Goal 1

Describe the scientific

classification system of

organisms

I. Species = group

of organisms that

share similar

characteristics

that can breed to

produce fertile

offspring

• ~ 1.5 million different spp

• ~ 2 -100 million not discovered

II. Classification of

Organisms

• Common names of org. are

usually used outside of science

– bird

– Sea horse

– Cougar, mountain lion,

panther, puma

A. Taxonomy = classification of

organsim by assigning each

organism a name

– Use Latin and Greek

language (18th

century)

1. Taxon: level of organization

in taxonomy

B. Binomial Nomenclature

= Two-word naming system of org.

(each spp. has two-part scientific

name)

– Always write name in italics

– 1st

word is genus (capitalize), 2nd

word is species and is lowercase

– Example: Homo sapiens

• Developed by Carolus Linnaeus

– 18th

century

Binomial Nomenclature (2-words) (Naming system)

Genus Species

Group of similar organisms

Describes characteristics

Always write name in italics

1st word is genus (capitalize), 2nd word is species and is lowercase

Whose name is it? Homo sapiens

Mus musculus

Ursus horribilis

Canis familianis

Felis domesticus

Panthera leo

Helianthus annuus

Acinonyx jubatus

Rana pipiens

Pinus strobus

Taraxacum oficinale

Human

House Mouse

Grizzly Bear

Dog

Cat

Lion

Sunflower

Cheeteah

Frog

Pine Tree

Dandelion

Section 18-1

Flowchart

Linnaeus’s System of Classification

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Go to

Section:

C. Linnaeus’s System of

Classification 1. Kingdom = largest taxon (most inclusive)

2. Phylum = several classes that share

important body features and internal

functions

3. Class = made of similar orders

4. Order = made of similar families

5. Family = genera that share many

characteristics

6. Genus = group of closely related spp

7. Species (smallest taxon)

Linnaeus’s System of Classification

• Uses 7 taxa (levels)

– Kingdom: Animalia

– Phylum: Chordata

– Class: Mammalia

– Order: Primates

– Family: Hominidae

– Genus: Homo

– Species: sapien

(breeds are same spp)

Acronym Ideas??

King

Phillip

Called

Over

Five

Guard

Soldiers

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant

panda

Red fox Abert

squirrel

Coral

snake Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

Section 18-1

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Section:

What are some ways these animals

are similar/different?

• Lion, fox, wolf

& dog

–Order

Carnivora

• Fox, wolf & dog

– Family

Canidae

• Wolf & dog

–Genus Canis

How would you classify an

organism?

• Dolphins

– Fish, live in water

– Mammals, breathe air

• Can body structure and similar

traits be used to classify?

– What about convergent evolution??

– Are analogous and homologous

structures used?

III. Evolutionary Classification

• Species are placed into taxa based on

evolutionary history, not just physical

traits

– uses molecular similarities (DNA/RNA) of

organsim

• Also called phylogenetic classification

A. Cladogram

• A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group organisms

– Uses derived characteristics = new characteristics that arise from organisms evolving over time

TRADITIONAL

CLASSIFICATION

CLADOGRAM

Appendages Conical Shells

Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet

Crustaceans Gastropod

Molted

exoskeleton

Segmentation

Tiny free-swimming larva

Section 18-2

Go to

Section:

Theropods

Allosaurus

Sinornis

Velociraptor

Archaeopteryx

Robin

Light bones 3-toed foot;

wishbone

Down

feathers

Feathers with

shaft, veins,

and barbs

Flight feathers;

arms as long

as legs

Construct Cladogram

• Identify org.

least

related to

others

– Earthworm

• Draw with

straight

lines

– Backbones

1st, then

legs, then

hair

Organisms Derived Character

backbone legs hair

Earthworm Absent Absent Absent

Trout Present Absent Absent

Lizard Present Present Absent

Human Present Present Present

Section 18-3

Concept Map

are characterized by

such as

and differing which place them in

which coincides with which coincides with

which place them in which is subdivided into

Living

Things

Kingdom

Eubacteria Kingdom

Archaebacteria

Eukaryotic

cells Prokaryotic cells

Important

characteristics

Cell wall

structures

Domain

Eukarya

Domain

Bacteria

Domain

Archaea

Kingdom

Plantae

Kingdom

Protista

Kingdom

Fungi

Kingdom

Animalia

Go to

Section:

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Eukarya

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Lynx

Lynx rufus

Lynx canadensis

Bobcat Lynx

IV. The 3-Domain System

A. Most recent used

classification system of

organisms

– 3 Domains and 6 kingdoms

B. Domain = larger and

more inclusive than

kingdom

– Bacteria: Kingdom

Eubacteria

– Archaea: Kingdom

Archaebacteria

– Eukarya: Kingdom

Protista, Fungi,

Plantae, Animalia

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

CELL TYPE

CELL

STRUCTURES

NUMBER OF

CELLS

MODE OF

NUTRITION

EXAMPLES

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Prokaryote Cell walls with

peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or

heterotroph Streptococcus,

Escherichia coli

Archaea

Archaebacteria

Prokaryote Cell walls

without

peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph or

heterotroph Methanogens,

halophiles

Protista

Eukaryote Cell walls of

cellulose in

some; some

have

chloroplasts

Most unicellular;

some colonial;

some

multicellular

Autotroph or

heterotroph Amoeba,

Paramecium,

slime molds,

giant kelp

Fungi

Eukaryote Cell walls of

chitin

Most

multicellular;

some

unicellular

Heterotroph

Mushrooms, yeasts

Plantae

Eukaryote Cell walls of

cellulose;

chloroplasts

Multicellular

Autotroph

Mosses, ferns,

flowering

plants

Animalia

Eukaryote No cell walls

or chloroplasts

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Sponges,

worms,

insects, fishes,

mammals

Eukarya

Classification of Living Things

Section 18-3

Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of

Kingdoms and Domains

Go to

Section:

1. Domain Bacteria

a. Kingdom Eubacteria

– Unicellular prokaryotes

– Peptidoglycan cell

walls

– Autotroph/heterotroph

2. Domain Archaea

a. Kingdom:

Archaebacteria

– Unicellular

prokaryotes

– Cell walls with no

pepitoglycan

– Autotroph/heterotroph

– Live in extreme

environments

3. Domain Eukarya

• All org. have nucleus

– Kingdom Protista

– Kingdom Fungi

– Kingdom Plantae

– Kingdom Animalia

a. Kingdom Protista

•Single-celled org.

and multi-cellular

algae

•Photosynthetic and

heterotrophic

•Share

characteristics with

fungi, plants &

animals

b. Kingdom Fungi

•Multicellular

heterotrophs

(feed dead

organic matter)

•nonmotile

c. Kingdom Plantae

•Multicellular

photosynthetic

autotrophs

•Nonmotile,

cellulose cell

walls

d. Kingdom Animalia

•Multicellular

heterotrophs

•No cell walls

•mobile

Kingdoms Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

DOMAIN

EUKARYA

DOMAIN

ARCHAEA

DOMAIN

BACTERIA

Section 18-3

Go to

Section: