Density Meter LB 444 0403 - Spartan Controls/media/resources/berthold/manuals... · 4.7 Service Menu ... Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444 Revision History ... As in the case

Density Meter

LB 444

Id. No 32816BA2 Rev. No.: 04 22.04.03

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Table of Contents

Page

1. OVERVIEW.................................................................................................... 1

2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ................................................................................. 2 2.1 Use and Function ................................................................................ 2 2.2 Instrument Configuration (Operating Modes) .......................................... 2 2.3 The Principle of Measurement ............................................................... 3 2.4 Measuring Configuration ...................................................................... 4

3. INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION......................................................................... 5 3.1 Radioactive Source ............................................................................. 5 3.2 Shieldings.......................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 Shielding Types LB744... with Manually Operated Lock............................. 6 3.2.2 Shieldings with Pneumatically Operated Lock and Shutter Switch.............. 7 3.2.3 Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Manually Operated Lock....... 8 3.2.4 Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Pneumatically Operated Lock

and Shutter Switch ............................................................................. 9 3.3 Detector .......................................................................................... 10 3.4 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ...................................................................... 10 3.4.1 General Description........................................................................... 10 3.4.2 Display............................................................................................ 11 3.4.3 Keypad Function ............................................................................... 11 3.4.4 Softkeys.......................................................................................... 11 3.4.5 Menu Structure ................................................................................ 11

4. SOFTWARE FUNCTIONS AND SYSTEM CONFIGURATION............................. 17 4.1 General Data.................................................................................... 17 4.2 Operating Mode................................................................................ 18 4.3 Parameter ....................................................................................... 19 4.4 Product Data.................................................................................... 22 4.5 Calibrate ......................................................................................... 23 4.6 Live Display ..................................................................................... 26 4.7 Service Menu ................................................................................... 26 4.8 Mass Flow........................................................................................ 26

5. INSTALLATION ........................................................................................... 27 5.1 General Safety Precautions ................................................................ 27 5.2 Installation ...................................................................................... 28 5.2.1 Installation on Pipelines ..................................................................... 28 5.2.2 Installation in a Container .................................................................. 30 5.2.3 Water Cooling Installation .................................................................. 32 5.2.4 Cooling Medium................................................................................ 33 5.2.5 Installation of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100...................................... 34 5.2.6 Installation of Evaluation Unit ............................................................. 34 5.3 Electrical Connections........................................................................ 35 5.3.1 Detector .......................................................................................... 35 5.3.2 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ...................................................................... 36

6. GETTING STARTED...................................................................................... 38 6.1 Quick Installation Overview ................................................................ 38 6.2 Getting Started................................................................................. 39

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6.2.1 Basic Settings .................................................................................. 41 6.2.2 Calibration ....................................................................................... 42 6.3 Measurement ................................................................................... 44 6.4 Error Messages................................................................................. 45 6.4.1 Error Messages Reset ........................................................................ 45 6.4.2 Error Messages during Operation ........................................................ 45 6.4.3 Error Messages during Calibration ....................................................... 45 6.4.4 Error Messages during Measurement ................................................... 46 6.5 System Start/Stop ............................................................................ 48

7. TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION ................................................................. 49 7.1 Temperature Measurement ................................................................ 49 7.2 Monitoring the Temperature Signal...................................................... 49 7.3 Function of Temperature Compensation ............................................... 50 7.4 Temperature Compensation in Suspensions .......................................... 50 7.5 Calculation of Temperature Coefficients................................................ 50 7.6 Calculation of Square Temperature Coefficient ...................................... 52 7.7 Reference Temperature ..................................................................... 53 7.8 Temperature Coefficient Calculation without Table Values ....................... 53

8. CALIBRATION............................................................................................. 55 8.1.1 Calibration Modes ............................................................................. 55 8.1.2 One-Point Calibration ........................................................................ 57 8.1.3 Two and Multi-Point Calibration........................................................... 59 8.1.4 Correction of Analysis Values.............................................................. 60 8.1.5 Checking the Calibration .................................................................... 62 8.2 Radiating Interference Detection ......................................................... 63 8.3 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover ................................................. 64 8.4 Measurements of Suspensions ............................................................ 65 8.4.1 Calculating the Density of Individual Components.................................. 68 8.5 Correcting the Results: Addition and Multiplication................................. 69 8.5.1 Additive Constant ............................................................................. 69 8.5.2 Multiplication Factor .......................................................................... 70

9. TECHNICAL DATA ....................................................................................... 71 9.1 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ...................................................................... 71 9.2 Detectors......................................................................................... 72

10. SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................ 74 10.1 General Safety Precautions ................................................................ 74 10.2 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ...................................................................... 74 10.3 Shielding and Source......................................................................... 76 10.4 Service Menu ................................................................................... 77 10.4.1 Overview......................................................................................... 77 10.4.2 Service Menu ................................................................................... 78 10.4.3 Plateau Check .................................................................................. 79 10.5 Detector .......................................................................................... 82 10.5.1 Checking the Crystal-Multiplier Assembly ............................................. 82 10.6 Replacing the Evaluation Unit LB 444................................................... 84

11. RADIATION PROTECTION ........................................................................... 85 11.1 Basics and Guidelines ........................................................................ 85 11.2 Shielding Installation Safety Instructions.............................................. 87 11.3 Radiation Dose Calculations................................................................ 87

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11.4 Emergency Instructions ..................................................................... 89

12. APPENDIX .................................................................................................. 90 12.1 Absorption Coefficients ...................................................................... 90 12.2 Temperature Coefficients ................................................................... 91 12.3 Density of Water as a Function of the Temperature................................ 92 12.4 Setup Protocol.................................................................................. 93

13. DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS ......................................................................... 95 13.1 Detectors......................................................................................... 95 13.2 Detectors with FM Certificate .............................................................. 97 13.3 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 88.9...304 mm................................ 98 13.4 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 21.3...76.1 mm............................... 99 13.5 Mounting Device 30 / 45 ° ................................................................100 13.6 LB 444 ...........................................................................................101

14. EX- CERTIFICATES FOR EVALUATION UNIT .................................................. 1

15. EX-CERTIFICATE FOR THE DETECTORS ......................................................... 4

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List of Figures

Page

Figure 1: Principle of measurement ......................................................... 3 Figure 2: Measuring system mounted on a pipeline.................................... 4 Figure 3: Shielding container type LB744 ................................................. 6 Figure 4: Shielding container type LB 744x with pneumatic locking drive ...... 7 Figure 5: Shielding for installation in a container ....................................... 8 Figure 6: : Pneumatic locking mechanism, not Ex-protected........................ 9 Figure 7 Shutter switch for ex-protected area ........................................... 9 Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444 ................................................................ 10 Figure 9: Softkeys functions ................................................................. 12 Figure 10: Function keys...................................................................... 13 Figure 11: Installation on a horizontal pipeline ........................................ 28 Figure 12: Outdoor installation ............................................................. 29 Figure 13: Installation on S or U-shaped measuring path.......................... 29 Figure 14: External installation of shielding and detector .......................... 30 Figure 15: Installation in a container ..................................................... 30 Figure 16: Installation in a container with horizontal flow ......................... 31 Figure 17: Installation in a container with vertical flow ............................. 31 Figure 18: Installation of water cooling .................................................. 32 Figure 19: Required amount of cooling water .......................................... 33 Figure 20: Cable connections at detector................................................ 35 Figure 21: Terminal connection evaluation unit (rear panel)...................... 36 Figure 22: Rear view of shielding container type LB 744. .......................... 39 Figure 23: Locking mechanism with knurled nut ...................................... 40 Figure 24: Locking mechanism with spring pin ........................................ 40 Figure 25: Influence of absorption coefficients on one-point calibration....... 58 Figure 26: One-point calibration with additional calibration points .............. 58 Figure 27: Example of multi-point calibration.......................................... 59 Figure 28: Response ........................................................................... 64 Figure 29: Density of suspensions ......................................................... 65 Figure 30: Conversion scheme.............................................................. 67 Figure 31: Plateau curve...................................................................... 80 Figure 32: Assembly of scintillation counter ............................................ 82

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Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444 Revision History

No. Date Comments 04 22.04.03 Atex certificates, LB 4430

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Safety Summary Electrical Shock Hazard Disconnect power to ensure that contact with energized part is avoided during installation and servicing. Specific Warnings Never change the installation or the parameter settings without a full knowledge of the relevant part of this manual, the connected controller and the process, if it is controlled by this measuring device. Radiation Protection Instructions This measuring device utilizes radioactive sources. Local regulations controlling the use of radioactive sources must be followed. This is the law. Installation, dismantling, relocation, maintenance, testing involving the radioactive source or its shielding have to be performed by persons specifically licensed. Radioactive sources which are not in use have to be stored at a save place which is tamperproof.

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1. Overview

The Density Meter LB 444 is designed for density measurements of liquids, suspensions, pulps and bulk materials. Measurements can be carried out directly in a product line or in a container. The density measuring system LB 444 utilizes the radiometric measurement method, i.e. the attenuation of Gamma radiation passing through the product being measured. Typically, the measuring system is installed at the measurement location using appropri-ate installation devices. If you have any questions, please contact the supplier. Radiometric measuring systems utilize radioactive substances which are manufactured in compliance with official regulations and which are protected by suitable shieldings. When handled properly, any hazards to personnel due to radioactive substances can be ruled out. As prescribed by law, these measuring facilities may be operated only by spe-cifically licensed persons with sufficient expertise and training. The hardware and software of the LB 444 system makes it easy to adapt the system to rather different measuring geometries and measuring tasks. Therefore, the settings and parameters of the measuring instrument have to be defined with care for the respective measuring task when taking the system into operation. Important parameters may not be changed later, in order not to compromise the reliable operation of the system. The system should be taken into operation and settings changed only by persons who know how to work with the instrument. Therefore, all users should read these operating in-structions carefully. We recommend documenting all settings in a setup protocol. Before starting any work, please read this operating manual carefully!

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2. System Description

2.1 Use and Function

The radiometric density measuring system can be used to measure the density of

• liquids

• suspensions

• pulps and

• bulk goods. Measurements can be carried out directly in a product line or in a container. They are not affected by pressure and viscosity fluctuations or the flow rate of the product. Special instrument configurations and calculations allow you to adapt the density meas-uring system to the local situation and the conditions of the product being measured.

2.2 Instrument Configuration (Operating Modes)

• Density measurement without temperature compensation (TC)

• Density measurement with temperature compensation − via Pt 100 or − via current input

• Suspension measurement with any carrier liquid − Solid density and liquid density are known − with or without TC

• Suspension measurement with water as carrier liquid − Solid density is known − with water temperature compensation the density of the water and the

solids concentration are taken into account for temperature compensa-tion

• Mass flow measurement without TC (in connection with a volume flow meter)

• Mass flow measurement with TC via Pt 100 (in connection with a volume flow meter)

• Backscatter measurement (density measurement in containers where no instal-lations are possible)

• Measurement modes

• continuous measurement

• discontinuous measurement − Batch operation via keyboard (press <run> button) − Batch operation via digital input

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2.3 The Principle of Measurement

The density measurement is based on the irradiation method. It utilizes the physical law of the attenuation of gamma radiation passing through the product being measured. The resulting measurement effect is the ratio I/I0 between the untenanted radiation I0 and the radiation I which is attenuated by the product being measured. The remaining radia-tion picked up by the detector (scintillation counter) represents the density of the product being measured. Figure 1 illustrates the principle of measurement. The radiation is at-tenuated according to the following formula:

I = I0 * e - µ' * ρ * d I = Radiation picked up by the detector I0 = Untenanted radiation µ = Mass attenuation coefficient (absorption coefficient) in cm2/g ρ = Density of absorbing material in g/cm3 d = Thickness of absorbing material in cm

Figure 1: Principle of measurement The intensity of the radiation picked up by the detector is also dependent on the distance between source and detector. As in the case of light, the function involved is a square function, i.e. doubling the distance reduces the radiation intensity to ¼ if all other condi-tions remain unchanged. Assuming a constant distance between source and detector and a fixed measuring path, the radiation picked up by the detector is only dependent on the density of the material being measured. Contamination of the product being measured or the pipeline wall by gamma radiation is not possible at all.

d

Io I

Source Detector

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2.4 Measuring Configuration

Measuring systems for density, concentration and mass flow measurements typically comprise the following components:

• Radioactive source (a)

• Shielding container (b)

• Detector (c)

• Evaluation unit LB 444 (d)

• Mounting device (e)

• Connection cable (f)

• Resistance thermometer Pt 100 (option) (g)

• Cooling jacket for detector (option) The detector’s power supply and the measuring signal (pulses) are transmitted via the cable connected between detector and evaluation unit.

Figure 2: Measuring system mounted on a pipeline Different configurations and mounting devices may be required, depending on the meas-uring tasks, the condition of the product being measured and the containers. Figure 2 shows a basic setup in a pipeline with Pt 100 resistance thermometer and a 90° mounting device for density, concentration and mass flow measurement. 45° and 30° mounting devices are available to extend the measuring path. U or S-shaped measuring paths may be used for smaller pipeline diameters. Measure-ments in containers are also possible (see 5.2.2).

EG&G BERTHOLD

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BERTHOLDLB 444 - V 2.10Density -Meter etc.

enter enter

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a, b

e

g

c

e

f

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3. Instrument Description

3.1 Radioactive Source

Radioactive sources for industrial applications are always “encapsulated radioactive sub-stances” which are tightly welded into a sturdy stainless steel capsule, so that the radio-active substance cannot leak out. Contamination is therefore ruled out. Moreover, any activation of the product being measured by the sources used is not possible for physical reasons. The following sources can be used for these measuring configurations. 241Am, 60Co, 137Cs. The following isotopes are primarily used for density measurements: 60Co has a relatively high energy of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, respectively. It is used for den-sity measurements over very long distances and/or if the radiation has to pass through very thick pipe or vessel walls. Its half-life period is 5.27 years. 137Cs is the isotope most frequently used for density measurements. Its energy of 0.660 MeV is sufficient to penetrate commonly used pipe and container walls. Due to the lower energy, the measuring effect is better than with Co-60. Also, the shielding costs for a Cs-137 source are lower than for a Co-60 source. The half-life period of Cs-137 is approx. 30 years.

Am-241 is ideally suited for measurement of the concentration of components with high atomic order (iron, nickel, HCl, etc.) in a carrier medium with low atomic order. Its en-ergy is 60 keV and its half-life period 433 years.* Please note the Radiation Protection Guidelines in Chapter 11! *According to NBS, half-life is defined as: Time for the activity of any particular radioisotope to be reduced to half its initial value.

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3.2 Shieldings

Typically, the source is firmly installed into the working shielding which includes a radia-tion exit channel to release the active beam towards the detector. The active beam can be shielded during transport, installation and servicing. The shielding function must be checked every six months! 3.2.1 Shielding Types LB744... with Manually Operated Lock

The shielding consists of a cast iron or stainless steel outer shell filled with lead, except for an exit port blocked by a lead filled moveable shutter. The shutter mechanism con-sists of a rotatable lead filled cup connected to the outside of the housing by means of a shaft, secured to a handle. The lead filling of the cup has a cylindrical hole. At one dis-tinct and defined position of the handle, the hole and source holder are aligned, allowing the radioactive beam to reach outside via a steel cover plate. This is the “on” position of the device. At all other shaft positions, the beam exit is blocked by the lead in the cup. The handle which indicates the open or closed condition of the shutter can be secured in either position against unauthorized manipulation. Ac-cess to the source holder is prevented by the handle in both the open and closed posi-tions.

2 1 7

8

Pb

3 3.1 4 5 6

Figure 3: Shielding container type LB744 1 Shell 4 Radiation source 2 Moveable shutter 5 Source holder 3 Radiation exit channel, “OPEN” 6 Locking lever 3.1 Radiation exit channel, “CLOSED” 7 Lock 8 Cover plate

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3.2.2 Shieldings with Pneumatically Operated Lock and Shutter Switch

NOTE: Option not available in the USA. A pneumatic lock with switch contacts indicating the position of the lock is available as a special version. The pressurized air moves the shutter to the OPEN position. If the pressurized air is turned off or in case of failure the moveable shutter is turned back to the CLOSED posi-tion by the spiral spring. Pressurized air: min. 4*105 Pa (4 kp/cm2) max. 7*105 Pa (7 kp/cm2)

Shutter switch: IP 65 max. 250 V, 40 VA, 1 A

Air quality

clean, as usual for pressurized air tools, oil free

Temperature range:

-5 to + 60°C

CAUTION-RADIOACTIVEMATERIAL

Throttle valve

Pressurized airconnection

Spring unit

DriveShutterswitch

Figure 4: Shielding container type LB 744x with pneumatic locking drive

Do not open spring unit. DANGER! The pneumatic drive is equipped with a throttle valve. The valve must be set such that the shielding’s opening and closing process takes at least 2 s; other-wise the shielding may get damaged!

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3.2.3 Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Manually Operated Lock

The shielding consists of a lead-filled steel pipe, with a guide tube for the ra-dioactive source installed in the center. The radiation exit channel is located in an angle of 90° or 45° relative to the longitudinal axis. After taking off the covering cap which is secured by a lock you may open the knurled screw and, using the stay bar, move the radioactive source forward (OPEN) or back (CLOSED).

Locking mechanism

Covering cap

Lead

Source positionCLOSED

Steel pipeProtection pipe

Source positionOPEN

Radiation exitchannel

45°

90°

Figure 5: Shielding for installation in a container

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3.2.4 Shieldings for Installation in a Container with Pneumatically Operated Lock and Shutter Switch

NOTE: Option not available in the USA. A shielding with a pneumatic lock and shutter switch is available as a special version. The pressurized air moves the source lever to the OPEN position. If the pressurized air is turned off, or in case of failure, the spring installed in the pneumatic cylinder moves the source back to CLOSED Pressurized air: min. 1*105 Pa (1 kp/cm2) max. 6*105 Pa (6 kp/cm2) Air quality clean, as usual for pressurized air tools, oil free

Closed

Open

Switch CLOSED

Switch OPEN

Cover cap

Connection forpressurized air electr. signal

OPEN/CLOSED

Figure 6: : Pneumatic locking mecha-nism, not Ex-protected

Shutter switches signal the position of the sources. Two versions are available: a) Version for use in areas not endan-gered of explosion: 2 Reed contacts max. 250 V, 40 VA 1 x for OPEN, 1 x for CLOSED. b) Version for use in the areas endan-gered of explosion: 1 proximity switch for position CLOSED. It has to be connected to a fail-safe power supply.

