DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY

1ST PROFESSIONAL YEAR, BVSC & AH Credit Hours: 4+3

UNIT- I

Topic:- Different surface and joint regions, Palpable Bony prominences of the animal

body. Palpable Lymph nodes and Arteries of the body and Surface veins for

Venipunctrure. Sites for the collection of Bone marrow and Cerebrospinal fluid.

ByDr. Avnish Kumar Gautam

Assistant Professor

Surface regions of the bodyHead region

• Frontal region

• Temporal region

• Facial region

• Nuchal region

• Parotid region

• Maxillary region

• Mandibular region

Neck Region

• Dorsal cervical region

• Lateral cervical region

• Ventral cervical region

• Prescapular region

• Dewlap region

Fore limb region

a. Shoulder (Scapular) region

b. Arm (Humerus) region

c. Elbow (cubital) region

d. Fore arm (Radius and Ulna)

e. Manus

i. Carpal region

ii. Metacarpal region

iii. Digital region (Medial & lateral)

Thorax region

• Back region

• Withers (highest point of thoracic spines)

• Costal and intercostal region

• Interchondral region

• Sternal region

Abdomen Region

• Lumbar region (Loin)

• Flank region

• Paralumbar fossa region

• Costal arch, parachondriac region

• Umblical, Prepubic, Inguinal region

Hind limb Region

a. Tuber coxae (Hook bone)

b. Tuber ischi (Pinbone)

c. Gluteal region

d. Hip region

e. Thigh (femur) region

f. Leg (Tibia) region

g. Pes

i. Tarsal region

ii. Metatarsal region

iii. Digital region (medial & lateral)

Other regions

• Croup region

• Coccygeal region

• Anal region

• Ischiorectal fossa region

• Perineal region

JOINT REGIONS OF THE BODYHead Region

• Symphyseal joint of mandible

• Temporo-mandibular articulation: Between the squamous temporal

bone and the condyles of the ramus of mandible.

• Occipito -atlantal articulation: Between the occipital condyle and

anterior articular cavities of atlas.

Joints in cervical region

Joints in Vertebral column

There are three types of articulation in vertebral column-

• Intercentral articulation:- Formed between the bodies of vertebrae with

intervertebral disc between them.

• Interneural articulation:- Formed between the articular process of adjacent

vertebrae.

• Atlantoaxial articulation:- Posterior articular surfaces of lateral masses and

dorsal surface of ventral arch of atlas (fovea dentis) and anterior aspect of

body of axis and ventral surface of dens with a common joint capsule.

Para median section of Vertebrae

Intervertebral disc

Joints in thorax region

1. Costovertebral articulation

a. Costo – central:- Formed between the head of a rib and capitular facets

of adjacent thoracic vertebrae.

b. Costo –transverse:- Formed between the facets of transverse processes

of thoracic vertebrae and tubercular facet of ribs of same number.

Costovertebral articulation

2. Costochondral articulation:- Formed between the ventral ends of

sternal ribs and costal cartilages

3.Chondrosternal articulations:-Costal cartilages of sternal ribs and

articular cavities between sternebrae.

4. Sternal articulations: Between the adjacent sternebra.

JOINTS OF FORELIMB

• Shoulder joint

• Elbow (cubital) joint

• Carpal joint

• Fetlock (metacarpophalangeal) joint

• Pastern (Proximal Interphalangea)

• Coffin (Distal Interphalangeal) joint

JOINTS OF FORELIMB

JOINTS OF HIND LIMB• Sacroiliac articulation

• Hip joint (Coxofemoral)

• Stifle

a. Femoro patellar articulation

b. Femora tibial articulation

• Hock (Tibia, Tarso, metatarsal) joint

• Fetlock (Metatarso phalangeal) joint

• Pastern (Proximal inter phalangeal) joint

• Coffin (Distal Interphalangeal) joint

JOINTS OF HIND LIMB

Palpable Bony areas or prominences of an animal

Head region

• Frontal crest

• Facial Tuberosity

• Zygomatic arch

• Rim of orbit

• Nasal Bones, body of Frontal

• Angle of Mandible

• Horizontal Ramus of mandible

Vertebral column

• Wing of atlas

• Transverse processes of cervicalvertebrae

• Thoracic spines

• lumbar spines and transverseprocesses, sacral crest

• Transverse processes and spinesof cranial series of Coccygealvertebrae.

• Sternum and Ribs

Contt..

