anatomy 1st year med

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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

Espiridion R. Reyes, MD,FPOA

Consultant, Dept. ofOrthopaedics

Davao Medical Center





Ancient AnatomyAncient Anatomy

A. A. EgyptEgypt-- 16001600--1550 BCE1550 BCE

Edwin Smith Papyrus (1600 BCE)Edwin Smith Papyrus (1600 BCE)

Body organs recognizedBody organs recognized

Blood vessels came from the heartBlood vessels came from the heart

Two to the right ear carry theTwo to the right ear carry the

µ breath of life¶µ breath of life¶Two to the left ear carry the µ breath of Two to the left ear carry the µ breath of death¶death¶

Ebers Papyrus (1550 BCE)Ebers Papyrus (1550 BCE)

Treatise on the heartTreatise on the heart

The heart is the meeting point of vesselsThe heart is the meeting point of vesselswhich carried all fluids of the body eg.which carried all fluids of the body eg.Blood, tears, urine, and spermBlood, tears, urine, and sperm




B.B. GreeceGreece

HippocratesHippocrates-- (460(460--377 BCE)377 BCE)

earliest medical scientistearliest medical scientist

basic understanding of musculoskeletalbasic understanding of musculoskeletal

structurestructure relied on speculation rather thanrelied on speculation rather than

empirical observationempirical observation

Aristotle Aristotle-- 44thth century BCEcentury BCEmore empirically founded systemmore empirically founded system

Dissection of animalsDissection of animals

Late 4Late 4thth century BCEcentury BCEfirst use of human cadaversfirst use of human cadavers

(Herophilos and Erasistratus of Alexandra)(Herophilos and Erasistratus of Alexandra)




C.C. GalenGalen

Major Anatomist in 2Major Anatomist in 2ndnd centurycentury

wrote anatomic textbook for 1500 yearswrote anatomic textbook for 1500 yearsbased on drawings of dog anatomybased on drawings of dog anatomy

assumed that anatomic structures in dogsassumed that anatomic structures in dogswere the same as humanswere the same as humans



Medieval to Early Modern AnatomyMedieval to Early Modern Anatomy

Heavy contributions came from the ArabsHeavy contributions came from the Arabs

Taboos against handling corpsesTaboos against handling corpses

Challenges to Galen in 16Challenges to Galen in 16thth

century happenedcentury happenedbecause of printing pressbecause of printing press

Mondino de LuizziMondino de Luizzi

Allessandro Achilin Allessandro Achilin

VesaliusVesalius-- first to publish a treatise,first to publish a treatise, De humani corporis fabricaDe humani corporis fabrica

³ drawing for drawing´³ drawing for drawing´need to travel to several places to dissect victims from gallowsneed to travel to several places to dissect victims from gallows



De humani corporis fabricaDe humani corporis fabrica



1717thth and 18and 18thth Century AnatomyCentury Anatomy

Popularity of anatomist= quality of drawing talentsPopularity of anatomist= quality of drawing talentsNo need to be an expert in LatinNo need to be an expert in LatinMichelangeloMichelangelo

RembrandtRembrandt

Church reprimands dissection of human cadaversChurch reprimands dissection of human cadavers

Anatomist had to be certified: ³ Royal Anatomist´ Anatomist had to be certified: ³ Royal Anatomist´Nicholas TulpNicholas Tulp

Dissections were sponsored by councilors andDissections were sponsored by councilors and

charged admission feescharged admission fees

Students have to travel to dissect fresh cadavers:Students have to travel to dissect fresh cadavers: Italy became center of anatomyItaly became center of anatomyMR ColumbusMR Columbus

Gabriel FallopioGabriel Fallopio

Giovanni IngrassiasGiovanni Ingrassias

Michelangelo

Rembrandt

Tulp



Dr. Nicholas Tulp by Rembrandt

Creation of Man by Michelangelo



19th Century19th Century

Human Anatomy is finalized and systematized

Role of England

Demands for cadavers grew so great that body snatchingand murder were rampant

� Anatomy act of 1832 was enacted to provide adequateand legitimate supply of corpses

� Birth of Gray¶s Anatomy textbook

Histology and Developmental Biology



Modern AnatomyModern Anatomy

Development of evolutionary and molecular biologyDevelopment of evolutionary and molecular biology

More technological developmentsMore technological developments

MRIMRI

CTCT--SCANSSCANS



WHAT IS ANATOMY ?

Basic

Clinical



WHAT IS ANATOMY ?