Figure 7 Shutter switch for ex-protected area

See the drawings which are part of the documentation for detailed information on the construction and function of the shield-ing type used.

Closed

Open

Switch flag

Cover cap

Connection forpressurized air electr. signal

OPEN/CLOSED

Proximityswitch

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3.3 Detector

A scintillation counter is used as detector. The detector converts the gamma radiation picked up into electrical pulses. The count rate transmitted to the evaluation unit is proportional to the radiation intensity received. The detector is equipped with an automatic drift compensation which automatically cor-rects component aging and temperature influences, ensuring a high long-term stability of the measuring system. The power supply of the detector is carried out via the fail-safe connection circuit of the LB 444 evaluation unit. The detector itself includes a fail-safe connection circuit to which a resistance thermome-ter Pt 100 can be connected for measurement of the product temperature. The detector assembly in a sturdy stainless steel housing protects the instrument against normal ambient pollution in industrial applications. The detector must not be subject to heavy mechanical stress or vibrations. For more information on its function see chapter 1. The ambient temperatures must not exceed 50°C; otherwise adequate cooling has to be provided (see also chapter 5.2.3).

3.4 Evaluation Unit LB 444

3.4.1 General Description

The evaluation electronics is designed as a 19" module. It includes the microprocessor-controlled evaluation elec-tronics and the power supply for the required operating voltage. A 32 bit microproc-essor featuring a menu-structured software specially designed for density meas-urements is used for signal processing.

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BERTHOLDLB 444 - 1 V 1.0Density -Meter

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LCD display

Softkeys

Function keys

Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444

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The instrument is operated via six foil keys. Three keys work as softkeys which allow user-guided definition of all instrument settings and input of the required parameters. Three more keys serve as function keys. The front panel includes a RS 232 interface port . Data can be transferred to a PC using a terminal program. Calibration data can be uploaded and downloaded via interface using the “UNIBERT LB 444” software. Moreover, the software offers a number of data logging functions. The terminal strip on the instrument rear panel includes all terminals for power supply, for the detector, and for the analog and digital output signals. The current output is iso-lated and the built-in relays for max.-min.-indication and for error messages include an isolated contact. The system automatically corrects for the decrease of the source activity. System malfunctions are signalled by error messages. Calibration data is stored in a FLASH memory and saved, so they will not be lost if power failure occurs. 3.4.2 Display

The instrument’s illuminated display comprises four lines; the first three lines show the menu titles, the currently selected parameters or the current measurement value. The bottom line shows the current function of the respective softkey button. If a measure-ment is running, the “run” status is displayed. 3.4.3 Keypad Function

The Density Meter is operated via the softkeys and function keys described below; with these keys you can select the operating level you want within a menu structure in order to select a function or enter parameters. 3.4.4 Softkeys

Softkeys are used to select different menu groups and operating levels within the menu structure. Depending on the current position in the menu structure, functions are as-signed to these keys, as shown on the display above the respective key. 3.4.5 Menu Structure

The menu structure is illustrated on the following pages. Push <more> to select the va-rious menu groups. From there you get to the respective menu by pushing <sk1> or <sk2>. Within the menu, push <more> to go to the individual windows and at the end of the menu push <done> to return to the menu group.

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sk1 and sk2 Go to the indicated menu more Go to next display or menu group done shows the end of the menu and takes

you back to the menu group ^^^

Text: scrolls through the various selection options

Numerical values: increments the number marked by the cursor by 1

Moves the cursor to the left and at the end of the input field again to the start position

+ and - Scrolls forward / back in a result list or in the live display

Figure 9: Softkeys functions

sk1: General Datask2: Operating Mode

sk1 sk2 more

Relay 2Minimum 50%Hysteresis 5%

<-<-<- ^^^ more

Time constantValue 20s

^^^ <-<-<- more

HV (500): 20/sHV (560): 123/sHV (560): 620/s + - exit

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Enter Accepts the entry and moves the cur-

sor to the next input field or toggles between two input fields.

Run Starts or stops a measurement or leads directly back to the display and at the start of a measurement auto-matically changes to the measure-ment value display.

Clear Clears the numerical value.

Figure 10: Function keys

enter

sk1 : General Datask2 : Operating Mode

sk1 sk2 more

clear run

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sk1: General Data sk2: Operating Mode sk1 sk2 more

Date & Time Date : 01.02.00Time : 12.21

Berthold LB 444 V. X.XX Density - Meter

LanguageDeutsch English

Francais Espanol

Print Parameter? (press Enter)

Factory setting

Config instrument

Density without TK Density with cur. Inp

Mass Flow without TC Mass Flow with Pt 100

Error mode in error case

stop measurement/ continue measure-

sk1: Parameter sk2: Product Data sk1 sk2 more

Measuring product No.: 1/2/3/4 Product 1

Detector und Isotope Code: 0 Isotope: Cs 137

Measuring Path Value : 10,0 cm

Select: Measure Mode Continuous Measure Batchmode

Rapid switchover OFF / ON

Sigma: 3,0000

Current Output Range : 4 - 20 mA/ 0 - 20 mA

Curr. Output Limits 0/4 mA 1,0000 20 mA 1,2000

Radiating inter ference OFF/ ON Sigma: 5.0000

Relais Nr. 2 setup Minimum Maximum Det. Temp

Hysteresis : 5% Time constant Value: 10.0s

Berthold Detector SoftwareVersion 1.02

Password: xxxx

Radiation measure Backscatter measure

Relay in error case Hold state

Current following

Radiating inter ference:-: Delay time: : 20 s

Maximum Rate: Value: : 100000 cps

Product selection extern / intern

Product select Nr.: 1/2/3/4 Product 1

Current input: Range: 0 - 20 mA 4 - 20 mA

Temp. Input 0 / 4 mA: 0 °C 20 mA: 10 0 °C

With Temp./ FlowSignal 0/4 - 20 mA

Temperature coeff. TC 1 Value : 1.2345e-03

Reference Temperature Value : 30 °C

Current outp. error current: HOLD / VALUE Value: 12 mA

Minimum Rate: Value: : 0 cps

Relais Nr. 3 setup Minimum Maximum Det. Temp

Hysterese : 5%

Temperature coeff. TC 2 Value : 1.2345e-06

sk1:Calibrate sk2:Live Display sk1 sk2 more

Calibr. Data transfer yes / no

Product 1->2 ?

1. Rate = 12345 cps 1. 1.0000 g/cm3 1. Temp. = 44,2 °C

10. Rate = 12345 cps 10. 1.0000 g/cm3 10. Temp. = 44,2 °C

sk1:Data input sk2:Calculate sk1 sk2 more

Product select Nr.: 1/2/3/4 Product 1

Suspensions measure yes / no

Unit select [g/cm2] [Bx] [Be] [g/] Unit : g/cm3

Calibrate mode one / lin / squ / cub / auto Mode: linear

Zero countrate Io Value: 54321 cps

Coefficient a1 Value: - 6.64000e - 02

Square Error Value: 0.000000

Factor Value: 1.0000

Calibration value 1. 1.0000 g/cm3 2. 1.1200 g/cm3 + -



Offset Value: 0.0000

Solid density Value: 2.6500 g/cm3

Liquid density Value: 1.0000 g/cm3

Water TC ? yes / No

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sk1: Service Menu sk2: Mass Flow sk1 sk2

Testrate 12345 cps Output Curr : 10,0 mA 1,2345 g/cm3

Relay 1 : ON Relay 2 : OFFRelay 1 : ON

Input 1: OFFInput 2: OFFInput 3: ON

Set outputcur Current : 9.0mA

View input cur. Current: 12.0mA

High Voltage Value : 800 V

sk1: Test calculate sk2: I / O - Test sk1 sk2 more

sk1: HV Adjustment sk2: Status request sk1 sk2 more

Save Default Value : 850 V

Read Default Value : 850 V

sk1: Reset Detector sk2: Pt 100 adjust sk1 sk2 more

Temperature = 45.2°C Det. Temp. = 28 °C

For Detector - Reset please press (sk 1 & clear)

sk1: Measure Plateau sk2: Request Plateau sk1 sk2

Plateau measurement running...... IIIIIIIII...........................

HV( 500): 817/s HV( 560): 884 /sHV( 620): 923/s + - done

sk1: Plateau sk 2: Adj. Current out sk 1 sk2 more

Current 1.8 mA Offset: 4123 + - more

Current 18 mA Offset: 345 + - more

For Pt 100-Adjust please press (sk2 & clear)

sk1: Adj. Cur. input sk 2: Relay Delaytime sk 1 sk2 more

Curr. Input Adjust Set value 1.8 mA Real value 1,7 mA + - more

Curr. Input Adjust Set value 18 mA Real value 17.5 mA + - more

Relay delay Value: 50 ms

Flow Value 87.00 m3/h

Ext. Mass Coun-ter Tons per cycle

Unit Mass Flow [kg/h, t/h] t/h

Range input at 20 mA] Value: 100 m3/h

Erease mass - integrator

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sk1: Service Menu sk2: Mass Flow sk1 sk2 more

sk1: Interface sk1 more

Interface RS 232: Printer/PC RS 485 Printer/LB 447sk1 more

PC Access ControlRead only data / change of data

RS232 PC only

sk1:Calibrate sk2:Live Display sk1 sk2 more

L B 4 4 4 DENSITY 1.2345 g/cm3 + -

Value: 1.2345 g/cm3 Temperature: 45.2 °C 1.2345 g/cm3 + -

I-mean = 12345 cps I-actual = 12435 cps HV -auto = 745 V + - more

Detector Temperature: 47 °C + - more

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4. Software Functions and System Configuration

Depending on the selected configuration, some input dialog boxes are dimmed. If e.g. “Density measurement without temperature compensation” has been selected, the input dialog box for temperature compensation is not available. Chapter 3.4.5 includes an overview of the menu structure. The factory setting is listed in the Configuration Checklist in the Appendix. Enter the final operating settings in this list. Individual options are selected by pushing the <^^^> button. Push <enter> to accept the selected value. After the last entry, the instrument has to be connected to mains for at least 5 minutes to ensure that all values entered have been stored in the FLASH memory and will not be lost if power failure occurs.

4.1 General Data

Password: You can enter a 6-digit number. Upon confirmation with <enter>, the system is pro-tected against unauthorized manipulation of the parameters. Display: Keyboard locked. All parameters can still be viewed, however. Password protection is revoked as soon as you enter the correct numerical value and confirm your entry with <enter>. Date: Enter the current date in the format TT.MM.YY. The correct date is important for auto-matic correction of the source activity decay. Time: Enter the current time in the format HH.MM. Time deviations have hardly any effect on the activity decay correction. System/Version: Display of instrument type and software program version. Please have this data handy if you need to consult with the manufacturer. Detector Software: Display of the software version installed in the detector. Please have this data handy if you need to consult with the manufacturer. Language: German, English or French can be chosen as dialog language by pressing the <^^^> key. Print Parameter? A printer with serial interface can be connected on the front panel. Push <enter> to print all parameters for documentation. You may also connect a PC and transfer the date to a PC for processing using a terminal program. See also 4.2. Factory setting: Push <sk1> to reset all parameters to the factory setting.

The current calibration data is lost when the instrument is reset!

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4.2 Operating Mode

Measurement mode Density without TC Density measurement without temperature compensation.

Suitable for constant product temperature or very large meas-uring ranges where the influence of density changes due to temperature is negligible.

Density with Pt 100: Density measurement with temperature compensation via re-sistance thermometer Pt 100.

Density with cur. input Density measurement with temperature compensation via cur-rent input. The product temperature is supplied as current sig-nal 0/4-20mA (28c+/28a-).

Mass flow without TC Mass flow measurement without temperature compensation. Mass flow with Pt 100 Mass flow measurement with temperature compensation via

Pt 100 resistance thermometer. Measurement method Radiation measure Standard setting for most applications. The absorption of ra-

diation is utilized as measurement effect. Backscatter measure Special application for density measurement in containers

where no installations can be made or for measurements on large pipelines.

Error mode in error case: Stop measurement The measurement process stops if an error occurs. The error is

indicated on the display. Push <enter> to clear the error message on the display. If the error has been eliminated, push <run> to start the measurement again.

Continue measurement If you select “continue measurement” the error is displayed, but the measurement continues.

Relay in error case Hold state The max./min. relays behave corresponding to the measured

density. Current following The max./min. relays follow the fault current (see chapter 4.4)

Current outp. error Current: HOLD The output current is held at the last value where the error

has occurred. VALUE In case of error, a pre-defined output current is selected (see

chapter 4.4) RS232 interface: The RS232 interface is located on the front panel of the evaluation unit. Select baud rate by pressing <^^^> and confirm with <enter>. Select device to which data is to be transferred: select either PC/Printer or modem. Terminal program settings: In LB 444: Printer In terminal program: 9600 baud, 8 data bit, 1 stop bit, no parity, protocol: X on / X off. RS 485: Presently not used.

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4.3 Parameter

Measuring product No. 1/2/3/4: Parameters (detector type, current output range, limit values, etc.) for up to 4 different products can be entered and stored. These parameters have to be entered separately for each product. The calibration data measured for a product may be copied to other data sets. Thus, dif-ferent current ranges (0/4-20 mA) can be defined for the same product and can be se-lected externally, by selecting the “new” product, or different limit values can be used. In normal measurement mode the product for the current measurement is selected here. Detector and Isotope:

Code: Detector-specific code number taking into account the parameters to be defaulted for the detector type.

Values: enter “0” for measurements with Cs-137 and Co-60 for the detectors with NaI crystall.

Detector LB 5430: Enter “22”

Isotope Co-60, Cs-137, Am-241, Cm-244, Sr-90, Kr-85

Select isotope used. This entry controls decay compensation.

Measuring Path (0.1 to 9999.9 cm): Enter measuring path in the product in cm. With 90° irradiation to the pipeline axis, the measuring path is equal to the internal diameter of the pipeline. With irradiation angles

of 45° or 30°, the internal diameter of the pipeline has to be multiplied by a factor of or 2, respectively. The actual measuring path in the product has to be entered here when working with S or U-shaped measuring paths where the pipeline is irradiated along the longitudinal axis, and for measurements in a container. Enter the data accurately if only one-point calibration of the measuring system can be performed. With two or multi-point calibration the input is relatively irrelevant, as the computer corrects the absorption coefficients accordingly.

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Select: Measure Mode:

Continuous: Continuous measurement; standard setting for most measurements. With this type of measurement, a sliding average is calculated over the selected time constant.

Batchmode Batch measurement with external start-stop signal (digital input 22a and 22c) or via the <run> button.

We recommend using the “Batch measurement” mode, for example, when a pipeline or container is filled briefly and then emptied again. In this case, shorter measuring times can be used.

During batch measurement an arithmetic mean is calculated over the measurement time.

To start a measurement process, either push the <run> button or briefly connect terminals 22a /22c.

A measurement stops as soon as the entered measurement time is over (time constant). The shortest batch time that can be used is approx. 2 s. or if you push the <run> button again.

Time constant: Enter the time constant of the instrument system. It determines the average calculation of the counts supplied by the detector. In order to reduce statistical variations, you should select the highest time constant that is still permissible. It is dependent upon the permissible error during the maximum possible density changing speed. A time constant of less than 20 seconds will therefore be required only in exceptional cases. Typical input values are between 30 and 300 s. A measurement time can be preset for batch measurement. Once this time is over, the measurement stops automatically. The shortest batch time is approx. 2 s. Rapid switchover:

OFF / ON: This function (= 1/10 of defined time constant) is needed to adjust the out-put signal quickly to the new value if sudden density changes occur.

Sigma Sigma defines a range (window) which the display change has to exceed be-fore the selected time constant automatically switches over to a value that is smaller by a factor of 10 (max. 0.8 sec).

When using the rapid switchover function, you should at least enter “4” or better “5” as Sigma value to make sure that a switchover of the time con-stant is not triggered too often by statistical variations or minor density changes. We recommend determining the optimum entry during routine op-eration (see also chapter 8.3 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover).

Radiating interference: This function is needed only when unforeseeable influences due to interfering radiation are to be expected. It is enabled and disabled via <ON> and <OFF>. Sigma defines a limit value which the display change has to exceed before the measure-ment is aborted. The value has to be set such that short-term density variations occur-ring during operation do not trigger this function.

Enabling radiating interference detection disables the rapid switchover function.

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Radiating interference delay time: (only with Radiating interference “ON”) Interference due to radiation is normally only of short duration. After the delay time you have entered here is over, the measurement starts again automatically following detec-tion of Radiating interference. Maximum rate: The measurement stops automatically as soon as the count rate supplied by the detector exceeds the entered value. The output current signal is held at the last value. The error message “Measurement halted” is displayed. The measurement continues automatically as soon as the count rate has dropped below the entered value. The entered values are permanently corrected during decay compensation. The functions “Maximum Rate” and “Minimum Rate” can be used to “freeze” the meas-ured value in case of malfunctions (e.g. empty measuring path, empty container, in-creased radiation due to weld seam testing, etc.) and to avoid long response times of the control devices. Select the input values such that that they will not be reached during re-gular operation. If this function is not important for your operation, disable it by entering a pulse rate of “0”. Minimum rate: The measurement stops automatically as soon as the count rate supplied by the detector falls below the entered value. If this function is not important for your operation, disable it by entering a pulse rate of “0”. Current input: For temperature compensation via current input: Select current input range 0-20 mA or 4-20 mA. For mass flow measurements: The signal defined here is used for the volume flow. Temp. Input 0/4mA: 20mA: These entries are required only for temperature compensation via current input. Enter the upper and lower temperature values for 0/4mA or 20mA. Product selection [extern/intern] Define if the product is to be selected via the keyboard of the evaluation unit (internal) or via digital inputs (external, 18a/c, 20a/c).

