Dental Science : Nutrition : Microbio - OPEN ACCESS Research … · 2018. 7. 4. · Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC DENTAL SCIENCE Research Article The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index

CroniconO P E N A C C E S S EC DENTAL SCIENCE

Research Article

The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the

Republic of Macedonia

Ambarkova Vesna*

Department for Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

Citation: Ambarkova Vesna. “The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the Republic of Macedonia”. EC Dental Science 17.8 (2018): 1205-1218.

*Corresponding Author: Ambarkova Vesna, Department for Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.

Received: May 25, 2018; Published: July 04, 2018

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between the dmft/DMFT index of 6-year-olds and the concentra-tion of fluoride in drinking water from the populated areas where children live.

Keywords: Dental Caries; School Children; Drinking Water; Fluoride; dmft Index; DMFT Index; Oral Epidemiology

Material and Method: The survey covered 95 students, from 1 central and 4 regional primary schools, at which the dmft/DMFT index was determined. Children live in the city of Strumica and four different villages. Five water samples were taken from the test area to determine the fluorine concentration by electrochemical method using the pH/ISE meter-Thermo-Orion with a special F-electrode (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) at the Institute of public health. A Spearman method was used to determine the correlation between the specified variables.

Results: The total number of children in the examined sample was 95, out of which 52 (54.7%) were female and 43 (45.3%) were male. The average dmft index in this group of children was 5.29, with a standard deviation of ± 4.3 for primary dentition, and an av-erage DMFT index of 0.07 ± 0.3 for permanent dentition. Maximum concentrations of fluorine in drinking water of 0.14 ppmF were determined in the village of Veljusa and the village of Vodocha (0.11 ppmF), while the minimum (0.08 ppmF) in the city of Strumica and in the villages of Dobrejci and Banica. The correlation between the value of the dmft index from 6 years old children from the Southeast region and the concentration of fluorine in drinking water, was a negative, indirect correlation with the value of the coeffi-cient r = -0 -049. Negative, statistically indirect correlation, there is also detected between the value of the DMFT index of permanent teeth in the group of 6-year-olds and the fluorine concentration in the Southeast region (R = -0.085, p> 0.05).

Conclusion: The correlation between the dmft/DMFT index and the concentration of drinking water is negative, indirect correlation, but statistically, this correlation is insignificant (p > 0.05).

IntroductionDental caries is an ancient disease that dates back to the time when agriculture replaced the hunt as the main source of food, although

its prevalence and severity were at much lower levels in that time compared to prevalence of dental caries today. Although recent studies show a decline in the dental caries trend in most developed countries, which are mainly attributed to the use of fluoride in various forms [1] dental caries is still significant presence in many underdeveloped and developing countries, such as African and Asian countries,

The Correlation between the dmft/DMFT Index of 6-Year-Old Children and the Concentration of Fluorine in Drinking Water from the South-East Region of the Republic of Macedonia


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including India due to lack of public awareness and motivation, inadequate resources for sophisticated dental treatments and changing eating habits [2]. Indeed, the use of fluoride has been recognized as one of the most successful measures to prevent dental caries in the history of public health.

In recent years, a significant reduction in the prevalence of oral diseases has been observed in several western highly industrialized countries. This is seen in children by the systematic continuous reduction of dental caries and the constant increase in the number of children without caries. This is due to the changed lifestyle and living standard, a more cautious approach to the consumption of sugars, improved practice of oral hygiene, the use of fluoride in toothpastes, the use of fluoride mouthwashes, and the application of local fluori-dation [3].

All oral diseases have similar risk factors. These are the four most common chronic diseases: cardiovascular diseases [4], cancer [5], chronic respiratory diseases [6] and diabetes [7], including dieting deterioration of health status [8], tobacco use [9] and alcohol abuse. Inadequate oral hygiene is also a risk factor [10-12].

The need for genetic studies to identify genes and genetic markers of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic values is particularly prominent in the last decade. Caries human genetic studies are very important for better understanding and treatment for the most preva-lent bacteria-mediated non-contagious disease in the world-dental caries [13].

The Southeast region is one of the eight statistical and planning regions of Macedonia. This region borders with the Vardar and Eastern regions. The region covers the Strumica-Radovish and Gevgelija-Valandovo valleys, i.e. the drainage area of the Strumica river and the lower catchment area of the river Vardar. Its surface is 2,739 square kilometers or 11 percent of the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. There are ten municipalities in this region. In 2011, 8.4% of the population of the Republic of Macedonia lives in this region. The density of the population is 63.2 people per km2, and it is valid for a well-developed region in our country where the unemployment rate is only 9.3 [14].

