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Developmental Developmental PsychologyPsychology
Developmental Psychology- branch of Developmental Psychology- branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifetimeand social change throughout the lifetime
Maturation- automatic, orderly, sequential Maturation- automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental developmentprocess of physical and mental development Relatively unaffected by experienceRelatively unaffected by experience
Growth Cycles- orderly patterns of Growth Cycles- orderly patterns of developmentdevelopment By age 8, 95% of the brain structure is complete By age 8, 95% of the brain structure is complete
but only 55% of the bodily structure is completebut only 55% of the bodily structure is complete Girls have a faster growth cycle and mature Girls have a faster growth cycle and mature
earlierearlier
InfancyInfancy Newborns prefer human voices and Newborns prefer human voices and
facesfaces Newborns prefer the sound and Newborns prefer the sound and
smell of their mothersmell of their mother Newborns become bored with Newborns become bored with
repeated stimulus but their attention repeated stimulus but their attention renews with new stimulusrenews with new stimulus
Preferred ->
InfancyInfancy Babies as young at 3 Babies as young at 3
months can learn that months can learn that kicking and moving kicking and moving will move a mobilewill move a mobile
Development begins Development begins with reflexeswith reflexes If you place your finger If you place your finger
in the palm of an infant in the palm of an infant they will grasp itthey will grasp it
Reflexes go away over Reflexes go away over time as the brain time as the brain begins to make begins to make decisionsdecisions
InfancyInfancy Critical Period- specific period of development Critical Period- specific period of development
that is the only time when a particular skill can that is the only time when a particular skill can develop or a particular association can occurdevelop or a particular association can occur For dogs it is the first 12 weeksFor dogs it is the first 12 weeks
Imprinting- biological process in which young Imprinting- biological process in which young species follow and become attached to their species follow and become attached to their mothermother
Attachment- emotional tie with another personAttachment- emotional tie with another person Separation Anxiety- infants and young children Separation Anxiety- infants and young children
show distress when removed from caregivershow distress when removed from caregiver Birds accept almost anything as a “mother”Birds accept almost anything as a “mother”
http://www.videodetective.com/movie_trailer/http://www.videodetective.com/movie_trailer/FLY_AWAY_HOME/trailer/P00006650.htmFLY_AWAY_HOME/trailer/P00006650.htm
Harry Harlow Monkey Harry Harlow Monkey ExperimentExperiment
Harry Harlow made 2 Harry Harlow made 2 “mothers”“mothers”
One was made of wire, hard, One was made of wire, hard, cold– but had milkcold– but had milk
The other was made of cloth, The other was made of cloth, soft, fuzzy- but did not have soft, fuzzy- but did not have milkmilk
Monkeys preferred the soft Monkeys preferred the soft mother, even though “she” did mother, even though “she” did not have what was needed for not have what was needed for survivalsurvival
http://video.google.com/http://video.google.com/videoplay?videoplay?docid=2364883146140025008docid=2364883146140025008##
InfancyInfancy
If learning during the critical period is If learning during the critical period is missed, humans may not acquire this missed, humans may not acquire this knowledge throughout the rest of their knowledge throughout the rest of their liveslives
Humans and animals need constant Humans and animals need constant amounts of touch during this time periodamounts of touch during this time period Children in orphanages in 3Children in orphanages in 3rdrd world countries world countries
Feral Children- children reared by animalsFeral Children- children reared by animals Genie Case StudyGenie Case Study
ChildhoodChildhood Nuclear Family- parents and their childrenNuclear Family- parents and their children Extended Family- nuclear family plus relatives Extended Family- nuclear family plus relatives
(grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins)(grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins) Parenting Styles: Permissive, Authoritarian, Parenting Styles: Permissive, Authoritarian,
AuthoritativeAuthoritative Permissive- parents let children do whatever they Permissive- parents let children do whatever they
want, few rules made/enforcedwant, few rules made/enforced Creates impulsive and irresponsible childrenCreates impulsive and irresponsible children
Authoritarian- parents rigidly set rules and demand Authoritarian- parents rigidly set rules and demand obedienceobedience Creates children who have low self esteem and can not Creates children who have low self esteem and can not
make decisionsmake decisions Authoritative- parents seek input from children, Authoritative- parents seek input from children,
parents are consistent yet flexibleparents are consistent yet flexible Creates self-reliant and self-confident childrenCreates self-reliant and self-confident children
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Jean PiagetJean Piaget Cognitive Development- ways in Cognitive Development- ways in
which thinking and reasoning grow which thinking and reasoning grow and changeand change
Created 4 Stages of Cognitive Created 4 Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Children must progress through Children must progress through each stage of developmenteach stage of development
Typical Age Range
Description of Stage
Developmental Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
•Object permanence•Stranger anxiety
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through adulthood
PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development
Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
•Conservation •Mathematical transformations
Formal operationalAbstract reasoning
•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Object Permanence- awareness that Object Permanence- awareness that things continue to exist even when not things continue to exist even when not perceivable (visible)perceivable (visible)
Conservation- the idea that an objects Conservation- the idea that an objects characteristics can be changed while characteristics can be changed while others remain the sameothers remain the same Changing shape does not change volumeChanging shape does not change volume 2 pieces of the same clay, roll one into a long 2 pieces of the same clay, roll one into a long
cylinder, leave the other in a sphere shape– cylinder, leave the other in a sphere shape– they are still the same mass/sizethey are still the same mass/size
