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Anatomical terms &osteologyDr. Sabreen MahmoudLecturer of human anatomy

O B J E C T I V E SIt is essential that students understand the terms used for describing the structure and function of different regions of gross anatomy. Without these terms, it is impossible to describe in a meaningful way the composition of the body.

Moreover, the physician needs these terms so that anatomic abnormalities found on clinical examination of a patient can be accurately recorded.This lecture also introduces the basic structure of bones.

Definition of anatomy:

the science which deals with the structure of the body. Ana = up tome = cutting

Anatomy is subdivided into:1) Gross anatomy2) Microscopic anatomy

Subdivisions of anatomy:1) Regional2) Systemic. 3) Living. 4) Applied. 4) Surgical5) Surface. 6) Radiological. 7) Developmental = embryology.

Anatomical position:

Anatomical position:used in describing the anatomical structures. The body is standing erect (upright) with the eyes directed for- wards. The upper limbs hang by the sides with the palms facing forwards and the thumbs directed laterally (outwards).

Anatomical planes:

1) Median plane: vertical plane divides the body symmetrical right and left halves.

2) Sagittal plane: vertical plane divides the body right and left parts.

3) Coronal plane: vertical plane divides the body anterior and posterior parts.

4) Horizontal plane: a transverse plane divides the body upper and lower parts.

Terms of position

Terms of positionAnteriorPosterior.Medial.Lateral. Intermediate. Superior.Inferior.

Proximal.Distal. SuperficialDeep. Internal.External.

Terms of movememtFlexion. Extension. dduction.Abduction. Rotation.

Circumduction.Pronation.Supination.Inversion.Eversion.

Flexion : bends the joint anteriorly. Extension: is the reverse of flexion.

3) Adduction: is the movement of the limb medially towards the median plane.4) Abduction it moves the limb laterally away from the median plane.

5) ROTATION: In this movement the limb rotates around its long axis. There are 2 types of rotation medial rotation and lateral rotation.

6) circumduction: a series = Flexionabductionextensionadduction in succession. the moving part describe a circle.

7) pronation: the palm of the hand turns backwards or downwards 8) supination: the palm faces forwards or upwards .

9) inversion: the sole of the foot is directed inwards. 10) Eversion: the sole is directed outwards.

Video

Bone anatomyosteology

The study of bone is called osteology. Bone is a hard form of connective tissue =2 main components: 1) Bone cells =osteocytes. 2) Intercellular matrix.

Functions of bone:

1) support to the body. 2) protect soft vital structures. 3) give attachment to muscles, ligaments. 4) contain bone marrow blood formation (haemopoiesis). 5) store for calcium salts.

Definition of the skeleton:

Definition of the skeleton:

(206 separate bones) arranged in:1) Axial skeleton: (80 bones) Skull. Ribs Sternum. Vertebral column.

2) Appendicular skeleton: (126 bones)

Bones of upper limb. Bones of lower limb.

Sex differences in bones:

1) Male bones are, heavier, thicker and stronger. 2) Sites of muscle attachments. 3) The female pelvis is wider and shorter.

Classification of bone:

Long bonesShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bonesPneumatic bonesSesamoid bones

1) Long bones:shaft (or diaphysis) + 2 ends Ex: bones of the upper limb & the lower limb.

2) Short bones:no shafts. Ex: carpal & tarsal bones.

3) Flat bones:expanded plates of bones. Ex: scapula & skull cap.

4) Irregular bones:With bony processes.Ex: vertebrae.

5) Pneumatic bones:Ex: maxillary sinus in the maxilla.

6) Sesamoid bones:small nodules embedded in tendons to diminish friction. Ex: patella.

Parts of a long bone:a shaft (diaphysis) + 2 ends ( epiphysis). Metaphysis = The part of the diaphysis close to the epiphysis.The shaft medullary or marrow cavity bone marrow.

The shaft is surrounded by periosteum. The epiphysis bears articular surface covered by articular cartilage.

Ossification = (bone formation)

Types of ossificationIntramembranousIntracartilaginous (endochondral)

1) Intramembranous ossification:bone is formed in a mass of mesenchymal tissue (i.e. membrane-like). Ex: clavicle, skull cap and bones of the face.

2) Intracartilaginous (endochondral) ossification:

bone is formed in a cartilaginous model .Ex: bones of limbs & vertebrae & ribs.

N.B:-* Intramembranous ossification: mesenchyme then bone. * Intracartilaginous ossification: mesenchyme then cartilage then bone.

Stage of ossification:

Primary centre of ossificationSecondary centre of ossification

Primary centre of ossification:

By the 8th week of intra-uterine life in the middle of the shaft of long bone.

2) Secondary centre of ossification:After birth (epiphysis).

Video

Blood supply of a long bone Nutrient artery:Epiphysial and metaphysial arteriesPeriosteal arteries.

Nerve supply of boneSensory nerves bone + periosteum as a result pain in the bone can be felt.

Now It is the time to test yourself

Question 1

Clinically, the bones can be classified by their shape. Which of the following shapes is used to define the patella (kneecap)? a. Flat b. Irregular c. Long d. Sesamoid e. short

Question 2

Long bones are responsible for most of our height. Which of the following portions of the long bone is most important in lengthening the bone? a. Diaphysis b. Epiphysis c. Epiphyseal plate d. Metaphysis e. Shaft

What is the anatomical position?

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

As a long bone grows, which portion of the bone is responsible for the greatest growth in width? Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate metaphysis

How many bones are there in the hand and wrist? 27 26 18

The longest bone in the body is the ... Spine femur humerus

Thanks Dr. Sabreen