In the Southeast region, according to the 2002 census, there are 171,416 citizens or 8.47% of the total population of the Republic of Macedonia. In the Southeast region, the water supply is performed by the public enterprises: Utility Service - Bogdanci, Public Utility Service “Communal Services” - Valandovo, JKP “Komunalec” - Gevgelija, JKP “Komunalec” - Polin-Star Dojran, PE “Progres” -Radovis, JKP “ Komunalec “- Strumica.

In the area of the municipality of Strumica there are 25 villages. The villages Bannica and Gabrovo are connected to the water supply system in 2011, the villages of Gorni Baldovci from March 2010, while the villages Bansko, Dabile, Dobreci, Kuklis, Murtino and Sachevo from 2009. In 2008, the villages Svidovica, Prosenikovo, and the village of Vodoca were connected to the water supply network. The vil-lages of Veljusa and Kosturino are not yet connected to the water supply network [15].

There are insufficient data on the state of dental caries in the Republic of Macedonia. They are published sporadically and non-contin-uously. Necheva L and all through the project “Assessment of oral health and necessary treatment in the population of SFRY, applying the basic criteria and initiative of the WHO” conducted in 1991, determined the DMFT index of 12-year-old children from 3.48 in Veles and 6.55 in Skopje [16].

There is insufficient data on the state of dental caries in the Republic of Macedonia. They are published sporadically and non-contin-uously. Ambarkova found in her research an average DMFT index of 3.47 for 12-year-old children from the Eastern regions of permanent teeth [17]. In 2013, Ambarkova., et al. conducted an epidemiological study among 15 secondary school students from two high schools from the Strumica city and received an average DMFT index of 3.55 among these respondents [18]. This has prompted us to take this study in order to determine the prevalence of dental caries in 6-year-olds from the Southeast region, as well as determine the correlation



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between the dmft/DMFT index and the concentration of fluorine in the drinking water from this region.

Material and MethodsThe cross-sectional study consisted of defining the dmft/DMFT((decayed, missed, or filled primary teeth/Decayed, Missed, or Filled

permanent Teeth) of the 6-year old children in accordance with the basic criteria for assessment of oral and dental health and the need for rehabilitation, which is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013). We estimate the intensity of dental caries ac-cording to the generally accepted Klein-Palmer index “DMF”, which is a set of decayed, missing and filled teeth. The examinations were carried out by two dentists in accordance with the recommendations stemming from the basic criteria for assessment of oral and dental health recommended by the WHO [19].

The students from the first grade of the primary school “Sando Masev” from Strumica included the South-East region, along with the satellite schools from the villages Banitsa, Vodoca and Dobreci, as well as the primary school “Goce Delchev” from the village of Veljusa.

For the determination of the fluorine concentrations by laboratory examination, we used samples of water from all urban and rural settlements, where the children from the Southeast region of the Republic of Macedonia live.

In our study, an electrochemical procedure was used to determine the concentration of fluoride with an ion-selective electrode. A ma-jor part of the ion-selective electrode is the lanthanum membrane fluoride. When the membrane is in contact with the solution containing fluoride (in this case water), the difference in potential is measured. This potential depends on the amount of free fluoride ions and is described by the Nernst formula

Е = Ео-СlogА

E: Measured potential of the electrode

E: Reference potential (constant)

A: Quantity of fluoride in the solution

C: Slope of the electrode

The samples were collected in 100 ml polyethylene containers with a cap that had threads. The measurement was carried out as soon as the water samples arrived in the laboratory. After shaking the water bottle, 1 ml of each sample is taken and mixed with 0.1 ml Total Strength Adjusting Buffer. The fluorine concentration of all samples was determined using the ionic-selective electrode (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) and the ionometer (pH/ISE meter-Thermo-Orion) at the Public Health Institute. For chemical analysis 10% of TISAB Aluminon was used. Fluoride standards with a concentration of 0.01 to 1.00 mg/l were used to calibrate the measurements. Before the starting of the fluorine measurement, some preparations must be made to check the correctness of the measuring instrument and the slope of the electrode. This is done according to the manufacturer’s instructions. When the instrument is ready, the measurement can begin.

