2
Nov. g02o] D E GUE FEVER I N PENANG. [ , 1581 t w o colonies of B. coli on on e o f t h e slope agar tubes, no other organism was found. Pericardiunm.-There were evidences o f a slight plastic pericarditis, a f e w flakes o f fibrin being adherent t o the heart muscle. This condition was n o t diagnosed during life, a n d i t w a s entirely owing t o t h e restric- tions placed on t h e necropsy b y t h e parents that none o f t h e f i a i d could b e properly collected a nd examined. I t i s , however, quite permissible t o reason thatin a l l probabilitythe condition w as pneumonic i n origin. Heart.-The right cavity wa s in a state of slight dilatation, and other- wise t h e whole organ wa s perfectlyhealthy. Th e valves were absolutely sound, a n d there wa s n o evidence whatever of an y existent endocarditis; a nd i t i s , further, a significant fact that n o infarcts o f an y kind were m e t with i n a ny o f t h e internal organs examined. Elbow-joint.-No sign of inflammation, swelling, o r other abnormality was visible. However, I aspirated t h e joint with a sterile needle, a nd withdrew a f e w drops of practically clear fluid containing a small number o f floating flocculi. Coverslips made direct from th e fluid presented a f e w capsulated Gram-staining hastate cocci, b u t cultures both in blood broth a n d on blood agar remained sterile. I have, however, no doubt in m y mind that theorganisms were n o other than genuine pneumococci. Middle Ear.-During t he child's stay in t h e hospital n o discharge orear trouble ever manifeited itself. At t he necropsy. however I introduced in t h e middle e a r on each side a sterile pipette, b u t entirely failed to withdrawn even on e drop o f fluid. This is interesting, f or o n inquiry t h e mother stated that before th e child s admission a discharge from i t s ears h a d been noticed f or some time. This o f course m a y o r m a y n o t b e true, b u t f o r t h e period during which the child w a s under treatment in t h e hospital n o e a r trouble w a s ever observed, though on several occasions it w a s searched f o r unsuccess- fully. In conclusion i t m a y b e interesting to trace o ut intabular form t h e time a n d nature o f th e various sequential infections: Bacteriological Report. Original pneumonia . . . . .. March 7-12 . .. Diplococcus pneumoniae Left elbow-joint .. .  March I7-I8-... I Empyema  .  March 24 .. . . . BloocL examined  .  April 2 0 . .. fluid examined April 2 4 . .. , , Death . . . ... ... ... ... April 28 Necropsy  pril o Lung squeezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diplococcus pneumoniae Elbow-oint .. .  I desire t o express here my thanks t o Dr. Ewart f o r per- mitting m t o publish this case, a nd t h e obligation I ow e t o D r . Vere Pearson, t h e Medical Registrar, w h o kindlyplaced h is clinical notes a t my disposal. REFERENCE. S t . Bartholomew s Hospital Reports, vol, xxxii, i896. CONCURRENT SCARLET FEVER  ND MEASLES IN CHILDREN. B y ERNEST A . DENT, M.B., (C.M., Cheltenham. ON February 8 t h I w a s sent f o r t o s e e a child, E . B . , aged i o years. S h e w a s suffering from scarlet fever, a nd I sent h e r t o t h e hospital f o r infectious diseases. S h e w a s away s i x weeks. T he house, clothing, etc., were thoroughly disinfected b y t h e sanitary authority. S i x other children-A. B . , a b o y a t work, aged I 6 ; T. B . , a girl, aged I3 ; C . B . , a boy, aged 8 ; N . B . , a girl, aged 7 ; M . B . , a girl, aged 5 ; a n d G . B . , a aged II-remained away from school f o r fourteen days, according t o t h e o f t h e sanitary authority, a n d then, being apparently perfectly well, returned t o school until t h e Easter holidays. M . B. (the youngest b ut one) became i l l on April ist. I w a s sent f o r o n April 3rd, a nd I found h e r suffering from sore- throat, swollen glands, sickness, general malaise, a n d a slight rash, which commenced o n t h e chest, a nd was, I thought, that o f scarlet fever; t h e fact o f th e previous case i n t h e house strengthened this view. I notified t h e case a s a suspicious one, a n d asked D r . Giarrett, t h e medical officer of health, to see the child, an d h e kindly d i d s o o n t h e following d a y (4th). T h e rash h a d disappeared, a n d h e considered t h e signs then evident hardly sufficient t o justify removal o f t h e patient t o the hospital, a n d w e agreed that i t would b e well t o keep he r at home under observation. On April 6th, when I visited the house, the child w a s covered with a very distinct a nd profuse eruption which w a s unmis- takably that o f measles; there were also other symptoms o f that affection. I w a s asked to see h e r brother C. B . , aged 8 . This bo y h a d a n indefinite rash which w as n o t typical o f either scarlet fever or measles; there wa s n o evidence o f sore throat n o r o f swollen glands, a n d except f o r headache at times, h e a p- peared t o b e pretty well. I n five days