1. Objects placedin case.
2. Screen comesup.
3. Object is removed.
4. Impossible outcome:Screen drops, revealing two objects.
4. Possible outcome:Screen drops, revealingone object.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Dev ContDev Cont Schema- framework to organize informationSchema- framework to organize information
Assimilation- interpreting one’s new experience Assimilation- interpreting one’s new experience in terms of existing schemasin terms of existing schemas
Accommodation- adapting one’s schemas to Accommodation- adapting one’s schemas to incorporate new information (make a new incorporate new information (make a new schema)schema)
Ex. Dogs and CatsEx. Dogs and Cats All animals with 4 legs are dogs, see a cat, call it All animals with 4 legs are dogs, see a cat, call it
a doga dog Cats are not dogs so must make a new schema Cats are not dogs so must make a new schema
for catsfor cats Now they see a squirrel and say cat Now they see a squirrel and say cat
(assimilation) until they make a new schema for (assimilation) until they make a new schema for squirrels (accommodation)squirrels (accommodation)
Kohlberg’s Ladder of Moral Kohlberg’s Ladder of Moral DevelopmentDevelopment
Lawrence KohlbergLawrence Kohlberg 3 Levels- move from bottom to top3 Levels- move from bottom to top Preconventional Level- 1Preconventional Level- 1stst stage, stage,
morality is based on the power of an morality is based on the power of an outside authorityoutside authority
Conventional Level- 2Conventional Level- 2ndnd stage, morality stage, morality is based on the expectations of othersis based on the expectations of others
Postconventional Level- 3Postconventional Level- 3rdrd stage, stage, morality is based on personal ethics morality is based on personal ethics and human rightsand human rights
Adolescence Adolescence
Adolescence- period of development Adolescence- period of development between childhood and adulthoodbetween childhood and adulthood
Erikson’s Theory of Social Erikson’s Theory of Social DevelopmentDevelopment
Erik Erikson developed a theory regarding Erik Erikson developed a theory regarding how we develop socially (personality)how we develop socially (personality)
8 stage theory that goes from birth to 8 stage theory that goes from birth to deathdeath
Obstacles at each stage you must Obstacles at each stage you must overcome or you can not move on to the overcome or you can not move on to the next stagenext stage
Battle between group identity and Battle between group identity and alienation for adolescencealienation for adolescence
Erikson’s Stages of Social Erikson’s Stages of Social DevelopmentDevelopment
Approximateage Stage Description of Task
Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.
Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they
doubt their abilities.
Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel
guilty about efforts to be independent.
Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.
Erikson’s Stages of Social Erikson’s Stages of Social DevelopmentDevelopment
Approximateage Stage Description of Task
Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by(teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become
confused about who they are.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated.
Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-(40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family
and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older(late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction orup) failure.
Marcia’s Stages of Identity Marcia’s Stages of Identity DevelopmentDevelopment
James MarciaJames Marcia 4 Stages of Identity Development for 4 Stages of Identity Development for
adolescentsadolescents Do not have to hit each stage or Do not have to hit each stage or
progress in a certain way through progress in a certain way through stagesstages
Marcia’s Stages of Identity Marcia’s Stages of Identity DevelopmentDevelopment
Identity AchievementIdentity Achievement Identity ForeclosureIdentity Foreclosure-Adolescent is not Adolescent is not currently searching and currently searching and has developed an has developed an identityidentity-Figured out on their Figured out on their own “who they are”own “who they are”
-Adolescent is not Adolescent is not currently searching but currently searching but has developed an has developed an identityidentity-Accepting what others Accepting what others have told them as “who have told them as “who they are”they are”
Identity MoratoriumIdentity Moratorium Identity DiffusionIdentity Diffusion-Adolescent is currently Adolescent is currently searching but has not searching but has not developed an identitydeveloped an identity-Will figure out “who Will figure out “who they are” after searchingthey are” after searching
-Adolescent is not Adolescent is not currently searching and currently searching and has not developed an has not developed an identityidentity-Does not care to figure Does not care to figure out “who they are”out “who they are”
AdulthoodAdulthood Early Adulthood (20-39)Early Adulthood (20-39) Main things:Main things:
Marriage (and possibly divorce)Marriage (and possibly divorce) Starting a family and having kidsStarting a family and having kids Maintaining a careerMaintaining a career
Middle Adulthood (40-59)Middle Adulthood (40-59) Main things:Main things:
Midlife transitionMidlife transition Physical declinePhysical decline MenopauseMenopause Empty Nest SyndromeEmpty Nest Syndrome
AdulthoodAdulthood
Late Adulthood (60 and up)Late Adulthood (60 and up) Main things:Main things:
Physical decline (heart problems, Physical decline (heart problems, stroke, cancer)stroke, cancer)
Reaction time and mental sharpness Reaction time and mental sharpness decline (dementia and Alzheimer's)decline (dementia and Alzheimer's)
Retirement and isolation (perhaps Retirement and isolation (perhaps institutionalized)institutionalized)
Bereavement and griefBereavement and grief
Death and DyingDeath and Dying Thanatology- study of deathThanatology- study of death Grief Cycle- 5 step process developed by Grief Cycle- 5 step process developed by
Elisabeth Kubler-RossElisabeth Kubler-Ross Must move through all stages to properly grieveMust move through all stages to properly grieve
DABDADABDA Denial- do not believe, in shockDenial- do not believe, in shock Anger- mad at self, others, GodAnger- mad at self, others, God Bargaining- usually with GodBargaining- usually with God Depression- sadness, unable to talk about it or Depression- sadness, unable to talk about it or
deal with itdeal with it Acceptance- able to accept death and talk about Acceptance- able to accept death and talk about
it or deal with itit or deal with it