ANATOMYPaper style:-

1. Single choice –30 {30 M}

2. Fill in the blanks -15 {15 M}

3. Terms -5 {15 M}

4. Long questions -4 {40 M}

Long questions:-1. State the names and number of pairs of spinal nerves. State the

part of the body supplied by the phrenic nerves, radial nerves, and

sciatic nerves.

Ans..

Name:-

A. cervical nerve 8pairs {C1-C8}

B. thoracic nerve 12pairs {T1-T12}

C. lumbar nerve5 pairs {L1-L5}

D. sacral nerve5 pairs {S1-S5}

E. coccygeal nerve1pair {Co1}

Pairs:-it consist of 31pairs.

Nerve & supply:-

a. pherenic nerve:-it supply motor & sensory innveration to

pleurae,pericardium & peritoneum of diaphragm .

b. radial nerve:-it innervates to extensor muscle of arm & fore-

arm and brachioraclialis.skin of back of arm,fore-arm & radial

side of dorsum of hand & radial two & one half fingers.

c. Sciatic nerve:- supply the muscle of posterior compartment of

thigh,leg,foot and skin of leg,foot.

2. State a function of each of the following cranial nerves:

a. Glosso-pharyngeal:-elevate pharynx during swallowing &

talking,taste-buds viseer sensation.

b. Olfactory;- sene of smell

c. Trigeminal:-invovles in sensory function of head & face.

d. Facial:-supply the movement of fascial muscle,sensation of skin of

the ear.prioprioceptive impulse of facial muscle.

e.Vagus :- 1.it impulses slow the heart rate. 2.constricts the

bronchioles. 3.increase peristalsis. 4.digestive secretion.

3. ***Describe the main differences between sympathetic and

parasympathetic nerve.

Ans…

DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN→→

Sympathetic nerves Para-

sympathetic

nerves

Lower center Intermedio-lateral

nucleus (lateral gray

horn) of spinal cord

segments T1~L3

Four pairs

parasympathetic nuclei

and sacral

parasympathetic nucleus

Ganglia Paravertebral,

prevertebral

Terminal

Preganglionic f. Shorter Longer

Postganglionic f. Longer Shorter

Pre: Postganglionic 1: many more 1: a few

Distributions Throughout the body Limited primarily to head

and viscera of thorax,

abdomen, and pelvis

Different action Prepares for

emergency situation

(expends energy)

Conserve and restore

body energy (conserves

energy)

Different action Prepares for

emergency situation

(fight or flight)

Conserve and restore

body energy (rest and

relaxation)

Pupil Dilates Constricts

Heart Increases force of

contraction

Decreases force of

contraction

Rhythm of the heart To become more rapid To make slow

Blood pressure Heighten Depress

Bronchi Dilates bronchi Constricts bronchi

4. Describe the Pain, temperature and crude touch pathway of trunk

and limbs ?

Ans…

5. Name the part of the cerebrum concerned with each of the

following:

a. Feels the cutaneous sensations:-primary somatic sensory

cortex,parital lobe,sensory association area.it is the sensory

information from skin.

b. Contains the auditory areas:- located in transverse,temporal

gyri .receives auditory information frm both ears.

c. Contains the visual areas:- lies on either side of calcarine sulcus in

medial surface of occipital lobe.

d. Connects the cerebral hemispheres:-corpus cauosum.

e. Regulates accessory movements:-

f. Contains the olfactory areas:- loacated near the uncus.

g. Initiates voluntary movement:-initiates at the primary motor

cortex & motor association area.

h. Contains the speech areas (for most people):-language area in left

hemisphere in right handed person.

6.***A 60-year-old dock worker was brought to the emergency room

unconscious after he had collapsed while loading a truck.  After

regaining consciousness, an examination was performed with the

following result: paralysis of right upper and lower extremities;

hypertonicity in upper and lower extremities; increased deep tendon

reflexes on the right side; dysarthria; deviation of the tongue to the

left when protruded; loss of conscious proprioception, pressure and

fine touch on the right side of the body. What is your preliminary

diagnosis?

Ans…

7. Describe the origin, nature, and passage of the trigeminal nerves ?

Ans…

Trigeminal nerve is the mixed nerve and largest 1 of the crainial

nerves .

Its origin:-

Components of fibers:-

Sve fibers:-orginates frm motor nucleous of trigrminal nerve &

supply masticatory muscles.

