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Biological classification

Biological classification, or

scientific classification in biology,is a method to group and

categorize organisms by biological

type, such as genus or species.Biological classification is part ofscientific taxonomy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism

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Since the 1960s a trend called cladistic taxonomy (orcladistics or cladism) has emerged, arranging taxa in ahierarchical evolutionary tree, ignoring ranks. If a taxonincludes all the descendants of some ancestral form, it iscalled monophyletic. Groups that have descendant groups

removed from them (e.g. dinosaurs, with birds as offspringgroup) are termed paraphyletic, while groups representingmore than one branch from the tree of life are calledpolyphyletic. A formal code of nomenclature, theInternational Code ofPhylogenetic Nomenclature, or

PhyloCodefor short, is currently under development,intended to deal with names ofclades. Linnaean ranks willbe optional under the PhyloCode, which is intended tocoexist with the current, rank-based codes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics

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5 Kingdom classification

Monera (includes Eubacteria andArcheobacteria) Individuals are single-celled, may or may not

move, have a cell wall, have no chloroplasts or

other organelles, and have no nucleus. Monera areusually very tiny, although one type, namely theblue-green bacteria, look like algae. They arefilamentous and quite long, green, but have novisible structure inside the cells. No visible feedingmechanism. They absorb nutrients through thecell wall or produce their own by photosynthesis.

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Protista Protists are single-celled and usually move by cilia,

flagella, or by amoeboid mechanisms. There isusually no cell wall, although some forms may

have a cell wall. They have organelles including anucleus and may have chloroplasts, so some willbe green and others won't be. They are small,although many are big enough to be recognized ina dissecting microscope or even with a magnifyingglass. Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis,ingestion of other organisms, or both.

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Fungi

Fungi are multicellular,with a cell wall,organelles including a nucleus, but no

chloroplasts. They have no mechanisms forlocomotion. Fungi range in size frommicroscopic to very large ( such asmushrooms). Nutrients are acquired byabsorption. For the most part, fungi acquirenutrients from decaying material.

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mushroom

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Fungi on bread

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Plantae

Plants are multicellular and most don't move, althoughgametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella.Organelles including nucleus, chloroplasts are present, and

cell walls are present. Nutrients are acquired byphotosynthesis (they all require sunlight).

Animalia

Animals are multicellular, and move with the aid of cilia,flagella, or muscular organs based on contractile proteins.They have organelles including a nucleus, but nochloroplasts or cell walls. Animals acquire nutrients byingestion.

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Binomial nomenclature (also called binary nomenclature) isa formal system of naming species of living things bygiving each a name composed of two parts, both of whichuse Latin grammatical forms, although they can be basedon words from other languages.

The first part of the name identifies the genus to whichthe species belongs; the second part identifies the specieswithin the genus.

For example, humans belong to the genus Homoandwithin this genus to the species Homo sapiens.

The introduction of this system of naming species iscredited to Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his workSpecies Plantarumin 1753.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

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Carolus Linnaeus

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Cladistics (Ancient Greek: , klados,"branch") is a method of classifying speciesof organisms into groups called clades,

which consist of an ancestor organism andall its descendants (and nothing else). Forexample, birds, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and alldescendants (living or extinct) of their most

recent common ancestor form a clade. Inthe terms ofbiological systematics, a cladeis a single "branch" on the "tree of life".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek

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Cladists use cladograms diagramswhich show ancestral relationsbetween species. Although

traditionally such cladograms weregenerated largely on the basis ofmorphological characters (external).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram

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