Product DI1 18 a/c DI2 20 a/c 1 0 0 2 0 1 3 1 0 4 1 1

1= terminal a/c connected

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4.4 Product Data

Enter product data for parameter setup and calibration separately for each product. Product select No. 1/2/3/4: Enter product number for calibration. Current Output Select current output signal 0 or 4 mA. Current Output Limits 0/4 mA: Enter density or concentration value which is to correspond to 0 or 4 mA in the defined unit, e.g. in % concentration. 20 mA: Enter density or concentration value which is to correspond to 0 or 4 mA in the defined unit, e.g. in % concentration.

Example: Measuring range 10 ... 30 % concentration. Input: at 4 mA: 10 at 20 mA: 30 Current Output Error

Current: VALUE

In case of error, the current output jumps to the defined value ( 0...22 mA)

HOLD In case of error, the current output holds the last value. Caution: If you have selected “continue in case of error”, the current output operates using a wrong value corresponding to the false value.

Relay No. 2 setup Minimum / Maximum / Det. Temp. / Mass pulse: Different functions can be assigned to the relay. As soon as the status to be signaled Density / concentration < minimum or Density / concentration > minimum Detector temperature > X °C has been reached, the relay is de-energized. If the displayed value drops again, the relay picks up again, delayed by the value of the selected hysteresis.

Hysteresis The switching hysteresis should be about 5%.

Mass Pulse The relay may also be used to supply pulses to an external counter during mass flow measurement. The significance / pulse (t) is entered under menu item “Mass flow”.

Relay No. 3 Setup: Same as relay no. 2. However, there is not input option for a mass pulse.

Minute printout

Value The integrated mass can be printed out in defined time intervals using a printer con-nected to the RS 232 interface.

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4.5 Calibrate

Product Select No. 1/2/3/4: Select product to be calibrated and confirm with <enter>. Suspension measure Yes/No If you select yes the Solid density and liquid density parameters are taken into account in the calculation (see also chapter 8.4). Solid density Enter Solid density (g/cm3) of component to be measured (only for suspension meas-urements). See also chapter 8.4. Liquid density Enter liquid density (g/cm3) only for suspension measurements. This is the density of the carrier liquid or, with liquid mixtures, the density of the attendant component. Water TC ? Yes/No Only for measurements of suspensions using water as carrier liquid and temperature compensation (via PT 100 or current input). When temperature compensation for water is selected, the automatic temperature com-pensation (TC1, TC2) is disabled and the temperature coefficient for water is used. Thus,

• the different temperature coefficient of water at different temperatures and • the temperature influence which decreases with rising solids contents

are taken into account. In this case, the next query is “Reference temperature” (see also chapter 7). Temperature coefficient TC1 Enter linear temperature coefficient (999.999e-99 to 999.999e+99). This coefficient usually suffices for minor temperature changes of ± 20°C (see chapter 7). Temperature coefficient TC2 Enter square temperature coefficient (999.999e-99 to 999.999e+99). We recommend en-tering TC2 in addition for minor temperature variations > 20°C (see chapter 7). Reference temperature Enter the reference temperature for the density, concentration or mass flow measure-ment. If the actual temperature deviates from the reference temperature entered here, the measured density or concentration values are temperature corrected (see chapter 7). Unit select g/cm3, t/m3, Bx, Weight%, °Be, g/l, mm, g/m2

Select the unit for density and concentration measurements and area weight measure-ments (mm, g/m2). Data input Enter or read in the calibration data for the requested number of calibration points.

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Calibr. Data transfer Select “Yes” to copy the calibration data of a product that has already been calibrated. Sequence: Yes <enter> Product X <enter> Y <enter> etc. Then run through Rate 1. to Rate 10. and correct them if necessary. 1. Rate to 10. Rate You need at least 2 calibration points (except for one-point calibration, see chapter 8 CALIBRATION). You have to run through all 10 points. Calibration points with zero values are not calculated. Data can be entered or read in by pressing the <run> button. In the latter case, the count rate and – if a temperature sensor is connected and instrument configuration with temperature compensation has been selected – the actual product temperature is read in. As soon as the measured value is stable, press the <run> button again to stop the reading-in process. Press <enter> to confirm the read-in or entered value. If you push <more> to go to the next item without pushing <enter> first, the values will not be saved.

Rate: Count rate in cps is read-in or entered.

Density: Enter the density value determined in the lab.

Temp: Temperature is read-in automatically and taken into account when enabling temperature compensation. Otherwise, this parameter is not relevant.

sk2: Calculate Calibrate mode Select the calibration mode: on/lin/squ/cub/auto (see also 8.1) One-point For one-point calibration we only need one value pair (count rate and den-

sity or concentration value) and the absorption coefficient. For common products it can be taken from the table in the Appendix and entered as coef-ficient a1.

Linear Linear curve fit is used if at least two value pairs are available. It should also be used when several calibration points are available which are very close together, so that not the entire measuring range is covered by samples.

Square Square curve fit can be selected if at least 3 calibration points are available which are distributed fairly evenly over the measuring range or if the meas-urement is carried out in %-concentration, °Bx or in another unit which is not in linear correlation with the density.

Cubic Cubic curve fit should be applied when the same conditions exist as under square, but at least 4 value pairs are available and it becomes apparent dur-ing operation that values deviate in some parts when using square.

Auto The program automatically selects the best curve fit . At least 4 value pairs must be available for this function.

Select the calibration mode and push <enter> to calculate the calibration factors. Exception: The defaulted coefficient is used for one-point calibration.

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Coefficient a1 Linear absorption coefficient (range -10 to +10). Enter this coefficient for one-point calibration or use the default value for Cs-137 (-0.066). This value also has to be confirmed with <enter>. One-point calibration is carried out as soon as you press the <enter> button. Zero count rate Io The zero count rate is automatically calculated for calibration. It corresponds to the zero point of the unit of measure, i.e. the density or concentration value “0”. The zero count rate is automatically corrected at midnight, compensating for the source decay. Do not change it manually. Coefficient a1 The calculated or entered coefficient a1 is displayed. Do not change it manually; this also applies to coefficients a2 and a3. Coefficient a2 Square absorption coefficient. This value is automatically calculated for two- or multi-point calibration. Coefficient a3 Cubic absorption coefficient. This value is automatically calculated for multi-point calibra-tion. Square error This value is calculated automatically for two- or multi-point calibration. It indicates the quality of the calibration curve for the selected calibration mode. The smaller the numeri-cal value, the better the curve fit (see chapter 8 CALIBRATION). This coefficient is not a criterion for selection of the best calibration mode (see calibration mode auto). Factor Enter a multiplication factor (0 to 10) to correct the measured values. Each measured value is multiplied by this factor. It allows you to change the slope of the calibration curve. When performing a new calibration, the factor is automatically set to “1” (see also chapter 8.5.2). Offset Additive correction of the measured values; allows parallel offset of the curve. The offset entered here is added to each measured value. When performing a new calibration, the value is automatically set to “0” (see also chapter 8.5.1). Calibration value Only for temperature compensation via Pt 100 or current input: The temperature compensated lab values are displayed which were entered at rates 1. to 10. (g/cm3). Scroll with <+> and <->. The calibration curve is calculated using these values.

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4.6 Live Display

Start measurement A measurement can be started from any menu item by pressing the <run> button (ex-ception: Service menu). The measured values are displayed continuously in the selected unit for the selected product. RUN appears on the display. With <+> and <-> you can cycle through the displays below. Menu sk2: Live Display Results are displayed in this menu if RUN appears on the display; otherwise the values of the last measurement. Push <+> and <-> to scroll through the displays below. Density display The actual density can be displayed in the defaulted range, e.g. 1.234 g/cm3. I-mean Shows the average count rate. The entered basic time constant is used as time constant. I-actual Shows the actual count rate. The entered basic time constant is used as time constant. HV auto: Shows the adjusted high voltage (HV). Mass Flow Actual concentration [%] and mass flow [kg/h] are displayed in the defaulted range. Integr. M=[t] Shows the integrated mass. Flow =[m3/h] Shows the actual volume flow. Stop measurement by pressing <run> again. Select product in the sk1: Parameter menu.

4.7 Service Menu

See chapter 10 Service.

4.8 Mass Flow

Unit Mass Flow For mass flow measurement: select the unit for result output – either kg/h or t/h. Volume flow at 20 mA Enter the volume flow in m3/h at 20 mA. Flow Displays the flow in m3/h. Ext. Mass Counter Tons per cycle As soon as the mass flow entered here is reached, the respective relay picks up briefly. The pick-up time can be set in the Service menu.

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5. INSTALLATION

5.1 General Safety Precautions

The shielding with the radioactive source is delivered in a box in compliance with the re-gulations concerning the transportation of radioactive substances. Take the shielding out of the box just prior to installation. Up to that time, store it in a location that is guarded against unauthorized access. Using the drawings of the shielding and taking into account the situation at the measur-ing site, carefully install the mounting brackets and fixtures. Make sure the mechanical stability of the mounting devices is adequate to support the shielding weight. Assemble the shielding just prior to taking the system into operation. Secure all screws and fixing parts, so that they cannot come undone during operation, and the shielding cannot fall down. To keep the radiation exposure of the assembling personnel as low as possible, only li-censed personnel who have been trained on how to handle radioactive substances are allowed to assemble or disassemble the shielding with the source. Work is performed according to the instructions and under supervision of the Radiation Safety Officer. It has to be ensured that the lock of the shielding is closed and secured, so that no unshielded radiation can exit. Make sure the shielding is not tampered with or damaged.

Very important! Please read the Radiation Protection Guidelines in CHAPTER 11 and observe them strictly!

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5.2 Installation

5.2.1 Installation on Pipelines

Make sure the radiation exit channel of the shielding container is always closed during installation.

The detector has to be protected against temperatures > 50°C by a water cool-ing jacket.

Cables have to be protected against temperatures > 70°.

When selecting the installation site, please keep in mind:

1. Selection of measuring site: at the measuring point, the pipeline must always be completely filled with the product being measured. If the pipeline is only partially filled, this may result in incorrect measurements.

2. Neither corrosion nor abrasion or wall deposits must occur at the pipeline walls, as this will result in incorrect measurements. This hazard is least likely with installations on vertical pipes.

Gas bubbles in the product falsify the results. This risk can be avoided or at least reduced by installing the measuring system at a location on the pipeline where the pressure is fairly high (installation in pressure pipes, at the foot of a standpipe). If no air bubbles are to be expected in the product, the suction side of the pump should preferably be used for installation to exclude air bubbles which might occur as a result of damaged pump seals. Measurements on horizontal pipelines should be performed using horizontal irradiation to reduce errors caused by deposit formation and gas bubbles.

Figure 11: Installation on a horizontal pipeline The pipeline should not be expanded. If it has to be done, it should be done only on ver-tical pipelines. Pipelines may only be expanded at the measuring point if a continuous flow of the prod-uct over the entire pipeline cross-section will be ensured. Particularly with highly viscous products this will not always be the case. Usually, the product flows only in the center. Since the measurement covers the entire cross-section, it follows that the result will not be representative. No gas bubbles must be present in the path of radiation. Suspension measurements must not be carried out directly at a pipe-bend, for there the material will not be distributed homogeneously.

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The distance from the bend must be the larger • the higher the flow rate • the bigger the difference between liquid density and Solid density.

Measuring system installed outdoors have to be protected from rain and direct sunshine (e.g. by a thin sheet metal). Please keep in mind that the cables must not be exposed to temperatures exceeding 70°C. Moreover, cable bushing and cable have to be aligned such that no water can flow along the cable into the bushing.

RADIOACTIVE

Figure 12: Outdoor installation On S or U-shaped measuring paths the shielding container with source has to be installed on top and the detector at the bottom. A temperature insulation consisting of glass or rock wool is not suitable, as it does not ensure safe installation of the measuring system. If, for technical reasons, temperature insulation at the measuring point is absolutely required, it must be made of a hard, non-hygroscopic material, i.e. aluminum silicate or it must not be installed di-rectly on the pipeline, but on separate supports (see Figure 14).

RADIOACTIVE

Figure 13: Installation on S or U-shaped measuring path

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Figure 14: External installation of shielding and detector To comply with the Radiation Protection Regulation, areas with dose rates > 3000 µSv/h (300 mrem/h) – so-called restricted areas – must be secured to rule out that personnel is exposed to radiation (see local regulations!) The pipeline must not be subject to heavy vibrations as this could damage the detector. If this cannot be avoided, the shielding container and the detector must be installed ex-ternally (see Figure 14).

Since the calibration of the measurement requires that samples of the product be taken, a sampling point has to be provided near the installation.

The product temperature for temperature compensation must be measured directly next to the density measurement. 5.2.2 Installation in a Container

If density measurements are carried out in a container, the source is installed in a special lead shielding in a protection tube inside the container. Special care must be taken that the measuring path is not changed by bending the protection pipe, as this would lead to signifi-cant measurement errors. An additional brace may be required for very long protection tu-bes. The material of the protection pipe must be sufficiently resistant to the product being measured. Installation has to be done such that the ra-diation path lies diagonally to the flow direc-tion. With horizontal flow the radiation exit channel should point toward the bottom to prevent deposit formation in the path of radia-tion.

Brace

Figure 15: Installation in a container

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a) Side view b) Top view

Figure 16: Installation in a container with horizontal flow

a) Side view b) Top view

Figure 17: Installation in a container with vertical flow For installation in a container, keep in mind: Selection of measuring point. At the measuring point, the pipeline must always be com-pletely filled with the product to be measured. If the pipeline is only partially filled, this may result in incorrect measurements. For outdoor installation, the measuring system must be protected from rain and direct sunshine (e.g. by a thin sheet metal). Do not expose the cables to temperatures exceeding 70°C. Protect the detector against temperatures > 50°C by a water cooling jacket. Cable bushing and cable have to be aligned so that no water can flow along the cable into the bushing. The detector installation site must not be subject to heavy vibrations as this could dam-age the detector. The product temperature for temperature compensation must be measured directly next to the density measurement.

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5.2.3 Water Cooling Installation

The maximum operating temperature of a scintillation counter is 50°C. A cooling system (which is available as extra) must be used if the temperature at the detector is likely to be higher, due to heat emission of the pipeline and/or higher ambient tempera-tures. The cooling jacket can be installed later on the detectors. First, remove the lead shielding at the front as well as the distance ring. After sliding over the cooling jacket, screw the lead shielding on again without distance ring. Water must enter from below and exit at the top. Thus, the cooling jacket is always filled with water, ensuring good thermal insulation.

Shielding

Water cooling Outlet

Inlet

Figure 18: Installation of water cooling If higher ambient temperatures occur, the connection cables used have to be able to withstand these temperatures!

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5.2.4 Cooling Medium

Water should preferably be used as cooling medium, because air does not ensure ade-quate cooling at high temperatures. The water must be clean to avoid dirt deposits in the cooling jacket which would have an adverse effect on the cooling efficiency. The enclosed diagram shows the amount of cooling water required for the detectors LB 44... / LB 54.... The ambient temperature was taken into consideration in calculating the required quantities, but not any possible heat emission by the surrounding compo-nents, e.g. containers, pipelines, etc. In this case, a higher rate of cooling water may be required.

0

50

100

150

200

250

50 70 90 110 130 150 170

Ambient temperature in °C

Flow

rate

in l/

h

Water inlet temperature in °C

40

30

20

10

Figure 19: Required amount of cooling water

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5.2.5 Installation of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100

A temperature measurement must be carried out such that the measured temperature is fairly equal to the product temperature at the density measuring location. The resistance thermometer must not obstruct the path of radiation. If the resistance thermometer cannot be installed in the pipeline, it may also be mounted on the outside of the pipeline. This type of installation requires that the pipeline including the resistance thermometer must be provided with temperature insulation over a length of 1 - 2 m, ensuring that the surface temperature of the pipeline at the temperature measuring point is practically equal to the product temperature. Nevertheless, it may happen, particularly with plastic or coated pipelines that very sudden temperature changes in the product to be measured will lead to measuring errors caused by the temperature. Density changes are detected by the measurement immediately; however, the necessary temperature correction is de-layed due to the inertia of the temperature measurement. Operating the system with a rather large time constant may reduce this effect. Before connecting the resistance thermometer to the detector, a Pt 100 adjustment has to be performed in the Service menu (see chapter 6 GETTING STARTED). 5.2.6 Installation of Evaluation Unit

When installing the evaluation unit, please keep in mind: In accordance with explosion protection criteria, the evaluation unit must only be used outside the explosion protected area. If the evaluation unit - detector system is used in accordance with fail-safe criteria, equipotential bonding has to be established between detector and evaluation unit. Max. permissible ambient temperature for the evaluation unit Installation in 19” frame 50°C Installation in wall housing with 1 evaluation unit LB 444 45 °C Installation in wall housing with 2 evaluation units LB 444 40°C

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5.3 Electrical Connections

5.3.1 Detector

43

2

1

5

LB 440

PAPt 100

Switch off the evaluation unit before connecting the scintillation counter. Open the screws and remove the con-nection box cover to expose the connec-tion area. With fail-safe installations, connect the detector to the potential equalization bar of the installation. The detector is connected to the evalua-tion unit via a 2-wire cable with approx. 8…10 mm diameter and a cross-section of 1 mm2. A screen cable may be used in installations with extremely strong electrical interferences. The screen may be placed only on one side of the detec-tor.

Figure 20: Cable connections at detector

In fail-safe installations the permissible inductivities and capacities of the con-nection cable have to be observed in accordance with the Ex test certificate. Please observe the maximum cable lengths between evaluation unit and detector (see chapter 9 TECHNICAL DATA. When installing the connection cable, make sure that water cannot get into the connec-tion box via the cable. With ambient temperatures >70°C, the installed cable has to be protected to prevent exceeding of the temperature limits of the cable. Following connec-tion, check that the connection box is carefully closed and the cable bushing properly sealed. If a resistance thermometer is connected, the cables coming from the Pt 100 are passed through the second cable bushing to terminals 3 and 4.

For equipment installed in the Ex-area, please observe the special requirements for the cable and the preparation of the connection wires.

The detector LB 44... has to be used for installation in the Ex-area. The detector LB 54.. may only be used for non Ex-applications.

The evaluation unit must always be installed outside the Ex-area. A special transmission technique ensures interference suppression. Nevertheless, the ca-ble should not be installed together with power cables.

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5.3.2 Evaluation Unit LB 444

c a 2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

Relay 2Relay 3Relay 1

Powersupply

2(-) 1 (+)Detector

RS 4850/4 - 20 mA Off

LB 444

Voltageselector

Fuses

Dig. IN 1Dig. IN 2Dig. IN 3

Spacer

24 V DC

0/4 - 20 mA On

Connect cable on the rear panel of the evaluation unit as shown in the wiring dia-gram in the appendix to this manual.

Figure 21: Terminal connection evaluation unit (rear panel)

Connect the instrument only to the appropriate line voltage. All safety previsions regarding the power distributor have to be observed. A separate fuse protection and an easy to access shutoff have to be foreseen, since the evaluation unit does not include its own mains switch. The spacer ensures the proper distance between the fail-safe output circuit (2a/2c) and the not fail-safe terminals. Do not remove it. Refer to the wiring diagram in the appendix to this manual information regarding the connections. Detector (2a/2c) The detector connection circuit of the evaluation unit is designed as a fail-safe device. The detector includes a connection box according to protection type “increased safety” “e” and a pressure-proof sealed housing according to protection type “Ex d”. For fail-safe installation, the cable ends on the strip terminal have to be protected by a 10 mm long plastic shrinkage tube (see also the connection diagram). Auxiliary energy (24 V DC, not insulated, max. 100 mA) can be used e.g. for operation of an external mass counter.

Relay 2 (12a/12c) The relay can be used for the following functions: Min. alarm, max. alarm, detector temperature, mass pulse.

Relay 3 (4a/14c) Functions: Min. alarm, max. alarm, detector temperature Relay 1 (16a/16c) The relay can be used to signal errors. Contact opens if error occurs.

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External product selection Digital input 1 (18a/18c) Digital input 2 (20a/20c) Calibration data of up to 4 different products can be defined in the evaluation unit LB 444. These data sets can be selected via digital inputs. External Start/Stop Signal (22a/22c) Option to interrupt measurement for the following special applications: - Start/Stop in batch mode - Stop of continuous measurement, e.g. to suppress unexpected malfunctions. 0/4-20mA (26a+/26c-) Insulated current output for measured value, max. load 500 Ω. Current input (28a-/28c+) 0/4-20mA (28a+/28c-) Product temperature for temperature compensation or volume flow (m3/h) for mass flow measurement. Power Supply (30a/30c) Power supply 115V/230V AC or 24 V AC/DC depending on power supply unit (see la-bel on instrument rear panel!). Fuses To replace fuses, you have to open the fuse holder with a screw-driver. Observe fuse type and rating! Before turning on the power supply, carefully check all connections once more to rule out any damage to the instruments. RS 232 Data transfer from evaluation unit to printer or PC (front panel of evaluation unit).

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6. GETTING STARTED

6.1 Quick Installation Overview

Page Install detector and source with shielding on a container or pipeline. 28 Use water cooling if temperatures exceed 50°C. 32 To perform temperature compensation with Pt 100 (option), install resis-tance thermometer on pipeline such that the measured temperature = product temperature.

34

Connect detector to LB 444 via two-wire cable. Connect cable to terminal 2a and 2c of evaluation unit.

35

Install evaluation unit. 36 For temperature compensation via external current input (option): Con-nect temperature sensor to terminal 28a+ and 28c- (not possible for mass flow measurement).

49

Mass flow measurement: The volume current signal can be supplied via ter-minals 28a / 28c. Temperature compensation is possible only via Pt 100 con-nected to the detector.

26

External product selection: If you want to install external product selection, both digital inputs have to be used so that 4 different products can be selected. Digital input 1 (DI 1): 18a / 18c Digital input 2 (DI 2): 20a / 20c

21

Product DI 1 DI 2

1 0 0

2 0 1

3 1 0

4 1 1

Digital input 3 (DI 3): 22a /22c. External start/stop signal Digital input 3 can be used for the following signals: a) Start/Stop in batch mode b) Stop continuous measurement (“freezing” measurement; “HALT” appears on display) Digital outputs (relays): These outputs can be used for the following signals: 12a, 12c: Rel. 2: Min. 1, max. 1, detector temperature, mass pulse (only for mass

flow) 14a, 14c: Rel. 3: Min. 1, max. 1, detector temperature 16a, 16c: Rel. 1: Error message

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6.2 Getting Started

Proceed as follows to take instrument into operation:

• Open radiation exit channel.

• Shielding container type LB 744.

• Insert key in cylinder lock and turn it right to release catch of locking handle.

• Turn handle by 180° so that the arrow is pointing towards “OPEN”.

AUFOPEN

ZUCLOSED

Figure 22: Rear view of shielding container type LB 744.

• Remove key and arrest locking handle by pushing in the cylinder.

• Protect lock from dirt by attaching the protective cover. A special protection cap can be supplied for applications in heavy-duty environments (dirt, corrosion, etc.).

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Shielding Container for Installation in a Container

Version with knurled nut • Open padlock and turn pro-

tective cap until it can be ta-ken off.

• Open knurled nut and pull source forward to “OPEN” po-sition.

• Turn counter nut completely back toward screw head. Firmly tighten knurled nut.

• Firmly turn counter nut to-ward the front, in the direc-tion of the protection pipe and tighten it firmly.

• Attach protection cap again and secure it with a padlock.

Figure 23: Locking mechanism with knurled nut

Version with spring pin • Open padlock and turn pro-

tective cap until it can be ta-ken off. Open fastening screw.

• Pull out spring pin and push source locking lever toward the front in “OPEN” position until the spring pin engages.

• Firmly tighten locking screw again.

• Attach protection cap again and secure it with a padlock.

Shielding with pneumatic locking drive: • Open pressure supply.

CLOSED

OPEN

Spring pinLocking screw

Figure 24: Locking mechanism with spring pin Turn instrument power supply on . Manufacturer’s name, version number and device type are displayed.

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6.2.1 Basic Settings

These steps describe how to take the system into operation and how to change the basic system settings. Note: To enter numbers, select the entry position with <←←←> and the number you want with <^^^>. Confirm your selection or new entry with <enter>. Press <run> to return to the display mode directly any time (except in Service menu). If no entry is made, the system automatically switches from the current menu item to the display mode after several minutes. Important: After data input the system has to remain turned on for at least 5 minutes to ensure that all entered data has been saved. 1. Push <more> to select menu General Data / Operating Mode. Push <sk1> to select General Data and <more> to call parameters sequentially. Enter password and unlock or lock system with <enter> Check date & time and correct it, if necessary Check instrument version (e.g. LB 444, version 2.0) Select language Print Parameter, only if needed Factory Setting, only if needed (see also Software Functions and System Configuration) Push <done> to return to menu group. 2. Push <sk2> to select Operating Mode menu and <more> to select parameters. Select Config Instrument with <^^^> and confirm with <enter>: Density measurement with or without TC (Pt 100 or current input) Mass flow measurement with or without TC (Pt 100) Select radiation measure to irradiate the product. Select backscatter measure if source and detector are installed parallel. Define Error mode Select parameters for RS232 interface Push <done> to return to menu group. 3. Push <more> to select menu Parameter / Product Data.

3.1 Push <sk1> to select Parameter menu and <more> to call parameters sequentially.

Select product Select detector and isotope Measuring path in product (e.g. pipe diameter) in cm Select Measure mode (i.e. continuous) Enter time constant (e.g. 60 s) Disable or enable rapid switchover Disable or enable Interference Radiation Define max. count rate (e.g. 100000 cps) Define min. count rate (e.g. 0 cps) For TC via current input: Select current input range 0-20mA or 4-20mA Enter temperature value for 0/4mA and 20mA Push <done> to return to menu group.

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3.2 Push <sk2> to select Product Data and <more> to call parameters sequentially.

Select product Select current output 0 –20 or 4 – 20 mA Define current output limit values 0/4 and 20 mA Define current output error message Define Relay 2: Function (Min), switch point (e.g. 1.2 g/cm3) Hysteresis (e.g. 5 %) Define Relay 3: unction (Max), switch point (e.g. 1.6 g/cm3) Hysteresis (e.g. 5 %) Only for suspension measurements: Enter Solid density in g/cm3 for selected product Enter liquid density in g/cm3 Enable Water TC when solution is to be measured with water as carrier liquid. Enter reference temperature In all other cases: Calculate and enter temperature coefficient TC1 (linear) Calculate and enter temperature coefficient TC2 (square) Enter reference temperature Push <done> to return to menu group. 6.2.2 Calibration

One-point calibration can be carried out for preliminary adjustment of the measuring ranges to the reading. Two- or multi-point calibrations have to be performed for accurate and final adjustment. Different procedures are required, depending on the selected cali-bration method. For more information on the calibration methods see chapter 8 CALIBRATION. One-point calibration has to be performed if only one value pair is available or the value pairs are close together. Enter an absorption coefficient as a1-value; for common prod-ucts, this value may be taken from the table in the Appendix. The calculation formulas for other products are listed in chapter 8 CALIBRATION. Please read chapter 8 CALIBRATION in any case before performing calibration! Prerequisite: Pipeline must be filled completely or level in container must be at least 200 mm above the measuring point. Select menu Calibrate / Live Display with <more>. Push <sk1> to call the Calibrate submenu. Select product. Specify if it is a suspension measurement. Select unit. Push <sk1> to select the Data input submenu. Deselect Calibr. Data transfer with “No” Read in 1. Rate: cursor appears in the row “1. Rate = cps”. Push <run>. Count rate and temperature (if a temperature sensor is connected) are read in. Wait until the measured value has become stable (20 to 50 s). While reading-in the count rate, the density of the products must not change. While reading in the count rate, take a sample of the product from the pipeline and de-termine its density or concentration.

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If the product is very inhomogeneous, take several samples in quick succession and cal-culate an average value from their density or concentration values. Stop measurement by pressing the <run> button again. Accept result with <enter>. Cursor jumps to next row. Enter the density value of the sample(s) in g/cm3 determined in the lab and confirm with <enter>. Cursor jumps to third row. Push <enter> to confirm current product temperature. Rates 2. to 10. must all contain “0”. If “0” is already there, scroll through the rates with <more> until you get to the submenu group Data input / Calculate. Otherwise, delete values with <clear> and confirm each with <enter>. Push <sk2> to select Calculate Select calibration mode “one” = one-point calibration Push <enter> to confirm the default value for measurement in g/cm3 or calculate the absorption coefficients and enter it in Result a1. Calibration starts as soon as you confirm with <enter>. Zero count rate I0 is displayed. Continue with <more>. The entered linear absorption coefficient for this application is displayed. It must not change during one-point calibration. If it has changed, at least one more value pair is available.

Correction: Delete the additional value pair. Run through steps 15 – 17 once more.

Push <more> to skip other coefficients. If necessary, enter a factor for multiplicative correction of the measured values to correct the gradient of the linear line. This becomes evident only during measurement and is only required when the absorption coefficient is too small or too big. If necessary, enter an Offset for additive correction of the measured values to offset the straight line on the Y-axis. With TC: display of temperature-corrected density values. Push <done> to return to submenu group Data / Calculate. Push <run> to start measurement. For later changes of the current output limit values, calculate calibration curve once more, since during calculation of the curve the curve is checked for monotony. Two- and Multi-Point Calibration The gradient of the calibration curve can be determined accurately. Select the calibration mode depending on the number of value pairs. Prerequisite: Pipeline or container must be filled completely. Push <more> to select menu group Calibrate / Live Display. Push <sk1> to call the Calibrate submenu. Select product. Specify if it is a suspension measurement. Select unit. Push <sk1> to select the Data input submenu. Deselect Calibr. Data transfer with “No” Read in 1. Rate: cursor appears in the row “1. Rate = cps”. Push <run>. Count rate and temperature (if a temperature sensor is connected) are read in. Wait until the measuring value has become stable (20 to 50 s). While reading-in the count rate, the density of the products must not change. While reading in the count rate, take a sample of the product from the pipeline and de-termine its density or concentration. If the product is very inhomogeneous, take several samples in quick succession and calculate an average value from their density or concen-tration values.

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Stop measurement by pressing the <run> button again. Accept result with <enter>. Cursor jumps to next row. Enter the density value of the sample(s) determined in the lab in g/cm3 and confirm with <enter>. Cursor jumps to third row. Push <enter> to confirm current product temperature. Proceed in the same manner for the other rates. Rates that are not used must contain “0”. If “0” is already there, press <more>. Otherwise, delete values with <clear> and confirm each with <enter>. Push <sk2> to select Calculate. Select calibration mode according to the number of entered value pairs (lin for 2, squ for 3 and cub for 4 and more value pairs; if you chose auto, the program automatically se-lects the best calibration mode. Prerequisite: 4 value pairs). Upon confirmation with <enter>, calibration is carried out and the calculated coefficients can be viewed. The program calculates the linear absorption coefficient and displays it as Result a1. The calculated zero count rate I0 is displayed. Depending on the selected calibration mode, the program calculates the following coeffi-cients and displays them:

Coefficient a1, a2, a3 and the square error If necessary, enter a factor for multiplicative correction of the measured values. If necessary, enter an Offset for additive correction of the measured values. Display of temperature-corrected density values. Push <done> to return to submenu group. Push <run> to start the measurement. Calibrate once more if current output limit value changes (see page 22).

6.3 Measurement

Start measurement: Push <run> Stop measurement: Push <run> again Result display for density and concentration measurements: Current measured value in selected unit Average count rates (averaging according to entered time constant) Current count rate Display of adjusted high voltage Result display for mass flow measurements: Current concentration [G% and mass flow [kg/h] Integrated mass Current volume flow Flow = [m3/h

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6.4 Error Messages

6.4.1 Error Messages Reset

All error messages must be reset with <enter>. Several simultaneously or consecutively occurring errors are stored in an error register in the order of their appearance; they have to be reset individually by pushing <enter> several times. All errors are signaled via the “Error” output (Relay 16a/16c). 6.4.2 Error Messages during Operation

Error no. Message Cause, Notes Remedy 32 Wrong

password The wrong password has been entered to unlock the keyboard.

Push “enter” to reset error message. Enter correct password.

6.4.3 Error Messages during Calibration

Error no. Message Cause, Notes Remedy 10 Not

calibrated Calibration incomplete Perform calibration

36 Missing ca-lib. points

Not enough points entered for selected calibration mode

Enter further calibration points or select another calibration mode

37 Curve not clear

System could not calculate a clearly rising or falling curve

Check calibration points for input errors. Select calibration mode “linear”.

38 Error one-point cali-bration

Absorption coefficient = 0 Absorption coefficient = 0

39 Measuring path not defined

Measuring path = 0 Enter measuring path

56 Range overflow

Measuring path = 0 Enter measuring path

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6.4.4 Error Messages during Measurement

Error no.

Message Cause, Notes Remedy

1 Rate Overflow Count rate > 520000 cps, with large pipelines, pipeline possibly empty

Replace detector, stop measurement while emptying pipeline, e.g. via digital input

2 No Detector Rate Detector faulty Replace detector 3 Wrong HV Radiation exit channel of

shielding container closed, detector faulty.

Open radiation exit channel, replace detector

4 Pt 100 wrong temperature

Cable detector – Pt 100 interrupted, detector faulty, Pt 100 faulty

Check cable, replace detector or Pt 100

5 4 –20 mA faulty Input current below 4 mA, evaluation unit faulty.

Check input current, replace evaluation unit.

6 Detector temperature > 65°C

Detector temperature too high, detector faulty

Cool detector, if necessary, replace it

7 Trouble with detector communication

Cable detector – evaluation unit interrupted or too long or cable resistance too high, detector faulty, evaluation unit faulty

Replace cable or use bigger wire cross-section Replace evaluation unit.

8 Measurement stopped

Measurement process stopped via digital input or measurement stopped because count rate threshold has been exceeded or not reached.

Open digital input. Disable count rate thresholds to identify fault.

9 Detector temperature > 80°C

Detector temperature too high, detector faulty

Replace detector

10 Missing calibration Measurement was started without calibration

Perform calibration

11 Power fail > 1 month

Check date after long period of power failure

If this error message appears already after a brief period of power failure: replace Li–battery.

12 No input allowed Input locked via password Enter password 47 Rate < Minimum Enter actual count rate

< than entered min. count rate: shielding container closed? detector fault?

Replace detector Open shielding container

48 Rate > Maximum Enter actual count rate > than entered max. count rate: detector fault? pipeline empty and shielding container not closed?

Replace detector Close shielding container

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Message Cause, Notes Measurement halted <HALT>

Measurement stopped via digital input or Measurement stopped because count rate has exceeded or not reached count rate threshold.

Rate Overflow Count rate is > 520,000 (e.g. empty measuring path, detector error)

Power Fail Complete failure or drop of power supply below tolerance level.

No Detector Rate *) Detector supplies no pulses for at least 60 s. Wrong HV *)

HV reference voltage of detector too high or too low. Measurement is stopped when this error occurs and has to be restarted by pushing the <run> button. Measurement is not stopped. Relay “Failure” is de-energized.

Error temperature measurement Temperature input faulty (see “Temperature Compensation” and “Service Instructions”).

Power failure > 1 month *) Enter New Date

After a long period of power failure you have to check and, if necessary, correct the date to en-sure correct decay compensation. Even if the date is correct, you have to enter one digit of the year and confirm the input with <enter>.

*) When these error messages are displayed, the measurement stops automatically and has to be restarted by pushing the <run> button

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6.5 System Start/Stop

To stop operation of the measuring system, proceed as follows:

1. Turn system off.

2. Lock radiation exit channel of shielding container and secure locking handle by a lock.

A water cooling device has to be used if the detector temperature may rise above 50°C even though the instrument is not in operation. With sub-zero temperatures, empty the water cooling. To start operation of the measuring system:

1. Open radiation exit channel.

2. Turn instrument on.

3. Put water cooling in operation again, if it was disabled.

4. If instrument has been disabled for more than one month, the error message “Power failure > 1 month” is displayed.

In this case, enter the date and time again in the General Data menu, even tough the date stored there is still correct. You have to enter at least one digit of the year.