Structure Function





Basic Anatomy



Clinical Anatomy



DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMIC TERMS

Terms related to position

Terms related to movement



TERMS RELATED TO POSITION

The

Anatomic position



PLANES





Relationship between structures









TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENT













BASIC STRUCTURES

Skin

Fascia

Blood

LymphaticSystem

Nervous System

MucousMembranes

SerousMembranes



BASICBASICSTRUCTURE:STRUCTURE:THE SKINTHE SKIN



Facts about the skin:

The skin is the body's largest organ, covering the entire

body. In addition to serving as a protective shield against

heat, light, injury, and infection, the skin also:

�regulates body temperature�stores water and fat

�is a sensory organ

�prevents water loss

�prevents entry of bacteria





The epidermis is the thin outer layer of the skin whichconsists of the following three parts:

�stratum corneum (horny layer)

This layer consists of fully mature keratinocytes which

contain fibrous proteins (keratins). The outermost layer is

continuously shed. The stratum corneum prevents the entry of most foreign substances as well as the loss of fluid from

the body.

�keratinocytes (squamous cells)

This layer, just beneath the stratum corneum, contains living

keratinocytes (squamous cells), which mature and form thestratum corneum.

�basal layer The basal layer is the deepest layer of the epidermis,

containing basal cells. Basal cells continually divide, forming

new keratinocytes, replacing the old ones that are shed from

the skin's surface.

Epidermis





The dermis is the middle layer of the skin.

The dermis contains the following:

�blood vessels�lymph vessels

�hair follicles

�sweat glands

�collagen bundles�fibroblasts

�nerves

The dermis is held together by a protein called collagen,

made by fibroblasts. This layer also contains pain and

touch receptors

Dermis





The subcutis is the deepest layer of

skin. The subcutis, consisting of anetwork of collagen and fat cells,

helps conserve the body's heat and

protects the body from injury by acting as a "shock absorber."

Subcutis





LINES OF CLEAVAGE

SKIN CREASES







Langer LinesLanger Lines



SKIN APPENDAGES

Nails

Hair Follicles

Glands

Sebaceous

Sweat



HAIRSHAIRS

are distributed over whole surface of theare distributed over whole surface of thebody, EXCEPT:body, EXCEPT:

± ± LipsLips

± ± Palms of the handsPalms of the hands ± ± Sides of the fingersSides of the fingers

± ± Glans penisGlans penis

± ± Clitoris, labia minora, & inner surface of labiaClitoris, labia minora, & inner surface of labiamajoramajora

± ± Soles & sides of feet & toesSoles & sides of feet & toes





SWEAT GLANDSSWEAT GLANDS

found all over body surface, except:found all over body surface, except:

± ± red margins of lipsred margins of lips ± ± nail bedsnail beds

± ± glans penis & clitorisglans penis & clitoris





acne







carbuncle



keloid













His name is Shridhar Chillal

and he is the Guinness Book

of World Records holder for

the longest finger nails ever.

How long? The longest nail on his left

hand (the only hand he grew the nails

on) was over 4 1/2 feet long before he

cut it. He spent over 50 years growing

them before he finally called it quitsrecently.

At what price? How about a

permanently disfigured left hand,

constant pain in his wrist and

shoulders from the added weight, and

permanent widespread nerve damage

from not using his left hand that has

caused him to go completely deaf in

his right ear.





BASIC STRUCTURE: FASCIAE



SUPERFICIAL FASCIASUPERFICIAL FASCIA

has no adipose tissues in the ff:has no adipose tissues in the ff:

± ± EyelidsEyelids ± ± Ear auricleEar auricle

± ± Penis & scrotumPenis & scrotum

± ± clitorisclitoris







Acute anterior

compartmentsyndrome









BASIC STRUCTURE: BURSAE





Bursitis of the elbow



Basic StructureBasic Structure

Blood vesselsBlood vessels

± ± Artery Artery

± ± VeinVein

± ± CapillaryCapillary

± ± Arteriole Arteriole

± ± VenuleVenule

± ± SinusoidSinusoid



BASIC STRUCTURE:BASIC STRUCTURE:B

LOODB

LOODVESSELSVESSELS





















BASIC STRUCTURE:BASIC STRUCTURE:



Lymphatic tissuesLymphatic tissues

Lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessels

BASIC STRUCTURE:BASIC STRUCTURE:

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM



ThymusThymus

Lymph nodesLymph nodes

SpleenSpleen

Lymphatic NodesLymphatic Nodes

Lymphatic T issues



help the CVS remove tissue fluidhelp the CVS remove tissue fluid

bloodblooda drainage system not a circulationa drainage system not a circulation

Lymphatic Vessels



Where found?Where found?