Gsa fibers:- sensory root contains gsa fibers.these fibers have

their cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion,which lies on the apex

of pterous part of temporal bone.these transmits fascial

sensation to sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve.

Its nature:- complexity general somatic sensibility→skin and mucosa of head and face.

special visceral mobility→central process.

Its passage:-

8. Describe the neurological deficit resulting from hemorrhage into

the internal capsule (‘stroke’).

Ans…

9. A patient comes in complaining that her right eye isn’t working

correctly and she’s seeing double. Also, when she tries to walk, her

left leg shakes badly and she falls down. When she tries to reach for

something, her left arm and hand also shake. You observe that when

she is at rest, there is no tremor. When asked to move her eyes to

the right, both eyes move right. You notice a lateral strabismus of

the right eye. When you ask her to move her eyes left, the left eye

moves normally but the right eye does not move. Further

examination revealed that when the patient has lost fine touch

sensation in her left upper extremity but not her left lower extremity.

Right side body movement and sensory modalities are normal. What

is your preliminary diagnosis ?

Ans…

10. Name the three layers of the meninges, beginning with the

outermost ?

Ans…

the spinal cord and brain surrounded by 3 layers frm outside 2

inside:-dura-mater, arachnoid matter & pia-mater.

The meninges of spinal cord are:-spinal duramater,spinal

arachnoid matter,spinal piamater.

The meninges of brain are:- cerebral duramater,cerebral

arachnoid matter,cerebral piamater.

11. State all the locations of cerebrospinal fluid. What is CSF made

from? Into what is CSF reabsorbed? State the functions of CSF ?

Ans…

It is a colorless fluid.It plays a role like lymph in CNS.

Location:- it is located in CNS.arachoid is seprated frm piameter by

sub-arachoid space contains CSF.Central canal is filled with CSF.

production:- CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of lateral,3rd and

4th ventricles.

CSF volume=150ml

75ml in cisterns

50ml of sub-arachoid space

25ml in ventricles

CSF formation per day is 450-600ml/day.

CSF reabsorption:-

Arachnoid granulation:-project into sinuses of duramater,serve

as sites where CSF diffuses into blood stream.

CSF drains frm lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle through inter-

ventricular foramina and frm 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

through mesen-cepahalic aqueduet and frm 4th ventricle to

sub-archoid space via median and 2 lateral aperturs and frm

sub-archoid space to superior sagittal sinus through arachoid

granulation and finally reach to vein where it is reabsorbed.

Functions:-it has nutritive functions and serves to remove the waste

products of neuronal metabolism.CSF fills the sub-arachnoid space

and protects and cushions the CNS against trauma.CSF can disperse

the pressure on the brain caused by a blow and regulate the intra-

cranial pressure.

12. Explain how the sympathetic division of the ANS helps the body

adapt to a stress situation; give three specific examples.

Ans…

13. Explain how the parasympathetic division of the ANS promotes

normal body functioning; give three specific examples.

Ans…

14. With respect to the spinal cord:

a. Describe its location ?

ans…

It lies in vertebral canal.It is Continuous above with medulla

oblongata at level of foramen magnum.It Ends below at the lower

border of L1 in the adult; at birth the cord ends, at level of L3.

b. State what gray matter and white matter are made of:-

ans… BELOW ANS. IS NOT ENOUGH ,SO REF SPINAL ORD PPT. FRM

SLIDE NO.10TH TO 28TH,ONLY LAYERS NO NEED LAMINA.

gray matter:-collection of nerve cell bodies and dentrities

white matter:-collection of nerve fibres.

c. State the function of the dorsal root, ventral root, and dorsal root

ganglion

ans…

dorsal root:-contain sensory fibres whose cell bodies r in spinal

ganglion.

Ventral root:-contians motor fibers for skeletal muscle.

Dorsal root ganglion:-contain cell bodies of sensory fibers of

spinal nerve and cranial nerve.

15. Name the parts which the aorta divided into.

Ans…

Aorta arises frm lt. ventricle.

Inversion:- it extends upto inferior part of abdomen.

It is divided into:- 1.ascending aorta, 2.aottic arch, 3.descending

aorta which has thoracic & abdominal portion.

16.Name the arterial trunk of the local regions.

Ans.

The arterial trunk of the local regions are:-

a) Head & NECK --- the common carotid a.

b) Upper limbs --- rt. Sub-clavian a.

c) Throax --- thoracic aorta

d) Abdomen --- obdominal aorta

e) Pelvis --- internal iliac a.

f) Lower limbs --- external iliac a.

17.Name the branches of external carotid a., sub-clavian a.,axillary a.

Ans..

Branches of external carotid artery:-

1. superior thyroid a.

2. lingual a.

3. facial a.

4. occipital a.

5. maxillary a.

6. superficial temporal a.

branches of sub-clavian artery:-

rt. & lt. sub clavian a. has 3 branches.thet are 1. vertebral

arteries, 2.thyro-cervical trunk, 3. Costo-cervical trunk

branches od axillary artery;-

1. Thora-coacromial a.

2. Lateral thoracic a.

3. Sub-scapular a.

4. Anterior & posterior circumflex humeral arteries.

18.How the blood flows to the right or left hand from heart?

19.***DESCRIBE THE EXTERNAL FEATURES OF HEART ?

20. Describe the elementary structures in the right or left ventricle?

21. List the strutures keeping blood flowing in a fixed direction and

explain its function.

22. Describe the flow of electrical impulses through the cardiac

conduction system.

23.Describe the distribution of the left and right coronary artery.

24.list the structure of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear and

explain the function of each as related to hearing.

25.**use a flow chart to describe the sound waves are transmitted to

the spiral organ in normal condition.

26. list the receptors of auditory and blance and explain their

functions.

27.List the accessory structures of the eye that either cause the eye

to move or protect it within the orbit.

28.describe the structures of the wall of the eyeball and explain their

acorresponding functions.

29.describe the function of the externalocular muscles of the eye.

30.**use the flow chart to describethe production and circulation of

aqueous humor.

Ans…

31.**what is the refractive media of eye and its function.

Ans..

***Refracte entering light and focus them on the:-

retina

Cornea

Aqueous humor

Lens

Vitreous body

The lens is particularly important for refining and altering

refraction.

Of the refractive media, only the lens can be altered in shape

to achieve precise refraction.

*** Function of the Eyeball:-

The focusing of light and stimulation of photoreceptors of the

retina require five basic processes:

1. transmission of light through transparent media of the

eyeball;

2. refraction of light through media of different densities;

3. accommodation of the lens to focus the light;

4. constriction of the pupil by the iris to regulate the amount of

light entering the posterior cavity; and

5. convergence of the eyeballs, so that visual acuity is

maintained.

32.***** Vertebral levels os spinal cord segments:-

ANATOMIC RELATIONSHIP OF SPINAL CORD WITH VERTEBRAL BODY IN

ADULTS

Spinal cord segments Vertebral bodies

C1-4 C1-4

C5-T4 C4-T3

T5-8 T3-6

T9-12 T6-9

L1-5 T10-12

S1-S4,Co1 L1

33.***Concept of reflex & compents of reflex arc?

Ans..

The response produced by reflex arc is called reflex.

Reflex arc is an basic functional unit of nervous system.it’s

components are 5 in number.they r :-

1. Receptor:-responds to stimuli and produces nerve impulse.

2. Sensory neuron;-transmits impulse to CNS.

3. Inter neuron;-synapse with motor neurons in CNS.

4. Motor neuron:- carries out impulse in CNS to effector organs

through PNS.

5. Effector organ:-such as musles/glands,responds to impulse.

34.arterial pathway frm the external iliac artery to the foot.

Ans…

***NOTE:-

WE THINK 1ST 14 QUESTIONS R ENOUGH.

NO NEED OF READING LONG QUES. FRM SENSE ORGANS,ONLY

BITS WILL COME.

____________________________________________________________

TERMS:-

1. INTER-ATRIAL SEPTUM:-

it locates between the rt. & lt.artery.it is formed by

endocardium,the connective tissue and a few myocardial

fibers.it is thin,at the oval fossa which is mainly formed by 2

layers of endocardium.it prevents the mixing of de-oygenated

blood in the rt.atrium with oxygenated blood in lt. atrium.an

atrial septum defect occurs when primary arterial septum fails

to fuse with muscular edge.

2. INTER VENTRICULAR SEPTUM:-

it locates between rt. & lt. ventricles.it is formed by the

division of septum in2 membranous & muscular part.it

prevents the mixing of de-oxygenated blod in rt.ventricle with

oxygenated blood in lt.venticle.it defect often occurs at the

inter-ventricular part.

3. CORNARY SINUS:-

it is located in posterior part of coronary sinus.it’s main

function is carring most of venus blood frm myo-cardium to rt.