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7. TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION

Temperature compensation data (TC1, TC2) and reference temperature have to be en-tered before starting calibration. Temperature fluctuations in the product to be measured are usually associated with den-sity fluctuations. This means that a changed density is indicated, although the concentra-tion of the product did not change. Temperature compensation helps to avoid this prob-lem.

7.1 Temperature Measurement

The product temperature can be measured either

• via resistance thermometer Pt 100 or

• by entering the product temperature as current signal 0 - 20 mA. The respective operating mode is selected in the Config Instrument / Operating Mode menu. If the temperature is measured using the resistance thermometer Pt 100, a linearization of the Pt 100 curve is carried out. The range of the current signals is entered in the Pa-rameter menu (parameters Current input range and Temp. limit values).

7.2 Monitoring the Temperature Signal

Temperature compensation is activated when selecting the respective instrument con-figuration and the temperature signal is monitored. The error message “Error Temp. measurement” is displayed: PT 100 connection: when measured temperature < -200 °C. Current signal 4 - 20 mA: when input signal < 4 mA. Current input signal 0 - 20 mA is not monitored.

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7.3 Function of Temperature Compensation

The temperature coefficient of a liquid is not constant over a large temperature range, but usually it increases with rising temperatures. Temperature compensation is carried out according to the following formula: ρ

Ref = ρ

M + (ϑ

P - ϑ

Ref) · TC

1 + (ϑ

P - ϑ

Ref)2 · TC

2

ρ

Ref = Density value compensated relative to reference temperature

TC1 = Linear temperature coefficient TC1 TC2 = Square temperature coefficient TC2 ρ

M = Measured density value

ϑP = Product temperature

ϑRef

= Reference temperature

(Terms in italics refer to parameters that have to be entered in the Product Data menu). With minor temperature changes (approx. ± 20°C) it suffices, in most cases, to enter the linear coefficient.

7.4 Temperature Compensation in Suspensions

The characteristic temperature curve of water is used for measurement of suspensions with water as carrier liquid. Proceed as follows: In the Calibrate menu, select the function Suspension measure and Water TC. Then you just have to enter the reference temperature. A temperature coefficient need not be entered.

7.5 Calculation of Temperature Coefficients

Example: Product: HCl - water mixture Measuring range: 20 - 40 weight % HCl Temperature range: 10° - 30° C Unit of measure: g/cm3 The temperature coefficient at average concentration (30%) is calculated as follows:

0.00059 = 30101.1433 -1.1551 - =

- - - = TC

21

21

−ϑϑρρ

ρ1 = Density in g/cm3 at ϑ1 ρ2 = Density in g/cm3 at ϑ2 Input value: 5.9000e-04

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For other units of measure (e.g. °Bx, %-concentration, g/l, etc.), the temperature coeffi-cient has to be converted accordingly. To do this, one first has to calculate the density change/unit of measure obtained for the measuring range (e.g. %):

21

21 change

CCCionConcentrat

changeDensity CC

−−

=∆∆

=ρρρ

ρC1 = Density at average temperature and minimum concentration in measuring range. ρC2 = Density at average temperature and maximum concentration in measuring range. Example: ρC1 at 20° C and 20 % HCl = 1.0979 g/cm3 ρC2 at 20° C and 30 % HCl = 1.1493 g/cm3

%*00514.0

%30%201493.10979.1

3cmg

C=

−−

=∆∆ρ

The temperature coefficient TC' for the unit % is calculated as follows:

TCTC

C

'..

.= = =1 0 000590 00514

011478∆ρ∆

Input value: 1.1478e-01

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7.6 Calculation of Square Temperature Coefficient

If significant temperature variations are likely to occur in the product (approx. > ± 20°C), it is advisable to enter the square temperature coefficient as well. Calculation: a) Calculate TC1 (see above) b) With TC1 calculate nominal value ρ2

' at higher temperature ρ2' = ρ1 + (ϑ1 - ϑ2 ) *·TC1

c) Take actual density value ρ2 from table d) Calculate TC2:

( )

- - ' = TC 2

21

222 ϑϑ

ρρ

e) Enter calculated value TC2 as temperature coefficient TC2. Example: Ethanol, concentration 30 %, reading in g/cm3, relative to 10°C. 1st temperature coefficient in range 10 - 20° C:

31 10*59.0

20109540.09599.0 −=

−−

−=TC

Input value TC1: 5.9e-04 Calculate nominal value ρ2' of density calculated using the calculated TC1 at 100° C:

ρ2 = 0.9599 + (10 - 100) * 0.59 *10-3 = 0.9068

ρ2 (table value) = 0.8936

622 10*2962.1

)10010(8963.09068.0 −=

−−

=TC

Input value TC2: 1.2962e-06

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7.7 Reference Temperature

With linear temperature coefficient: If you use only TC1, enter the average product temperature as reference temperature, rather than the lab temperature of, say, 20°C. Add a correction value (ϑP - ϑRef)*TC1 to the measured value. A slightly incorrect value entered as TC1 is the more significant, the greater the difference ϑP - ϑRef. If one correlates the count rates entered at operating temperature with the den-sity values obtained at constant lab temperature, the reading will always be equal to the density value calculated at lab temperature. With linear and square temperature coefficient: In this case, enter the lowest temperature (10°C in the above example) used for calcula-tion of the temperature coefficient as reference temperature.

7.8 Temperature Coefficient Calculation without Table Values

Linear temperature coefficient

If you don’t know the temperature coefficient of the product you want to measure, you can calculate it using the method described below. This requires that calibration with at least two value pairs has already been performed at reference temperature. Fill measuring path with the product to be measured. The density should be about the average value of the requested measuring range. Disable temperature compensation (instrument configuration without TC). Start measurement and wait for a short time until the reading shows the value of the product in the measuring path. Write down the density or concentration value ρ1. Read off product temperature ϑ1, write it down and enter it in reference temperature. Change temperature of product in the measuring path through heating or cooling by ap-prox. 10 to 15°C. Note this density or concentration value ρ2, and also the associated temperature ϑ2. Calculate the temperature coefficient as follows:

- - - = TC

21

211 ϑϑ

ρρ

Enter this temperature coefficient in TC1. TC2 must contain “0”. Enable temperature compensation in the Config Instrument / Operating Mode menu. The same density or concentration value as noted under d) must now be available again.

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Square Temperature Coefficient To calculate the square coefficient one first has to calculate the linear coefficient, starting from the reference temperature (here: lowest temperature), as described above. The ini-tial temperature should equal the lowest product temperature. After calculation of the linear coefficient with temperature compensation enabled, in-crease the product temperature by at least 40 to 50°C. From the resulting change in reading and the associated temperature change one then calculates the square coefficient TC2:

( )

- - - = TC 2

21

DA2 ϑϑ

ρρ

ρA = Actual density value (table value or lab value at this temperature) ρD = Displayed density value ϑ1 = Original temperature (in our example 10°C) ϑ2 = Temperature at ρD Enter the calculated value at TC2. Now the originally noted density or concentration value must be obtained again.

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8. CALIBRATION

Calibration is carried out as follows: The counts supplied by the detector are read into memory at various product densities or concentrations. At the same time, the product temperature is automatically stored. The density or concentration values (analysis values) determined in the lab are entered in another memory. The diagram below illustrates the correlation of memories.

Count rates: Rate:

Density/ Concentration (Lab values):

Product temperature:

1: 3012 1.234 25 2: 2801 1.322 22 3: 2567 1.381 23 4: 2711 1.363 ... ... ... ... ... 10: 0 0 0

Calibration points should be distributed fairly evenly over the entire measuring range. Some calibration points may lie outside the measuring range (e.g. water). How-ever, calibration with all points lying outside the measuring range is not advisable. 8.1.1 Calibration Modes

The calibration mode has to be entered in the Calibrate menu, submenu Calculate. Five calibration modes are available.

Calibrate mode 1: One-point calibration Select one and enter the absorption coefficient Select this calibration mode if

• only one value pair is available or

• only provisional calibration is to be performed. Calibrate mode 2: Linear curve fit Select lin. Chose this calibration if only two value pairs are available.

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Select this calibration mode if

• several calibration points are available which are very closely adjacent, so that not the entire measuring range is covered by samples. With minor errors occurring during sampling or in the lab, the calibration curve may be significantly falsified. In this case it may even be better to do only one-point calibration (see Figures 28 and 29).

or • the unit g/cm3 has been selected

or • sampling can only be done very inaccurately, so that the samples are subject to

errors. Calibrate mode 3: Select curve fit with linear and square coefficients (squ) if

• the entire measuring range has been covered evenly by several (at least 3) cali-bration points.

• the measurement is run in % concentration, °Bx or another unit which is not in linear proportion to the density.

Calibrate mode 4: Select curve fit with linear, square and cubic coefficients (cub) if

• the same conditions exist as for calibrate mode 2, but at least 4 value pairs are available and the actual measurement shows that with calibration mode 3 devia-tions occur in parts of the measuring range.

Calibrate mode 5 (auto) The program selects the best curve fit; square or cubic curve fits are selected only after strict tests have been performed in order to rule out incorrect use of a curve function due to random dispersion of the data. At least 4 value pairs have to be available for this calibration mode.

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8.1.2 One-Point Calibration

For one-point calibration one needs a value pair (count rate and density or concentration value) and the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient for common products is listed in the enclosed table (see Appendix). For products not listed there, enter the fol-lowing values for the unit g/cm3. Cs-137:

Frontal (axial) irradiation

Lateral irradiation

Crystal size 40/35 25/25

50/50 All crystal sizes

Absorption coefficient µ - 0.0664 - 0.06 -0.057

Co-60: Frontal irradiation: µ = - 0.0478 Lateral irradiation: µ = - 0.0403 For other units the absorption coefficients have to be converted as follows:

µ µ µρ ρ

ρ ρx C C C= =

−−

* * max min

max min

∆ρ∆

Example 1: Isotope: Cs-137 Crystal: 40/35; frontal irradiation ρmax = 1.098 g/cm3: Cρmax = 20%

ρmin = 1.045 g/cm3: Cρmin = 10%

µ% . *. .

.= −−−

= −0 06641098 1045

20 100 00352

Cρ = Concentration in % at respective density value

Example 2: ρmax = 0,95 g/cm3 : Cρmax = 30 %

ρmin

= 0,91 g/cm3 : Cρmin = 50 %

000133.05030

91.095.0*0664.0% =−−

−=µ

Input: + 1.3300e - 04

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ln I

Density/Concentration

c a

b

Line a: absorption coefficient correct

Line b: absorption coefficient too small

Line c: absorption coefficient too big

The curve obtained with one-point calibra-tion always passes through the calibration point. The gradient of the curve is deter-mined by the entered absorption coeffi-cient and may therefore be somewhat in-accurate.

One-point calibration is also advisable if only calibration points with very minor density differences can be recorded, for in this case minor errors in the lab or during sampling will significantly affect the curve.

One-point calibration may later be supple-mented and improved by additional cali-bration points.

Figure 25: Influence of absorption coefficients on one-point calibration

cps

a

b

Calibration points

Density in g/cm3

cps

a

b

Calibration points

Density in g/cm3

Figure 26: One-point calibration with additional calibration points How to proceed for one-point calibration is described in chapter 6.2.2 Calibration.

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8.1.3 Two and Multi-Point Calibration

The gradient of the calibration curve can be determined accurately by two-point calibra-tion. Multi-point calibration helps to exclude errors made during sampling and analysis. Furthermore, the output signal is in linear proportion to the concentration, even though the density is not linear to the concentration. For multi-point calibration, enter the count rate obtained at various density values in the submenu Data input, Rate 1. to Rate 10 and the density or concentration value in the corresponding rows. The procedure is the same as with one-point calibration (see 6.2.2 Calibration). For multi-point calibration, the respective values should be entered in the Product Data menu, submenu item Current Output Limits.

0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4

6.000

7.000

8.000

9.000

10.000

11.000

Density in g/ccm

cps

Figure 27: Example of multi-point calibration You need not observe a rising or falling order when entering sample values. However, proper correlation of count rate and density value is important. The values have to be available in pairs. If the associated density or concentration value is missing, the count rate is automatically given the density or concentration “0”. Remedy: Entered data can be corrected as needed since calibration is performed in the menu item Calculate after selection of the calibration mode.

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The following additional functions will be initiated for multi-point calibration after selec-tion of the calibration mode with <enter> and <more>: Calculation of curve function: The curve function is calculated in accordance with the selected calibration mode from the value pairs entered and corrected as described below (see 8.1.4 Correction of Analy-sis Values). Calculation of square error of curve fit: The quality of the calibration curve is calculated from the differences between the calcu-lated calibration curve and the value pairs entered. Ideally, all points exactly match the calculated curve. The square error becomes “0”. Check of calibration curve for turning points: Within the limits of the current output values (Product Data menu), the system checks the curve for a clearly rising or falling trend. If this is not the case, the error message “Curve not clear” will be displayed. 8.1.4 Correction of Analysis Values

The count rates read into the Data input menu are dependent upon the density of the product during reading-in. In the laboratory the density is usually determined at constant temperatures. With constant concentrations but different temperatures during reading in of the pulses one may get:

• the same lab values • different density values and therefore • different count rates.

To avoid calibration errors, the product temperature is stored as well. When calculating the calibration curve, the entered laboratory value is corrected by means of the tempera-ture coefficient. This correction is carried out only when:

• temperature compensation has been enabled in Config. Instrument • a temperature coefficient has been entered.

The corrected lab values from which the calibration curve is calculated are displayed after the coefficients and the square error. The following two points are relevant only for density measurements. For concentration measurements the temperature compensation is always enabled prior to performing cali-bration. No correction is required if the density has been determined at exactly the same tem-perature at which the count rate was read in (e.g. densimeters on site). The density value determined can be read in directly. In this case, the temperature compensation is turned on only after calibration has been performed. Manual correction of sample values is required only if the measurement was run in g/cm3 and the density of the samples has been determined at different temperatures.

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Carry out correction as follows: 1*)( TCMPMC ϑϑρρ −−=

ρC = corrected input value ρM = measured density value ϑP = product temperature during density determination ϑM = reference temperature TC1 = temperature coefficient The display always relates to ρM. Example: Temperature coefficient = 0.5 · 10-3

ρM

in g/cm3

ϑP in °C

ϑM

in °C ρ

C in g/cm3

1.30 75 70 1.2975 1.32 70 70 1.3200 1.35 65 70 1.3750

Since in this case correction has already been done manually, temperature compensation must be turned off and then on again in the instrument configuration.

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8.1.5 Checking the Calibration

One-Point Calibration

The absorption coefficient entered under Result a1 must remain unchanged. Also, check the data in the following code numbers:

Display Value Coefficient a2 0 Coefficient a3 0 Factor 1 Offset 0 Square error 0

If one of these values differs, please check your calibration. With negative absorption coefficient (Result a1): The count rate calculated as zero rate I0 must be higher than the read-in count rate. With positive absorption coefficient: The count rate calculated as zero rate I0 must be lower than the read-in count rate. Two-Point Calibration After calibration the following values should be displayed:

Display Value Coefficient a2 0 Coefficient a3 0 Factor 1 Offset 0 Square error 0

If other values should be displayed, check your calibration or the data you have entered. Multi-Point Calibration Absorption coefficients and thus the curve function are calculated from the value pairs entered. At the same time, a factor (square error) will be calculated (only if more than three value pairs were entered), indicating how well the calculated curve approximates the entered values. The lower the displayed numerical values, the better the curve fit. The square error is a criterion for the quality of the curve fit within one curve shape. It cannot be used as a criterion for selecting a certain curve shape. The decision for the most appropriate curve shape for the data is made in auto calibration mode. Square error value: < 0.0005 very good calibration < 0.0019 good < 0.002 still useful With larger values, check your calibration for incorrect entries.

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8.2 Radiating Interference Detection

Select the function Radiating interference (Parameter menu, page 19) to suppress inter-fering radiation (e.g. weld seam testing). Caution: When this function is on (Radiating Interference <ON>), the automatic switchover of the time constant (function Rapid switchover) is always off. When turning this function on, you have to define a Sigma value which defines a window for the measuring signal. If the detector signal suddenly exceeds this threshold,

• the measurement stops • the error message “Interference Radiation” appears on the display.

The measured value and the current outputs are held on the last value. Reset the error message and start the measurement via the keyboard by confirming the error message with <enter>; then start the measurement with <run> or externally via the digital input. Note: Enter n > 5 to rule out false alarms with sufficient statistical safety. The mathematical correlation shows that the distance from the alarm threshold is dependent upon the re-spective mean pulse rate Im.

For calculation it holds: Sigma = I s/ Example: Count rate Im = 300 cps, n = 6

IS = Im + n * mI

IS = 300 + 6 * 300 = 404 cps Thus, an alarm is signaled as soon as IS exceeds the value of 404 cps. Note: Due to the dynamic behavior of radiating interfering detection, a quick increase of the pulse rate due to operative factors (e.g. very fast emptying of the vessel or major short-term density changes caused by stirrers) may be interpreted as interfering radiation. For example, opening the active beam channel on the shielding can also cause a quick increase of the pulse rate. You have to reset the alarm that is then triggered, or better, do not enable radiating interfering detection at first. Enable radiating interfering detec-tion only after calibration has been performed.

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8.3 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover

To quickly update the measured value if sudden density changes occur, you can enable automatic measuring time switchover (rapid switchover in the Parameter menu, see page 20). The smallest value that can be entered is 8 s. If a sudden density change occurs which exceeds the entered threshold (Sigma), the en-tered time constant is reduced to 1/10 of the original value, but not less than 0.8 s. Thus, the output signal adjusts much quicker to the new density value. The changed time response of the output signal is illustrated in the diagram below.

Response

-3 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 970

20

40

60

80

100

T in s

Dis

play

and

out

put

sign

al in

%

1 Density value2 Signal trend with3 Signal trend without automatic switchover of time constant

Figure 28: Response When rapid switchover is in effect, the measurement first works with the defined basic time constant. If sudden density changes occur which exceed the Sigma band, the sys-tem switches to 1/10 of the time constant and reading and output signal can follow the density change much quicker. At the same time, statistical variations increase by a factor of about 3. When the density value becomes stable again, the system automatically switches back to the longer basic time constant after a time period that corresponds to the basic time constant.