Fore Limb

• Scapular spine

• Acromion process

• Point of elbow (Olecranonprocess), medial border of radius,

• styloid process of ulna

• Accessory carpal

• Medial and lateral borders of shaft of Metacarpal

Hind Limb

• External angle of ilium (Hook bone -tuber coxae)

• Tuber ischi (Pinbone)

• Patella

• Tibial tuberosity and crest

• Medial surface of tibia

• Point of Hock (Tuber calcis)

• Medial and lateral surfaces of shaft of Metatarsus

PALPABLE SUPERFICIAL LYMPHNODES

Importance:-

1. They are useful in diagnosis of certain diseases (eg: Theileriosis) by palpating

enlarged Iymphnodes since they are superficially located.

2. Important in meat inspection point of view to test the quality of meat for

consumption.

If a particular Iymphnode is inflammed the dependent area

drained by particular lymph node is considered unfit for consumption, since the

inflammed glands suggest the presence of infection.

Location of Lymphnode

a. Parotid Iymphnode: Over posterior portion of the masseter

muscle partly under cover of the parotid salivary gland.

b. Mandibular lymphnode: Present at the lower part of the

mandibular salivary gland under cover of insertion of

sternomandibularis muscle.

Contt..

c. Prescapular: (Supra scapular) Situated at the anterior border of the supraspinatus

about few cm above the shoulder joint under cover of omotransversarius muscle.

d. Prefemoral: (Precrural/Suprapatellar): Located infront and under cover of tensor

fascialatae about a hands breadth above the patella.

e. Superficial inguinal/ supramammary

Male: Situated at the neck of the scrotum.

Female: Situated on the posterior border of mammary gland.

PALPABLE SUPERFICIAL LYMPHNODES

PALPABLE ARTERIES AND SURFACE VEINS AND THEIR CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

PALPABLE ARTERIES

Importance: Used for taking pulse

Cattle : Ventral coccygeal artery

Horse : External maxillary artery

Sheep & Goat : Femoral artery

.

Dog : Femoral artery

PALPABLE ARTERIES

Ventral coccygeal artery External maxillary artery

Location of Palpable artery

1. Ventral Coccygeal artery: can be felt on the ventral aspect of the base of

the tail. It is located between sacrococcygeus ventralis muscles.

2. External maxillary artery: can be felt on the medial surface of the vertical

ramus of the mandible.

3. Facial artery is along anterior border of the masseter along with vein and

stenson's duct behind.

4. Median artery is on the upper part of forearm along medial border of radius.

5. Femoral artery is on the medial aspect of the thigh in femoral canal.

Surface veins for VenipunctureImportance: These veins can be used for

a. for blood transfusion

b. for intravenous injection of medicines

c. for collection of blood samples

Cattle:

a External Jugular vein:- Located in jugular furrow.

b. Ear vein

c. Subcutaneous abdominal vein / Anterior mammary vein.

Horse: External jugular vein

Dog : Cephalic vein -Anterior aspect of elbow, Recurrent Tarsal Vein (Lateral saphenous vein) Infront of Tendoachilles.

Pig : Ear vein

Surface veins for Venipuncture Contt..

External Jugular vein in cattle

Ear vein in pig

Surface veins for Venipuncture Contt..

Cephalic vein in dog Subcutaneous abdominal vein in cow

SITES FOR COLLECTION OF BONE MARROW

Indication: For disease investigation

Cattle, Horse, Sheep & Goat :

1. Ribs

2. Tuber Coxae (lateral angle of ilium)

3. Iliac crest -not recommended in old animals.

4. .Vertebral spines (in calf)

Dog, Cat, Pig and Laboratory Animals:

1. Iliac crest: It is the most convient site for collection of bone marrow in dog.

2. Proximal end of the femur through the trochanteric fossa -cat.

SITES FOR COLLECTION OF BONE MARROW CONTT..

SITES FOR COLLECTION OF BONE MARROW CONTT..

Sites for C.S.F. (Cerebrospinal fluid) Collection

Two sites are preferred for the collection of the CSF.

1. Suboccipital puncture: In this procedure puncture the cisterna magna (expanded portion

of subarchnoid space). This site is most useful for horse, cattle, sheep, dog and cat. The

lumbosacaral puncture is an alterative site useful in cattle, sheep and goats.

Procedure: Cast the animal on right side and flex the head to the left so that its longitudinal

axis forms a right angle with the longitudinal axis of the neck. Then insert the needle at the

cervical mid line at the level of cranial edge of the wings of atlas, when the needle enters

the subarchnoid space, you suddenly feel no resistance.

Lumbosacral puncture: In this procedure CSF can be collected while

the animal is in standing position. This site is found between dorsal

spinous process of the last lumbar vertebra and the cranial edge of

the median sacral crest.

Sites for C.S.F.

THANKS