Atrium.it’s tributaries are :-1.great cardiac vein,2.middle

cardiac vein,3.small cardiac vein,4.anterior cardiac

vein,5.smallest cardiac vein.

4. PERICARIDIUM:-

It is a covering of heart and its roots of its great vessels.it

encloses heart and roots of its great vessels.it consist of outer

fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium.serous

pericardium is divided into visceral layer & paritel layer.it is

important as pericardial cavity,the potential space between the

visceral and parietal layer.it contains serous fluid which

provides lubrication ,when heart beats.

5. ***TRANSVERSE SINUS OF PERICARDIUM:-

the recesses of pericardial cavity include the transverse

sinus.it extends posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary

trunk, between the superior vena cava and left atrium.it is

useful for heart operation in some cases.

6. ***OBLIQUE SINUS OF PERICARDIUM:-

The recess of pericardial cavity include the oblique sinus.it lies

between posterior wall of lt.atrium and posterior part of

pericardium .It extends posterior to heart, bounded by

pulmonary veins on either side and inferior vena cava on the

side。

7. ANTERIO-INFERIOR SINUS OF PERICARDIUM

It is formed by the reflexion of anterior wall into inferior wall of

parietal layer of serous pericardium.The recess of pericardial

cavity includes the anterio-inferior sinus.It liesAnterioinferior

to the cardiac apex.

8. CAROTID SINUS

A dilation at the bifurcation of the common carotid a. it

contains numerous nerve ends in its wall,which monitors the

blood pressure.

9. CARTIOD BODIES

Some small oval bodies on the posterior surface of the carotid

bifurcation,it is a chemical receptor monitoring the level of Co2

in the blood.

10. SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCHES

They r formed bt the anastomosis of the terminal part of the

ulnar a. & the superficial palmar branch of the radial a.,which

lies just under the palmar aponeurosis.3 common palmar

digital arteries arise frm the superficial palmar arch and finally

branch into 2 proper palmar digital arteries to supply the

fingers.

11. DEEP PALMAR ARCHES

They r formed by the anastomosis of the terminal part of the

radial a. & the deep palmar branch of the ulnar a. the main

branches of arch r:- Principal thumb a. that supplies the

thumb.the 3 palmar meta-carpal arteries that join to the 3

common palmar digital arteries.2 arches anastomosis each

other to regulate the blood of the hand.

12. Tricuspid valve complex

The tricuspid annulus,tricuspid valve,chordate tendineae &

papillary muscles make up of tricuspid valve complex.

these structures comprise a functional unit.

the complex guards the rt. Atrio-ventricular orifice.it permits

the bllod flowinf frm the rt. Atrium into rt.venticle,but prevents

the blood flowing in opposite direction.

when the atrium contracts,the blood flows into the

ventricle,the atrio-ventricular orifice is open.

when the ventricle contracts,the blood is ejected into the

artery,the artio-ventricular orifice is close.

So,the blood only can flow in a fixed direction frm atrium to

ventricle,then to the artery.

13. Mitral valve complex

Mitral valve annulus,the mitral valve,chordate

tendineae,papillary muscles form the mitral valve complex

which ensure the blood flow only frm the ventricle to the aorta.

14. Aortic valve

It guards the aortic orifice.

3 semi-lunar valves---rt.,lt. and posterior

3 aoritc sinuses---the bulges in aortic wall at level of

valve that correspond to cups.

i. Rt.---contains opening of rt.cornary artery.

ii. Lt.---contains opening of lt.cornary artery.

iii. Posterior---no opening.

15. Pulmonary valve

16. Systemic circulation:-

blood → left atrium → left ventricle →aorta and its

branches→capillaries of all the body →superior and inferior

vena cava→right atrium.

Its function is bring oxygen and nutrients to tissues and taking

back CO2 and metabolic productions.

After systemic circulation, the blood becomes the oxygen-poor

blood ( venous blood ).

17. Pulmonary circulation

the blood in right atrium → right ventricle →pulmonary trunk

and its branches →capillaries of lungs→pulmonary v. →left

atrium

Its function is making oxygen-poor blood into oxygen-rich

blood, which meet the need of the body.

The blood of the pulmonary circulation only flow to the lung

and then back to the heart.

18. Septomarginal trabecula*****

19. oval fossa

20. CAUDA-EQUINA****

The lumnar & sacral roots descend for a considerable distance

in the sub-archachiod space before reaching their resp.inter-

vertebral foramina.The large no.of lumbo-sacral roots

surrounding the filum terminale is known as the cauda-equina.