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8.4 Measurements of Suspensions

Clear correlation of density and concentration is possible only when

• liquid density and • solid density

are constant. Density or concentration measurements of suspensions can be carried out in these units:

a) Density in g/cm3 b) Concentration in g/l c) Concentration in weight-% d) °Be Data input, calibration and display are carried out in the selected unit of measure. For calculation of the calibration curve, the values entered under b) through d) will be con-verted into g/cm3. Through conversion, a correct characteristic line can be obtained for suspensions already with one or two calibration points. Values with the units b) to d) are internally converted into g/cm3 in order to obtain the curvature of the characteristic curve.

Figure 29: Density of suspensions

1.0000

1.2000

1.4000

1.6000

1.8000

2.0000

2.2000

2.4000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Concentration in weight %

Den

sity

in g

/cm

³

Solid density = 2.5 Solid density = 2.0

Solid density = 1.5

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Conversion is carried out according to the formula: Concentration in g/l:

ρρ

ρ= − +(*

) *11000 1000S

s

SL

ρ = Density of suspension in g/cm3 S = Solids content in g/l ρ S = Solid density in g/cm3 C' = Concentration in G%/100 ρ L = Liquid density in g/cm3 Concentration in %:

ρρ

ρρ

=+ −

L

CCL

S

,,*

1 ρ

ρ ρ

ρ ρ ρ=

∗

− +L

L

sC( s) s

)

Concentration in oBe For ρ > 1: For ρ < 1:

n−=

3.1443,144ρ

n+=

3.1443,144ρ n = °Be

Strictly speaking, the formulas for g/l and concentration in % apply only to suspensions. For solutions or liquid mixtures, large deviations may occur when the measurement in-volves larger ranges. The diagram on the next page shows how the density measuring system converts units of measure:

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g/l

%

g/l

%

3g/

cm

Cal

ibra

tion

Con

vers

ion

in s

elec

ted

unit

Dis

play

/C

urre

nt o

utpu

t

Mea

sure

men

t

Ente

r dat

a

i

n

°Be

3

Con

vers

ion

into

g/cm

°Be or or or

Cal

cula

teca

libra

tion

curv

e

Mea

sure

dva

lues

ing/

cm3

or or or

3g/

cmTe

mpe

ratu

reco

rrec

tion

Tem

pera

ture

corr

ectio

n

Figure 30: Conversion scheme

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8.4.1 Calculating the Density of Individual Components

With suspensions one can usually assume that liquid and solid density are constant, ex-cept when the liquid contains dissolved substances with different concentrations. With solutions, one can use the suspension formula to allow simple calibration. It is bet-ter, however, to use multi-point calibration without the suspension formulas (input “Sus-pension measurement – No”) since with solutions the density of both components is not constant due to the mixing ratio. With suspensions the solid density is usually known and water is used as carrier liquid (select Water TC and enter the Solid density); with solutions, on the other hand, the density of the relevant components often has to be calculated from table values. Enter the density of the carrier liquid or the density of the attendant component (mostly water) at average temperature (reference temperature) as liquid density. a) Table values are available as % concentration/density

ρρ

ρρ

SL

L

C

C=

− +

,

,

*

1

C’ = Concentration in weight percent / 100 (for example, at 20% C’ = 0.2) ρL = Density of the attendant component in g/cm3 (liquid density) ρ = Density of mixture in g/cm3 at average concentration ρS = Density of the component to be measured (Solid density) Example: Product HCl - H2O Measuring range: Concentration 10 - 30% HCl Average temperature 20°C Density ρ at 20°C and 20% concentration: 1.0980 g/cm3 Density H2O (rL) at 20°C: 0.99823 g/cm3

ρS =− +

=0 2 0 99823

0 9982310980

1 0 218294. * .

..

..

Input liquid density: 0.99823 Input Solid density: 1.8294

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b) Table values of the example given under a) are available as concentration in g/l

ρρ

ρ ρSL

L S=

⋅+ −

S

S = Concentration in g/l / 1000 (for example, at 100 g/l S = 0.1 Example: Concentration S = 219.6 g/l: S = 0.2196 Density ρ: 1.0980 g/cm3 Density H2O (rL ): 0.99823 g/cm3

ρS =+ −

=0 99823 0 2196

0 99823 0 2196 1098018294. * .

. . .. g / cm3

Input liquid density: 0.99823 Input Solid density: 1.8294

8.5 Correcting the Results: Addition and Multiplication

This option should not be regarded as a substitute for careful calibration. It should only be used for minor corrections. Otherwise we recommend doing a re-calibration. An additive constant can be entered at Offset, a multiplication factor at Factor (Calibrate menu, submenu Calculate). 8.5.1 Additive Constant

The value stored under Offset is added to the density value calculated on the basis of the count rate. This allows a parallel shift of the calibration curve. Example: Measuring range 1.1 - 1.3 g/cm3 It is found that the measuring values are too low by 0.05 g/cm3. Remedy: Enter “0.05” at Offset. All measured values will be increased by 0.05 g/cm3. Instead of 1.1 g/cm3, 1.15 g/cm3 is now indicated and instead of 1.3 g/cm3, 1.35 g/cm3. If the measured values are too high by 0.05 g/cm3, you have to enter “-0.05”.

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8.5.2 Multiplication Factor

Each measured value is multiplied by the value stored as Factor. This allows you to chan-ge the gradient of the calibration curve. Example: Measuring range 1.1 - 1.3 g/cm3 If you enter 1.1 at Factor, 1.21 g/cm3 will be displayed instead of 1.1 g/cm3. Instead of 1.3 g/cm3 the value 1.43 g/cm3 is now displayed. Thus even the low point of the measur-ing range is increased, provided it is not at 0. Remedy: This can be corrected by entering the appropriate data under Offset and Factor. Example: For 1.1 g/cm3 the indicated value is correct; instead of 1.2 g/cm3 the reading should show 1.25 g/cm3. Input value for Factor:

33

33

actualactual

nominalnominal

g/cm 1.1 - g/cm 1.2g/cm 1.1 - g/cm 1.25 =

L - HL - H = F = 1.5

Input value for Offset: K = Lnominal - Lactual F = 1.1 g/cm3 - 1.1 g/cm3 · 1.5 g/cm3 = -0.55

H = upper value of the measuring range in g/cm3 L = lower value of the measuring range in g/cm3 The same is true if upper and lower point of the measuring range are to be changed by different values. Example: Lactual = 1.12 g/cm3 Lnominal = 1.15 g/cm3 Hactual = 1.25 g/cm3 Hnominal = 1.3 g/cm3

Fg cm g cmg cm g cm

=−−

13 115125 112

3 3

3 3

. / . /. / . /

K = 1.15 g/cm3 - 1.12 g/cm3 · 1.1538 = - 0.1423

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9. TECHNICAL DATA


Assembly: 19" module 3 HE, 21 TE; Protection type IP 20 Power supply: 115 V ± 10%, 230 V ± 10%, 18-32 V AC/DC Power consumption: approx. 30 VA or 30 W Temperature range: Operating temperature: 0 to +50°C; no condensation Storage temperature: -40 to +70°C CPU: 32 bit computer, data storage in FLASH E-PROM. Weight: approx. 2 kg Display: LCD display with 4 x 20 characters, illuminated Data input via keyboard Softkey guided dialog Languages: German, English Data editing possible only after password entry. Time constant: 0.5 – 9999 s with automatic reduction to 1/10 of the

values in case of sudden density changes (can be turned off)

Adjustable response threshold for time constant switch-over.

Automatic decay compensation: For 241Am, 137Cs, 60Co, 244Cm, 85Kr and 90Sr. Inputs/Outputs: Detector terminal: Ex II (2) G [EEX ib] II B or Ex II (2) G [EEX ib] II C Digital inputs: 2 digital inputs for external product selection 1 digital input for external start/stop of measurement:

start/Stop in batch mode stop of continuous measurement restart after interruption of measurement due to

interfering.

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Analog output: 0/4 - 20 mA isolated (max. 500 Ω) for measured value Limit value outputs: 2 relay outputs for measured value max. / min., detector temperature, mass pulse, correlation freely

selectable; 1 relay output for collective failure message Loading capacity: AC: Max. 250V, max. 1A, max. 200VA DC: Max. 300V, max. 1A, max. 60 W non-reactive load Current input: 0/4 - 20 mA for input of temperature signal or

volume current signals. Interfaces: RS 232 port for data transfer from evaluation unit to

printer or PC

9.2 Detectors

LB 4401.. : Scintillation counter with NaI (Tl) crystal 25/25, 40/35, 50/50 or 44/5.

Stability: ± 0.1 % Protection type: Ex II2G EEx ib d IIC T6 or EEx de IIc T6 / IP 65 LB 5401.. : Scintillation counter with NaI (Tl) crystal 25/25, 40/35,

50/50 or 44/5. Stability: ± 0.1 % Protection type: IP 65 Housing: Stainless steel housing Pt 100 input at detector: For measurement of the product temperature, 2-wire

ex protection, EEX ib IICT6 zero adjustment via software, temperature range:

-20 to +200°C Cable entrance: M16 for external cable diameters 7...10 mm for connec-

tion cable detector – evaluation unit and M 12 for ex-ternal cable diameter 7...10 for connection of Pt 100

Temperature range: Operating temperature: -20 to +50°C. A water cooling device is available for

higher temperatures. Monitoring of detector tempera-ture and alarm if max. permissible temperature is ex-ceeded.

Storage temperature: -40 to +70°C

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Connection cable

Cross section in mm² Max. cable length in m

1 1000 1.5 1500 2.5 2500 With fail-safe installations, the following values have to be observed as well: EEX ib IIC EEX ib IIB Lmax 0.15 mH 1.8 mH Cmax 344 nF 507 nF Detector list

Type Crystal ∅ / l in mm

Weight kg Operation code

Ex protection

For isotope

LB 4441-01 25/25 18 0

LB 4441-02 40/35 18 0

LB 4441-03 50/50 18 0

Cs-137

Co -60

LB 4430 150/150 54 22

LB 4451-06 44/5 6 2

Yes

Am-241

LB 5441-01 25/25 18 0 No

LB 5401-02 40/35 18 0 No

LB 5401-03 50/50 18 0 No

LB 5430 150/150 52 22 No

Cs-137

Co -60

LB 5481-06 44/5 6 2 No Am-241

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10. Service Instructions

10.1 General Safety Precautions

Any time you are working on electrical components, you have to observe the relevant safety regulations. Please refer to the Safety Summary at the beginning of this operating manual. Any work in the direct vicinity of the shielding containing the radioactive source may be performed only following proper training and/or professional guidance.


The evaluation unit is provided with an error control which also monitors the detector functions. An error code appears on the display if an error is detected. For information about the error and possible causes please refer to the error code list. In case of hard-ware errors the evaluation unit has to be replaced. If no error code is displayed, the electronics is working properly and all measured values and parameters lie in the normal possible range. Possible function problems must then have another cause. “Total Reset” should be performed only in exceptional cases and after consultation with Berthold. To perform a “Total Reset”, turn the instrument off; then push the Clear button while you turn the instrument on. All entered date will be deleted and the default values restored. Error code list

No. Problem Cause 1 Rate Overflow Count rate > 520000cps 2 No Detector Rate Error in detector or during transmission 3 Wrong HV HV < 500V or > 1500V, outside control range 6 Detector temperature

> 65°C Detector temperature has exceeded > 65°C

7 Trouble with detector communication

Data transfer between detector and evaluation unit faulty

8 Measurement stopped Measurement stopped by closed contact 22 a/c 9 Detector temperature

> 80°C Detector temperature has exceeded > 80°C

10 Missing calibration Calibration has to be terminated with <enter> and <more>

11 Power fail > 1 month Instrument has been turned off for more than one month. Enter new date.

12 No input allowed Device locked by password or wrong password entered 33 Wrong password Wrong password entered 36 Not enough points Not enough calibration points available 37 Not steady Calibration not steady 39 Measuring path not

defined Measuring path not yet entered

46 Radiating interference New start with <run> or via input 3 (22a/22c)

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49 Liquid density / Solid den-sity not entered (Rho.S/RhoL)

Liquid density and/or Solid density not entered

50 I.Max/I.Min value Current output entered incorrectly 51 Current input error Current input range entered incorrectly 52 Current output limit value Current output range entered incorrectly 53 Current input error Current input too high > 20mA 54 Device not calibrated Calibration has to be terminated with <enter> 56 Range overflow Input value outside permissible range 57 Wrong input value Input value outside permissible range 58 Calibration faulty Wrong calibration 60 Digital inputs for product

selection allowed Window for product selection in menu Parameter set to external.

Problem Possible Cause Potential Solution

Check mains cables No display No power supply Check fuses

Display unreadable Processor error Note error code Perform total reset Replace evaluation unit

Power supply for detector interrupted

Check cable to detector

No pulse rate (Error code 2)

Detector is faulty Replace detector Shielding not open or not properly opened

Check lock and secure it in OPEN position Pulse rate too low

Alignment of useful beam toward detector not correct

Correct and optimize alignment

Container installations in radiation path

Offset irradiation level

Wall deposits in container

Remove wall deposits

No or incorrect result reading

Entry of calibration values incorrect

Check correlation of count rate and lab values

Output current incorrect

Entry of calibration values incorrect

Check correlation of count rate and lab values

Time constant too small

Increase time constant in the Parameter menu

Rapid switchover with Sigma value too small

Disable rapid switchover

Result reading fluctuates strongly

Pulse rate too low Check age of source and irradiation level. Replace detector

Detector stabilization faulty

Replace detector

Photomultiplier faulty Replace photomultiplier

Result reading shows drifts

Incorrect isotope entered

While measurement is running: enter calibration date correct isotope enter current date

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10.3 Shielding and Source

Shieldings do not include any wearing parts or mechanically moving parts that under normal operating conditions require maintenance. For safety reasons, however, it should be possible any time to lock the useful beam. A function check has to be performed in appropriate intervals of six months. The radia-tion protection manager has to be informed immediately if any faults on the shielding or a sluggish locking mechanism are detected. If the problem cannot be solved simply by cleaning, you have to stop working with the system until it has been repaired. As long as the shielding does not show any significant mechanical damage or strong cor-rosion, the built-in source will be protected. Refer to the radiation protection guidelines in chapter 11 to check or replace the source. The Cs–137 sources which are typically used for density measurements have a service life of 30 years and more. For safety reasons, we recommend replacement after 15 years. Co–60 sources have to be replaced after approx. 5 ... 10 years. Empty calibration has to be performed any time a source is replaced! Information on the design of source and shielding you find in the technical documenta-tion, the seal certificate and on the identity plate. If the source has to be renewed, you have to include the manufacturing number of the original source in your new order.

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10.4 Service Menu

10.4.1 Overview

sk1: Service Menu sk2: Mass Flow sk1 sk2 more

Testrate 12345 cps Output Curr : 10.0 mA 1.2345 g/cm3

Relay 1: ON Relay 2: OFF Relay 1: ON

Input 1: OFF Input 2: OFF Input 3: ON

Set output cur Current : 9.0mA

View input cur. Current: 12.0mA

High Voltage Value : 800 V

sk1: Test calculate sk2: I / O - Test sk1 sk2 more

sk1: HV Adjustment sk2: Status request sk1 sk2 more

Save Default Value: 850 V

Read Default Value: 850 V

sk1: Reset Detector sk2: Pt 100 adjust sk1 sk2 more

Temperature = 45.2°CDet. Temp. = 28 °C Counts = 3210/s

For Detector - Reset please press (sk 1 & clear)sk1

sk1: Measure Plateau sk2: Request Plateau sk1 sk2 more

Plateau measurement running ...... IIIIIIIII...........................

HV( 500): 817/s HV( 560): 884 /sHV( 620): 923/s + - done

sk1: Plateau sk 2: Adj. Current out sk 1 sk2 more

Current 1.8 mA Offset: 4123 + - more

Current 18 mA Offset: 345 + - more

For Pt 100-Adjust please press (sk2 & clear)

sk1: Adj. Cur. input sk 2: Relay Delay time sk 1 sk2 more

Curr. Input Adjust Set value 1.8 mA Real value 1,7 mA + - more

Curr. Input Adjust Set value 18 mA Real value 17.5 mA + - more

Relay delay Value: 50 ms

Flow Value 87.00 m3/h

Ext. Mass CounterTons per cycle OFF/0,01/0,1/1/10

Unit Mass Flow [kg/h, t/h] t/h

Range input at 20 mA] Value: 100 m3/h

Erase mass - integrator no/ yes

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10.4.2 Service Menu

The Service menu functions support • input of test values (output current, count rates) to simulate instrument functions

• check of outputs and inputs

• adjustment of analog outputs and inputs

• adjustment of Pt 100 input

• plateau recoding of detector

• manual setting of high voltage for test purposes.

The individual functions are described below.

Test calculate: Any pulse rate within the calibration range can be entered. The count rate supplied by the detector will then be ignored. The respective output current is calculated from the count rate and the density value. Output current and the respective density or concentration value are displayed as a re-sult of the defaulted pulse rate. The product temperature supplied via Pt 100 or as current signal is taken into account when calculating the measured value. If necessary, temperature com-pensation for the test is disabled. To do this, select “Density without TC”. After completion of the test, reset the test count rate to “0”!

I/O Test Output Current: To use this function, the measurement must not be in the RUN mode. To test the connected instruments, you can set any output current between 0 and 22 mA.

View input current: Shows the current measured at the current input.

Relay 1/2/3: The relays can be switched to test the signal circuits (ON = relay energized).

Input 1/2/3: Shows if the inputs are open or closed (OFF = input open).

HV Adjustment:

Set HV detector With the standard setting “0” the detector works with automatic high voltage control. If you enter a high voltage value for special tests, the high voltage control is disabled. The entered value is used as fixed high voltage. In this case, the info HV-Test is displayed in the measurement menu or the live display (instead of HV auto) Set this value to “0” again when you exit the Service menu. Otherwise, the measurement device will not work correctly.

Status request This menu item includes the:

• detector temperature • current counts • high voltage.

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Reset Detector To reset the detector you have to push the buttons <sk1> and <clear> at the same time. This will interrupt the plateau recording and reset the detector electronics. A reset also has to be performed when the microprocessor of the detector has been replaced.