In all tissues and organs EXCEPTIn all tissues and organs EXCEPT

CNSCNS

eyeballeyeball

internal ear internal ear

epidermisepidermis

cartilagecartilage

bonebone

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic Flow



Lymphatic Flow

capillaries

afferent vessels

lymph node

efferent vessels

large lymph vessels

® lymphatic duct

® jugular vein

thoracic duct

subclavian vein









BASIC STRUCTURE: MUCOUSBASIC STRUCTURE: MUCOUS



MEMBRANESMEMBRANES







AREAS OF SINUSITIS





Serous membrane





BASIC STRUCTURES



BASIC STRUCTURES

Muscles

B

ones

Joints

Ligaments

Cartilage

B

ursae

Synovial Sheaths

B C TRUCTURE MU CLEB C TRUCTURE MU CLE



BASIC STRUCTURE: MUSCLESBASIC STRUCTURE: MUSCLES

For

adults

only



BASIC STRUCTURE: MUSCLES

Types

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac



SMOOTH MUSCLE

� Long , spindle-shaped

� In body tubes� Role in peristalsis



CARDIAC MUSCLE

� Striated

� Conducting system





PARTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES



PARTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

Belly

Tendon

Aponeurosis

Raphe





ORIGIN VS.

INSERTION







INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF



INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF

SKELETAL MUSCLES

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

Myofibril



F R F ELE L LE



FORMS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

Pennate

Parallel Arrangement





SKELETAL MUSCLE TONE AND ACTION

Motor unit Parts

Muscle tone



Motor Unit

H D Sk l t l M l W k?



How Do Skeletal Muscles Work?

Prime mover

Antagonist

Fixator

Synergist

Prime Mover - Antagonist





Fixator

Synergist



NERVESUPPLY

OF

SKELETALMUSCLES

How Do Skeletal Muscles Get Their Names?



How Do Skeletal Muscles Get Their Names?

Shape Size Number of Bellies and Heads Position Depth Attachment

Actions











THE SKELETAL SYSTEM



1. R

igid supporting framework



2. Protective

3. Levers for muscles



Femur FracturesFemur Fractures



Gluteal muscles

Iliopsoas leads to

flexion of the

proximal fragment

Adductor

musclesshorten the

femur

These muscle forces

must be overcome to

reduce and

intramedullary nail

the femur

4. Bone Marrow-Blood cell production



5. Storehouse of Calcium and Phosphorus



BASIC STRUCTURE: BONE



Exist In 2 Forms

Compact

Cancellous





BONEBONE



BONEBONE

ComponentsComponents

OrganicOrganic

InorganicInorganic















Regional

Classification

of Bones

Surface MarkingsSurface Markings



gg

Elevations :Elevations :Linear :Linear : Line Ridge CrestLine Ridge Crest

Round:Round: Tubercle Tuberosity Malleolus Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity Malleolus Trochanter

SharpSharp: Spine Styloid Process: Spine Styloid Process

DepressionsDepressions

Pit /Fovea Groove /sulcusPit /Fovea Groove /sulcus

Notch /Incisura Foramen Canal/MeatusNotch /Incisura Foramen Canal/Meatus

FacetsFacets

Articular, Head, Condyles, Trochlea Articular, Head, Condyles, Trochlea

SURFACE



MARKINGS

Table 1-3



Suture



Orbital

Foramen

Nasal Spine

Coronoid

Process



Iliac Fossa

Pubic TubercleIschial

Tuberosity



Femoral Head

Greater Trochanter

Femoral

Condyle

Supracondylar

Ridge

Medial

Malleolus

HOW DOES BONE DEVELOP?



HOW DOES BONE DEVELOP?

Membranous

Cartilage







osteomyelitis



osteomyelitis

BASIC STRUCTURE:



Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage

CARTILAGE











TYPES OF JOINTS









TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS



Plane Hinge

Pivot Condyloid Ellipsoid

Saddle Ball & Socket











BASIC STRUCTURE: LIGAMENTS









WHAT MAKES JOINTS STABLE?



Fig. 1-17



MALE Larger Larynx

Longer Vocal Cord



Taller

Longer legs

Bigger Bones

Less Fats

Bigger body

Longer Vocal Cord

Beard & pubic hair

FEMALE Wider Pelvis

Matures earlier



Shorter

Smaller bones

Less muscle bulk

More fats

Matures earlier

Larger Breast



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anatomy 1st year med