Statistical analysis

The descriptive methods for displaying quantitative variables were used. For statistical analysis of dmft/DMFT scores to access the oral health among primary school children, the SPSS 13,0 for Windows (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for statistical computing was used. For the determination of the correlation between certain variables, Spearman Rank Order Correlation was used, and Linear Regression Analysis was used in predictive analysis. For the level of significance, the value of p < 0.05 was taken.

ResultsThe sample of respondents aged 6 years from the South-East region is shown in table 1 and consists of 95 children, of which 45.3% are

male and 54.7% are female. The ethnicity structure is composed of a child of Turkish nationality, and the remaining 94 are of Macedonian



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N = 95 %Gender

Male 43 45,26%Female 52 54,74%

NationalityMacedonian 94 98,95%

Turcs 1 1,05%Place of living

City 53 55,79%Village 42 44,21%

Name of city/villageStrumica 53 55,79%Vodoca 5 5,26%Veljusa 6 6,32%

Dobrejci 18 18,95%Banica 13 13,68%

Table 1: Distribution of the children in relation to the gender, nationality and place of living.

nationality. More than half of the respondents from this group - 55.79% are from the city of Strumica, while the group of respondents from rural areas make up 5.3% of Vodocha, 6.3% from Veľula, 18.95% children live in Dobrews and 13,7% in the village of Banica (Table 1).

Figure 1 and 2 show the distribution of 6-year-olds from the South-East region in terms of the number of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth. Caries free of the primary teeth are 18 (18.9%), while within the group of 77 (81%) children with dental caries, mostly

Figure 1: Distribution of the children in relation to the number of decayed primary teeth.



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Figure 2: Distribution of the children in relation to the number of missing and filled primary teeth.

represented are children with 2.4 and 6 decayed primary teeth - 10 (10.5%). Among 8 (8,4%) children from this group extraction of a primary tooth was performed (Figure 1). Regarding the number of filled primary teeth, 3 (3.16%) children have one filled primary tooth, 2 (2.1%) of children have two filled primary teeth (Figure 2).

Descriptive Statistics - (number of primary teeth N = 503)Variable N (%) Median Min-Max Lower -upper quartiles

d -Decayed teeth 488 (97,02%) 6,0 1,0 - 18,0 4,0 - 9,0m -Missing teeth 8 (1,59%) 1,0 1,0 - 1,0 1,0 - 1,0

f - Filled teeth 7 (1,39%) 1,0 1,0 - 2,0 1,0 - 2,0

Table 2: Descriptive statistic/number of primary teeth.

The results of the descriptive statistics regarding the number of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth were shown in table 2 and show that half of the group of 6-year-old children in the South-East region have caries of more than 6 teeth, have more than one extracted



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Descriptive Statistics -dmft (index of primary teeth)Variable N Mean ± SD 95% confidence interval of means Min-Max Median Lower-upper quartiles

dmft 95 5,29 ± 4,30 4,42 - 6,17 0 - 18,0 5,0 2,0 - 8,0

Table 3: Descriptive statistic/dmft index of primary teeth.

and more than one filled primary tooth. The maximum value of 18 refers to the number of decayed primary teeth (Table 2).

The value of the dmft index of primary teeth in the group of 6 year old children ranges from 0 to 18, with an average value of 5.29 ±

Figure 3: Distribution of children in relation to the number of decayed and filled permanent teeth.

4.30 (Table 3).

Descriptive Statistics - DMFT (number of permanent teeth N=7)Variable N (%) Median Min-max Lower-upper quartiles

D-Decayed teeth 4 (57,14%) 1,0 1,0 - 2,0 1,0 - 2,0F -Filled teeth 3 (42,86%) 1,0 1,0 - 1,0 1,0 - 1,0

Table 4: Descriptive statistic/number of permanent teeth.

In the group of 6-year-old children from the Southeast region, 3 (3.16%) have caries of permanent teeth, with one decayed teeth were two children, while two decayed permanent teeth was detected in one child. Within this group the presence of missing teeth was not de-



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Descriptive Statistics - DMFT (index of permanent teeth)Variable N Mean ± SD 95% confidence interval of means Min-max Median Lower-upper quartiles

DMFT 95 0,07 ± 0,3 0,01 - 0,13 0 - 2,0 0,0 0,0 - 0,0

Table 5: Descriptive statistic/DMFT index of permanent teeth.

tected, while 3 (3.16%) of children have one permanent filled tooth (Figure 3).

The median of the number of decayed and filled permanent teeth was 1 and it shows that half of the children at the age of 6 years from the Southeast region have caries of more than one tooth, as well as restoration of more than one tooth (Table 4).