Pt 100 Adjust The Pt 100 input is adjusted by the manufacturer. New adjustment is necessary only when detector boards or the microprocessor of the detector have been replaced. Apply resistance with 100 Ω (with lowest tolerance) at Pt 100 input of the detector (ter-minals 3 and 4, Figure 21). Select menu item “Pt 100 Adjust” Push <sk2> and <clear> at the same time. The message “Pt 100 adjustment run-ning...” is displayed. The adjustment is finished after approx. 5 s. Then connect resistance thermometer to detector, terminals 3 and 4. Pt 100 adjustment should be performed by trained personnel only! 10.4.3 Plateau Check

Measure Plateau: A detector plateau can be recorded automatically in steps of 60 V, e.g. to check the pro-per function of the NaI crystal multiplier combination. Working principle of scintillation counters: The detector (scintillation counter) comprises: a) sodium iodide crystal doped with Thallium b) photomultiplier c) electronics unit. As the gamma radiation hits the detector, it triggers minute flashes of light in the crystal which are invisible to the naked eye. These flashes of light release electrons from the light-sensitive cathode (photo cathode) of the photomultiplier. This electron current is amplified via a dynode system resulting in an electrical impulse at the photomultiplier output for each light flash. The high voltage required for operation of the photomultiplier is generated in the elec-tronic unit. The scintillation counter is equipped with a drift compensation which compensates for the effects of aging and temperature-related gain variations, thus ensuring high long-term stability. Malfunctions of the scintillation counter are not always indicated by a missing pulse rate; it is also possible that the specific Gamma sensitivity appears to have changed or obvious instabilities are apparent. In the case of detectors with NaI-crystals, this error can be de-tected only by means of a plateau check. The evaluation unit LB 444 includes a function for automatic plateau recording. Please keep in mind: The scintillation counter may remain at the measuring point if it is certain that the den-sity in the measuring path will remain absolutely constant during the time of the check (approx. 10 min.). Otherwise, the scintillation counter and the shielding container must be dismantled and the measurement has to be set up in the laboratory. The aver-age density value normally occurring in the measuring path has to be simulated with steel plates. Also, the distance between source and detector should be the same as under actual operating conditions.

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The following calculation only applies to detectors working with Cs-137 or Co-60. For detectors working with Am-241 the plateau should be recorded at the measuring lo-cation with product. The thickness of steel plates can be calculated as follows:

dd

dStm

W= +ρ *

.7 8

d

St = thickness of steel plates in mm

ρm = average product density

d = measuring path in product in mm d

w = double wall thickness of measuring pipe

The purpose of all these provisions is to generate the same count rate in the scintillation counter as under actual operating conditions. Select Plateau / Measure Plateau in the Service menu. Upon completion of the plateau measurement, you may invoke the function Request Pla-teau to display the value pairs HV-steps/count rate. The detector works properly if a clear plateau is visible; the position of the plateau is ir-relevant.

Figure 31: Plateau curve Plot the count rate vs. the high voltage, as shown in the diagram above. If the count rate in the flat part of the curve changes by more than 5% per 100 V high voltage, the scintillation counter will operate unstable. The detectors or at least the crys-tal multiplier combination have to be replaced.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

HV in V

cps

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Request Plateau The value pairs of the plateau measurement may be displayed here and may be plotted to assess the curve.

Adjust current output Current 1.8 or 18 mA: Adjustment of output current to the values 1.8 mA and 18 mA by incrementing or dec-rementing the numerical value on the display.

Adjust current input Target value:/Actual value Adjustment of input current. Feed current of 1.8 mA. Confirm display with <enter>. RUN appears on the display, the adjustment is running. Push <more> to stop the ad-justment and continue with the next item. Then feed 18 mA current and confirm with <enter> and push <more> to continue.

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10.5 Detector

10.5.1 Checking the Crystal-Multiplier Assembly

A plateau that is too small or too steep indicates faults in the crystal-multiplier assembly. Please proceed as follows to perform a visual inspection of crystal and multiplier: Switch off the scintillation counter before opening the instrument. Do not perform the check in bright daylight, as this may damage the photo cathode of the photo multiplier. Open the scintillation counter by removing the cover of the connection box first and then the screws of the base. The entire electronics (1) with the crystal/multiplier combina-tion can then be detached from the housing.

Remove photo multiplier combination from base (2) and unscrew ring nut (3) on front panel. The multiplier (4) in-cluding crystal (5) can now be detached from the Mu-metal shielding (6).

A thin layer of silicone oil between crystal and multiplier ensures optical coupling; silicone oil is rather viscous, par-ticularly at low temperatures. Carefully detach the crystal from the multiplier window by gently sliding the crystal sideways. Do not wipe off the silicone oil!

Check: The crystal must be perfectly clear inside and not show any dull areas. Its typical color is white. A yellowish to brownish coloring is a sign of thermal overload and indi-cates that the crystal has to be replaced. The surrounding white reflecting layer must not be damaged. You can only check the photo multiplier for glass breakage or other me-chanical damage. Other faults cannot be identified by visual checks alone. However, if the crystal does not show any faults, a bad plateau indicates that the photo multiplier is faulty.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3

5

4

6

2

1

The multiplier window is coated with a vapor-deposited layer acting as photocathode. This layer gives the window a brownish tint similar to smoked glass. If this layer is no longer present or if it is stained, then the photocathode has been destroyed (e.g. by overheating, glass breakage, or incident light), and the multiplier must be replaced. Faults caused by damage to the dynode systems (e.g. by exces-sive vibration) cannot be identified by appearance. If in doubt, replace the multiplier. The glass pane at the mating face to the photo multiplier must not show any cracks.

Figure 32: Assembly of scintillation counter

1 = Electronics part with

(a) CPU, b) HV, (c) voltage divider

2 = Base 3 = Ring nut 4 = Photomultiplier 5 = Crystal 6 = Mu-metal shielding

Before re-assembly, apply a drop of clean silicon oil between crystal and multiplier and distribute it evenly by gentle rubbing to ensure sound optical connection between both

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components. Attach the Mu-metal screen and fix it with screws, making sure that the Mu-metal screen is only under light tension. Re-assembly: Set the crystal again onto the front face of the photo multiplier and twist both compo-nents several times counter-clockwise. If you have to replace a component, apply 1 or 2 drops of silicone oil on the mating faces of the new and old component. It may also suf-fice to press the new component against the mating face of the old one and to turn it several times. Reassemble parts properly. Just as after replacement of a complete detector, the calibration should be checked im-mediately.

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10.6 Replacing the Evaluation Unit LB 444

To replace the entire LB 444 evaluation unit, please proceed as follows: 1. Connect new evaluation computer. 2. Enter data using the set-up protocol and date of the original set-up. 3. In submenu Calculate (menu Calibrate), select the calibration mode. 4. For one-point calibration, enter the absorption coefficients and start calibration proc-

ess with <enter> and <more>. 5. For two or multi-point calibration, select the calibration mode and then push <more>

to start calibration. 6. Start measurement with <run>. 7. Enter current date. If the count rates in the individual code numbers were not entered in one day but over a longer period, please proceed as follows to ensure adequate source decay correction: 1. Perform steps 2. to 7. for the count rates read-in at calibration date 1. 2. Enter the value recorded at a later time (count rate, density, temperature). 3. Enter current date. 4. Stop measurement process by pushing <run> again. 5. Start calibration process: select calibration more with <enter> and then push

<more>. 6. Start measurement again with <run>. Example: Calibration point Count rates Density values Temperatures

in °C Date

1 23 205 1.1 50 01.02.96 2 20 319 1.2 55 01.02.96 3 21 631 1.15 45 01.04.96 4 17 724 1.3 52 01.04.96 5 22 253 1.12 58 01.10.96

Date of replacement: 01.04.97 1. Enter date 01.02.96 2. Enter values 1 and 2 3. Select calibration mode with <enter> and then push <more> 4. Push <run> 5. Enter date 01.04.96 6. Enter values 3 and 4 7. Enter date 01.10.96 8. Enter value 5 9. Enter date 01.04.97 10. Stop measurement with <run> 11. Select calibration mode with <enter> and then push <more> 12. Start measurement with <run>.

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11. RADIATION PROTECTION

11.1 Basics and Guidelines

Radioactive isotopes used for density measurements emit gamma radiation. Gamma ra-diation consists of electromagnetic waves, i.e. a type of radiation which resembles light, but has a much higher energy, so that it can pass through matter. This high-energy ra-diation is hazardous to living beings; it can damage cells and cause mutations. To mini-mize this hazard, one must be extremely careful when handling radioactive substances.

Radioactive sources which are used for density measurements are usually sealed sources, i.e. the actual radioactive substance is surrounded by at least one, often several sealed layers made of stainless steel, each of which is checked individually for leaks. An-other check ensures that no radioactive particles are deposited on the surface of the cap-sule. The user will receive an official certificate specifying these features of the radioac-tive source.

In order to prevent health hazards due to working with radioactive substances, limits for the maximum permissible radiation exposure of operating personnel have been agreed upon on an international level. Appropriate measures in designing shieldings and arrang-ing the measuring system at the measuring location ensure that the radiation exposure of the personnel will remain below the maximum permissible value of 5 mSv (500 mrem) per year.

A Radiation Safety Officer has to be appointed who is responsible for all questions relat-ing to radiation protection.

The Radiation Safety Officer will monitor handling of the radiometric measuring system and, if necessary, formalize safeguards and any special precautions applicable to a given establishment in formal procedural instructions, which in special cases may serve as a basis for radiation protection guidelines.

These may stipulate that access to the vessel shall only be permitted after the active beam is shielded. Radiation protection zones outside the shielding must be - if they are accessible – marked and guarded.

These instructions should also include checks of the shutter device of the shielding and measures for serious operational trouble – such as fire or explosion.

Any special event has to be reported to the Radiation Safety Officer immedi-ately. He will then investigate any damage and immediately take suitable precautions if he detects defects that may adversely affect the operation or safety of the system.

The Radiation Safety Officer has to make sure that the provisions of the Radiation Protec-tion Regulations will be observed. In particular, his duties include instructing the staff on the proper handling of radioactive substances.

Radioactive sources that are no longer in use or have reached the end of their service life have to be returned to the national radioactive waste disposal center or to the manufac-turer.

Generally, every member of staff should endeavor to minimize any radiation exposure – even within the permissible limits – by careful and responsible action and by observing certain safety standards.

The total sum of the radiation dose absorbed by a body is dependent upon three factors. Based on these factors, certain fundamental radiation protection rules can be derived:

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Distance DISTANCE

This means the distance between radioactive source and human body. The radiation intensity (dose rate) decreases – like light – in proportion to the square of the distance, i.e. doubling the distance to the source reduces the dose rate to one quarter. Conclusion: When handling radioactive substances, maximum distance to the source should be maintained. This is especially true for persons not directly involved in this work.

Time

TIME

The total time a person stays in the vicinity of a radiometric measuring system and the body is exposed to radiation. The effect is cumulative and increases therefore with the duration of the radiation exposure. Conclusion: Any work in the vicinity of radiometric measuring system has to be prepared carefully and organized such that it can be carried out in the shortest time possible. Having the proper tools handy is of particular importance.

Shielding

SHIELDING

The shielding effect is provided by the shielding material surrounding the source. As the shielding effect depends, following an exponential function, on the product of thick-ness multiplied by the density, it follows that material with a high specific weight will normally be used for shielding. Suitable dimensions are usually calculated by the supplier. Conclusion: Before installing or dismantling the shielding, make sure the radiation exit channel is closed. The source must not be removed from the shielding and not remain unshielded.

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11.2 Shielding Installation Safety Instructions

To keep the radiation exposure of personnel as low as possible, only licensed personnel who have been trained on how to handle radioactive substances are allowed to assemble or disassemble the shielding with the source. Work is performed according to the instruc-tions and under supervision of the Radiation Safety Officer. It has to be ensured that: • the lock of the shielding is closed and secured, so that no unshielded radiation can

exit • the shielding is not modified or damaged • the function of the locking mechanism is checked following installation of the shield-

ing • the function check is repeated every six months • a new source number has to be attached on the shielding or the type label replaced

when replacing a source.

11.3 Radiation Dose Calculations

Technical Terms In radiation measuring technique, just as in other fields, the units of measurement have been converted into SI units. The old units are also included in the following explana-tions.

1. Activity Radiation is emitted as a result of nuclear disintegration. The higher the number of these nuclear transformations, the higher the activity. Unit of measure is the Becquerel (Bq), 1 Bq being equal to 1 decay per second. The old unit Curie (Ci) is sometimes still being used. The following correlation can be established between both units of measure: 3.7 * 1010 Bq = 37 GBq = 1 Ci 37 * 106 Bq = 37 MBq = 1 mCi

2. Dose and Dose Rate Various energies of individual isotopes have different effects on living beings. To allow a comparison, the so-called RBE-factor was introduced; it specifies the relative biological effects of radiation. This dose equivalent is measured in Sievert (Sv); it can be converted into the old unit rem as follows: 10-2 Sv = 1 rem 10 µSv = 1 mrem Sv (or rem) specifies the dose incorporated over a period of undefined length. To get an indication of the intensity of the radiation, the dose rate is specified as dose per unit of time. It is measured in Sv/h or rem/h. More common are the smaller units mSv/h or mrem/h.

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To calculate the dose rate generated by a source, you need to know the gamma radiation constant (k), in order to take into account the different energies of the various isotopes. The following table lists the constants for the radioactive sources most frequently used in industrial applications:

Isotope

kold mrem m

h mCi*

*

2

knew µSv mh Mbq

**

2

Co-60 1.35 0.365 Cs-137 0.35 0.095

3. Half-value Layer Half-value layer (HVL) or half-value thickness (HVT) specifies the material thickness nec-essary to reduce the intensity of a certain type of radiation to half its original value. The following table lists the half-value thickness of some materials: Half-value thickness layer in mm

Isotope Material Co-60 Cs-137 Water 157 110 Concrete 68 47 Steel 20 14 Lead 14 7

The attenuation factor “s” can be calculated from the half-value thickness. Example: Activity: 9250 MBq (250 mCi) 137-Cs Shielding thickness: d = 50 mm lead Distance: 0.6 m

Determine the dose rate in a distance of 0.6 m using the following formula:

mrem 1.73Sv 17.3141.2*(0.6)

1*0.095*9250s*at*k*aD 22 ==== µ

A = activity in MBq k = radiation constant t = time in h a = distance from radioactive source in m s = attenuation factor

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The result indicates that if you stay for one hour in a distance of 60 cm from the above mentioned radioactive source, which is shielded by 50 mm lead, you will incorporate a dose of 17.3 µSv/h or 1.73 mrem/h. If one stays for a longer (or shorter) time in the vi-cinity of the source, the dose increases (decreases) accordingly. Natural Radiation Exposure For comparison’s sake, it may be helpful to look at the average radiation exposure for the population in Germany. It is approx. 4000 µSv (400 mrem) per year. In addition, there is the medical radiation exposure, caused by X-rays, etc., which is about 500 µSv (50 mrem), and radiation exposure caused by other sources of about 100 µSv (10 mrem). Particularly the natural radiation exposure may vary significantly, depending on location, and may sometimes be more than 10 times above the value specified above.

11.4 Emergency Instructions

In case of serious operational trouble, such as fire or explosion, which could adversely affect the radiometric measuring facility, it cannot be ruled out that the function of the shielding lock, the shielding efficiency or the stability of the source capsule have been impaired. In this case, it is possible that persons in the vicinity of the shielding have been exposed to higher levels of radiation. If you suspect such a severe malfunction, inform the Radiation Safety Officer immediately. He will then investigate the situation immediately and take all necessary provisions to prevent further damage and to avoid more exposure of the operating staff to radiation. The Radiation Safety Officer has to make sure that the measuring system is no longer in operation and then take appropriate steps. He may have to inform the authorities or con-tact the manufacturer or supplier of the measuring system. If adequate know-how as well as suitable instruments are available, emergency meas-ures may be taken immediately. In this case, proceed as follows:

• Locate shielding. • Check function of shielding. • Check efficiency of shielding by measuring the dose rate. • Secure and label radiation protection areas. • Secure shielding with source. • Document the event and estimate the possible radiation level to which the per-

sons involved were exposed. If you suspect any damage to the source capsule, the following points have to be ob-served as well:

• Avoid contamination. • Take hold of source using a tool (a pair of pliers or a pair of tweezers) and put

both (source and tool) into a plastic bag. • Secure them behind an auxiliary shielding (concrete wall, steel or lead plate). • Check if the environment is free of contamination. • Make sure the radioactive waste is secured and disposed off in compliance with

the pertinent regulatory requirements.

