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Contains major concepts, key words, resources, and contributors to the field of developmental psychology.
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Unit IX: Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology is a scientific approach, which aims to explain how children and adults change over time.
Includes the study of these types of development:
Biological Social Emotional Cognitive Moral
developmentdeveloping; growth; progress
stage theorydevelopment into specific, progressive stages.before you can get to the next
modelinga behavior
shapingbehavior
schemathat helps organize and interpret information.
Resources:
http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentstudyguide/p/devterms.html
http://allpsych.com/tests/psychology/personality.html
Review Questions:
1. What are some of the essential things we can learn from the study of developmental psychology?
2. T/F Developmental psychology only focuses on development during early childhood.
3. T/F Developmental psychology explores all areas of development.
Jean Piaget He believed in the important differences
between the thinking of adults and children.
Theory of Cognitive Development. In this theory, Piaget introduced the
stages that a child passes through on his or her way to the development of formal though processes.
Cognitive Stage of Development:
Key Feature
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Object permanence
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Egocentrism
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Conservation
Formal Operational(11+ years)
Abstract reasoning
Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytical psychologist. Stages of Psychosexual Development. Unsuccessful completion of a stage
means that a child becomes fixated on that particular erogenous zone.
Psychosexual Stage of Development:
Description
Oral(birth -18 mos)
Focus on oral pleasures (sucking).
Anal(18 mos - 3 years)
Focus on eliminating and retaining feces.
Phallic(3 - 6 years)
Pleasure zone switches to genitals. Child develops Oedipus/Electra Complex.
Latency(6- puberty)
Sexual urges remain repressed.
Genital(puberty +)
Sexual urges are again awakened, focus of pleasure is the genitals.
Review Questions:
1. What are the four major stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
2. T/F: Freud's theory of psychosexual development has six stages that occur in the same order for all children.
Resources:
http://www.simplypsychology.org/developmental-psychology.html
http://allpsych.com/psychology101/development.html
Albert Bandura
Behavioral psychologist Bobo Doll Experiment Social Learning Theory stressed the
importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling:
1. People can learn through observation.
2. Mental stages are important to learning.
3. Learning does not necessarily lead to a change in behavior.
Erik Erikson
Psychoanalytic psychologist 8 Stages of Psychosocial
Development
Review Questions:
1. According to Erik Erikson, what major conflict is faced by adolescents?
2. What are the major differences between Freud’s theory of development and Erikson’s theory?
3. T/F: Erikson is to sexual development as Freud is to social development.
4. T/F: The initial struggle between autonomy and shame and doubt occurs around the ages of one and three according to Erikson.
Resources:
http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentstudyguide/p/devintro.htm
Age Name of Stage
Description
Birth - 1 year
Trust vs. Mistrust
Dependability of caregivers
Early Childhood
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Gain personal control
Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt
Assert their control through play and social interactions
School Age(5 – 11)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Develop sense of pride in abilities
Adolescence Identity vs. Confusion
Explore independence and develop sense of self
Early Adulthood
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Develop close, committed relationships
Adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation
Contribution to the world
Old Age Integrity vs. Despair
Reflecting back on life
Lawrence Kohlberg
Stages of Moral Development
Level Stage DescriptionPreconventional(birth- 9 years)
1 Morality is defined as obeying rules and avoiding punishment
2 That which satisfies the child’s needs is seen as moral
Conventional(9- adolescence)
3 Morality is seen as achieving expectations set by parents
4 Moral law is fulfilling obligations and following expectations
Postconventional(adulthood)
5 Upholding the values of your group or culture
6 What is right and wrong is dependent upon the circumstances surrounding an action
Mary Ainsworth
Devised an assessment technique called the Strange Situation Classification (SSC) in order to investigate how attachments might vary between children.
Identified three main types of attachments:
1. Secure attachment- (70% of infants) feel confident that the attachment figure will be available to meet their needs.
2. Insecure avoidant- (15% of infants) are very independent of the attachment figure both physically and emotionally
3. Insecure ambivalent/ resistant- (15% of infants) exhibit clingy and dependent behavior, but will be rejecting of the attachment figure when they engage in interaction.
Resources:
http://allpsych.com/psychology101/moral_development.html
http://www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html
Review Questions:
1. T/F: Individuals who are focused on the punishment or rewards of their behavior are considered by Kohlberg to be in the preconventional level of morality.
2. The majority of infants in Ainsworth’s study showed what kind of attachment?
Lev Vygotsky
Stressed the fundamental role of social interaction in development of cognition
Socio-cultural approach to cognitive development
Every child has Elementary Mental Functions:
1. Attention2. Sensation3. Perception4. Memory
Develop Higher Mental Functions with the help of a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)- someone with better understanding/higher ability level
Zone of Proximal Development- skills too difficult for a child to master on his/her own, but can be done with guidance and encouragement from a knowledgeable person
Motor Development:
2 months – able to lift head up on his own
3 months – can roll over 4 months – can sit propped up
without falling over 6 months – is able to sit up without
support 7 months – begins to stand while
holding on to things for support 9 months – can begin to walk, still
using support 10 months – is able to momentarily
stand on her own without support 11 months – can stand alone with
more confidence 12 months – begin walking alone
without support 14 months – can walk backward
without support 17 months – can walk up steps with
little or no support 18 months – able to manipulate
objects with feet while walking, such as kicking a ball
Review Questions:
1. How does Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development differ from Piaget’s?
2. T/F: Children should begin to walk alone around age one.
3. What are the four Elementary Mental Functions?
Resources:
http://allpsych.com/psychology101/development.html
http://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html
Prenatal Development & Birth
The Germinal Stage (zygotic period)- the first two weeks of development from the time of conception through the development of the cluster of cells known as the embryo.
The Embryonic Period- fertilization to the beginning of the third month. The human being begins to develop very distinctly. Cells begin to take on specific functions and structures in a process called differentiation.
The Fetal Period- the third to the ninth month of pregnancy. The fetus is now looking more humanlike and grows to resemble a baby more every day. The growth of the body begins to speed up.
Problems with Prenatal Development
Genetic Problems:
Down Syndrome - flattened facial features, heart defects, and mental retardation. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with maternal age.
Sex-Chromosome Problems - includes conditions such as Klinefelter's syndrome (an extra X-chromsome) and Turner syndrome (a single X-chromosome).
Environmental Problems:
Harmful environmental elements that can affect the fetus are known as teratogens.
Maternal Drug Use - Smoking is linked to low birth weight, which can result in a weakened immune system, poor respiration, and neurological impairment. Alcohol use can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome, which is linked to heart defects, body malformations, and mental retardation. The use of illicit psychoactive drugs is also linked to low birth weight and neurological impairment.
Maternal Disease - There are a number of maternal diseases that can negatively impact the fetus, including herpes, rubella, and AIDS.
Review Questions:
1. What is a teratogen?2. What are the three stages of prenatal
development?3. T/F Differentiation of cells occurs
Resources:
http://psychology.about.com/od/early-child-development/a/problems-with-
prenatal-development.htm
http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/
prenataldevelop.htm