Variable GenderMale (n %) Female (n %)

d-Decayed primary teethFree of caries 7 (16,28%) 11 (21,15%)With caries 36 (83,72%) 41 (78,85%)

Pearson Chi-square: 0,36 df = 1 p = 0,55m-Missing primary teeth

Without missing teeth 38 (88,37%) 49 (94,23%)With missing teeth 5 (11,63%) 3 (5,77%)

Pearson Chi-square: 1,05 df = 1 p = 0,31f-Filled primary teeth

Without fillings 40 (93,02%) 50 (96,15%)With fillings 3 (6,98%) 2 (3,85%)

Pearson Chi-square: 0,46 df = 1 p = 0,49

Table 6: Distribution of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth in relation to gender.

The interval in which the value of the DMFT index of permanent teeth moves was from 0 to 2, while the average value of the DMFT index was 0.07 ± 0.3 (Table 5).

Descriptive Statistics - dmft (index of primary teeth)Variable Gender N Mean ± SD 95% confidence interval of means Min-max Median Lower-upper quartiles

Male 43 5,67 ± 4,6 4,26 - 7,09 0 - 18,0 5,0 2,0 - 9,0Female 52 4,98 ± 4,06 3,85 - 6,11 0 - 16,0 5,0 1,5 - 7,5

Table 7: Descriptive statistic of dmft index of primary teeth/differences between genders.

Mann-Whitney U Test Z = 0,68; p = 0,496



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Male and female children aged 6 years from the Southeast region did not differ significantly in terms of the presence of dental caries, extracted and restored teeth.

Variable GenderMale (n %) Female (n %)

D-Decayed permanent teethFree of caries 41 (95,35%) 51 (98,08%)With caries 2 (4,65%) 1 (1,92%)

Pearson Chi-square: 0,57 df = 1 p = 0,45F-Filled permanent teethFree of caries 42 (97,67%) 50 (96,15%)With caries 1 (2,33%) 2 (3,85%)

Pearson Chi-square: 0,18 df = 1 p = 0,67

Table 8: Distribution of decayed and filled permanent teeth in relation to gender.

Male children slightly more often than female children have dental caries of the teeth (83.7% vs 78.85%), slightly more often have missing teeth (11.6% vs 5.8%) and slightly more have filled primary teeth (6, 9% vs. 3.85%) (Table 6).

Descriptive Statistics - DMFT (index of permanent teeth)Variable Gender N Mean ± SD 95% confidence interval of means Min-max Median Lower-upper quartiles

Male 43 0,09 ± 0,37 -0,02 - 0,21 0 - 2,0 0,0 0,0 - 0,0Female 52 0,06 ± 0,23 -0,008 - 0,12 0 - 1,0 0,0 0,0 - 0,0

Table 9: Descriptive statistic of DMFT index of permanent teeth/differences between genders.

Mann-Whitney U Test Z = 0,11; p = 0,91

The value of the dmft index of primary teeth did not depend significantly on the gender of 6-year-old children, who make up the re-

Place of living Concentration of F in drinking waterStrumica 0,0810Vodoca 0,1090Veljusa 0,1460

Dobrejci 0,0810Banica 0,0810

Table 10: Distribution of the concentration of fluorine in drinking water in relation to the place of living.

search population for this age group from the Southeast region (p = 0.496). Male examinees of this group have an average value of the dmft index of primary teeth of 5.67 ± 4.6, while in the group of female subjects the mean value of the dmft index was 4.98 ± 4.06 (Table 7).



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In the Southeast region, dental caries of permanent teeth have 4.65% of the male subjects at the age of 6, compared to 1.9% female respondents, while 2.3% male examinees have filled permanent teeth, compared to 3.85% female respondents from this age group. These described differences were insufficient for statistical significance (Table 8).

Spearman Rank Order Correlations R = - 0,149 p > 0,05Figure 4: Correlation -dmft index of primary teeth/concentration of fluorine in drinking water.

The male and female children at the age of 6 years from the Southeast region differ significantly from the value of the DMFT index (p = 0.91). The average value of this index in the group of male children is 0.09 ± 0.37, as opposed to 0.06 ± 0.23 in the group of female

Spearman Rank Order Correlations R= - 0,085 p>0,05Figure 5: Correlation - DMFT of permanent teeth/concentration of fluorine in drinking water.



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children (Table 9).

