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Development of an historical landscape
photography database to support landscape
change analysis in the Northeast of Portugal
Youssef Qaouqaou
Dissertation presented to the School of Agriculture of Bragana in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Forest Resources Management
Advisors
Prof. Doutor Srgio Deusdado
School of Agriculture of Bragana (PORTUGAL)
Prof. Doutor Joo Azevedo
School of Agriculture of Bragana (PORTUGAL)
Prof. Doutor El Ayachi Sehhar
Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II (MOROCCO)
Bragana July 2016
,
lIn the name of Allah, most gracious, most mercifu
Say, Indeed, my prayer, my rites of sacrifice, my living and my
dying are for Allah, Lord of the worlds
Acknowledgments
First I would like to thank my thesis advisor Srgio Deusdado, Professor in the Escola
Superior Agraria at the Instituto Politcnico de Bragana. His office door was always
open whenever I need help about my research or writing. He consistently allowed this
paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever he thought I
needed it.
I would like also to thank my co-advisors who were involved in the supervision of this
research project: Joo Azevedo professor in the Escola Superior Agraria at the Instituto
Politcnico de Bragana and El Ayachi Sehhar Professor in the Agronomy Department
of Agronomy and Veterinary Institute HASSAN II. Without their passionate
participation and input, the validation survey could not have been successfully
conducted.
I would also like to acknowledge Nuno Carvalho, technician in the Escola Superior
Agrria at the Instituto Politcnico de Bragana, I am gratefully indebted for his very
valuable comments and help during the practical phase of the project.
I am deeply grateful to all members of the jury, Amlcar Teixeira and jos exposto, for
agreeing to read the manuscript and to participate in the defense of this thesis.
My sincere thanks to the Faculty and administrative body of the Instituto Politcnico
de Bragana and Agronomy and Veterinary Institute HASSAN II for giving me all
the necessary knowledge during my studies in Rabat and Bragana.
Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents, my sister Khadija,
my brother Ahmed and my friends for providing me with unfailing support and
continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of
research and writing of this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible
without them. Thank you.
Abstract
Repeat photography is an efficient, effective and useful method to identify trends of
changes in the landscapes. It was used to illustrate long-term changes occurring in the
landscapes. In the Northeast of Portugal, landscapes changes is currently driven mostly
by agriculture abandonment and agriculture and energy policy. However, there is a need
to monitoring changes in the region using a multitemporal and multiscale approach.
This project aimed to establish an online repository of oblique digital photography from
the region to be used to register the condition of the landscape as recorded in historical
and contemporary photography over time as well as to support qualitative and
quantitative assessment of change in the landscape using repeat photography techniques
and methods.
It involved the development of a relational database and a series of web-based services
using PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor language, and the development of an interface, with
Joomla, of pictures uploading and downloading by users. The repository will make
possible to upload, store, search by location, theme, or date, display, and download
pictures for Northeastern Portugal. The website service is devoted to help researchers to
obtain quickly the photographs needed to apply RP through a developed search engine.
It can be accessed at: http://esa.ipb.pt/digitalandscape/.
Keywords: Repeat photography, landscape change, PHP/MySQL, online database,
Relational database.
Resumo
A fotografia histrica um mtodo til e eficiente para realizar estudos comparativos e
evolutivos das alteraes da paisagem e, em geral, da geografia. Tem sido amplamente
usado para ilustrar as alteraes mais importantes ocorridas cronologicamente nas
paisagens. No Nordeste de Portugal, as alteraes da paisagem devem-se, sobretudo, ao
abandono da explorao agrcola que teve como consequncia a florestao de novas
reas, bem como pelas construes para aproveitamento da energia hidrulica ou elica.
Em smula, evidente a necessidade de monitorizar as alteraes da geografia da regio
usando uma abordagem multi-temporal e multi-escala.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal a implementao de um repositrio digital para
registos fotogrficos histricos da paisagem da regio de Trs-os-Montes, com o intuito
de disponibilizar servios web que permitem o armazenamento e o acesso aos registos
fotogrficos histricos e contemporneos das paisagens da regio, permitindo assim
uma anlise quantitativa e qualitativa da evoluo dessas paisagens.
Em termos prticos, envolveu a criao de uma base de dados relacional e uma pletora
de servios web usando recursos de programao para a web, nomeadamente PHP e
Javascript. Requereu igualmente a criao de um website para a centralizao e
disponibilizao dos servios, este foi elaborado com base em Joomla. Assim,
disponibiliza-se comunidade acadmica, e no s, um conjunto de servios digitais
para o estudo, com base em fotografia, das alteraes na paisagem em Trs-os-Montes.
O website pode ser acedido em http://esa.ipb.pt/digitalandscape/.
Palavras-chave: Fotografia histrica da paisagem, alteraes da paisagem,
PHP/MySQL, bases de dados online, base de dados relacional.
Index
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ 3
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 4
Resumo ............................................................................................................................. 5
Figures .............................................................................................................................. 8
Scripts ............................................................................................................................... 9
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 10
1.1. Problem ........................................................................................................ 11
1.2. Objectives ..................................................................................................... 11
1.3. Methodology ................................................................................................ 12
1.4. Document organization ................................................................................ 12
2. Related work ........................................................................................................... 13
2.1. Oblique photography ....................................................................................... 13
2.2. Repeat photography ......................................................................................... 13
2.3. Application of repeat photography .................................................................. 15
2.4. Repeat photography databases ......................................................................... 17
3. Material and methods ............................................................................................. 19
3.1. Database ........................................................................................................... 19
3.1.1. Relational database model ........................................................................ 19
3.1.2. Entity Relationship (ER) model ............................................................... 20
3.1.3. Database management system (DBMS) ................................................... 20
3.1.4. SQL (Structured Query Language) .......................................................... 21
3.1.5. MySQL ..................................................................................................... 21
3.2. PHP/JavaScript ................................................................................................ 22
3.3. Content Management System (CMS)/Joomla ................................................. 24
4. Developed work ...................................................................................................... 26
4.1. System architecture .......................................................................................... 26
4.1.1. Framework ................................................................................................ 26
4.1.2. Conceptual Model .................................................................................... 27
4.2. Database: Structure and implementation ......................................................... 28
4.2.1. Structure