat in cazurile in care statul implicat este SDUWH�OD�FRQYHQĠLLOH�FDUH�FUHHD]ă�DVHPHQHD�SURFHGXUL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH���

0DL�PXOĠL�GRFWULQDUL�URPkQL���VXVĠLQ�Fă�vQ�VLWXDĠLLOH�vQ�FDUH�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�VH�LPSOLFă�GLUHFW�vQ�DSăUDUHD�LQWHUHVHORU�SURSULLORU�FHWăĠHQL�IDĠă�GH�XQ�DOW�VWDW��DUH�ORF�vQVXúLUHD��FX�vQGHSOLQLUHD�DQXPLWRU�FRQGLĠLL��D�SUHWHQĠLLORU�FHWăĠHQLORU�SUHMXGLFLDĠL��FDUH�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�SHUVRDQH�IL]LFH�QX�SRW��vQ�JHQHUDO��REĠLQH�HYHQWXDOH�UHSDUDĠLL�SHQWUX�vQFăOFDUHD�XQRU�GUHSWXUL�LQGLYLGXDOH�GH�FăWUH�DXWRULWăĠLOH�VWDWXOXL�VWUăLQ��

,QH[LVWHQĠD�vQ�VHFROXO�DO�;;�OHD�D�XQRU�UDSRUWXUL�UHDOH�GH�LQWHUYHQĠLH�D�VWDWHORU�GLQ�(XURSD�&HQWUDOă�úL�GH�(VW�vQ�IDYRDUHD�SURSULLORU�FHWăĠHQL�OH]DĠL�vQ�GUHSWXUL�úL�LQWHUHVH�SH�WHULWRULXO�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ��D�H[FOXV��SUDFWLF��VXELHFWXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GLQ��WUDWDWHOH�WHRUHWLFLHQLORU�GH�GUHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�GLQ�DFHDVWă�UHJLXQH�JHRJUDILFă��,RQ�0��$QJKHO�HVWH�XQLFXO�WHRUetician roman care vQ�OXFUDUHD��Ä'UHSW�GLSORPDWLF�úL�FRQVXODU´�PHQĠLRQHD]ă�úL�GH]YROWă�WRDWH�UHJXOLOH�VSHFLILFH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��úL�DQXPH��FDUDFWHUXO�LOLFLW�DO�DFWXOXL�SULQ�FDUH�LQWHUHVHOH�FHWăĠHDQXOXL�DX�IRVW�YLRODWH��WHRULD�ÄFOHDQ�KDQGV´��FRQGLĠLD�FHWăĠHQLHL��HSXL]DUHD�UHFXUVXOXL�LQWHUQ��IDFXOWDWHD�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO��SURWHFWRU��GH�D�DFĠLRQD�VDX�GH�D�VH�DEĠLQH��

,��,�/XNDúXF� in manualul „Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ�ɩɪɚɜɨ �́�DILUPă�SULPDWXO�DSDULĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�DVXSUD�LQVWLWXĠLHL�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL���6SUH�GHRVLELUH�GH�DOĠL�GRFWULQDUL��DXWRUXO�D�

��0LJD�%HúWHOLX��5DOXFD� � 'UHSW�LWQHUQDĠLRQDO��,QWURGXFHUH�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SXEOLF���(GLWXUD�$//��('8&$7,21$/��%XFXUHúWL��������S��������$OH[DQGUX�%ROLQWLQHDQX��$GULDQ�1ăVWDVH��%RJGDQ�$XUHVFX�'UHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��FRQWHPSRUDQ��HGLĠLD�D�,,�D���(GLWXUD�$OO�%HFN��%XFXUHúWL��������S�������,RQ�0��$QJKHO��'UHSWXO�GLSORPDWLF�úL�FRQVXODU��HGLĠLD�D�,,�D��YROXPXO�,��(GLWXUD�/XPLQD��/H[��%XFXUHúWL��������S������±����� ɂ��ɂ� Ʌɭɤɚɲɭɤ�Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��Ɉɛɳɚɹ�ɱɚɫɬɶ��ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ����H�ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ���ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ��ɢ�ɞɨɩ���ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ�ȻȿɄ��Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ��������F������

DFRUGDW�R�DWHQĠLH�PDL�SURIXQGă�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�D�WUDWDW�PXOWLDVSHFWXDO�SUREOHPD�SURWHFĠLHL�FHWăĠHQLORU�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUHOH�ĠăULL��&X�WRDWH�Fă�FHUFHWDUHD�DFHVWXL�VXELHFW�QX�V�D�PDWHULDOL]DW�vQ�IRUPD�XQHL�UHPDUFDELOH�PRQRJUDILL��GXSă�FXP�HVWH�FD]XO�WXWXURU�OXFUăULORU�DOH�FăURU�DXWRU�HVWH�,��,��/XNDúXF��DUWLFROXO�vQWLWXODW�ÄȾɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɚ” atinge intr�XQ�PRG�FRQFLV��GDU�FXSULQ]ăWRU�WRDWH�HOHPHQWHOH�VSHFLILFH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��3H�OkQJă�VWXGLXO�QDWXULL�MXULGLFH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH� �,��,��/XNDúXF�IDFH�R�DQDOL]ă�SDUDOHOă�vQWUH�SURWHFĠLDGLSORPDWLFă�úL�DúD�LQVWLWXĠLL�FD��GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL��UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�D�VWDWHORU�úL�SURWHFĠLD�FHWăĠHQLORU�SULQ�DSOLFDUHD�IRUĠHL���

'HúL�UDUHRUL�VXQW�vQWkOQLWH�FD]XULOH�cand XQ�VWDW�DFRUGă�FYDVLSURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�FHWăĠHQLORU�VWUăLQL�VDX�DSDWUL]LORU��DFHVWH�VLWXDĠLL�QX�SRW�IL�H[FOXVH�vQ�WRWDOLWDWH��ÌQ�VLWXDĠLD�FkQG�GUHSWXULOH�DFHVWRU�LQGLYL]L�DX�IRVW�vQFăOFDWH�SH�WHULWRULXO�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ��VWDWXO�FDUH�OH�D�DFRUGDW�D]LO�SROLWLF�SRDWH�RIHUL�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă��GDU�OLPLWHOH�DFHVWHL�SURWHFĠLL�VXQW�JUHX�GH�IL[DW��DILUPă�6��9��&HUQLFHQFR���

0RQRJUDILD�SLORQ�FDUH�D�SXV�ED]HOH�DFHVWHL�LQVWLWXĠLL�FRPSOH[H�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�HVWH�Ä7KH�'LSORPDWLF�3URWHFWLRQ�RI�&LWL]HQV�$EURDG�RU�7KH�/DZ�RI�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&ODLPV´���VFULVă�GH�FăWUH�(GZLQ�0���Borchard. In ,QWURGXFHUH�DXWRUXO�VXVĠLQH�Fă�VWXGLXO�GUHSWXOXL�OD�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�LPSOLFă�H[DPLQDUHD�D�WUHL�UDSRUWXUL�MXULGLFH�GLVWLQFWH��úL�DQXPH�UDSRUWXO�GLQWUH���D��VWDW�úL�FHWăĠHQLL�VăL�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUH���E��VWUăLQL�úL�VWDWXO�GH�UHúHGLQĠă���F��FHOH�GRXă�VWDWH�LPSOLFDWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�GUHSWXULOH�úL�REOLJDĠLLOH�PXWXDOH���(VWH�GH�UHPDUFDW�Fă�WRDWH�FHUFHWăULOH�FRQWHPSRUDQH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�DX�SăVWUDW�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�SXQFWH�GH�DQDOL]ă�VXELHFWHOH�GHVFULVH�vQ�PRQRJUDILD�OXL�%RUFKDUG��GDU�FX�DUPRQL]DUHD�DFHVWRUD�OD�VSHFLILFXO�QRLORU�UHODĠLL���

ÌQ�úWLLQĠD�MXULGLFă�VH�DWHVWă�R�PXOWLWXGLQH�GH�QRĠLXQL�DOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��HOH�GHRVHELQGX�VH�GXSă�VIHUD�GH�FXSULQGHUH�D�HOHPHQWHORU�GHILQLWRULL�DOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��7RWXúL��QX�SXWHP�QHJD�OLSVD�XQHL�QRĠLXQL�FRPSOH[H�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FDUH�Vă�UHIOHFWH�VSHFLILFXO�QRLORU�UDSRUWXUL�MXULGLFH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��&KLDU�úL�GXSă�R�LVWRULH�OXQJă�GH�H[LVWHQĠă�D�DFHVWHL�LQVWLWXĠLL��PXOĠL�WHRUHWLFLHQL�QX�IDF�R�GHOLPLWDUH�FODUă�vQWUH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�UHDOă�úL�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�vQ�VHQV�ODUJ��FDUH�LQFOXGH�vQ�VLQH�RULFH��LQWHUYHQĠLH�D�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�vQ�IDYRDUHD�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL��'HúL�DWkW�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��FkW�úL�SURWHFĠLD�FRQVXODUă�DX�DFHHDúL�ILQDOLWDWH��DGLFă�SURWHFĠLD�QDĠLRQDOLORU�SUHMXGLFLDĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUHOH�ĠăULL��DFHVWH�GRXă�LQVWLWXĠLL�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRPSRUWă�HOHPHQWH�VSHFLILFH���

$úDGDU��QHFHVLWDWHD�LPSHUDWLYă�GH�HIHFWXDUH�D�FHUFHWăULORU�úWLLQĠLILFH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�UHDFWXDOL]DUHD�FRQFHSĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��SUHFXP�úL�VROXĠLRQDUHD�XQRU�SUREOHPH�MXULGLFH�OHJDWH�GH�DSOLFDUHD�SULQFLSLXOXL�FHWăĠHQLHL�úL�D�UHJXOLL�HSXL]ăULL�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH�vQ�VFRSXO�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�DX�GHWHUPLQDW�úL�FRQGLĠLRQDW�DOHJHUHD�WHPHL�úL�IL[DUHD�SULQFLSDOHORU�GLUHFĠLL�GH�FHUFHWDUH��&HOH�H[SXVH��SUHFXP�úL�QHFHVLWDWHD�DSOLFăULL�SUDFWLFH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�FLUFXPVWDQĠHOH�QRL�FUHDWH�GHWHUPLQă�DFWXDOLWDWHD�WHPHL�GH�FHUFHWDUH�úL�PRWLYDĠLD�DOHJHULL�HL��

� ɂ��ɂ���Ʌɭɤɚɲɭɤ��Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɚ��KWWS���ZZZ�ODZ�DQG�SROLWLFV�FRP�DUFKLYH�VKWPO"PDJD]LQH �B������ ɋ��ȼ� ɑɟɪɧɢɱɟɧɤɨ� Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ�ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ�ɩɪɚɜD��ȼ���ɯ�ɬɨɦɚɯ��Ɍɨɦ����ɋɬɚɪɵɟ�ɢ��ɧɨɜɵɟ�ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ�ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ��Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ��ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ�©ɇɂɆɉª��������F������� (GZLQ�0���%RUFKDUG� 7KH�'LSORPDWLF�3URWHFWLRQ�RI�&LWL]HQV�$EURDG�RU�7KH�/DZ�RI�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&ODLPV��WKH�%DQNV�/DZ�SXEOLVKLQJ�&R��1HZ�<RUN���������UHSULQW��1HZ��<RUN��������YL�

Page 4: Diana Cucos Abstract

6FRSXO�úL�RELHFWLYHOH�WH]HL�3UH]HQWD�OXFUDUH�DUH�GUHSW�VFRS�DGUHVDUHD�FHORU�PDL�DSULJH�SUREOHPH��SUHFXP�úL�FHUFHWDUHD�

FRPSOH[ă�D�FRQĠLQXWXOXL�úL�QDWXULL�MXULGLFH�D�LQVWLWXĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��SULQ�HYLGHQĠLHUHD�FRQGLĠLLORU�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GH�FăWUH�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�FHWăĠHQLORU�SURSULL�FDUH�DX�VXIHULW�XQ�SUHMXGLFLX�PRUDO�VDX�PDWHULDO�SH�WHULWRULXO�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ�

$XWRUXO�DFHVWHL�WH]H�úL�D�PDL�SURSXV�VFRSXO�GH�D�ILQDOL]D�FHUFHWDUHD�ILHFăUXL�FDSLWRO�GHVFKLV�VSUH�DQDOL]ă�FX�IRUPXODUHD�FRQFOX]LLORU�WHRUHWLFH��SUHFXP�úL�vQDLQWDUHD�XQRU�UHFRPDQGăUL�GH�RUGLQ�SUDFWLF��vQ�VFRSXO�SHUIHFĠLRQăULL�úL�DGDSWăULL�LQVWLWXĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�OD�UHDOLWăĠLOH�DFWXDOH��

In conformitate cu scopul lucUăULL��DXWRUXO�úL�D�IL[DW�XUPăWRDUHOH�VDUFLQL�? &HUFHWDUHD�VXELHFWXOXL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�SODQ�H[WHUQ��SULQ�SULVPD�QRLORU�WHQGLQĠH�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ��vQ�YHGHUHD�VWDELOLULL�QRĠLXQLL��SULQFLSLLORU��VFRSXOXL�úL�D�FRQGLĠLLORU�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL��

? $QDOL]D�SUDFWLFLL�VWDWHORU��D�KRWăUkULORU�MXGHFăWRUHúWL�úL�DUELWUDOH��SUHFXP�úL�D�RSLQLLORU�GRFWULQDUH�vQ�YHGHUHD�H[DPLQăULL�HYROXĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL IRUPXOăULL�XQRU�FRQFOX]LL�teoretice reactualizate in conformitate cu tendiQĠHOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ�

? 6WDELOLUHD�UHODĠLHL�GLQWUH�UHJXOLOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�OHJLVODĠLD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��SUHFXP�úL�VXJHUDUHD�FăLL�vQ�FDUH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�SRDWH�IL�XWLOL]DWă�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�PHWRGă�GH�DYDQVDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�

? )L[DUHD�YROXPXOXL�REOLJDĠLHL�JHQHUDOH�VDX�FRQFUHWH��VFULVH��D�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�GH�D�SURWHMD�GUHSWXULOH�SHUVRQDOH�úL�SDWULPRQLDOH�DOH�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL vQ�ED]D�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ�

? 6WDELOLUHD�YROXPXOXL�REOLJDĠLHL�JHQHUDOH�D�VWDWHORU�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�VWUăLQLORU�úL�D�EXQXULORU�ORU�FRQIRUP�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ�

? 6FRDWHUHD�vQ�HYLGHQĠă�D�DVSHFWHORU�MXULGLFH�SDUWLFXODUH��vQ�VSHFLDO�FHOH�GH�QDWXUă�SURFHGXUDOă��vQ�OHJăWXUă�FX�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�ELSDWUL]LORU�úL�DSOLFDUHD�UHJXOLL�HSXL]ăULL�UHFXUVXOXL�ORFDO�

? 6XEOLQLHUHD�XQRU�SDUWLFXODULWăĠL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�FRQVXODUH�FHWăĠHQLORU�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH�

? (OXFLGDUHD�DVSHFWHORU�VSHFLILFH�DOH�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�FRQVXODUH�FHWăĠHQLORU��5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD��5�0���6XSRUWXO�WHRUHWLFR�úWLLQĠLILF�úL�PHWRGRORJLF�DO�LQYHVWLJDĠLLORU�$XWRUXO�WH]HL�GH�GRFWRUDW�V�D�vQGUXPDW�GH�R�ERJDWă�ED]ă�WHRUHWLFR�úWLLQĠLILFă��FRPSXVă�GLQ�

OXFUăULOH�VDYDQĠLORU�vQ�GUHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�GLQ�GLIHULWH�ĠăUL��FDUH�DX�HGLILFDW�UHSXWDĠLD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��SULQWUH�FDUH�PHQĠLRQăP��(��0��%RUFKDUG��-RKQ�5��'XJDUG��&XWKEHUW�-RVHSK��)��9��*DUFLD�$PDGRU��)UHGHULFN�6KHUZRRG�'XQQ��&��)��$PHUDVLQJKH��3U]HWDF]QLN�)UDQFLV]HN��W.K. Geck, J. L. Brierly, F. Orrego Vicuna, G. Fitzmaurice, C.H.P. Law, I. Brownlie, G. 7XQNLQ��,RQ�0��$QJKHO��*KHRUJKH�0RFD��HWF��

/LSVD�GLQ�YDULDWH�PRWLYH�D�L]YRDUHORU�QDĠLRQDOH�GH�VSHFLDOLWDWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�VDX�FX�SULYLUH�OD�XQHOH�DVSHFWH�DOH�WHPHL��D�GHWHUPLQDW�DXWRUXO�OXFUăULL�Vă�XWLOL]H]H��FX�SUHSRQGHUHQĠă��OLWHUDWXUD�GLQ�VWUăLQăWDWH��%LQHvQĠHOHV�Fă�QX�VH�SXQH�vQ�GLVFXĠLH�QHFHVLWDWHD�DQDOL]HL�GLIHULWRU�GRFXPHQWH�DOH�2�1�8���D�MXULVSUXGHQĠHL�LQVWDQĠHORU�GH�MXGHFDWă�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă��

SUHFXP�úL�D�DOWRU�L]YRDUH��0DWHULDOXO�WHRUHWLF�VH�vPSOHWHúWH�SHUPDQHQW�FX�SUDFWLFD�MXGLFLDUă��2�LPSRUWDQWă�

VHPQLILFDĠLH�SHQWUX�VFULHUHD�OXFUăULL�D�DYXW�R�MXULVSUXGHQĠD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă��vQ�PRG�VSHFLDO�KRWăUkULOH�&XUĠLL�3HUPDQHQWH�GH�-XVWLĠLH�,QWHUQDĠLRQDOă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�FDX]HOH�0DYURPPDWLV��������úL�3DQHYH]\V�6DOGXWLVNLV�5DLOZD\���������SUHFXP�úL�KRWăUkULOH�&�,�-��FX�SULYLUH�OD�FDX]HOH�1RWWHERKP���������,QWHUKDQGHO���������/D*UDQG���������������$YHQD��������ú�D��&HUFHWăULOH�V�DX�ED]DW�úL�SH�UH]ROXĠLLOH�,QVWLWXWXOXL�GH�'UHSW�,QWHUQDĠLRQDO��UDSRDUWHOH�&�'�,��D�

2�1�8��FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�úL�UăVSXQGHUHD�VWDWHORU�úL�DOH�&RPLWHWXOXL�SHQWUX�3URWHFĠLH�'LSORPDWLFă�D�3HUVRDQHORU�)L]LFH�úL�D�3URSULHWăĠLL�GH�SH�OkQJă�$VRFLDĠLD�GH�'UHSW�,QWHUQDĠLRQDO��

6WXGLHUHD�FRQGLĠLLORU�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��SUHFXP�úL�D�vQVăúL�LQVWLWXĠLHL�GDWH�vQ�WRDWă�FRPSOH[LWDWHD�VD��V�D�ED]DW�SH�IRORVLUHD�XQXL�DQVDPEOX�GH�PHWRGH�úL�SURFHGHH��5HIHULQGX�QH�OD�ED]D�PHWRGRORJLFă�D�FHUFHWăULORU��PHQĠLRQăP� PHWRGD�ORJLFă��DSOLFDWă�SHQWUX�HIHFWXDUHD�VLQWH]HL�RSLQLLORU�GLIHULWRU�GRFWULQDUL�SULYLQG�QRĠLXQHD�úL�QDWXUD�MXULGLFă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��SUHFXP�úL�vQ�VFRSXO�LGHQWLILFăULL�HOHPHQWHORU�HVHQĠLDOH�vQ�SURFHVXO�H[DPLQăULL�FRQGLĠLLORU�QHFHVDUH�GH�D�IL�FXPXODWH�vQ�YHGHUHD�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH� PHWRGD�DQDOL]HL�FRPSDUDWH��QHFHVDUă�SHQWUX�VWXGLXO�FRPSDUDW�DO�MXULVSUXGHQĠHL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��DO�SUHYHGHULORU�FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOH�GLQ�GLIHULWH�ĠăUL�úL�D�SUDFWLFLL�VWDWHORU� PHWRGD�DQDOL]HL�VLVWHPLFH��IRORVLWă� O D � FHUFHWDUHD�UHJXOLORU�MXULGLFH��LQGLIHUHQW�GH�IRUPD�L]YRUXOXL� PHWRGD�DQDOL]HL�GLDOHFWLFH��ÌQ�SURFHVXO�VLQWHWL]ăULL�OXFUăULORU�úWLLQĠLILFH�DOH�VSHFLDOLúWLORU�vQ�GUHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�GLQ�6WDWHOH�

8QLWH�DOH�$PHULFLL��0DUHD�%ULWDQLH��2ODQGD��%HOJLD��)UDQĠD��5XVLD�úL Romania��DO�VWXGLHULLGLIHULWRU�GRFXPHQWH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�FX�FDUDFWHU�QRUPDWLY��SUHFXP�úL�D�MXULVSUXGHQĠHLLQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��vQ�VFRSXO�DUJXPHQWăULL�FRQFOX]LLORU�úL�D�SURSXQHULORU�DX�PDL�IRVW�DSOLFDWH�PHWRGHOH�LVWRULFR�GLDOHFWLFă��LVWRULFR�MXULGLFă��VWUXFWXUDO�VLVWHPDWLFă�úL�DOWH�PHWRGH�DOH�FXQRDúWHULL�úWLLQĠLILFH��,QWHUGHSHQGHQĠD�úL�FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHD�PHWRGHORU�DSOLFDWH�D�JHQHUDW�REĠLQHUHD�UH]XOWDWHORU�

SURSXVH���1RXWDWHD�úWLLQĠLILFă�úL��LPSRUWDQĠD�SULQFLSDOHORU�UH]XOWDWH�DOH�FHUFHWăULL2ELHFWXO�DFHVWHL�OXFUăUL�VXQW�QXPHURDVH FRQWURYHUVH�OHJDWH�GH�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�

GLSORPDWLFH�FHWăĠHQLORU��(ODERUDUHD�XQHL�OXFUăUL�SULYLQG�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�UHSUH]LQWă�QX�GRDU�R�FRQWULEXĠLH�OD�FHUFHWDUHD�úL�DSURIXQGDUHD�XQRU�SUREOHPH�LPLQHQWH�úL�GH�LQWHUHV�HYLGHQW��GDU�úL�SULPD�OXFUDUH�vQ�OLWHUDWXUD�MXULGLFă�GLQ�0ROGRYD�GHGLFDWă�XQXL�VXELHFW�GH�R�DVHPHQHD�VHPQLILFDĠLH��(VWH�SULPD�vQFHUFDUH�GH�D�WUDWD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�vQWU�XQ�PRG�FRPSOH[�SULQ�SULVPD�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��GDU�DYkQG��WRWXúL��OD�ED]ă�FRQFHSĠLD�WUDGLĠLRQDOă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��1RXWDWHD�úWLLQĠLILFă�D�OXFUăULL�VH�PDQLIHVWă�úL�SULQ�IDSWXO�Fă�SHQWUX�SULPD�GDWă�V�D�IăFXW�R�DQDOL]ă�SDUDOHOă�vQWUH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�úL�LQVWLWXĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��vQ�YHGHUHD�HYLGHQĠLHULL�DWkW�D�HOHPHQWHORU�FRPXQH��FkW�úL�D�FHORU�GLVWLQFWH��HOHPHQWH�FDUH�LQGLYLGXDOL]HD]ă�DFHVWH�PHWRGH�GH�SURWHFĠLH�D�GUHSWXULORU�úL�LQWHUHVHORU�OHJLWLPH�DOH�LQGLYL]LORU��1X�V�DX�RPLV�QLFL�VLWXDĠLLOH�MXULGLFH�FRQIX]H�ULGLFDWH�vQ�FDGUXO�OHJLVODĠLHL�LPSUHFLVH�D�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�úL�VDX�FRQVXODUă�DFRUGDWă�FHWăĠHQLORU�VWDWHORU�PHPEUH���*UDĠLH�XQHL�H[SHULHQĠH�LVWRULFH�ERJDWH��vQ�OXFUDUH�V�DX�LQWURGXV�SDVDMH�GLQ�KRWăUkULOH�LQVWDQĠHORU�GH�MXGHFDWă�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă��SUHFXP�úL�GLQ�FXYkQWăULOH�XQRU�UHPDUFDELOL�MXGHFăWRUL��PHPEUL�DL�GLIHULWRU�IRUXUL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��)RORVLQG�VXUVH�GLQWUH�FHOH�PDL�GLYHUVH��OXFUDUHD�VH�UHPDUFă�QX�

Page 5: Diana Cucos Abstract

QXPDL�SULQ�QRXWDWHD�SUREOHPDWLFLL�DERUGDWH��GDU�úL�SULQ�SUHRFXSDUHD�GH�D�HPLWH�SRWHQĠLDOH�UHFRPDQGăUL�OD�XQHOH�SUREOHPH��vQ�VFRSXO�DVLJXUăULL�XQHL�SURWHFĠLL�UHDOH�úL�HILFLHQWH�D�LQWHUHVHORU�FHWăĠHQLORU�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��

ÌQ�SURFHVXO�FHUFHWăULORU�DX�IRVW�GHWHUPLQDWH�SULQFLSDOHOH�WH]H�úL�FRQFOX]LL�vQDLQWDWH�VSUH�VXVĠLQHUH��FDUH�FRQVWDX�vQ�XUPăWRDUHOH�? 3UH]HQĠD�FD]XULORU�FDUH��WRWXúL��PDL�QHFHVLWă�LQWHUYHQĠLD�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�vQ�VFRSXO�DSăUăULL�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL��DGLFă�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��UHIOHFWă�QHFHVLWDWHD�SăVWUăULL�úL�DSOLFăULL�UHJXOLORU�GLQ�DFHVW�GRPHQLX��vQVă�DMXVWDWH�FRQIRUP�WHQGLQĠHORU�DFWXDOH�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��7RDWH�DUJXPHQWHOH�LQYRFDWH�vPSRWULYD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�ĠLQ�GH�H[SHULHQĠD�QHJDWLYă�FXQRVFXWă�SUDFWLFLL��úL�DQXPH�GH�MXVWLILFDUHD�LQWHUYHQĠLHL�VDX�D�SUHVLXQLL�GLQ�SDUWHD�VWDWHORU�SXWHUQLFH�vQ�VFRSXO�SURWHMăULL�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL��&RQFHSĠLD�QRXă��UHDFWXDOL]DWă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�WUHEXLH�Vă�UHIOHFWH�WHQGLQĠHOH�PRGHUQH�DOH�GH]YROWăULL�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�úL�DOH�UHODĠLLORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�DFWXDOH��FRQĠLQXWXO�HL�WUHEXLH�Vă�LQFOXGă�VFRSXO��PLMORDFHOH��FRQGLĠLLOH��OLPLWHOH�OHJDOH�DOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��LDU�vQ�ILQDO�Vă�FXSULQGăQRĠLXQHD�SURWHFĠLHL��FRQĠLQXWXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�V�D�vPERJăĠLW��REVHUYkQGX�VH�PRGLILFDUHD�VFRSXOXL�úL�D�IXQFĠLLORU�DWULEXLWH�QRLL�FRQFHSĠLL�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH� in YHGHUHD�vQWăULULL�úL�vQFXUDMăULL�LQVWLWXĠLHL�UHVSHFWLYH��

? 3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�UăPkQH�D�IL�FRQVLGHUDWă�OD�QLYHO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SUHURJDWLYD�VWDWXOXL��ÌQ�VFRSXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GUHSWXULORU indivizilor, uneori, in cadrul politicii externe, statului i se impun DQXPLWH�DFĠLXQL��$VWIHO��REOLJDĠLD�GH�D�SURWHMD�FHWăĠHQLL�VWDWXOXL�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUHOH�ĠăULL�GHYLQH�XQD�GLQWUH�REOLJDĠLLOH�FDUH�VH�LPSXQH�SXWHULL�SXEOLFH��&RQVWLWXĠLD�6SDQLHL��GH�H[HPSOX��LPSXQH�SXWHULL�SXEOLFH�REOLJDĠLD�GH�D�SURWHMD�GUHSWXULOH�HFRQRPLFH�úL�VRFLDOH�DOH�OXFUăWRULORU�VSDQLROL�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRtare. Intr�R�PDQLHUă�SXĠLQ�GLIHULWă��DUWLFROXO�����DO�&RQVWLWXĠLHL�*UHFLHL�SUHYHGH�REOLJDĠLD�VWDWXOXL�GH�D�JDUDQWD�FRQGLĠLL�GH�WUDL�SHQWUX�GLDVSRUD�JUHFHDVFă��SUHFXP�úL�PHQĠLQHUHD�OHJăWXULL�FX�ĠDUD�PDPă��&RQVWLWXĠLD�PDL�REOLJD�VWDWXO�JUHF�Vă�DVLJXUH�vQYăĠăPkQWXO�úL�SURPRYDUHD�VRFLDOă�D�JUHFLORU�FDUH�DX�VWDELOLW�UHODĠLL�GH�PXQFă�vQ�DIDUD�WHULWRULXOXL�QDĠLRQDO��6WLSXODUHD�XQHL�REOLJDĠLL�FRQFUHWH�GH�D�DFRUGD�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�QDĠLRQDOLORU�VăL�VH�UHIOHFWă�vQ�WH[WHOH�GLIHULWRU�FRQVWLWXĠLL��ÌQ�OXPLQD�REOLJDĠLHL�GH�D�SURWHMD�GUHSWXULOH�LQGLYL]LORU��*HUPDQLD�DUH�GDWRULD�GH�D�LQWHUYHQL�vPSRWULYD�RULFăUXL�VWDW�úL�GH�D�DFRUGD�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL�PDOWUDWDĠL�SH�WHULWRULXO�DFHOXL�VWDW��(VWH�DGHYăUDW��WRWXúL��Fă�RUJDQHOH�FRPSHWHQWH�VH�EXFXUă�GH�GLVFUHĠLH�vQ�FH�SULYHúWH�DOHJHUHD�PHWRGHL�DQWUHQDWH�úL�PRPHQWXO�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL��)HOXO�vQ�FDUH�VH�YD�GHFLGH�HVWH�vQ�IXQFĠLH�GH�SROLWLFD�H[WHUQă�D�VWDWXOXL��FDUH�FRQVWLWXLH�R�SUREOHPă�GH�PDUH�VHQVLELOLWDWH��6ROLFLWDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��vQVă��QX�SRDWH�IL�UHIX]DWă�vQ�PRG�DUELWUDU�

? 'HúL�QHFHVLWDWHD�LPSHUDWLYă�D�DEDQGRQăULL�IRUĠHL�HVWH�SULQFLSDOD�YHULJă�D�FRQVWUXFĠLHL�úL�PHQĠLQHULL�SăFLL��DPHQLQĠDUHD�VDX�DSOLFDUHD�IRUĠHL�HVWH�DGPLVă��FX�PDUH�SUHFDXĠLH��vQ�FD]XULOH�vQ�FDUH�HD�UHSUH]LQWă�XQLFD�PHWRGă�GH�SURWHFĠLH�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU��$SOLFDUHD�IRUĠHL��vQVă��WUHEXLH�Vă�vPELQH�SULQFLSLXO�SURSRUĠLRQDOLWăĠLL��FKLDU�PDL�PXOW��RGDWă�FH�PLVLXQHD�HVWH�UHDOL]DWă��DFĠLXQLOH�DUPDWH�YRU�IL�LPHGLDW�vQFHWDWH�

? 3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�V�a transformat intr�R�LQVWLWXĠLH�PDL�FXSULQ]ăWoare decat ceea ce RELúQXLD�D�IL��H[WLQ]kQGX�úL�VFRSXO�GLQFROR�GH�DFĠLXQLOH�vQWUHSULQVH�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�UHDFĠLH�IDĠă�GH�FRPLWHUHD�XQXL�GHOLFW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��3ULPXO�LQGLFLX�DO�XQHL�QRĠLXQL�PDL�FXSULQ]ăWRDUH�HVWH�FRQVWDWDUHD�DSURSLHULL�GRFWULQHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GH�GRPHQLXO�UăVSXQGHULL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�D�VWDWHORU�SHQWUX�SUHMXGLFLLOH�DGXVH�VWUăLQLORU��$O�GRLOHD�LQGLFLX�ĠLQH�GH�

��

SUHYHGHULOH�&RQYHQĠLHL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�UHODĠLLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�DOH�&RQYHQĠLHL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�UHODĠLLOH�FRQVXODUH��'LQ�FRQĠLQXWXO�ORU�UH]XOWă�XWLOL]DUHD�FRQFHSĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQWU�XQ�VHQV�ODUJ��WHQGLQĠă�vQWkOQLWă�WRW�PDL�IUHFYHQW�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�

? 8WLOL]DUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�PHWRGă�GH�SURWHFĠLH�D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�SHUPLWH�UHIX]XO�WXWXURU�FULWLFLORU�IRUPXODWH�GH�FăWUH�RSRQHQĠLL�DFHVWHL�LQVWLWXĠLL�

? 7RĠL�FHWăĠHQLL�XQXL�VWDW�VH�EXFXUă�vQ�PăVXUă�HJDOă�GH�GUHSWXULOH��EHQHILFLLOH�úL�SULYLOHJLLOH�FHWăĠHQLHL��'DFă�FRQIRUP�OHJLVODĠLHL�XQXL�VWDW�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�QX�UHSUH]LQWă�R�REOLJDĠLH�GH�QDWXUă�FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOă��DWXQFL�HD�YD�IL�FRQVLGHUDWă��FHO�SXĠLQ��FD�ILLQG�XQ�EHQHILFLX�FH�UH]XOWă�GLQ�SRVHVLD�FHWăĠHQLHL�DFHVWXL�VWDW�

? &DUDFWHUXO�³HIHFWLY´�DO�FHWăĠHQLHL��vQ�FD]XULOH�FDUH�H[FOXG�GXEOD�FHWăĠHQLH��QX�VH�EXFXUă�GH�PDUH�VXSRUW��GHRDUHFH�ILLQG�DSOLFDW�vQ�PRG�VWULFW��VXEPLQHD]ă�SURIXQG�GRFWULQD�WUDGLĠLRQDOă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��D[kQGX�VH�SH�IDSWXO�Fă�FHWăĠHQLD�PXOWRU�LQGLYL]L�QX�FRUHVSXQGH�OHJăWXULL�HIHFWLYH�FX�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO��

? 6LPSOD�vQGRLDOă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�FDUDFWHUXO�HIHFWLY�DO�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH�QX�DEVROYă�UHFODPDQWXO�GH�HSXL]DUHD�DFHVWRUD��HO�ILLQG�REOLJDW�Vă�vQWUHSULQGă�WRDWH�DFĠLXQLOH�FDUH�DU�SHUPLWH�vQ�PRG�UH]RQDELO�HSXL]DUHD�HIHFWLYă�D�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH���

? (SXL]DUHD�SUHDODELOă�D�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH�QX�VH�YD�LQYRFD�GDFă�HOH�QX�RIHUă�QLFL�R�SRVLELOLWDWH�UH]RQDELOă�GH REĠLQHUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�VDX D�UHSDUDĠLHL�DGHFYDWH�6HPQLILFDĠLD�WHRUHWLFă�úL�YDORDUHD�DSOLFDWLYă�D�UH]XOWDWHORU�FHUFHWăULL5H]XOWDWHOH�LQYHVWLJDĠLLORU SRW�FRQWULEXL�OD�FHUFHWDUHD�PDL�SURIXQGă�D�SUREOHPHORU�FH�ĠLQ�GH�

LQVWLWXĠLD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��&RQFOX]LLOH�úL�UHFRPDQGăULOH�SURSXVH�GH�FăWUH�DXWRU�SRW�IL�XWLOL]DWH�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�SUHFL]DUH��FRPSOHWDUH�úL�FUHDUH�D�QRLORU��QRUPH�MXULGLFH�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ��vQ�VFRSXO�VWDELOLULL�XQXL�FDGUX�MXULGLF�DGHFYDW�FDUH�DU�SHUPLWH�DQWUHQDUHD�LPHGLDWă�úL�IăUă�FRQVHFLQĠH�QHJDWLYH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��$VSHFWXO�WHRUHWLF�DO�OXFUăULL�SRDWH�VHUYL�GUHSW�ED]ă�GH�DUJXPHQWDUH�úL�IL[DUH�D�OLPLWHORU�OHJDOH�DOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��úL�QX�vQ�XOWLPă�LQVWDQĠă��OD�FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD�LPSRUWDQĠHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�PLMORF�GH�DSăUDUH�D�GUHSWXULORU�úL�LQWHUHVHORU�FHWăĠHQLORU��

/XFUDUHD�GH�IDĠă�VH�DGUHVHD]ă�vQYăĠăPkQWXOXL�MXULGLF�úL�FHUFHWăULL�úWLLQĠLILFH��0DWHULDOXO�OXFUăULL�SRDWH�IL�IRORVLW�FX�WLWOXO�GH�VFULHUH�úWLLQĠLILFă�D�FHOHL�PDL�UHFHQWH�SUDFWLFL�úL�WHQGLQĠH�GH�GH]YROWDUH�vQ�GRPHQLXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��FDUH�DU�SXWHD�VHUYL�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�HODERUDUH�D�XQRU�QRL�SURLHFWH�GH�DUWLFROH�VDX�FRQYHQĠLL��vQ�VFRSXO�UHJOHPHQWăULL�SUREOHPHORU�FH�DSDU�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�ELSDWUL]LORU�VDX��VROXĠLRQDUHD�FRQIOLFWHORU�FH�DSDU�vQ�SURFHVXO�DSOLFăULL�UHJXOLL�HSXL]ăULL�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH��SUHFXP�úL�SUHFL]DUHD�OHJLVODĠLHL�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH�vQ�GRPHQLXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��'HSHQGHQW�GH�FRQĠLQXWXO�SUREOHPDWLFLL�H[DPLQDWH��OXFUDUHD�úL�D�SURSXV�Vă�ILH�XWLOă�úL�XQRU�FDWHJRULL�GH�IXQFĠLRQDUL�GLQ�DGPLQLVWUDĠLD�SXEOLFă�FHQWUDOă�úL�ORFDOă��D�LQVWDQĠHORU�GH�MXGHFDWă�FDUH�SULQ�QDWXUD�DFWLYLWăĠLORU�SH�FDUH�OH�GHVIăúRDUă��YLQ�vQ�FRQWDFW�FX�SURWHFĠLD�úL�UHSUH]HQWDUHD�LQWHUHVHORU�SURSULLORU�FHWăĠHQL��HIHFWXDUHD�MXVWLĠLHL�úL�SROLWLFD�H[WHUQă��

$SUREDUHD�UH]XOWDWHORU� FHUFHWăULL7H]D�GH�GRFWRUDW�D�IRVW�HODERUDWă�OD�&DWHGUD�GH�'UHSW�,QWHUQDĠLRQDO�úL�'UHSWXO�5HODĠLLORU�

(FRQRPLFH�([WHUQH�D�)DFXOWăĠLL�GH�'UHSW�D�8QLYHUVLWăĠLL�GH�6WDW�GLQ�0ROGRYD��XQGH�D�IRVW�SUH]HQWDWă��DQDOL]DWă�úL�DSUREDWă�GH�FăWUH�PHPEULL�&DWHGUHL��8OWHULRU��WH]D�D�IRVW�UHFRPDQGDWă�VSUH�VXVĠLQHUH�SXEOLFă�vQ�FDGUXO�6HPLQDUXOXL�ùWLLQĠLILF�GH�3URILO��OD�VSHFLDOLWDWHD����������±'UHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SXEOLF�GLQ�FDGUXO�8QLYHUVLWăĠLL�GH�6WDW�GLQ�0ROGRYD���

Page 6: Diana Cucos Abstract

��

�8QHOH�DVSHFWH�HVHQĠLDOH�DOH�FRQĠLQXWXOXL�OXFUăULL��SUHFXP�úL�FHOH�PDL�LPSRUWDQWH�FRQFOX]LL�úL�UHFRPDQGăUL�DOH�FHUFHWăULORU�úL�DX�JăVLW�UHIOHFWDUH�vQ�DUWLFROHOH�úWLLQĠLILFH�SXEOLFDWH�GH�FăWUH�DXWRU��5H]XOWDWHOH�LQYHVWLJDĠLLORU�úWLLQĠLILFH�DX�PDL�IRVW�H[SXVH�úL�vQ�FDGUXO�XQRU�FRQIHULQĠH�úL�VLPSR]LRDQH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��RUJDQL]DWH�vQ�FDGUXO�$FDGHPLHL�GH�$GPLQLVWUDUH�3XEOLFă�SH�OkQJă�3UHúHGLQWHOH�5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD��8QLYHUVLWăĠLL�*HRUJHWRZQ��6�8�$���úL�D�&HQWUXOXL�3HQWUX'UHSW�&RQVWLWXĠLRQDO�(XURSHDQ��*UHFLD���

6WUXFWXUD�OXFUăULL6WUXFWXUDO��WH]D�GH�GRFWRUDW�HVWH�FRPSXVă�GLQ� LQWURGXFHUH��FDUH�UHSUH]LQWă�R�FDUDFWHULVWLFă�

JHQHUDOă�D�SUREOHPHL�FHUFHWDWH�úL�R�LQLĠLHUH�vQ�VWXGLX� WUHL�FDSLWROH, in care sunt examinate SUREOHPHOH�IXQGDPHQWDOH�FH�ĠLQ�GH�FRQGLĠLLOH�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL diplomatice, atat in DQVDPEOX��FkW�úL�vQ�FRPSOH[LWDWHD�ORU��XUPăULQG�SUH]HQWDUHD�DGHFYDWă�D�IHQRPHQXOXL�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL��incheiere��XQGH�DX�IRVW�HYRFDWH�FRQFOX]LLOH�úL�UHFRPDQGăULOH�DXWRUXOXL�ELEOLRJUDILH��GUHSW�ED]ă�GRFWULQDUă��VROXĠLL�MXULVGLFĠLRQDOH�úL�VXSRUW�GRFXPHQWDU�DO�WH]HL�GH�GRFWRUDW� DGQRWDUH��SUH]HQWDWă�vQ�OLPELOH�URPkQă��UXVă�úL�HQJOH]ă� FXYLQWH�FKHLH��FDUH�IDFLOLWHD]ă�RULHQWDUHD�JHQHUDOă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�VXELHFWHOH�DQDOL]DWH� OLVWD�DEUHYLHULORU�XWLOL]DWH�DQH[ă��FD�VXSRUW�H[SOLFDWLY�LOXVWUDWLY�SHQWUX�IL[DUHD�DPEDVDGHORU�5� M. acreditate in VWUăLQăWDWH�

&21ğ,1878/�/8&5Ă5,,

In ,QWURGXFHUH OD�WH]D�GH�GRFWRUDW HVWH�DUJXPHQWDWă�DOHJHUHD�WHPHL�GH�FHUFHWDUH��DFWXDOLWDWHD�HL��SUHFXP�úL�VH�DQDOL]HD]ă�JUDGXO�GH�LQYHVWLJDUH�úWLLQĠLILFă�D�SUREOHPHL��'H�DVHPHQHD��VXQW�VWDELOLWH�VFRSXO�úL�VDUFLQLOH�FHUFHWăULL��FX�GHWHUPLQDUHD�VXSRUWXOXL WHRUHWLFR�úWLLQĠLILF�úL�PHWRGRORJLF DO LQYHVWLJDĠLLORU��VH�DUJXPHQWHD]ă�QRXWDWHD�úWLLQĠLILFă�úL�YDORDUHDDSOLFDWLYă�D�UH]XOWDWHORU�LQYHVWLJDĠLLORU��FX�IRUPXODUHD�WH]HORU�SURSXVH�VSHUH�VXVĠLQHUH�DSUREDUHD�úL�VWUXFWXUD�WH]HL��

&DSLWROXO�,� 1RĠLXQL�LQWURGXFWLYH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�HVWH�R�LQWURGXFHUH�WHRUHWLFă�vQ�JDPD�SUREOHPHORU�FDUH�VH�LYHVF�RGDWă�FX�DERUGDUHD�VXELHFWHORU�UHODWLYOD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��6WUXFWXUDO��DFHVW�FDSLWRO�HVWH�FRPSXV�GLQ�WUHL�SDUDJUDIH��

In ���� ���&RQFHSĠLD�úL�PLMORDFHOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ�DX�IRVW�HYLGHQĠLDWH�PDL�PXOWH�QRĠLXQL�GRFWULQDUH�úL�SDVDMH�GLQ�KRWăUkULOH�&XUĠLL�3HUPDQHQWH�GH�-XVWLĠLH�,QWHUQDĠLRQDOă��FDUH�GHILQHVF�PXOWLDVSHFWXDO�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă� iar in concluzie s�D�SUH]HQWDW�R�QRĠLXQH�FRPSOH[ă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�SURSULH�DXWRUXOXL� ùL�DQXPH��SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�FRQVWLWXLH�WRWDOLWDWHD�DFĠLXQLORU�VDX�PHWRGHORU�SDúQLFH�GH�UHJOHPHQWDUH�DSOLFDWH�GH�FăWUH�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO��FDUH�DFĠLRQHD]ă�GLQ�QXPH�SURSULX�GDU�in interesul FHWăĠHDQXOXL�SUHMXGLFLDW�PRUDO�VDX�PDWHULDO��FD�UH]XOWDW�DO�FRPLWHULL�XQXL�GHOLFW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SH�WHULWRULXO�VWDWXOXL�GH�UHúHGLQĠă��

$QDOL]D�FHORU�PDL�UHQXPLWH�QRĠLXQL�DOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��LQGLIHUHQW�GH�VXUVD�FLWDWă��D�SHUPLV�HYLGHQĠLHUHD�XQRU�HOHPHQWH�HVHQĠLDOH�úL�FDUDFWHULVWLFH�DOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��úL�DQXPH��DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FHWăĠHQLORU�VWDWXOXL��SUH]HQĠD�XQHL plangeri VDX�D�XQXL�OLWLJLX��REOLJDĠLD�VWDWXOXL�GH�UHúHGLQĠă�GH�D�DYHD�XQ�FRPSRUWDPHQW�DGHFYDW�IDĠă�GH�FHWăĠHQLL�VWUăLQL�DIODĠL�SH�WHULWRULXO�VăX��GUHSWXO�FRUHODWLY�DO�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�GH�D�FHUH�UHVSHFWDUHD�

��

GUHSWXULORU�úL�LQWHUHVHORU�OHJLWLPH�DOH�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUH��UHSDUDUHD�SUHMXGLFLLORU�FDX]DWH FHWăĠHQLORU�VWUăLQL�úL�UăVSXQGHUHD�VWDWXOXL�GH�UHúHGLQĠă��FXOSDELO�

8Q�ORF�DSDUWH�vQ�FDGUXO�DFHOXLDúL�SDUDJUDI�vO�RFXSă�PHWRGHOH�XWLOL]DWH�GH�FăWUH�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�SHQWUX�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��vQ�DFFHSĠLXQHD�VD�YDVWă���FDUH�fac parte atat GLQ�FODVD�PHWRGHORU�OHMHUH��FXP�DU�IL��FRQFLOLHUHD��PHGLHUHD��EXQHOH�RILFLL��FkW�úL�GLQ�FODVD�PHWRGHORU�PDL�H[LJHQWH��GH�H[HPSOX��SURFHGXUD�MXULGLFă�VDX�DUELWUDOă��DGLFă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă VWULFWR�VHQVX��SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�QHPLMORFLWă��UHDOă���LDU�vQ�FD]XUL�H[FHSĠLRQDOH�±DSOLFDUHD�IRUĠHL�

$XWRUXO�D�PDL�SUH]HQWDW�RUJDQHOH�VWDWXOXL�UHVSRQVDELOH�SHQWUX�SURWHFĠLD�FHWăĠHQLORU��SUHFXP�úL�DFĠLXQLOH�vQWUHSULQVH�GH�FăWUH�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��

���� ���3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU�±�XQ�GUHSW�DO�VWDWXOXL HVWH�GHGLFDW�FHOXL�PDL�FRQWURYHUVDW�DVSHFW�DO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FDUH�ĠLQH�GH�VXELHFWXO�DSDUWHQHQĠHL�GUHSWXULORU�vQFăOFDWH� ÌQ�DFHVW�VHQV�D�IRVW�H[DPLQDWă�FRQFHSĠLD�WUDGLĠLRQDOă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�V�DX�SUH]HQWDW�WHQGLQĠHOH�GH]YROWăULL�FRQWHPSRUDQH�D�VWDQGDUGHORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�GLQ�GRPHQLXO�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL� $WkW�DFWXDOD�SUDFWLFă�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�D�VWDWHORU��FkW�úL�SUHYHGHULOH�FRQVWLWXĠLRQDOH�FRQWHPSRUDQH�VXVĠLQ�Fă�VWDWHOH�DX�QX�GRDU�GUHSWXO��FHHD�FH�FRQVWLWXLH�HVHQĠD�FRQFHSĠLHL�WUDGLĠLRQDOH���GDU�úL�REOLJDĠLD�MXULGLFă�GH�D�SURWHMD�QDĠLRQDOLL�VăL�FDUH�VH�DIOă�SH�WHULWRULXO�VWDWHORU�WHUĠH��$FHDVWă�FRQFHSĠLH��GHúL�FRQWUDYLQH�PRGXOXL�WUDGLĠLRQDO�GH�GHILQLUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��QX�SRDWH�IL�QHJDWă��GHRDUHFH�HD�VH�DOLQLD]ă�VFRSXOXL�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ��úL�DQXPH�FRQVROLGDUHD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��ÌQ�SURFHVXO�GH�UHODWDUH�D�PDWHULDOXOXL�úWLLQĠLILF��DXWRUXO�QX�D�GHYLDW�GH�OD�FRQFHSĠLD�WUDGLĠLRQDOă��GDU�vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS�D�FRQFOX]LRQDW�Fă��vQ�FRQIRUPLWDWH�FX�DOLQLHUHD�OD�DFWXDOHOH�WHQGLQĠH�SURJUHVLYH�GH�GH]YROWDUH�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��REOLJDĠLD�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�GH�D�DFRUGD�SURWHFĠLH�VH�OLPLWHD]ă�OD�VLWXDĠLL�GH�R�LPSRUWDQĠă�PDMRUă��úL�DQXPH���� OLSVD�DOWRU�FăL�GLVSRQLELOH�GH�vQDLQWDUH�D plangerii�úL����OD�FHUHUHD�FHWăĠHDQXOXL��GDFă�DX�IRVW�YLRODWH�QRUPHOH�MXV�FRJHQV� 6WDWXO�YD�DFĠLRQD�SH�FDOH�GLSORPDWLFă�VDX�MXULGLFă�vQ�VFRSXO�DSăUăULL�GUHSWXULORU�úL�LQWHUHVHORU�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL�FDUH�DX�IRVW�DIHFWDWH�vQ�UH]XOWDWXO�XQRU�DWHQWăUL�VLVWHPDWLFH�úL�GH�PDUL�SURSRUĠLL��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��QLFL�R�SUHYHGHUH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�QX�LQWHU]LFH�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�GUHSWXO�GH�D�VH�DVRFLD��FHWăĠHDQXOXL�VăX�vQ�VFRSXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GUHSWXOXL�vQFăOFDW��

ÌQ�SUH]HQĠD�DQXPLWRU�vPSUHMXUăUL��VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�YD�IL�VFXWLW�GH�REOLJDĠLD�VXV�PHQĠLRQDWă��úL�DQXPH�GDFă��D��H[HUFLWDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�YD�SXQH�VXE�SHULFRO�LPLQHQW�LQWHUHVHOH�PDMRUH�DOH�VWDWXOXL�úL�VDX�DOH�SRSXODĠLHL�VDOH��E��DOWH�VWDWH�UHDOL]HD]ă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�vQ�LQWHUHVXO�SHUVRDQHL�OH]DWH��F��SHUVRDQD�OH]DWă�QX�SRVHGă�FHWăĠHQLD�HIHFWLYă�úL�SUHGRPLQDQWă�D�VWDWXOXL�UHVSHFWLY���

���� ���3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU�úL�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL�LD�vQ�GLVFXĠLH�SROHPLFD�H[LVWHQWă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFHVWH�GRXă�LQVWLWXĠLL�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��'H]YROWDUHD�VWDQGDUGHORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�GLQ�GRPHQLXO�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�DX�GXV�OD�DSDULĠLD�XQRU�SăUHUL�QLKLOLVWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�XWLOLWDWHD�DFWXDOă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��'HúL�DXWRUXO�QX�QHDJă�DYDQVDUHD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��LGHHD�HOLPLQăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�PHFDQLVP�DO�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��QX�SDUH�D�IL�UH]RQDELOă�vQ�SUH]HQW��GHRDUHFH�DFHDVWD�DU�SODVD�PXOĠL�LQGLYL]L�vQ�DIDUD�RULFăUHL�SURWHFĠLL��ÌQ�WLPS�FH�&RQYHQĠLD�HXURSHDQă�SHQWUX�SURWHFĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�úL�D�OLEHUWăĠLORU�IXQGDPHQWDOH�SUH]LQWă�PHWRGH�UHDOH�GH�SURWHFĠLH�SHQWUX�HXURSHQL��HVWH�GLILFLO�GH�DILUPDW�H[LVWHQĠD�XQRU�DVWIHO�GH�SUHYHGHUL�vQ�&RQYHQĠLD�DPHULFDQă�SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL�VDX�+DUWD�DIULFDQă�D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�úL�SRSRDUHORU��3H�OkQJă�DFHDVWD��R�PDUH�SDUWH�D�

Page 7: Diana Cucos Abstract

��

SRSXODĠLHL�FDUH�VH�DIOD�vQ�UHJLXQHD�DVLDWLFă�QX�HVWH�FXSULQVă�vQ�VIHUD�GH�DFĠLXQH�D�FRQYHQĠLHL�UHJLRQDOH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL��&RQYHQĠLLOH�XQLYHUVDOH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL�QX�DVLJXUă�LQGLYL]LORU�PHWRGH�HIHFWLYH�GH�SURWHFĠLH�D�GUHSWXULORU�VDOH��3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�HVWH�LQGLVSHQVDELOă�DWXQFL�FkQG�OLSVHVF�DFRUGXULOH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL�VDX�FkQG�HOH�QX�VXQW�DSOLFDELOH��6LVWHPXO�RIHULW�GH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�QX�WUHEXLH�OLPLWDW�DWkW�WLPS�FkW�QX�H[LVWă�DOWH�PHWRGH�HIHFWLYH�GH�VXEVWLWXLUH��

3HQWUX�D�FRQILUPD�LPSRUWDQĠD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��vQ�OXFUDUH�DX�IRVW�FLWDWH��SDUDOHO�RSLQLLORU�GRFWULQDUH��úL�DFWH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��$GXQDUHD�*HQHUDOă�D�2�1�8���SULQ�UH]ROXĠLD�QU����������GLQ����GHFHPEULH�������D�DGRSWDW�'HFODUDĠLD�FX�SULYLUH�OD�GUHSWXULOH�LQGLYL]LORU�FDUH�QX�VXQW�FHWăĠHQL�DL�ĠDULL�GH�UHúHGLQĠă��(D�FRQILUPă�GUHSWXO�VWUăLQLORU�GH�D�VH�DGUHVD�UHSUH]HQWDQĠHORU�FRQVXODUH�úL�GLSORPDWLFH�DOH�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�vQ�VFRSXO�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL��$FWXDOPHQWH�FHWăĠHQLL�VWUăLQL�SRW�DYHD�DQXPLWH�GUHSWXUL�SUHYă]XWH�GH�OHJLVODĠLD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă��GDU�HL�QX�GLVSXQ�in toate cazurile GH�PLMORDFH�MXULGLFH�GH�SURWHFĠLH�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��FX�H[FHSĠLD�DFHORU�PLMORDFH�FDUH�OH�VXQW�RIHULWH�vQ�UH]XOWDWXO�LQWHUYHQĠLHL�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO��8OWHULRU��UH]ROXĠLD�QU����������GLQ����GHFHPEULH�������D�DGRSWDW�&RQYHQĠLD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOD�SULYLQG�GUHSWXULOHWXWXURU�OXFUăWRULORU�PLJUDQĠL�úL�D�PHPEULORU�IDPLOLLORU�ORU��&RQYHQĠLD�D�LQWUDW�vQ�YLJRDUH�OD���iulie 2003, urmand GHSXQHUHD�D�GRXă]HFL�LQVWUXPHQWH�GH�UDWLILFDUH�OD����PDUWLH�������2EVHUYăP�Fă�VWDWHOH�DX�DYXW�QHYRLH�PDL�PXOW�GH�XQ�GHFHQLX�SHQWUX�D�IL�SUHJăWLWH�Vă�RIHUH�GUHSWXUL�OXFUăWRULORU�PLJUDQĠL�

&DX]D�/D*UDQG�ULGLFă�LPSRUWDQWH�SUREOHPH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�UROXO�FRQWHPSRUDQ�DO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�FDGUXO�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ�úL�GLQ�DFHVW�PRWLY�HD�QX�SXWHD�IL�HYLWDWă�vQ�FRQWH[WXO�OXFUăULL��&DX]D�/D*UDQG�GHPRQVWUHD]ă�vQFă�RGDWă�Fă�vQ�WLPS�FH�LQGLYL]LORU�OH�HVWH�DFRUGDWă�SURWHFĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�VDOH�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�GLIHULWRU�PHFDQLVPH�DOH�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�OD�QLYHO�VXEVWDQĠLDO� ei nu au intotdeauna acces direct la DFHVWH�PHFDQLVPH��'UHSWXULOH�RPXOXL�QX�FXSULQG�DVWă]L�WRWDOLWDWHD�GUHSWXULORU�SURFHVXDOH�FDUH�Vă�RIHUH�SRVLELOLWDWHD�GH�SHWLĠLRQDUH�LQGLYLGXDOă�vQ�RUJDQLVPHOH�GH�FRQWURO�DOH�FRQYHQĠLLORU��5HPHGLLOH�LQGLYL]LORU�vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�VXQW�OLPLWDWH�

'HRDUHFH�VWDWHOH�FRQWLQXă�D�IL�VXELHFWH�SUHGRPLQDQWH�vQ�UHODĠLLOH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��VXVĠLQHUHD�GH�FăWUH�DFHVWHD�D�DFĠLXQLORU�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL��SUHMXGLFLDĠL�SH�WHULWRULXO�VWDWHORU�WHUĠH��UăPkQH�D�IL��SUDFWLF��FHO�PDL�HIHFWLY�PLMORF�MXULGLF�GH�SURWHFĠLH�úL�FRQVDFUDUH�D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL�

&DSLWROXO�,,��&RQGLĠLLOH�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�QDĠLRQDOLORU�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SXEOLF UHSUH]LQWă�FDSLWROXO�IXQGDPHQWDO�DO�WH]HL��ILLQG�FRPSXV�VWUXFWXUDO�GLQ�SDWUX�SDUDJUDIH� in FDUH� V XQW�H[DPLQDWH�FRQGLĠLLOH�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX�DQWUHQDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��

9DULDWH�VLWXDĠLL�OHJDWH�GH�FHWăĠHQLD�LQGLYLGXOXL�SUHMXGLFLDW�DX�IRVW�H[SXVH�vQ���� ���/HJăWXUD�GH�FHWăĠHQLH��FRQGLĠLD�GDWă�ILLQG�GHILQLWLYă�SHQWUX�GHFL]LD�GH�DFRUGDUH�VDX�UHIX]�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GLQ�SDUWHD�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO� 3HQWUX�D�IDFH�R�LQWURGXFHUH�vQ�HVHQĠD�OHJăWXULL�GH�FHWăĠHQLH��WUDWDUHD�DFHVWXL�VXELHFW�D�QHFHVLWDW�XQ�VWXGLX�VSHFLDO�DO�FHWăĠHQLHL��$X�IRVW�HOXFLGDWH�XQHOH�DVSHFWH�VSHFLILFH�SULYLQG�FHWăĠHQLD�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��VFRSXO�DXWRUXOXL�ILLQG�HYLGHQĠLHUHD�DFHORU�ODWXUL�DOH�FHWăĠHQLHL�FDUH�YL]HD]ă�QHPLMORFLW�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��'HILQLUHD�FHWăĠHQLHL��ILLQG�RELHFWXO�XQRU�FRQWURYHUVH�VXE�UDSRUW�MXULGLF��QX�D�SXWXW�IL�HYLWDWă�GH�FăWUH�DXWRU��ÌQ�OXFUDUH�DX�IRVW�VXPDWH�PDL�PXOWH�GHILQLĠLL��LDU�OD�ILQH�D�IRVW�SUH]HQWDWă�R�YDULDQWă�SURSULH�D�QRĠLXQLL��FDUH�VXPHD]ă�WRDWH�WUDVDWXULOH�UHODWLY�FHWăĠHQLHL��

��

0RPHQWH�GH�SURYRFDUH�DX�PDL�FRQVWLWXLW�XUPăWRDUHOH�VXELHFWH��GUHSWXO�VWDWXOXL�GH�D�GHWHUPLQD�FLQH�VXQW�FHWăĠHQLL�VăL��DQDOL]D�MXULVSUXGHQĠHL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�FDUH�VXVĠLQH�QHFHVLWDWHD�XQHL�OHJăWXUL�ÄHIHFWLYH´�úL�ÄUHDOH´��H[DPLQDUHD�UHQXPLWHL�FDX]H�1RWWHERKP� � H D � ILLQGFRQVLGHUDWă�GH�PDMRULWDWHD�WHRUHWLFLHQLORU�R�GRYDGă�DXWRULWDUă�D�REOLJDWLYLWăĠLL�SUH]HQĠHL�XQHL�OHJăWXUL�GH�FHWăĠHQLH�UHDOH�úL�HIHFWLY�DWkW�vQ�FD]�GH�GXEOă�VDX�SOXULFHWăĠHQLH��FkW�úL�vQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�SHUVRDQD�OH]DWă�HVWH�FHWăĠHDQXO�XQXL�VLQJXU�VWDW��)LLQG�PDUWRULL�XQHL�UHDOLWăĠL�FkQG�XQ�QXPăU�HQRUP�GH�SHUVRDQH�GREkQGHVF��SULQ�QDúWHUH�VDX�FRQIRUP�OHJLL��FHWăĠHQLD�VWDWXOXL�FX�FDUH�DX�FHD�PDL�VODEă�OHJăWXUă��SULQFLSLXOXL�FHWăĠHQLHL�HIHFWLYH�QHFHVLWă�D�IL�DSOLFDW�vQWU�XQ�PRG�PDL�IOH[LELO�

5HVSHFWDUHD�FRQGLĠLHL�FHWăĠHQLHL�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�H[HUFLWDUH D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��FDUH�DSDUHQW�SDUH�D�IL�VLPSOă��VH�FRPSOLFă�GH�IHQRPHQXO�ELSDWULGLHL��GHRDUHFH�FHWăĠHDQXO�OH]DW�SRDWH�IL�FRQFRPLWHQW�QDĠLRQDO�DO�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDQW�úL�UHFODPDW��&HUFHWkQG�SUREOHPD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�FD]�GH�GXEOă�FHWăĠHQLH��DX�IRVW�GHWHUPLQDWH�GRXă�IRUPH�FDUH�VH�PDQLIHVWă�����HVWH�XQ�VWDW�vQ�GUHSW�Vă�H[HUFLWH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�vQ�IDYRDUHD�FHWăĠHDQXOXL�VăX�FDUH�EHQHILFLD]ă�úL�GH�FHWăĠHQLD�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDW�����vQ�FH�IHO�YD�IL�H[HUFLWDWă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�SHQWUX�XQ�ELSDWULG�vPSRWULYD�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ"

&X�SULYLUH�OD�SULPD�VLWXDĠLH��GXSă�R�DQDOL]ă�PLQXĠLRDVă�D�MXULVSUXGHQĠHL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��D�UDSRDUWHORU�SUH]HQWDWH�&�'�,��úL�$VRFLDĠLHL�GH�'UHSW�,QWHUQDĠLRQDO��SUHFXP�úL�D�OHJLVODĠLHL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�vQ�PDWHULD�UHVSHFWLYă��V�D�DMXQV�OD�XUPăWRDUHD�FRQFOX]LH��GDFă�QX�H[LVWă�DOWH�DFRUGXUL�vQWUH�SăUĠL��VWDWXO�SRDWH�UHIX]D�plangerea�VDX�LQWHUYHQĠLD�XQXL�DOW�VWDW�vQ�QXPHOH�FHWăĠHDQXOXL�VăX��GDFă�YLFWLPD�HVWH��GH�DVHPHQHD���D��úL�FHWăĠHDQ�DO�VWDWXOXL�UHVSRQVDELO��VDX�GDFă�YLFWLPD�HVWH��E��úL�FHWăĠHDQ�DO�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ��LDU�VWDWXO�UHVSRQVDELO�vO�WUDWHD]ă�FD�ILLQG�FHWăĠHDQ�DO�DFHOXL�VWDW�SHQWUX�FD]XO�GDW��7RWXúL��VWDWul responsabil nu poate refuza plangerea�VDX�LQWHUYHQĠLD�GDFă�FHWăĠHQLD�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDQW�HVWH�ÄGRPLQDQWă´��DGLFă�SHUVRDQD�OH]DWă�DUH�FHD�PDL�VWUkQVă�OHJăWXUă�FX�DFHVW�VWDW��FXP�DU�IL��UHúHGLQĠD�VDX�GRPLFLOLXO�SHUPDQHQW�RUL�DWHVWDUHD�SURSULHWăĠLL�úL�D�IDPLOLHL�SH�WHULWRULXO�DFHOXL�VWDW���

5ăVSXQVXO�OD�FHD�GH�D�GRXD�VLWXDĠLH�QX�ULGLFă�PDUL�SROHPLFL��6XVĠLQHP�Fă�RULFDUH�GLQ�VWDWHOH�QDĠLRQDOH��SRDWH�H[HUFLWD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�vQ�IDYRDUHD�FHWăĠHDQXOXL��ELSDWULGXOXL�SUHMXGLFLDW��GH�FăWUH�XQ�VWDW�WHUĠ��6WDWXO�UHFODPDW��vQVă��DUH�GUHSWXO�OD�RELHFĠLL��LDU�vQ�DQXPLWH�FLUFXPVWDQĠH�SRDWH�Vă�UHIX]H�plangerea�GDFă�VH�YD�GRYHGL�Fă�SHUVRDQD�D�REĠLQXW�FHWăĠHQLD�PDOD�ILGH in scRSXO�GH�D�EHQHILFLD�GH�VSULMLQXO�úL�SURWHFĠLD�XQXL�DQXPLW�VWDW��ÌQ�DFHDVWă�RUGLQH�GH�LGHL��VH�SRDWH�GH�DILUPDW�Fă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�XQXL�ELSDWULG�vPSRWULYD�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ�HVWH�FRQGLĠLRQDWă�GRDU�GH�OHJăWXUD�GH�FHWăĠHQLH�ERQD�ILGH�vQWUH�SHUVRDQă�úL�VWDWXO�UHFODPDQW��1X�H[LVWă�QLFL�XQ�LPSHGLPHQW�vQ�H[HUFLWDUHD�FRPXQă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GH�FăWUH�FHOH�GRXă�VWDWH�QDĠLRQDOH��FHWăĠHQLD�FăURUD�SHUVRDQD�OH]DWă�D�GREkQGLW�R�ERQD�ILGH�

'HúL�SUDFWLFD�GHPRQVWUHD]ă�DSOLFDUHD�UHJXOLL�FHWăĠHQLHL�FRQWLQXH�FX�R�PDre rigoare, in VFRSXO�HYLWăULL�XQHL�LQMXVWLĠLL�SHQWUX�FD]XULOH�vQ�FDUH�SHUVRDQD�SUHMXGLFLDWă�vúL�VFKLPEă�FHWăĠHQLD�ERQD�ILGH��PDL�FX�VHDPă�vQ�UH]XOWDWXO�QDWXUDOL]ăULL�EHQHYROH�VDX�IRUĠDWH��UHJXOD�GDWă�VH�DSOLFă�FX�R�PDL�PDUH�IOH[LELOLWDWH��&RQFHSĠLD�WUDGLĠLRQDOă�WUHEXLH�VFKLPEDWă�GHRDUHFH�HD�QX�PDL�FRUHVSXQGH�FRQGLĠLLORU�úL�UHODĠLLORU�GLQDPLFH�GLQ�VRFLHWDWHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă��ÌQ�FRQWH[WXO�UHODĠLLORU�JOREDOH�DU�IL�PDL�XWLO�GH�D�DSOLFD�UHJXOD�FHWăĠHQLHL�FRQWLQXH�GXSă�FXP�XUPHD]ă�����'DFă�SHUVRDQD�SUHMXGLFLDWă�vúL�VFKLPEă�ERQD�ILGH�FHWăĠHQLD�VD�GXSă�FDX]DUHD�SUHMXGLFLXOXL��VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�DFWXDO�SRDWH�DFRUGD�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�DFHVWHL�SHUVRDQH�vQ�OHJăWXUă�FX�SUHMXGLFLXO�FDX]DW��GDFă�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�SULPDU�QX�D�H[HUFLWDW�VDX�QX�H[HUFLWă�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�

Page 8: Diana Cucos Abstract

��

SHUVRDQHL�SUHMXGLFLDWH�vQ�PRPHQWXO�vQ�FDUH�DUH�ORF�VFKLPEDUHD�FHWăĠHQLHL�����$FHDVWă�UHJXOă�VH�UăVIUkQJH�DVXSUD�FD]XULORU�vQ�FDUH plangerea D�IRVW�WUDQVPLVă�ERQD�ILGH�SHUVRDQHL�VDX�SHUVRDQHORU�FDUH�SRVHGă�FHWăĠHQLD�DOWXL�VWDW�����6FKLPEDUHD�FHWăĠHQLHL�SHUVRDQHL�SUHMXGLFLDWH�VDX�WUDQVPLWHUHD�plangerii�XQXL�FHWăĠHDQ�VWUăLQ�QX�DWLQJH�GUHSWXO�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�RULJLQDU�GH�D�inainta R�SOkQJHUH�LQGLYLGXDOă�vQ�OHJăWXUă�FX�SUHMXGLFLXO�FDX]DW�LQWHUHVHORU�SURSULL��FDUH�DX�IRVW�afectate in rezultatul prejudiciului cau]DW�SHUVRDQHL, atunci cand aceDVWD�PDL�SRVHGD�FHWăĠHQLD�VD�����6WDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�DFWXDO�QX�SRDWH�H[HUFLWD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�vPSRWULYD�RULFăUXL�VWDW�QDĠLRQDO�SUHFHGHQW�vQ�OHJăWXUă�FX�SUHMXGLFLXO�FDX]DW�XQHL�SHUVRDQH��DWXQFL�FkQG�DFHDVWD�SRVHGD�FHWăĠHQLD�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�RULJLQDU��

���� ��(SXL]DUHD�UHFXUVXOXL�ORFDO�VH�UHIHUă�OD�SULQFLSLXO�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FXWXPLDU�FDUH�FRQVLGHUă�REOLJDWRULX�GH�D�DFRUGD�VWDWXOXL�WHULWRULDO�SRVLELOLWDWHD�vQOăWXUăULL�FRQVHFLQĠHORU�GHOLFWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SULQ�PLMORDFH�SURSULL�GLVSRQLELOH�vQ�FDGUXO�VLVWHPXOXL�VăX�LQWHUQ��9DULDĠLD�VLVWHPHORU�GH�GUHSW�úL�GH�RUJDQL]DUH�D�LQVWDQĠHORU�GH�MXGHFDWă�GH�OD�XQ�VWDW�OD�DOWXO�JHQHUHD]ă��HYLGHQW��úL�R�GLYHUVLWDWH�D�FăLORU�OHJDOH�FH�QHFHVLWă�D�IL�HSXL]DWH��'LQ�DFHVW�PRWLY��QLFL�XQ�L]YRU�GH�GUHSW�QX�SRDWH�Vă�FUHH]H�R�QRUPă�JHQHUDOă�FDUH�Vă�UHJOHPHQWH]H�WRDWH�VLWXDĠLLOH�FH�VH�SRW�LYL��6�D�VXVĠLQXW�Fă�QHFHVLWă�D�IL�HSXL]DWH�DFHOH�PLMORDFH�FDUH�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�OHJDO�VXQW�HIHFWLYH��DGHFYDWH�úL�DFFHVLELOH LQGLYL]LORU�vQ�LQVWDQĠHOH�GH�MXGHFDWă�VDX�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�RUL�RUJDQHOH�SXWHULL�GH�VWDW��ILH�RUGLQDUH�VDX�VSHFLDOH��DOH�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDW��0LMORDFHOH�GH�SURWHFĠLH�WUHEXLH�Vă�ILH�ÄGLVSRQLELOH´��DGLFă�HVWH�QHFHVDU�FD�UHFXUVXO�LQWHUQ�Vă�H[LVWH�QX�QXPDL�OHJDO��GDU�úL�GH�IDSW�

5HJXOD�GDWă�QX�VH�DSOLFă�vQ�VLWXDĠLLOH�cand statului i V�DX�FDX]DW�SUHMXGLFLL in mod „direct”, GHRDUHFH�vQ�DFHVW�FD]�VWDWXO�DUH�PRWLYH�GLVWLQFWH�úL�SURSULL�SHQWUX inaintaUHD plangerLL��

3HQWUX�FD�UHJXOD�HSXL]ăULL�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH�Vă�QX�ILH�XQ�LPSHGLPHQW�vQ�VROXĠLRQDUHD�FDX]HL��HD�WUHEXLH�Vă�vQWUXQHDVFă�LGHHD�XQXL�HIHFW�XWLO��2EOLJDĠLD�HSXL]ăULL�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH�QX�se va cere atunci cand recursurile: 1) (a) sunt HYLGHQW�LQXWLOH���E��QX�RIHUă�QLFL�R�SHUVSHFWLYă�UH]RQDELOă�úL�UHDOă�GH�VXFFHV�úL��F��QX�RIHUă�QLFL�R�SRVLELOLWDWH�UH]RQDELOă�GH�REĠLQHUH�D�XQXLPLMORF�GH�SURWHFĠLH�úL�UHSDUDĠLH�HIHFWLYă�����VWDWXO�UHFODPDW�UHQXQĠă�OD�REOLJDĠLD�HSXL]ăULL�FăLORU�GH�UHFXUV�ORFDO�����OLSVD�XQHL�OHJăWXUL�YROXQWDUH�vQWUH�LQGLYLGXO�OH]DW�úL�VWDWXO�UHFODPDW VDX�FRPLWHUHD�GHOLFWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�in DIDUD�OLPLWHORU�GH�MXULVGLFĠLH�DOH�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDW��OLSVD�OHJăWXULL�WHULWRULDOH������VWDWXO�UHFODPDW�HVWH�UHVSRQVDELO�SHQWUX�UHĠLQHUHD�DEX]LYă in oferirea UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH�����VWDWXO�UHFODPDW�vPSLHGLFă�DFFHVXO�SHUVRDQHL�OH]DWH�OD�LQVWLWXĠLLOH�VDOH�FDUH�SXQ�OD�GLVSR]LĠLH��UHFXUVXULOH�ORFDOH��PRWLYH�GH�QDWXUă�WHKQLFă��

6H�SRDWH�GH�DILUPDW�Fă�LQXWLOLWDWHD�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH�WUHEXLH�DWHVWDWă�DWXQFL�FkQG�VH�DSHOHD]ă�OD�IXQFĠLRQDUHD�ORU��LDU�OLSVD�UHFXUVXULORU�VXILFLHQWH�úL�DGHFYDWH�GXFH��HYLGHQW��OD�GLVSDULĠLD�REOLJDĠLHL�GH�HSXL]DUH�D�DFHVWRUD��

���� ���&DUDFWHUXO�LOLFLW�DO�DFWXOXL�úL�UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�SHQWUX�GDXQHOH�FDX]DWH�QDĠLRQDOLORU�VWUăLQL��GXSă�FXP�VXJHUHD]ă�úL�WLWOXO��DUH�FD�RELHFW�DQDOL]D�DFWXOXL�GHOLFWXRV�úL�FRQVHFLQĠD�DFHVWXLD��DGLFă�UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă��5ăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�VH�YD�DQWUHQD�QXPDL�vQ�VLWXDĠLLOH�vQ�FDUH�SUHMXGLFLXO�FDX]DW�DUH�WDQJHQĠH�FX�VWDWXO�GH�UHúHGLQĠă��6H�SRDWH�GH�DILUPDW�Fă��VWDWXO�GH�UHúHGLQĠă�QX�YD�SXUWD�UăVSXQGHUH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�SHQWUXDFĠLXQLOH�SURSULL�SHUVRDQHORU�SULYDWH��FX�H[FHSĠLD�FD]XULORU�vQ�FDUH�VWDWXO�WUHFH�FX�YHGHUHD�VDX�QX�vQWUHSULQGH�PDVXULOH�DGHFYDWH�SHQWUX�D�SUHvQWkPSLQD�FDX]DUHD�GH�SUHMXGLFLL�FHWăĠHQLORU�VWUăLQL�DIODĠL�SH�WHULWRULXO�VăX��VDX�GDFă�GXSă�FRPLWHUHD�GHOLFWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��DXWRULWăĠLOH�VWDWXOXL�GH�UHúHGLQĠă�QX�DFRUGă�PLMORDFHOH�MXULGLFH�GH�SURWHFĠLH�QHFHVDUH� ÌQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�PHWRGă�

��

FH�Gă�HIHFW�UăVSXQGHULL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��DWkW�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��FkW�úL�UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�DX�VFRSXO�GH�D�JHQHUD�UăVSXQGHUHD�VWDWXOXL�FXOSDELO�VDX�FăUXLD�L�VH�DWULEXLH�YLRODUHD�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�

$XWRUXO�OXFUăULL�VH�UHIHUă�úL�OD�QDWXUD�SUHMXGLFLLORU�GXSă�FXP�XUPHD]ă��SUHMXGLFLL�GH�QDWXUă�QH�PDWHULDOă��GHQHJDUH�GH�GUHSWDWH��FRQILVFDUHD�EXQXULORU�FHWăĠHQLORU�VWUăLQL��SULYDUHD�VWUăLQLORU�GH�PLMORDFH�GH�H[LVWHQĠă�vQ�VFRS�GLVFULPLQDWRU��SULQ�vPSLHGLFDUHD�GH�D�SUDFWLFD�R�DQXPLWă�RFXSDĠLH��

ÌQ�DFHODúL�SDUDJUDI�VXQW�UHĠLQXWH�XUPăWRDUHOH�FRQGLĠLL�FDUH�WUHEXLH�Vă�FRH[LVWH�SHQWUX�D�SXWHD�IL�DQWUHQDWă�UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�D�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDW������SUH]HQĠD�XQHL�DFĠLXQL�VDX�LQDFĠLXQL��RPLVLXQL���DXWRU�DO�FăUHLD�HVWH�R�SHUVRDQă�VDX�XQ�RUJDQ�FRQVWLWXLW�GLQWU�XQ�JUXS�GH�SHUVRDQH������DFĠLXQHD�VDX�LQDFĠLXQHD�WUHEXLH�Vă�ILH�FRQWUDUă�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO������LPSXWDELOLWDWHD�DFĠLXQLL�VDX�LQDFĠLXQLL�VWDWXOXL�UHFODPDW������DFĠLXQHD�VDX�LQDFĠLXQHD�LOHJDOă�D�OH]DW�GUHSWXULOH�SHUVRQDOH�VDX�SDWULPRQLDOH�DOH�QDĠLRQDOXOXL�VWUăLQ��6LPSOD�H[LVWHQĠă�D�SUHMXGLFLXOXL�QX�GHFODQúHD]ă�DXWRPDW�UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�D�VWDWXOXL��GDFă�QX�H[LVWă�R�vQFăOFDUH�D�XQHL�QRUPH�GH�GUHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��

In �� �� ���7HRULD�ÄFOHDQ�KDQGV´ QH�DP�SURSXV�Vă�DQDOL]ăP�XOWLPD�FRQGLĠLH�QHFHVDUă�GH�D�IL�vQWUXQLWă�SHQWUX�D�GHUXOD�HIHFWHOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��ÌQ�FRQWH[WXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�GRFWULQD�ÄFOHDQ�KDQGV´�HVWH�DGXVă�GUHSW�DUJXPHQW�SHQWUX�D�vPSLHGLFD�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�Vă�DFRUGH�SURWHFĠLH��GDFă�SHUVRDQD�IL]LFă�vQ�IDYRDUHD�FDUHLD�VH�HIHFWXHD]ă�SURWHFĠLD�D�IRVW�SUHMXGLFLDWă�FD�UH]XOWDW�DO�FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL�VăX�LOHJDO��1X�H[LVWă�QLFL�R�SUHYHGHUH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�FDUH�DU�SXWHD�vPSLHGLFD�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�Vă�DFRUGH�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL�SUHMXGLFLDĠL�SH�WHULWRULXO�DOWRU�VWDWH�FKLDU�GDFă�QX�D�IRVW�UHVSHFWDWă�OHJHD�VWDWXOXL�WHULWRULDO��'LQ�DFHVW�PRWLY��SUHFXP�úL�GDWRULWă�VFRSXOXL�VăX��FRQVLGHUăP��WRWXúL��Fă�WHRULD�ÄFOHDQ�KDQGV´�WUHEXLH�Vă�VH�DSOLFH�GRPHQLXOXL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��(D��vQVă��QX�SULYHúWH�úL�QX�DIHFWHD]ă�DGPLVLELOLWDWHD�LQWHUYHQĠLHL�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO��FL�VH�UHIHUă�OD�FLUFXPVWDQĠH�DWHQXDQWH�VDX�FDUH�DEVROYă�VWDWXO�UHFODPDW�GH�UăVSXQGHUH���

&DSLWROXO�,,,��8QHOH�DVSHFWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�FDGUXO�FRQWLQHQWXOXL�HXURSHDQ DUH�vQ�FRPSRQHQĠD�VD�GRXă�SDUDJUDIH, in care ne�DP�SURSXV�Vă�GHWDOLHP�VSHFLILFXO�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH���� FHWăĠHQLORU 8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH úL�����FHWăĠHQLORU�5� 0��DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUHOH�ĠăULL������ ���3DUWLFXODULWăĠL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�FRQVXODUH�

FHWăĠHQLORU�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH�VH�D[HD]ă��vQ�VSHFLDO��SH�GLVSR]LĠLD�DUWLFROXOXL����DO�7UDWDWXOXL�&�(���FRQIRUP�FăUHLD�RULFH�FHWăĠHDQ�DO�8QLXQLL��SH�WHULWRULXO�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ��XQGH�VWDWXO�PHPEUX�DO�FăUXL�QDĠLRQDO�HVWH�QX�DUH�UHSUH]HQWDQĠă��EHQHILFLD]ă�GH�SURWHFĠLD�GLQ�SDUWHD�DXWRULWăĠLORU�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�FRQVXODUH�DOH�RULFăUXL�VWDW�PHPEUX�vQ�DFHOHDúL�FRQGLĠLL�FD�úL�FHWăĠHQLL�VăL��Bazandu�QH�SH�GLVSR]LĠLD�DUWLFROXOXL����úL�SUDFWLFD�VWDWHORU�vQ�DFHVW�GRPHQLX��FDUH�QX�DWHVWă�QLFL�XQ�FD]�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��VH�SRDWH�GH�FRQFOX]LRQDW�Fă�DXWRULL�DUWLFROXOXL����DX�LQWHQĠLRQDW�Vă�FUHH]H�úL�Vă�UHJOHPHQWH]H�UDSRUWXUL�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�DVLVWHQĠHL�FRQVXODUH��DGLFă�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�VHQVXO�YDVW�DO�DFFHSĠLXQLL�VDOH��LQFOX]kQG�RULFH�IRUPă�úL�PHWRGă�GH�LQWHUYHQĠLH� $UWLFROXO�PDL�LQGLFă�DVXSUD�LQLĠLHULL�GH�FăWUH�VWDWHOH�PHPEUH�D�QHJRFLHULORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�úL�VWDELOLUHD�XQRU�UHJXOL�UHFLSURFH�QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX�D�DVLJXUD�DFHDVWă�SURWHFĠLH��

Page 9: Diana Cucos Abstract

��

ÌQ�OXFUDUH�D�IRVW�SUH]HQWDW�úL�DUWLFROXO�,,�����Ä3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�úL�FRQVXODUă´�DO�7UDWDWXOXL�LQVWLWXLQG�R�&RQVWLWXĠLH�SHQWUX�(XURSD�FDUH��GXSă�FXP�VXJHUHD]ă�úL�WLWOXO�DUWLFROXOXL��QX�FUHHD]ă�GLUHFĠLL�GH�LQWHUSUHWDUH��2GDWă�FH�GLVSR]LĠLLOH�WUDWDWXOXL�YRU�LQWUD�vQ�YLJRDUH��FHWăĠHQLL�8QLXQLL�YRU�DYHD�GUHSWXO�GH�D�VH�DGUHVD�OD�RULFDUH�DXWRULWDWH�GLSORPDWLFă�VDX�FRQVXODUă�D�XQXL�VWDW�PHPEUX�DO�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH��vQ�FD]�GDFă��VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�QX�YD�IL�UHSUH]HQWDW���(L�YRU�EHQHILFLD�GH�R�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�vQ�VHQVXO�YDVW�DO�DFFHSĠLXQLL�VDOH��$FHDVWă�SURWHFĠLH�SRDWH�DQWLFLSD�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�UHDOH��6XVĠLQHP�Fă�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�VWULFWR�VHQVX�UăPkQH�D�IL��WRWXúL��R�SUHURJDWLYă�D�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO��FKLDU�úL�vQ�FRQWH[WXO�OHJLVODĠLHL�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH����

���� ���$VSHFWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�VSHFLILFXO�DFRUGăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�FRQVXODUH�FHWăĠHQLORU�5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD FXSULQGH�R�VHULH�GH�SDUWLFXODULWăĠL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�FHWăĠHQLORU�5� 0��FDUH�ORFXLHVF��FX�WLWOX�SHUPDQHQW�VDX�WHPSRUDU��SHVWH�KRWDUHOH�ĠăULL�úL�QXPăUXO�FăURUD�DVWă]L�HVWH�PDL�PDUH�GHFkW�RULFkQG�vQ�WUHFXW��3UDFWLFD�5� M. in acest domeniu este FDUDFWHUL]DWă�SULQ�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORmatice in sens YDVW��FDUH�GHVHRUL�DU�IL�PDL�FRUHFW�GH�D�R�FDOLILFD�GUHSW�SURWHFĠLH�FRQVXODUă� /HJLVODĠLD�5� 0��FDUH�UHJOHPHQWHD]ă�VLWXDĠLD�MXULGLFă�D�FHWăĠHQLORU�5� 0��SHVWH�KRWDUH�HVWH��&RQVWLWXĠLD�5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD��/HJHD�FHWăĠHQLHL�5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD��/HJHD�5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD�FX�SULYLUH�OD�VHUYLFLXO�GLSORPDWLF�úL�6WDWXWXO�FRQVXODU�

8UPăULQG�VFRSXO�GH�D�SUH]HQWD�R�DQDOL]ă�PDL�VWUXFWXUDWă�D�OHJLVODĠLHL�5� 0��FDUH�UHJOHPHQWHD]ă�SURWHFĠLD�XQRU�FDWHJRULL�GH�FHWăĠHQL�PROGRYHQL�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUH��vQ�OXFUDUH�V�D�IăFXW�XUPăWRDUHD�FODVLILFDUH��SURWHFĠLD�FHWăĠHQLORU�5� 0��vQ�FDGUXO�&�6�,��úL�SURWHFĠLD�OXFUăWRULORU�PLJUDQĠL�GLQ�5� 0��vQ�,WDOLD��*UHFLD��6SDQLD��3RUWXJDOLD��)HGHUDĠLD�5XVă��8FUDLQD��,VUDHO�

Avand in vedere nivelul�PLJUDĠLXQLL�economice in scop de mXQFă�DO FHWăĠHQLORU�5� 0���SURWHMDUHD�GUHSWXULORU�DFHVWRU�FHWăĠHQL WUHEXLH�Vă�GHULYH�GLQ�DFRUGXULOH��FRQYHQĠLLOH��vQĠHOHJHULOH�úL�WUDWDWHOH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�OD�FDUH�5� 0��HVWH�SDUWH�vQ�GRPHQLXO�FLUFXODĠLHL�IRUĠHL�GH�PXQFă�úL�VHFXULWăĠLL�VRFLDOH�

/D�DFHVW�VXELHFW�QX�D�SXWXW�IL�HYLWDW�FRQIOLFWXO�GLSORPDWLF�GLQWUH�0ROGRYD�úL�5XVLD�FX�SULYLUH�OD�9DOHULX�3DVDW��5XVLD�HVWH�OLEHUă�Vă�LQWHUYLQă�SH�WRDWH�FăLOH�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�IDYRDUHD�OXL�9DOHULX�3DVDW��LQGLIHUHQW�GH�PRWLYHOH�FDUH�DX�SURYRFDW�DUHVWDUHD�OXL��1LPLF�QX�Soate impiedica XQ�VWDW�Vă�DSHOH]H�OD�WRDWH�PHWRGHOH�GLSORPDWLFH�SHQWUX�D�LQWHUYHQL�vQ�VFRSXO�SURWHFĠLHL�XQXL�FHWăĠHDQ�VWUăLQ��%LQHvQĠHOHV�Fă�DFHVWH�FD]XUL�VXQW�IRDUWH�UDUH��LDU�LQWHUYHQĠLLOH��GH�RELFHL��DVFXQG�XQHOH�PRWLYH�SROLWLFH�VDX�GH�DOW�JHQ��7RWXúL��DFĠLXQLOH�vQWUHSULQVH�GH�FăWUH�5XVLD�QX�SRW�IL�FDOLILFDWH�GUHSW�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă��GHRDUHFH�OLSVHúWH�FRQGLĠLD�HVHQĠLDOă�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�� OLSVD�OHJăWXULL�GH�FHWăĠHQLH�D�OXL�9DOHULX�3DVDW�FX�5XVLD��'LQ�FRQWUD��9DOHULX�3DVDW�HVWH�FHWăĠHDQ�DO�VWDWXOXL�vPSRWULYD�FăUXLD�VH�DGXF�DFX]DĠLLOH��LDU�SH�OkQJă�OHJăWXUD�FRQWLQXă�GH�FHWăĠHQLH�FX� 5� 0���9DOHULX�3DVDW�D�PDL�RFXSDW�úL�IXQFĠLL�RILFLDOH�vQ�FDGUXO�DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL�FHQWUDOH�D�5� 0��%LQHvQĠHOHV�Fă� 5� 0��SRDWH�Vă�LD�vQ�FRQVLGHUDUH�DSHOXO�5XVLHL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFHVW�FD]��vQVă�QX�HVWH�REOLJDWă�Vă�UHVSHFWH�FHULQĠHOH�vQDLQWDWH�

��

I1&+(,(5(In IQFKHLHUHD�OXFUăULL�DX�IRVW�SUH]HQWDWH�UH]XOWDWHOH�FHUFHWăULORU�HIHFWXDWH��ĠLQkQG�VHDPD�GH�

VFRSXULOH�úL�RELHFWLYHOH�SURSXVH��LDU�vQ�ILQDO�DX�IRVW�HODERUDWH�XQHOH�UHFRPDQGăUL�SHQWUX�DVLJXUDUHD�UHDOă�D�SURFHVXOXL�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FHWăĠHQLORU�5���0�

$FHDVWă�OXFUDUH�WLQGH�Vă�IL[H]H�FHOH�PDL�SURHPLQHQWH�úL�UHPDUFDELOH�SUREOHPH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�VXELHFWXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH� prin prezentarea atat a�UHJXOLORU�SUHGRPLQDQWH��FRQIRUP�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FXWXPLDU��SUHFXP�úL�D�VFKLPEăULORU�úL�YDULDĠLLORU�FDUH�LQWHUYLQ�vQ�VFRSXO�VWDELOLULL�QRLORU�WHQGLQĠH��LDU�XQGH�HVWH�SRVLELO��VXJHUDUHD�XQRU�UăVSXQVXUL��ÌQ�ILQDO��SXWHP�DILUPD�Fă�VXELHFWXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQIUXQWă�SUREOHPH�FX�FDUH�DFWLYLWDWHD�GLSORPDWLFă�VH�ORYHúWH�]LOQLF��3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�UHSUH]LQWă�QX�QXPDL�XQ�VXELHFW�WHRUHWLF�GH�FHUFHWDUH��GDU�úL�R�SUREOHPă�SUDFWLFă�GH�PDUH�LQWHUHV��$QXPH�GLQ�DFHVW�PRWLY�vQ�OXFUDUH�V�a incercat VFRDWHUHDin relief D�SRWHQĠLDOHORU�VXELHFWH�FDUH�DSDU�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�LQWHUYHQĠLH�D�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�vQ�IDYRDUHD�FHWăĠHDQXOXL�SUHMXGLFLDW�SH�WHULWRULXO�XQXL�VWDW�WHUĠ��

&HUFHWăULOH�HIHFWXDWH�DX�JHQHUDW�XUPăWRDUHOH�FRQFOX]LL�? 3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��GHúL�HVWH�ED]DWă�SH�ILFĠLXQH��UHSUH]LQWă�XQ�LQVWLWXW�UHFXQRVFXW�DO�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FXWXPLDU�úL�FRQWLQXă�Vă�ILH�XQ�LQVWUXPHQW�GH�YDORDUH�SHQWUX�SURWHFĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�FHWăĠHQLORU�

? 3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�QX�HVWH�UHFXQRVFXWă�úL�DSOLFDWă�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�LQVWLWXĠLH�D�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��/LSVD�XQHL�GLVWLQFĠLL�FODUH�vQWUH�DFHVWH�GRXă�LQVWLWXĠLL�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�DU�GXFH�OD�SUHYDODUHD�SUREOHPHORU�DVXSUD�SRWHQĠLDOHORU�VROXĠLL�

? 6WDWXO�QDĠLRQDO�HVWH�UHVSRQVDELO�SHQWUX�DFĠLXQLOH�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL�FDUH�DX�DWLQV�LQWHUHVHOH�OHJDOH�DOH�DOWRU�VWDWH��LDU�SH�GH�DOWă�SDUWH�VWDWXO�HVWH�vQGUHSWăĠLW�Vă�UHSUH]LQWH�úL�Vă�SURWHMH]H�FHWăĠHQLL�VăL�YLV�a�YLV�GH�DOWH�VWDWH��3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��DVWIHO��GHYLQH�PHFDQLVPXO�úL�FRQFHSĠLD�OHJDOă�GRPLQDQWă�úL�ORJLFă�SHQWUX�SURWHFĠLD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�D�FHWăĠHQLORU�XQXL�VWDW�

? 3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�WUHEXLH�SH�FkW�GH�SRVLELO�Vă�VHUYHDVFă�LQWHUHVHORU�QDĠLRQDOLORU��GDU�vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��SUHRFXSăULOH�LQGLYL]LORU�QX�WUHEXLH�Vă�ILH�H[DJHUDWH�úL�Vă�GHYLQă�REOLJDWRULL�SHQWUX�VWDWXO�QDĠLRQDO��LJQRUkQG�DVSHFWHOH�SROLWLFH�VHQVLELOH�DOH�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO��

? ([HUFLWDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�UHSUH]LQWă�UHDOL]DUHD�XQXL�GUHSW�LQHUHQW�VWDWXOXL��SUHFXP�úL�SURWHFĠLD�LQWHUHVHORU�LQGLYLGXDOH�DOH�FHWăĠHQLORU�VăL��DPEHOH�ILLQG�vQWU�R�OHJăWXUă�VWUkQVă�úL��FDUH�VH�FRPSOHWHD]ă�UHFLSURF��ÌQ�RULFH�FD]��FHWăĠHDQXO�SUHMXGLFLDW�HVWH�FRQVLGHUDW�GUHSW�EHQHILFLDU�DO�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�

? ,QVWLWXĠLD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�GUHSWXO�GH�D�DSOLFD�IRUĠD�vQ�VFRSXO�DSăUăULL�GUHSWXULORU�FHWăĠHQLORU�VXQW��vQ�HVHQĠă��LQFRPSDWLELOH��&X�WRDWH�DFHVWHD��DSOLFDUHD�IRUĠHL�YD�IL�DQWUHQDWă�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�XOWLPXP�UHPHGLXP��GXSă�FH�WRDWH�HIRUWXULOH�GLSORPDWLFH�DX�HúXDW�Vă�DVLJXUH�UH]XOWDWXO�SUHFRQL]DW��LDU�QHUHFXUJHUHD�OD�IRUĠă�DU�DJUDYD�úL�PDL�PXOW�VLWXDĠLD�FHWăĠHQLORU�SH�WHULWRULXO�VWDWXOXL�WHUĠ��,QGLIHUHQW�GH�VLWXDĠLH��UHFXUJHUHD�OD�DSOLFDUHD�IRUĠHL�YD�JHQHUD�PHUHX�VLWXDĠLL�FRPSOLFDWH��

? 5HJXOD�FHWăĠHQLHL�FRQWLQXH��GHúL�VH�EXFXUă�GH�VWDWXWXO�GH�QRUPă�FXWXPLDUă��WUHEXLH�WUDWDWă�FX�o mai mare flexibilitate, avand in vedere schimbarea ERQD�ILGH�D�FHWăĠHniei, in�VSHFLDO�GLQ�PRWLYH�LQYROXQWDUH�

%LQHvQĠHOHV�Fă�LQVWLWXĠLD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�YD�FRQWLQXD�Vă�VXSRUWH�PRGLILFăUL�úL�vPERJăĠLUL�GH�FRQĠLQXW��vQ�VSHFLDO�VXE�LQIOXHQĠD�WHQGLQĠHORU�DFWXDOH�DOH�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�úL�DOH�UHODĠLLORU�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH��$QXPH�FDUDFWHUXO�GLQDPLF�DO�DFHVWHL�LQVWLWXĠLL�DFFHQWXHD]ă�

Page 10: Diana Cucos Abstract

��

QHFHVLWDWHD�úL�SHUVSHFWLYHOH�HL��([SHULHQĠD�XPDQă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SRVLELOLWăĠLOH�GH�FăOăWRULH�vQWU�XQ�VWDW�VWUăLQ�úL�FX�R�OHJLVODĠLH�GLIHULWă��H[SHULHQĠD�VRFLR�HFRQRPLFă�úL�GLIHUHQĠHOH�SROLWLFH�IăUă�vQGRLDOă��YRU�PHQĠLQH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�vQWU�XQ�ULWP�GLQDPLF�úL�vL�YRU�DFFHQWXD�FDUDFWHUXO�LQGLVSHQVDELO���

In teza de doctorat s�a incercat GH�D�SUH]HQWD�QDWXUD�MXULGLFă�D�LQVWLWXĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�GH�D�H[SOLFD�vQVăúL�FRQFHSĠLD GH�SURWHFĠLH��'H�DVHPHQHD��V�au inaintat WHQGLQĠHOH�GH]YROWăULL�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ��ÌQ�ILQDO��VH�SURSXQ�XUPăWRDUHOH�UHFRPDQGăUL�GH�FDUH�VH�YD�ĠLQH�VHDPD�vQ�SHUVSHFWLYă��LDU�VFRSXO�ORU�ILLQG�WUHFHUHD�GH�OD�GRPHQLXO�WHRUHWLF�OD�FHO �SUDFWLF�

? In pURFHVXO�GH�FRGLILFDUH�D�GRPHQLXOXL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��&�'�,��D�HODERUDW�PDL�PXOWH�DUWLFROH�FDUH�YL]HD]ă�GLIHULWH�DVSHFWH�DOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��&X�UHJUHW��vQVă��DFWLYLWDWHD�&�'�,��QX�V�a materializat intr�R�FRQYHQĠLH��(ODERUDUHD�XQHL�FRQYHQĠLL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��FDUH�Vă�FRQĠLQă�QRĠLXQHD��SULQFLSLLOH��PHWRGHOH��FRQGLĠLLOH��SURFHGXUD�GH�DFRUGDUH�úL�FRQVHFLQĠHOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��DU�HOLPLQD�PXOWH�VLWXDĠLL�GH�FRQIX]LH�úL�GLYHUJHQĠă�FDUH�H[LVWă�vQ�DFHVW�GRPHQLX�

? 5HFXQRDúWHUHD�GH�FăWUH�OHJLVODĠLD�5��0��D�GXEOHL�FHWăĠHQLL�D�VSRULW�QXPăUXO�FHWăĠHQLORU�PROGRYHQL�FDUH�LQWHQĠLRQHD]ă�Vă�GREkQGHDVFă��SH�OkQJă�FHWăĠHQLD�5��0���úL�R�DOWă�FHWăĠHQLH��FHO�PDL�IUHFYHQW�VROLFLWDUHD�ILLQG�SHQWUX�FHWăĠHQLD�URPkQă��UXVă��XFUDLQHDQă��EXOJDUă��ú��D��ğLQkQG�VHDPD�GH�VLWXDĠLD�DFWXDOă��vQWUH�5��0��úL�VWDWHOH�UHVSHFWLYH�WUHEXLH�Vă�ILH�VHPQDWH�WUDWDWH�ELODWHUDOH�SULQ�FDUH�Vă�VH�UHJOHPHQWH]H�WRDWH�DVSHFWHOH�GXEOHL�FHWăĠHQLL��LDU�vQ�PRG�VSHFLDO�Vă�VH�IL[H]H�FRQGLĠLLOH�SHQWUX�FDOLILFDUHD�FHWăĠHQLHL�UHDOH�úL�HIHFWLYH��úL�QX�vQ�XOWLPXO�rand��Vă�VH�UHJOHPHQWH]H�SUREOHPHOH�FH�ĠLQ�GH�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�SRVHVRULORU�GXEOHL�FHWăĠHQLL�

? 3URFHQWXO�LPSXQăWRU�DO�FHWăĠHQLORU�5��0��DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUHOH�ĠăULL�FUHHD]ă�QHFHVLWDWHD�GH�D�incheia tratate bilateraOH�úL�PXOWLODWHUDOH�vQ�GRPHQLL�FRQFUHWH�FX�VWDWHOH�YL]DWH��6WDELOLUHD�UHúHGLQĠHL�SH�WHULWRULXO�XQRU�VWDWH�WHUĠH�GLQ�YDULDWH�PRWLYH��FXP�DU�IL�GH�FHOH�PDL�GHVH�RUL�H[HFXWDUHD�vQ�VWUăLQăWDWH�D�XQXL�FRQWUDFW�GH�PXQFă�VDX�HIHFWXDUHD�VWXGLLORU��JHQHUHD]ă�R�LQLĠLDWLYă�GLQ�SDUWHD�5��0� de a incheia cu statele YL]DWH�WUDWDWH�GH�SURWHFĠLH��DVLVWHQĠă�úL�DVLJXUDUH�D�XQRU�FRQGLĠLL�IDYRUDELOH�GH�PXQFă�SHQWUX�FHWăĠHQLL�0ROGRYHL��3HQWUX�DVLJXUDUHD�XQHL�SURWHFĠLL�UHDOH�D�OXFUăWRULORU�5� 0��DIODĠL�OD�PXQFă�SHVWH�KRWDUH�vQ�6SDQLD��3RUWXJDOLD��,WDOLD��,VUDHO��*UHFLD��*XYHUQXO�5� 0��DU�WUHEXL�Vă�LQWHUYLQă�FX�LQLĠLDWLYD�VHPQăULL�XQRU�FRQYHQĠLL�FDUH�Vă�UHJOHPHQWH]H�SURFHVXO�GH�PLJUDĠLXQH�FX�VFRS�GH�PXQFă��'RDU�DQJDMDPHQWHOH�OXDWH�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�XQRU�DFWH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�YRU�SHUPLWH�OXFUăWRULORU�RULJLQDUL�GLQ 5�0��Vă�EHQHILFLH]H�GH�SURWHFĠLH�GLQ�SDUWHD�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�

? &RQVWLWXĠLD�5HSXEOLFLL�0ROGRYD�SUHYHGH�REOLJDĠLD�VWDWXOXL�GH�D�RFURWL�FHWăĠHQLL�VăL�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUH��$FHVW�GUHSW�FRQVWLWXĠLRQDO�WUHEXLH�Vă�ILH�GH]YROWDW�vQ�FDGUXO�DOWRU�DFWH�LQWHUQH��SHQWUX�D�L�VH�RIHUL�XQ�FRQĠLQXW�FODU�úL�FRQFUHW�

? 'HúL�&RQVWLWXĠLD�5HSXEOLFLL� 0 ROGRYD�REOLJă�VWDWXO�Vă�DFRUGH�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�FHWăĠHQLORU�5��0���QLFL�XQ�DOW�DFW�LQWHUQ��OD�FDUH�DU�SXWHD�IDFH�DSHO�FHWăĠHQLL�SUHMXGLFLDĠL��QXSUHYHGH�FăLOH�FRQFUHWH�GH�VROLFLWDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL��'H�DVHPHQHD��OHJLVODĠLD�QDĠLRQDOă�QX�SUHYHGH�FDUH�VXQW�FRQVHFLQĠHOH�UHIX]XOXL�GH�D�DFRUGD�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă�VDX�SURFHGXUD�GH�UHYHQGLFDUH�D�DFHVWXL�GUHSW��)L[DUHD�XQRU�VDQFĠLXQL�SHQWUX�UHIX]XO�QHvQWHPHLDW�GH�D�DFRUGD�SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă��DU�GD�XQ�FDUDFWHU�PDL�FUHGLELO�H[LVWHQĠHL�FX�DGHYăUDW�D�XQHL�SURWHFĠLL�GLQ�SDUWHD�VWDWXOXL��

��

38%/,&$ğ,,�/$�7(0$�7(=(,�

���&8&2ù�',$1$��$FRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�FHWăĠHQLORU�QDĠLRQDOL���Ä/HJHD�úL�9LDĠD �́�QU���������������� �S����������5HFHQ]HQW�±�2��%DODQ�� ������F�D���

� � �&8&2ù�',$1$� �3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�úL�UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�SHQWUX�GDXQHOH�FDX]DWH�QDĠLRQDOLORU�VWUăLQL����Ä/HJHD�úL�9LDĠD´��QU�����������������S����������5HFHQ]HQW�±�2��%DODQ��� ������F�D���

� � �&8&2ù�',$1$� � 8QHOH�DVSHFWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�FRQVXODUH�FHWăĠHQLORU�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH����Ä/HJHD�úL�9LDĠD´��QU�����������������S����������5HFHQ]HQW�± 1��6XFHYHDQX����������F�D���

�� &8&2ù�',$1$� � &RQFHSWXO�úL�PLMORDFHOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO����Ä/HJHD�úL�9LDĠD´��QU�����������������S���������5HFHQ]HQW�±�2��%DODQ��� ������F�D���

� � �&8&2ù ',$1$� � 3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU�úL�GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL ���Ä/RFXO�úL�UROXO�RUJDQHORU�DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL�SXEOLFH�vQ�DVLJXUDUHD�UHVSHFWăULL�GUHSWXULORU�úL�OLEHUWăĠLORU�IXQGDPHQWDOH�DOH�RPXOXL´��������&KLúLQăX���/RFXO�úL�UROXO�RUJDQHORU�DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL�SXEOLFH�vQ�DVLJXUDUHD�UHVSHFWăULL�GUHSWXULORU�úL�OLEHUWăĠLORU�IXQGDPHQWDOH�DOH�RPXOXL ��0DWHULDOH�DOH�FRQIHULQĠHL�úWLLQĠLILFH�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOH�GLQ����GHFHPEULH����� ��&RO��5HG���0LKDLO�3ODWRQ����&K���$FDGHPLD�GH�$GPLQLVWUDUH�3XEOLFă��������S�����������������F�D���

�� &8&2ù ',$1$��0LMORDFHOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO ��Ä3UREOHPH�DFWXDOH�DOH�WHRULHL�úL�SUDFWLFLL�DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL�SXEOLFH�SULQ�SULVPD�FHUFHWăULORU�FRODERUDWRULORU�$FDGHPLHL´��FRQIHULQĠă�WHRUHWLFR�SUDFWLFă���������&KLúLQăX���3UREOHPH�DFWXDOH�DOH�WHRULHL�úL�SUDFWLFLL�DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL�SXEOLFH�SULQ�SULVPD�FHUFHWăULORU�FRODERUDWRULORU�$FDGHPLHL��0DWHULDOH�DOH�FRQIHULQĠHL�WHRUHWLFR�SUDFWLFH�GLQ����PDL�������&KLúLQăX�&RO��5HG���2OHJ�%DODQ� ����&K���$$3��������S����������������F�D��

� � � ȻɍɊɂȺɇ ȺɅȿɄɋȺɇȾɊ� � ɄɍɄɈɒ ȾɂȺɇȺ� � Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɚ�ɢ��ɦɟɠɥɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�±�ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ�ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ���Ä3UREOHPH�DFWXDOH�DOH�WHRULHL�úL�SUDFWLFLL�DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL�SXEOLFH�SULQ�SULVPD�FHUFHWăULORU�FRODERUDWRULORU�$FDGHPLHL´��FRQIHULQĠă�WHRUHWLFR�SUDFWLFă���������&KLVLQăX���3UREOHPH�DFWXDOH�DOH�WHRULHL�úL�SUDFWLFLL�DGPLQLVWUDĠLHL�SXEOLFH�SULQ�SULVPD�FHUFHWăULORU�FRODERUDWRULORU�$FDGHPLHL��0DWHULDOH�DOH�FRQIHULQĠHL�WHRUHWLFR�SUDFWLFH�GLQ����PDL�������&KLúLQăX�&RO��5HG���2OHJ�%DODQ������&K���$$3��������S�����������Fɨɚɜɬɨɪ��������F�D���

Page 11: Diana Cucos Abstract

��

$'127$5(

&XFRú�'LDQD���&RQGLĠLLOH�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�QDĠLRQDOLORU�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SXEOLF

7H]ă�GH�GRFWRUDW SUH]HQWDWă�SHQWUX�REĠLQHUHD�WLWOXOXL�úWLLQĠLILF�GH�GRFWRU�vQ�GUHSW OD VSHFLDOLWDWHD����������± 'UHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SXEOLF�8QLYHUVLWDWHD�GH�6WDW�GLQ�0ROGRYD��&KLúLQăX��������0DQXVFULV�

&XYLQWH�FKHLH� SOkQJHUH��DFĠLXQH��LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă��DPHQLQĠDUHD�VDX�IRORVLUHD�IRUĠHL��FHWăĠHDQ�QDĠLRQDO��FHWăĠHQLH��FHWăĠHQLH�FRQWLQXă��FHWăĠHQLH�HIHFWLYă��FRGLILFDUH��GHOLFW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��GHQHJDUH�GH�GUHSWDWH���GUHSW�FXWXPLDU��GUHSWXULOH�RPXOXL��GXEOD�FHWăĠHQLH��HSXL]DUHD�UHFXUVXULORU�ORFDOH��KRWăUkUL�MXGHFăWRUHúWL��SOXULFHWăĠHQLH��SUDFWLFD�VWDWHORU��SUHMXGLFLX��SURWHFĠLH�FRQVXODUă��SURWHFĠLH�GLSORPDWLFă��UăVSXQGHUHD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�D�VWDWHORU��VWDW�WHUĠ�

3URWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�D�QDĠLRQDOLORU�DIODĠL�SHVWH�KRWDUHOH�ĠăULL�úL�D�RFXSDW�ORFXO�FXYHQLW�vQ�VLVWHPXO�GH�SURWHFĠLH�D�GUHSWXULORU�LQGLYL]LORU��&X�WRDWH�DFHVWHD��LQVWLWXĠLD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�UăPkQH�D�IL�XQXO�GLQWUH�FHOH�PDL�FRQWURYHUVDWH�VXELHFWH�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��LDU�vQDLQWDUHD�XQRU�SRWHQĠLDOH�UăVSXQVXUL��FDUH�Vă�QX�UHSUH]LQWH�SLVWD�DOWRU�SUREOHPH��SDUH�D�IL�LPSRVLELO��$FHDVWă�WH]ă�GH�GRFWRUDW��FX�UHJUHW��UHSUH]LQWă�SULPD�vQFHUFDUH�vQ�OLWHUDWXUD�MXULGLFă�GLQ�0ROGRYD�GH�D�SUH]HQWD�XQ�YDVW�VSHFWUX�DO�SUREOHPHORU�FXSULQVH�GH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă��

Bazandu�VH�SH�FRQFHSĠLD�WUDGLĠLRQDOă�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��GDU�FX�OXDUHD�vQ�YHGHUH�D�WHQGLQĠHORU�FRQWHPSRUDQH�DOH�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��RULHQWDWH�vQ�VSHFLDO�VSUH�R�YDVWă�UHFXQRDúWHUH�úL�SURWHFĠLH�D�GUHSWXULORU�LQGLYL]LORU��DXWRUXO�OXFUăULL�úL�D�IL[DW�VFRSXO��GH�D�HIHFWXD�R�FHUFHWDUH�FRPSOH[ă�D�FRQĠLQXWXOXL�úL�QDWXULL�MXULGLFH�D�LQVWLWXĠLHL�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�vQ�GUHSWXO�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO��SULQ�HYLGHQĠLHUHD�FRQGLĠLLORU�GH�DFRUGDUH�D�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��GH�D�VWDELOL�UHODĠLD�GLQWUH�UHJXOLOH�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�OHJLVODĠLD�LQWHUQDĠLRQDOă�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURWHFĠLD�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��SUHFXP�úL�VXJHUDUHD�FăLL�vQ�FDUH�SURWHFĠLD�GLSORPDWLFă�SRDWH�IL�XWLOL]DWă�vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�PHWRGă�vQ�VFRSXO�DYDQVăULL�SURWHFĠLHL�GUHSWXULORU�RPXOXL��GH�D�IL[D�YROXPXO�REOLJDĠLHL�VWDWXOXL�QDĠLRQDO�GH�D�SURWHMD�FHWăĠHQLL�VăL�vQ�ED]D�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�FRQWHPSRUDQ��GH�D�VXEOLQLD�XQHOH�DVSHFWH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DFRUGDUHD�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH�úL�FRQVXODUH�FHWăĠHQLORU�8QLXQLL�(XURSHQH�

&RQFOX]LLOH�úL�UHFRPDQGăULOH�SURSXVH�GH�FăWUH�DXWRU�SRW�IL�XWLOL]DWH�vQ�SURFHVXO�GH�SUHFL]DUH��FRPSOHWDUH�úL�FUHDUH�D�QRLORU��QRUPH�MXULGLFH�vQ�GRPHQLXO�SURWHFĠLHL�GLSORPDWLFH��úL �QX�vQ�XOWLPXO�UkQG�DU�FRQWULEXL�OD�OăUJLUHD�úL�DSURIXQGDUHD�FHUFHWăULORU�úWLLQĠLILFH�GLQ�GRPHQLXO�UHVSHFWLY�DO�GUHSWXOXL�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�

0DWHULDOXO�H[SXV�vQ�OXFUDUH�SRDWH�IL�XWLO�úL�XQXL�YDVW�FHUF�GH�FLWLWRUL�FDUH�VXQW�LQWHUHVDĠL�vQ�FXOWLYDUHD�SURSULHL�FXOWXUL�MXULGLFH���

��

ɊȿɁɘɆȿ

Ʉɭɤɨɲ Ⱦɢɚɧɚ�� ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ�ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ�ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ�ɜ�ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ�ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɟ

Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ�ɧɚ�ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ�ɭɱɟɧɨɣ�ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ�ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɩɨ�ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ����������� 0ɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ�ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟ�ɩɪɚɜɨȽɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ�Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɵ��Ʉɢɲɢɧɟɜ�������ɝ���Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫɶ�

Ʉɥɸɱ ɟ ɜɵ ɟ � ɫ ɥ ɨ ɜ ɚ �� ɝ ɪ ɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ � � ɝ ɪ ɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜD � � ɞ ɜɨɣɧRH � ɝ ɪ ɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜD � � �ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɚ� �ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɧɢɟ�ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ�ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ�ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ��ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ��ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɫɤɚɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɚ��ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧDɹ�ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ�ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ��ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧR�ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɟ�ɞɟɹɧɢɟ��ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ��ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ��ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧRH�ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ��ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ�ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ��ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��ɨɬɤɚɡ�ɜ�ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɢ��ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ��ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ�ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ��ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɟ�ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ��ɬɪɟɬɶɟ�ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜR��ɭɝɪɨɡɚ��ɫɢɥɨɣ��ɢɥɢ��ɟɟ��ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ��ɭɳɟɪɛ��ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ�ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ��

Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ�ɡɚ�ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ�ɡɚɧɹɥɚ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ�ɦɟɫɬɨ�ɜ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ�ɩɪɚɜ�ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ��Ɍɟɦ�ɧɟ�ɦɟɧɟɟ��ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵɨɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ�ɨɞɧɨɣ�ɢɡ�ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ�ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ��ɬɟɦ��ɜ�ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɟ��ɢ�ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ�ɧɟɦɵɫɥɢɦɵɦ�ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ�ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ�ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ�ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ��ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ�ɧɟ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ�ɛɵ�ɫɨɛɨɣ�ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ�ɞɥɹ�ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ�ɞɪɭɝɢɯ�ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ��ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ�ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ�ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ��ɤ�ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ��ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ�ɩɟɪɜɨɣ�ɩɨɩɵɬɤɨɣ�ɜ�ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɣ�ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ��ɢɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ�ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ�ɫɩɟɤɬɪ�ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ��ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ�

Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ�ɧɚ�ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ�ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ��ɡɚɳɢɬɵ��ɚ�ɬɚɤɠɟ��ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ� �ɜɨ� �ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ� �ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ�ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ�ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ� �ɩɪɚɜɚ� �ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ��ɛɨɥɟɟ�ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ��ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ��ɢ��ɡɚɳɢɬɵ��ɩɪɚɜ��ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ��ɚɜɬɨɪ�ɪɚɛɨɬɵ�ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ�ɩɟɪɟɞ�ɫɨɛɨɣ�ɰɟɥɶ��ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ�ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ�ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ�ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ�ɢ�ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ�ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ��ɡɚɳɢɬɵ�ɜ�ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɟ��ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ�ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ�ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ�ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ��ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ �ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ �ɦɟɠɞɭ �ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ �ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ � ɡ ɚɳɢɬɵ�ɢ �ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ�ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ�ɨ�ɡɚɳɢɬɟ�ɩɪɚɜ�ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ��ɚ�ɬɚɤɠɟ��ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ�ɩɭɬɶ�ɜ�ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɚ�ɦɨɠɟɬ�ɛɵɬɶ�ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ�ɜ�ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ�ɦɟɬɨɞɚ�ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ�ɩɪɚɜ�ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ��ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ�ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ�ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ�ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ�ɜ�ɬɨɦ��ɱɬɨ�ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ�ɫɜɨɢɯ�ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ�ɧɚ�ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ�ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ�ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ �ɩɪɚɜɚ � � ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ �ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ � ɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɵ � � ɤ ɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ �ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɫɤɨɣ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ�ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ�ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ�ɋɨɸɡɚ�

ȼɵɜɨɞɵ�ɢ�ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ��ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ�ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ��ɦɨɝɥɢ�ɛɵ�ɛɵɬɶ�ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ�ɜ�ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ�ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ��ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ�ɢ�ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ�ɧɨɜɵɯ�ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ�ɧɨɪɦ�ɜ�ɫɮɟɪɟ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɡɚɳɢɬɵ��ɢ�ɧɟ�ɜ�ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ�ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ�ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ�ɛɵ�ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ�ɢ�ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɸ�ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ�ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ�ɜ�ɞɚɧɧɨɣ�ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ�ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��

ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ�ɜ�ɪɚɛɨɬɟ�ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ�ɦɨɠɟɬ�ɛɵɬɶ�ɩɨɥɟɡɟɧ�ɞɥɹ�ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ�ɤɪɭɝɚ�ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ��ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ�ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ�ɜ�ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ�ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ�ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ�ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ�

Page 12: Diana Cucos Abstract

��

6800$5<

&XFRú�'LDQD�� 3UHUHTXLVLWHV�IRU�*UDQWLQJ�'LSORPDWLF�3URWHFWLRQ������������������������7R�1DWLRQDOV�,Q �7KH�3XEOLF�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�/DZ

'RFWRUDO�GLVVHUWDWLRQ�IRU�REWDLQLQJ�WKH�GHJUHH�RI�'RFWRU�RI�/DZV��6SHFLDOW\����������±�3XEOLF�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�/DZ�6WDWH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�0ROGRYD��&KLúLQăX��������0DQXVFULSW�

.H\�ZRUGV� � F LWL]HQ�QDWLRQDO��FLWL]HQVKLS�QDWLRQDOLW\��FRGLILFDWLRQ��FRQVXODU�SURWHFWLRQ��FRQWLQXRXV�QDWLRQDOLW\��FXVWRPDU\�ODZ��GHQLDO�RI�MXVWLFH��GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ��GRXEOH�FLWL]HQVKLS��HIIHFWLYH�QDWLRQDOLW\��H[KDXVWLRQ�RI�ORFDO�UHPHGLHV��KXPDQ�ULJKWV��LQMXU\��LQWHUQDWLRQDO�FODLP��LQWHUQDWLRQDO�GHOLFW��MXGLFLDO�GHFLVLRQV��PXOWLSOH�QDWLRQDOLW\��VWDWH�SUDFWLFH��VWDWHV�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�OLDELOLW\��WKH�WKUHDW�RU�XVH�RI�IRUFH��WKLUG�VWDWH��

'LSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ�RI�QDWLRQDOV�DEURDG�KDV�RFFXSLHG�D�SURPLQHQW�SODFH�LQ�WKH�V\VWHP�RI�SURWHFWLRQ�RI�LQGLYLGXDOV¶�ULJKWV� 1HYHUWKHOHVV��WKH�DUHD�RI�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ�UHPDLQV�RQH�RI�WKH�PRVW�FRQWURYHUVLDO�LVVXHV�LQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�ODZ��DQG�WKH�DGYDQFHPHQW�RI�VRPH�SRVVLEOH�DQVZHUV��ZKLFK�ZRXOG�QRW��LQ�WXUQ��OHDG�WR�QHZ�SUREOHPV��VHHPV�XQOLNHO\��7KLV�GRFWRUDO�GLVVHUWDWLRQ��XQIRUWXQDWHO\��LV�WKH�ILUVW�DWWHPSW�LQ�WKH�0ROGDYLDQ�MXULGLFDO�OLWHUDWXUH�WR�SUHVHQW�WKH�IXOO�VSHFWUXP�RI�SUREOHPV�HQJHQGHUHG�E\�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ�

�%DVHG�RQ�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�FRQFHSW�RI�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ��DQG�WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW �FRQWHPSRUDU\� W UHQGV� LQ � LQWHUQDW LRQDO � ODZ� �DGGUHVVHG� WR�ZLGHU �DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW�DQG�SURWHFWLRQ�RI�LQGLYLGXDOVC�ULJKWV��WKH�DXWKRU�KDV�VHW�EHIRUH�KHUVHOI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�JRDOV���WR�FRQGXFW�WKH�FRPSOH[�VWXG\�RI�FRQWHQW�DQG�OHJDO�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�LQVWLWXWLRQ�RI�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ�LQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�ODZ��E\�GHILQLQJ�FRQGLWLRQV�IRU�JUDQWLQJ�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ��WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�LQWHUUHODWLRQ�RI�WKH�UXOHV�RI�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�OHJLVODWLRQ�RQ�KXPDQ�ULJKWV�SURWHFWLRQ��VXJJHVWLQJ�PHDQV�E\�ZKLFK�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�DGYDQFH�KXPDQ�ULJKWV�SURWHFWLRQV��WR�IL[�WKH�H[WHQW�RI�VWDWH�REOLJDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�DUHD�RI�WKH�SURWHFWLRQ�RI�LWV�FLWL]HQV�LQ�DFFRUGDQFH�ZLWK�WKH�FRQWHPSRUDU\�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�ODZ��WR�HPSKDVL]H�VRPH�DVSHFWV�FRQFHUQHG�WKH�JUDQWLQJ�RI�GLSORPDWLF�DQG�FRQVXODU�SURWHFWLRQ�WR�WKH�(XURSHDQ�8QLRQV�FLWL]HQV�

&RQFOXVLRQV�DQG�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�SURSRVHG�E\�WKH�DXWKRU�FRXOG�EH�XVHG�LQ�WKH�SURFHVV�RI�GHILQLWLRQ��DGGLWLRQ��DQG�FUHDWLRQ�RI�QHZ�OHJDO�QRUPV�LQ�WKH�GLSORPDWLF�SURWHFWLRQ�ILHOG��DQG�WKH\�ZRXOG�FRQWULEXWH�WR�WKH�H[SDQVLRQ�DQG�GHHSHQLQJ�RI�DFDGHPLF�UHVHDUFK�LQ�WKLV�DUHD�RI�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�ODZ�

�7KH�PDWHULDO�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�WKLV�ZRUN�FRXOG�DOVR�EH�RI�LQWHUHVW�IRU�D�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI�UHDGHUV�ZKR�DUH�LQWHUHVWHG�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�RZQ�OHJDO�FXOWXUH�

��

�&8&2ù�'LDQD�

&21',ğ,,/(�'(�$&25'$5(�$�3527(&ğ,(,�',3/20$7,&(�1$ğ,21$/,/25

IN '5(378/�,17(51$ğ,21$/�38%/,&�

6SHFLDOLWDWHD����������± 'UHSW�LQWHUQDĠLRQDO�SXEOLF

$8725()(5$7�al tezei de doctor in drept

%XQ�GH�WLSDU������������)RUPDWXO���[�������

&ROL�GH�WLSDU������&ROL�HGLWRULDOH�����7LSDU�5LVR. Hirtie ofset. Garnitura 7LPHV�1HZ�5RPDQ

&RPDQGD�BBBB����7LUDMXO����H[�

&HQWUXO�(GLWRULDO�3ROLJUDILF�DO�8�6�0�0' ��������PXQ��&KLúLQăX��VWU��$��0DWHHYLFL����