Table 10 shows values of the fluoride concentration in drinking water relative to the sampling point of the water.

The correlation between the dmft index of the primary teeth, as a dependent variable, and the concentration of fluorine in the drink-ing water from the Southeast region, as an independent variable, shows that there is a negative correlation between them (R = -0,149).

This means that the two variables have the opposite direction of change, i.e. the value of the dmft index decreases with increasing of fluoride concentrations in the drinking water, and vice versa (Figure 4). But statistically, this correlation has not been confirmed as sta-tistically significant (p > 0.05).

Negative, statistically inconsistent correlation exists between the value of the DMFT index of permanent teeth in the group of 6-year-old children and the fluoride concentration of the drinking water from the Southeast region (R = -0,085 p > 0,05) (Figure 5).

DiscussionAccording to the number of inhabitants and the type of spring, the majority of the population of the Republic is now supplied with

drinking water from groundwater, from carbonate faces (limestone) (Skopje, Tetovo, Gostivar, Debar, Struga, Ohrid, Prilep, Kicevo etc.) [20]. Second place according to the number of inhabitants is the water supply from the surface waters (Bitola, Kumanovo, Strumica, Veles, Berovo, Vinica, Sv. Nikole and others), on the third place are the settlements using groundwater water foundations (Stip, Kocani, Gevgelija, Delchevo, Radovish, etc). A relatively small number of inhabitants in several villages of Suva Gora are supplied with storm water [15].

Dental caries affects 60 - 90% of children in developing countries and is the most common oral disease in most countries in Asia and Latin America [21]. In Africa, the incidence of dental caries is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years due to increased consumption of sugar and inadequate exposure to fluoride [22]. In addition to causing pain and discomfort, poor oral health affects the ability to communicate and teach children. More than 50 million school hours through the year lose children because of problems with oral health [23]. Both in the developed and developing countries, many children do not have access to fluoridated water and professional dental care. Daily maintenance of oral hygiene can prevent certain dental diseases [24].

The results of the oral health situation and the needs of the population rehabilitation from our country, obtained from the Epidemio-logical Study in 1991, worked in the framework of the joint Yugoslav study “Assessment of oral health and necessary treatment in the population of the SFRY, applying the basic criteria and initiative of the WHO “, indicate a very serious condition. The DMFT index ranged from 0.54 in six-year-old children to 23.84 in the population of 65 years old. In this study led by Necheva, conducted in the cities of Skopje, Veles, Stip and Ohrid, 1,034 examinees were included from the rural and urban environment at the age of 6, 12, 15, 18, 35 - 44 and over 65 years from the whole country. The average DMFT index for the permanent dentition of 6 year old children in 1991 was 0, 69 [5].

In present study, we obtained the value of the average DMFT index of 6 year old children of 0.07 for permanent teeth, which is lower than the value of 0.54 obtained by Necheva in 1991.

The findings obtained through the oral health monitoring system show that the situation with the oral health of adolescents in the Re-public of Macedonia is worrying [20]. According to the study of the intersection conducted by an expert team designated by the Ministry of Health in 2007 as a real measurable indicator and WHO (World Health Organization) standard, calculated the DMFT index (average number of carious, extracted and filled teeth in every child). The average DMFT showed a value of 6.88 in 12-year-old children, which is considered to be high, as compared to WHO’s recommendation for oral health (DMFT < 3) [20].

Gligorova B and Jankulovska M in their work published in 2009 [25], showed that of all pathological conditions in primary school pu-pils in the Republic of Macedonia, the largest percentage (41.6%) falls to dental caries, then feet deformities (23.6%) and spine and chest



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deformities (21.4%), 17.6% of the children have incorrect body posture, 8.9% are suffering from malnutrition, and 5.3% are diagnosed with sight and vision and motility problems. Also they showed that dental caries was more common in male pupils (57.3%) than in female pupils (42.7%).

In our previous research, we found an average dmft index of 5.81 and 5.65 in 6-year-old children from the Vardar and Eastern regions of primary teeth, consequently [26].

In the survey carried out by Sulejmani in 2013, the 12-year-old children from the municipality of Tetova determined the presence of an average DMFT index of 4.58 among urban children and 6.06 for children from a rural environment. The difference was significant between the rural and urban area, showing the greater presence of dental caries among the children living in a rural environment [27].

Kashket S., et al. after analyzing the results obtained from the study on dietary habits and the presence of dental caries in children aged 3 - 5, concluded that the consumption of sweetened juices is a risk factor for the appearance of caries while consumption of milk and unsweetened Juices are associated with a reduction of the caries appearance [28].