21. LUMBAR PUCTURE {CLINCAL NOTES}****

It may be necessary to insert a needle into sub-arachoid space

to obtain a sample of CSF for analysis or for other reasons.a

spinal lumbar pucture is the preferred method:-the needle is

inserted between the spines of the 3rd & 4th lumbar vertebrae

without risk of damaging the spinal cord.

22. NUCLEUS GRACILE & NUCLEUS CUNEATE

The gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus are located in the lower

medulla oblongate,deep to the gracile tubercle and cuneate

tubercle resp.axons frm the nuclei emerge as internal arcuate

fibers,at 1st curving ventro-laterally around the central gray matter

and then ventro-medially between tri-geminal spinal tract and

central grey matter and decussate,constituting an ascending

contralateral tract,the mediallemnisus.

23. WILLIS CIRCLE or CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE***

It is formed by the anterior & posterior cerebral arteries,the

arterior & posterior communicating arteries and a short

segement of internal carotid arteries.it encircles the optic

chiasma,the tuber cinereum and the mammillary bodies.the

branches derived frm the anterior,middle and posterior

cerebral arteries frm the cerebral arterial circle are divided

into cortical and the central branches.

24.BRAIN STEM;-

It is composed of the medulla oblongata,pons and mid-brain

which connects the cerebrum,cerebellum with spinal cord.it

occupies the posterior crainial fossa of the skull.

25.GANGLION

In PNS,the cell bodies are grouped together to form the

ganglion.sensory ganglion cells in dorsal roots of spinal

nerves & some cranial nerves give off both central and

peripheral process and do not have synpases on their cell

bodies,whilst ganglionic neurons of the visceral nervous system

receive synptic contacts frm various sources.

26.NUCLEUS

A nucleus is a aggregation of neuronal cell bodies and dentities,of

more or less similar shape and function,located inside the CNS.nuclei

is various in sizes and shapes,commonly spherical and oval and

sometimes in small flattened sheets.

27.TONSILLAR RING OF PHARYNX***

Pharyngeal tonsile,tubal tonsile,palatine tonsile,lingual

tonsile.it’s function is to defend & protection.

28.SUPRA-NUCLEAR PARALYSIS

Paralysis is caused by the injury of upper motor neuron.

29.INFRA-NUCLEAR PARALYSIS

Paralysis is caused by the injury of lower motor neuron.

30.LOWER MOTOR NEURONS

Includes crainial motor nuclei and motor neurons in anterior horn of

spinal cord.their axons leave CNS & extend through peripheral

nerves to supply skeletal muscles.

31.UPPER MOTOR NEURONS

It lie in the motor area of cerebral cortex.it connect directly or

through inter-neurons to lower motor neurons.

32.VPM

Special relay nuclei of dorsal thalamus.The medial region receiving

sensory data frm head & is termed as ventral postero-medial

nucleous.it receives trigeminal lemniscus and taste fibers.

33.VPL

Special relay nuclei of dorsal thalamus.Projects to 1st somatic sensory

area via central thalamic radition.it receives medial lemniscus and

spinal lemniscus.in the optic opticum,the fiber derived frm retina of 2

eyes,nasal side intersect while the temple side ones doesn’t

intersect.

34.ANTERIOR ROOT & POSTERIOR ROOT OF SPINAL NERVES

Spinal nerves are attached to spinal cord by anterior root & posterior

root.anterior root is a motor part and posterior root is a sensory

part.

35.CERVICAL PLEXUS

It is formed by anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerve.it lies infront of

origin of levator scapuleae and scalenus medius and deep to superior

part of sterno-cleido-mastoid.

36.****BRACHIAL PLEXUS

It is formed by anterior rami of C8-L8 & T1 spinal nerves.it passes

through scalene fissure to postero-superior of sub-clavian artery ,yhen

enters the axilla to form 3 cords.its branches are :-

Median nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

Ulnar nerve

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

37.TRACTS/FASCICULE

Fibers bundles having same orgin,course and termination are known

tracts.

_____________________________________________________________

DIGRAMS 4 LAB;-

HEART

BRAIN STEM

TELENCEPHALON { LANGUAGE AREA }

INTERNAL CAPSULE.

REF ALL PPT’S ALSO.

ALL THE BEST 4 UR

EXAM