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12. APPENDIX

12.1 Absorption Coefficients

Absorption coefficients are valid for: • 137-Cs at one-point calibration. • crystal size 25/25 and 40/35 • frontal irradiation

When using a 50/50 crystal, multiply the values listed below by 0.9. With radial irradia-tion, these values have to be multiplied by 0.85. For measurements with Co-60 sources the listed absorption coefficients have to be multi-plied by 0.6. The absorption coefficients were calculated for average concentrations. Depending on the resolution behavior, these values may differ with other concentrations. Absorption coefficients in cm2/g

Unit of measurement Product

g/cm3 % conc. Conc. in g/l

Whole milk - .0737 - .00018 - .000017

Skim milk - .0737 - .000027 - .000295

Whey - .0737 - .000294 - .0000254

Sugar solution - .0657 - .00044 - .000021

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - H2O - .0608 - .0003 - .000025

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) - H2O - .0623 - .0005 - .000036

Nitric acid (HNO3) - H2O - .0576 - .00036 - .000027

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) - H2O - .0664 - .00069 - .000049

Ethanol (C2H6O) - H2O - .0677 + .00014 + .000018

Propyl alcohol (C3H8O) - H2O - .0673 + .00015 + .0000186

Glycerin (C3H5(OH3) - H2O - .0667 - .00017 - .000015

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12.2 Temperature Coefficients

Note:

Water temperature coefficients can be used for many low concentration prod-ucts, such as milk, beer, whey, starch suspension, etc. For upgraded milk, whey, cottage cheese, etc. the values given for sugar solution can be used with good approximation.

g/cm3 g/l % °Be H2O - H2SO4 20 30 5,9500E-04 1,0220E+00 8,0000E-02 5,3100E-03 50 30 6,9500E-04 1,9320E+00 1,0300E-01 7,7300E-03 80 30 1,0150E-03 2,5190E+00 1,0000E-01 4,9900E-03 20 60 6,3500E-04 1,1070E+00 8,8000E-02 1,2920E-02

H2O - NaOH 10 30 0,00047 0,528 0,04315 0,00436 30 30 0,00062 0,974 0,05964 0,00308 50 30 0,00072 1,44 0,0759 0,00684 10 60 0,00055 0,628 0,0521 0,0064 30 60 0,00065 1,02 0,0634 0,00353 50 60 0,0007 1,404 0,075 0,00681

H2O - HCl 10 25 3,3000E-04 7,3600E-01 6,7200E-02 2,9300E-03 30 25 6,0000E-04 1,5720E+00 1,2150E-01 8,0000E-03 10 75 5,3800E-04 1,1960E+00 1,1160E-01 4,1450E-02 30 75 5,7600E-04 1,6610E+00 1,3330E-01 4,4380E-02

Sugar solution 10 20 0,0002377 0,621 0,05748 0,000823 30 20 0,000341 0,908 0,07144 0,001245 50 20 0,000436 1,196 0,0794 0,001488 70 20 0,000518 1,457 0,0855 0,00355 10 50 0,000472 1,247 0,1167 0,00339 30 50 0,000582 1,395 0,1111 0,00302 50 50 0,000559 1,536 0,1033 0,00254 70 50 0,000588 1,654 0,0983 0,00475

10 70 0,000582 1,538 0,145 0,0053130 70 0,000608 1,631 0,131 0,0042650 70 0,000627 1,718 0,117 0,0032870 70 0,000632 1,768 0,106 0,0056110 80 0,000632 1,665 0,1583 0,0063630 80 0,000649 1,173 0,1401 0,0049150 80 0,000658 1,794 0,1223 0,0036570 80 0,000641 1,785 0,1072 0,00582

Input value atAver. Temp.in °C

Product Concen-tration inweight %

Input valueat g/cm3

10 1,5000E-04 20 2,0300E-04 30 2,9900E-04 40 3,8000E-04 50 4,5700E-04 60 5,1300E-04 70 5,7100E-04 80 6,2350E-04 90 6,7000E-04

Water Temp. in °C

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12.3 Density of Water as a Function of the Temperature

Temp. in °C Density in

g/cm3 Temp. in °C Density in

g/cm3 Temp. in °C Density in

g/cm3 10 0.99973 40 0.99224 70 0.97781 11 0.99963 41 0.99185 71 0.97723 12 0.99951 42 0.99146 72 0.97665 13 0.99939 43 0.99106 73 0.97607 14 0.99926 44 0.99065 74 0.97548 15 0.99911 45 0.99024 75 0.97488 16 0.99896 46 0.98982 76 0.97428 17 0.99879 47 0.98939 77 0.97368 18 0.99861 48 0.98896 78 0.97307 19 0.99843 49 0.98852 79 0.97425 20 0.99823 50 0.98807 80 0.97183 21 0.99801 51 0.98761 81 0.97120 22 0.99779 52 0.98715 82 0.97057 23 0.99755 53 0.98668 83 0.96993 24 0.99731 54 0.98621 84 0.96929 25 0.99706 55 0.98673 85 0.96864 26 0.99680 56 .98524 86 0.96799 27 0.99653 57 0.98475 87 0.96734 28 0.99625 58 0.98425 88 0.96668 29 0.99597 59 0.98375 89 0.96601 30 0.99567 60 0.98324 90 0.96534 31 0.99536 61 0.98272 91 0.96467 32 0.99504 62 0.98220 92 0.96399 33 0.99472 63 0.98167 93 0.96330 34 0.99439 64 0.98113 94 0.96261 35 0.99405 65 0.98059 95 0.96192 36 0.99370 66 0.98005 96 0.96122 37 0.99335 67 0.97950 97 0.96052 38 0.99299 68 0.97894 98 0.95981 39 0.99262 69 0.97838 99 0.95910

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12.4 Setup Protocol

Measuring Point ............................................ Date ....................... Radioactive source: No. ..................... Activity ............... Isotope .................. Pipeline .................................... mm Material ................................... Irradiation angle: 90°/45°/30°/others .................. Product ............................................................ Parameters Range Value

Password Instrument ID Program version Configure instrument Radiation yes/no Error mode Hold/continue Product no. 1/2/3/4 Measuring path cm Measure mode Time constant s Rapid switchover ON/OFF Σ for radiating interference 0-10 Count rate limit (min) cps Count rate limit (max) Cps Current temperature input: 0-20mA or 4-20mA 0/4 mA °C 20 mA °C Current out for density or conc.

0-20mA or 4-20mA

0/4 mA 20 mA Current output error Hold Value: 0-22mA Relay 2 setup Min or Max: Hysteresis: 0-10% Relay 3 setup Min or Max: Hysteresis 0-10% Solid density: Liquid density: Water TC yes/no TC1 TC2 Reference temperature Suspension measurement yes/no Unit

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Data input:

Count rate cps Density (Lab values) Date Temperature °C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Calculation:

Parameter Range Value Calibrate mode one/lin/squ/cub/auto Result a1 Zero count rate Io Coefficient a1 Coefficient a2 Coefficient a3 Square error Factor Offset Density TC

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13. Dimensional Drawings

13.1 Detectors

Type Ident # Crystal a b Weight approx. kg

LB 5441-01 32732 25/25 X 18 LB 5441-02 32733 40/35 X 18 LB 5441-03 32734 50/50 X 18 LB 4441-01 32717 25/25 X X 18 LB 4441-02 32718 40/35 X X 18 LB 4441-03 32719 50/50 X X 18 *) EEx de IIc T6 / EEx de [ib] II C

M 16 for cable ∅ 7...10 mm M 12 for cable ∅ 4...6 mm

WITH water cooling

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LB 4430/LB 5430

280 0

18 0

320 0

20 0

202 0 247 0

105 0

LB 5430 = 449

LB 4430 = 530

LB 4430 LB 5430 Weight 54 kg 52 kg Ex-protected Ex II2G EEx ib d IIC T6 /

EEx de IIc T6 Nein

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13.2 Detectors with FM Certificate

Type Ident # Crystal a b Weight approx. kg LB 4441-01 FM 33965 25/25 86 25 18 LB 4441-02 FM 33966 40/35 76 35 18 LB 4441-03 FM 33972 50/50 41 50 18

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13.3 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 88.9...304 mm

1 Shielding LB 744... 2 Detector 3 Pipeline 4 Mounting device

Pipe diameter

A B C D D E F F

LB 7440 LB 7442 LB 7440 LB 7442

88.9 374 300 120 200 270 362 682 752 101.6 374 300 156 200 270 362 718 788 114.3 374 300 180 200 270 362 742 812 141.3 374 300 218 200 270 362 780 850 168.3 374 300 250 200 270 362 812 882 219.1 374 300 310 200 270 362 872 942 273 374 300 368 200 270 362 930 1000 304 374 320 402 200 270 362 964 1034 305 590 320 400 200 270 362 962 1032 318 590 320 413 200 270 362 975 1045 323.8 590 320 419 200 270 362 981 1051 355.6 590 320 451 200 270 362 1013 1083 406.4 590 320 501 200 270 362 1063 1133 457.2 590 320 552 200 270 362 1114 1184 508 590 320 603 200 270 362 1165 1235 521 590 320 616 200 270 362 1178 1248

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13.4 Mounting Device 90° for Pipe Diameter 21.3...76.1 mm

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13.5 Mounting Device 30 / 45 °

1 Shielding LB 744...

2 Detector 3 Pipeline 4 Mounting device

45° Weight approx. 30 kg 45° Weight approx. 30 kg

Dimensions in mm Dimensions in mm

Pipe dia-meter

A B C Pipe dia-meter



A B C

60.3 132 376 375 127 174 384 375 60.3 132 438 558 127 174 452 558

63.5 135 282 375 133 185 395 375 63.5 135 445 558 133 185 470 558

70 146 390 375 139.7 196 406 375 70 146 460 558 139.7 196 490 558

76.1 152 396 375 146 206 416 375 76.1 152 470 558 146 206 506 558

82.5 160 404 375 152.4 214 424 375 82.5 160 485 558 152.4 214 519 558

88.9 168 412 375 159 224 434 375 88.9 168 500 558 159 224 537 558

95 174 418 375 165.1 232 442 375 95 174 510 558 165.1 232 551 558

101.6 181 424 375 168.3 236 446 375 101.6 181 552 558 168.3 236 558 558

108 188 430 375 171 240 450 375 108 188 534 558 171 240 564 558

114.3 195 438 375 177.8 249 460 375 114.3 195 546 558 177.8 249 580 558

121 202 445 375 191 265 475 375 121 202 558 558 191 265 608 558

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13.6 LB 444

19” module

Installation in 19” rack

Installation in wall housing

04/03 LB 444

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04/03 LB 444

103

04/03 LB 444

104

04/03 LB 444

105

Ans

chlu

sspl

an W

andg

ehäu

se L

B 4

460

für D

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44

RS 485

Stromausgang / Current outputpotentialfrei /isolated

Kan

al A

C

hann

el A

Kan

al B

C

hann

el B

Detektor / Probe

Masse / Ground

Masse / Ground

Detektor / Probe

Fehler / Failure

Netz / Power230/ 115 V AC24 V AC/DC

Hilfsspg. Ausg.Aux. Voltage

Stromeingang / Current input0/4 - 20 mA

Batch /ResetStart / Stop

Min. / Max.Det. Temp.

Hilfsspg. Ausg.Aux. Voltage

Stromeingang / Current input0/4 - 20 mA

RS 485

Fehler / Failure

Min. / Max.Det. Temp.

Stromausgang / Current outputpotentialfrei /isolated

+ -

PE

54

32

1

LB 4

4../L

B 5

4..

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1820

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67

89

1011

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ININ

1226

2728

1314

1516

1729

3031

3233

3435

4936

5051

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3738

3940

4142

4344

5758

5945

4647

6061

6248

6364

65

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3

Kabel/Cable: NYMHY 2*1mm²,max. 1000 m

Kabel/Cable: NYMHY 2*1mm²,max. 1000 m

Pt 1

00Pt

100

Ext. Product

Batch /ResetStart / Stop

Ext. Product

5

PAPA

04/03 LB 444

106

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04/03 LB 444

1

14. Ex- Certificates for Evaluation Unit

04/03 LB 444

2

04/03 LB 444

3

04/03 LB 444

4

15. Ex-Certificate for the Detectors

04/03 LB 444

5

04/03 LB 444

6

04/03 LB 444

7

04/03 LB 444

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04/03 LB 444

9

Index

A Abrasion ........................................ 28 Absorption coefficient ........................ 3 Absorption coefficients ..................... 90 Absorption of Gamma radiation ........... 1 Addition and multiplication ............... 69 Additive constant ............................ 69 Adjust input current......................... 81 Attendant component ...................... 23 Automatic curve fit .....................24, 56 Automatic measuring time switchover 64

B Basic settings ................................. 41 Basic setup in a pipeline..................... 4 Baudrate........................................ 18

C Calculation of temperature coefficients50 Calibration ................................42, 55 Calibration data input ...................... 23 Calibration mode............................. 24 Calibration modes ........................... 55 Carrier liquid .................................. 23 Checking the calibration ................... 62 Checking the crystal-multiplier assembly

................................................. 82 Coefficient a1 ................................. 25 Coefficient a2 ................................. 25 Coefficient a3 ................................. 25 Connection cable............................... 4 Cooling jacket..............................4, 32 Cooling medium.............................. 33 Correcting the Results...................... 69 Correction of analysis values............. 60 Corrosion ....................................... 28 Cubic absorption coefficient .............. 25 Cubic curve fit ...........................24, 56 Current input.............................21, 37

Test ..................................................78 Current output

Test ..................................................78 Current Output ............................... 22 Current output error ........................ 22 Current output limits ....................... 22

D Data transfer .................................. 37 Date.............................................. 17 Density measurement........................ 5

with temperature compensation ............18 without temperature compensation........18

Detector............................ 3, 4, 10, 82 Connection.........................................35

Detector connections ....................... 35 Detector list.................................... 73 Detector software............................ 17 Digital input.................................... 37 Display .......................................... 11 Dose rate ....................................... 86

E Electrical connections....................... 35 Electronics unit ............................... 79 Emergency Instructions.................... 89 Encapsulated radioactive substances ....5 Error code list ................................. 74 Error messages............................... 45 Error mode..................................... 18 Evaluation electronics ...................... 10 Evaluation Unit

Installation ........................................34 Replacement ......................................84

Evaluation Unit LB 444................. 4, 10 Connection.........................................36

Extension of measuring path............... 4 External product selection ...........37, 38 External start/stop signal.................. 37

F Factor............................................ 25 Factory setting................................ 17 Flow .............................................. 26 Foil keys ........................................ 11 Frontal irradiation............................ 57 Function keys ................................. 11 Fuses ............................................ 37

G Gas bubbles ................................... 28 General safety precautions ............... 27 Getting started................................ 38

H Horizontal pipelines ......................... 28 HV settings..................................... 78

I Installation ..................................... 27 Installation evaluation unit ............... 34 Installation in a container ................. 30 Installation of Pt 100 ....................... 34 Installation of water cooling .............. 32 Installation on pipelines.................... 28

04/03 LB 444

2

Installation site ............................... 28 Instrument description....................... 5 Instrument front panel..................... 11 Instrument rear panel...................... 11 Irradiation...................................... 19 Irradiation angle ............................. 19 Irradiation method ............................ 3 Isolated current output .................... 37 Isotope.......................................... 19 Isotopes .......................................... 5

K Keypad function .............................. 11

L Lab temperature ............................. 53 Language....................................... 17 Lateral irradiation............................ 57 Lead shielding................................. 30 Linear absorption coefficient ............. 25 Linear curve fit ..........................24, 55 Linear temperature coefficient......23, 53 Liquid density ................................. 23 Liquid mixtures ............................... 23 Live display .................................... 26

M Mass flow....................................... 26 Mass flow measurement................... 26

with temperature compensation ............18 without temperature compensation........18

Maximum rate ................................ 21 Measure mode ................................ 22 Measure Mode ................................ 20 Measurement.............................26, 44 Measurement effect ........................... 3 Measuring path ............................... 19 Measuring path ................................. 4 Measuring product........................... 19 Menu

Calibrate............................................23 General Data ......................................17 Live Display........................................26 Mass Flow ..........................................26 Operating Mode ..................................18 Parameter..........................................19 Product Data ......................................22 Service ..............................................26

Menu groups .................................. 11 Minimum rate ................................. 21 Modem .......................................... 18 Mounting device................................ 4 Multiplication factor ......................... 70 Multi-point calibration ........... 25, 43, 59

O Offset .......................................25, 69 One-point calibration .......24, 25, 55, 57 Operating settings ........................... 17 Operating temperature..................... 53 Outdoor installation ......................... 29

P Password ....................................... 17 PC................................................. 37 PC connection ................................. 18 Photomultiplier................................ 79 Pipeline............................................ 4 Pipeline axis ................................... 19 Plateau measurement ...................... 79 Pneumatically operated lock................ 7 Power on........................................ 40 Power supply ......................... 4, 11, 37 Print parameter............................... 17 Printer ........................................... 37 Printer connection ........................... 18 Product selection............................. 26 Product Selection ............................ 21 Product temperature........................ 30 Pt 100 ....................................... 4, 34 Pt100 ............................................ 35

Q Quick installation overview ............... 38

R Radiating interference ...................... 20 Radiating interference detection ........ 63 Radiation dose calculations ............... 87 Radiation exit channel...................... 39 Radiation protection......................... 85 Radiation Safety Officer.................... 85 Radioactive source ...................4, 5, 86 Radiometric measurement method....... 1 Radiometric measuring systems .......... 1 Rapid switchover ............................. 20 Reference temperature................23, 53 Relay............................................. 36 Relay setup .................................... 22 Resistance thermometer................... 35 Resistance Thermometer .................. 34 RS 232 interface .................. 11, 18, 37

S Safety instructions........................... 87 Safety precautions........................... 74 Safety summary...............................VI Sampling ....................................... 30 Scintillation counter ......................... 10

04/03 LB 444

3

Working principle ................................79 Service

Shielding ...........................................76 Source...............................................76

Service Menu.................................. 77 Setup protocol .................................. 1 Shielding................................. 6, 8, 85

Function check....................................76 Shielding container................. 4, 29, 39 Shielding installation........................ 87 Shieldings ........................................ 1 Signal processing ............................ 10 Sodium iodide crystal....................... 79 Softkeys ........................................ 11 Software functions .......................... 17 Solid density................................... 23 Source......................................29, 30 Square absorption coefficient ............ 25 Square curve fit .........................24, 56 Square error................................... 25 Square temperature coefficient ....23, 54 S-shaped measuring path..............4, 29 Suspension measurement................. 23 Suspension measurements .... 23, 28, 65 System configuration ....................... 17 System/Version .............................. 17

T Technical data ................................ 71 Temp. Input ................................... 21 Temperature coefficient for water ...... 23 Temperature coefficient TC1 ............. 23 Temperature coefficient TC2 ............. 23 Temperature coefficients .............50, 91

Temperature compensation..........23, 30 Temperature compensation via current

input......................................18, 21 Temperature compensation via Pt100. 18 Temperature insulation .................... 29 Temperature measurement............... 49 Temperature range.....................71, 72 Terminal strip ................................. 11 Terminals....................................... 11 Thallium......................................... 79 Time.............................................. 17 Time constant............................20, 64 Two-point calibration ..................43, 59 Two-wire cable.................................. 4

U Unit select...................................... 23 U-shaped measuring path............. 4, 29

V Vertical pipelines ............................. 28 Vibrations ...................................... 30 Volume flow ................................... 26

W Water cooling ................................. 32 Water density ................................. 92

Z Zero count rate ............................... 25

Documents

Density Meter LB 444 0403 - Spartan Controls/media/resources/berthold/manuals... · 4.7 Service Menu ... Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444 Revision History ... As in the case