The study of Sedin K., et al. suggest that the value of the dmft index among 5 - 7 year old children from Sarajevo was 7.53, while among the 12-15 year old children average DMFT was 7.18 [29], locating the Bosna and Hercegovina somewhere between Poland (5.1) and Latvia (7.7).

Marthaler., et al. [30] provide a comprehensive review of published studies on the prevalence and extent of dental caries in Europe between 1990 and 1995. Dental teeth decay in children in primary school at the age of 5 - 7 years ranges from 0.9 - 8.5 (dmft). The na-tional average of the DMFT index below 2.0 is recorded in Denmark, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and England. Higher levels of the DMFT index were published in Portugal (4.4), Lithuania (4.4), Hungary (3.7) and Scotland (3.0). In some countries, the percentage of cavities that was not treated was up to 71% (UK) [31-33].

Konjanovski in his retrospective epidemiological study presents the frequency of registered dental caries in pre-school, school and youth children in the area of the municipality of Bitola in the period from 2004 - 2008 and points out the necessary of preventive mea-sures that need to be taken. The morbidity rates were highest among school children aged 7 - 19. The average participation of dental caries in the total registered diseases in the health public system was higher among the female children with participation of 31.4% com-pared with males children whose participated with 28.9%. In 2008, 7520 cases of dental caries among school children were registered in ambulatory-polyclinic dental health system or 26.5% of the total number of registered cases in the same year [34]. Such results that Konjanovski received is considered to be due to the initiated implementation of the national strategy for the prevention of oral diseases in children 0 - 14 years in the Republic of Macedonia [35,36].

The limitations of the present study were that some important factors that influence fluorine intake were not taken into consideration, for example, drinking water quantity (it was very important to influence the actual intake of fluorine from water), fluorine concentrations in food and toothpaste, because, food fluorine and toothpaste fluorine should be used to adjusted when take the statistically analysis. Also in our present study some important factors that influence children’s DMFT were not taken into consideration, for example, family economic income, parents’ education, Soft drink consumption, personal brushing habits, and so on.

The obtained results of this survey for the average dmft/DMFT index showed that it was 5.29 ± 4.30 for primary dentition and 0.07 ± 0.3 for permanent dentition within 6-year-old children from the Southeast region. The examined correlation between the dmft index of primary teeth and the concentration of fluorine in drinking water from the Southeast region shows that there is a negative correlation between them (R = -0,149).



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From all of the above, it can be concluded that the correlation between the dmft index in 6-year-old children from the Southeast re-gion and the concentration of fluoride in drinking water from the places where the children are studied is a negative, indirect correlation, which is statistically not significant (p > 0.05). Negative, statistically indirect correlation, also existed between the value of the DMFT index of permanent teeth in the group of 6-year-old children and the fluorine concentration in the Southeast region (R = -0.085, p > 0.05).

ConclusionThe high incidence of the most frequent oral diseases such as dental caries imposed the need for adopting a strategic plan for organiza-

tion and reform of oral health system, in which the vision and goal of developing modern, quality and rational dental public health is clear-ly defined. According to the assessments of many domestic and international experts, this type of activities implies the establishment of integrated health care with mandatory quality control, as well as responsible management of the available resources in which oral health care is a priority, according to the recommendations of the WHO and should be incorporated in the principles of contemporary dentistry.

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https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Dental-Caries-Experience-among-15-years-Old-in-the-Ambarkova-Panova/049da6ec3d1bb115de8fd7576dbb300f82813e43

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Dental-Caries-Experience-among-15-years-Old-in-the-Ambarkova-Panova/049da6ec3d1bb115de8fd7576dbb300f82813e43

http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/9789241548649/en/

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Volume 17 Issue 7 July 2018©All rights reserved by Ambarkova Vesna.

https://islidedoc.org/document/the-national-strategy-for-prevention-of-oral-diseases-for-children-of-0-14-year-of-the-republic-of-macedonia-for-the-period-of-2008-2018-years-ministry-of-health-department-for-dental-health-care-skopje-2007-revised-2010

https://islidedoc.org/document/the-national-strategy-for-prevention-of-oral-diseases-for-children-of-0-14-year-of-the-republic-of-macedonia-for-the-period-of-2008-2018-years-ministry-of-health-department-for-dental-health-care-skopje-2007-revised-2010

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