desquamation h a d se t i n , a nd large scales o f epidermis were peeling chiefly from his neck a nd chest; th e appearance quite unlike t h e fine branny desquamation which follows t h e disappearance o f t h e rash i n measles, a n d which i s usually most in evidence o m t h e body a nd lower extremities. T he bo y felt well a nd wanted t o g o out. I w a s o f opinion that this w a s a case o f scarlet fever, a n d communicated with D r . Garrett, w ho again. visited the house. We considered i t right t o send both children t o t h e hospital. T w o o f t h e other children T . B . a n d N . B . , were apparently sickening f o r something. T h e house w a s again disinfectedc- Four days later T . B . , N . B . , a n d the baby were i n bed with measles. They all recovered without a n y further develop- ment. A . B . , the eldest, w a s t h e only member o f t h e family mentioned w h o w a s n o t affected b y illness. Tw o days after admission t o hospital a blotchy, measles-like eruption came ou t in th e face o f t h e boy; there w a s marked. coryza, a n d desquamation continued f or several weeks. H e remained i n hospital until June 3rd. Th e girl h a d a good deal o f desquamation o f t h e neck a n d face, which continued f o r along time; also, there w a s a per- sistent rhinorrhoea. On account o f these indications s he wa s detained i n hospital an unusually long period, a nd di d n ot leave July 5th. T he cases mentioned illustrate some o f t h e difficulties m e t with in making a precise diagnosis i n non-typical cases o t h e eruptive fevers. T h e b o y a s without definite signs until desquamation occurred, which itself w a s more like that o f scarlet fever than anything else. I n certain indefinite cases, unless they ar e watched from t h e outset, a n d every sign, including even a slight a n d transient rash, noted it i s likely that the presence o f scarlet fever m a y b e overlooked. I w a s fortunate enough t o s e e M . B . while t h e rash (although indistinct) w a s present, a n d this, together with t he other symptoms, l e d m e t o t h e belief that th e case w as o n e o f scarlet fever. T h e rash, a s n o t infrequently happens in this complaint, quickly disappeared. These t w o cases a r e interesting, also, a s affording examples i n b which the poisons o f both scarlet fever a nd measles were pre- sent a t the same time, a n d i n which these poisons i n combi- nation modified t h e symptoms o f both diseases. I understand that during an epidemic o f measles i n Chelten- ham, which has n ow subsided, other cases were admitted to t h e hospital f o r infectious diseases a s typical o f scarlet fever, a n d i n less than a week after admission a distinct rash o f measles developed i n them, followed by a modification o f symptoms similar t o that i n t h e cases n o w cited. I f o ne disease i s coexistent with another (for instance, scarlet fever with measles, or scarlet fever with influenza), i t is probable that t h e general character o f t h e symptoms is 80 altered that the case i s non-typical o f either disease, a n d a definite diagnosis o f it m a y n o t b e possible. S o misleading, indeed, m a y t h e condition b e (especially i t no t under close observation from t h e commencement o f t h e illness), as t o suggest t o t h e observer that some n e w disease i s pre- sent.  good deal h a s been written about the  fourth disease, which, a s described, appears t o have f o r i t s symptoms those which bear resemblance t o both German measles a n d mild scarlet fever, a nd ye t t o b e somewhat unlike either. I t i s con- ceivable that such symptoms might b e caused by t h e poisons o f both these affections acting together. DENGUE FEVER I N PENANG. By F. M . T . SKAE, M.D., Penang. I N t h e BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL o f July 12th, 1902, Dr.F.  . Stedman 1 gives a n account o f a n epidemic o f dengue fever i n Hong Kong during th e last three months o f i9oi, an d D r - Nightingale2 reports i t s arrival i n Bangkok in the begin- ning o f December o f t h e same year. T h e disease reached Penang from Singapore i n the e n d o f November o r beginning o f December, i9oi  my first case w a s on December 5th w a s

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N o v .

1 5

g 0 2 o ]

DE GUE

FEVER

IN

PENANG.

[

,

1 5 8

t w o

c o l o n i e s

o f B .

c o l i on

on e

o f t h e

s l o p e a g a r t u b e s ,

no

o t h e r

o r g a n i s m

was

f o u n d .

P e r i c a r d i u n m . - T h e r e

were

e v i d e n c e s

o f a

s l ig ht p l as ti c p e r i c a r d i t i s ,

a

f e w

f l a k e s

o f

f i b r i n

b e i n g a d h e r e n t t o t h e h e ar t m u s c le . T hi s c o n d i t i o n

was

n o t

d i a g n o s e d

d u r i n g l i f e ,

and i t

was

e n t i r e l y

o w i n g

t o

t h e

r e s t r i c -

t i o n s

p l a c e d

on

t h e

n e c r o p s y b y

t h e

p a r e n t s

t h a t none o f

t h e

f i a i d

c o u l d

b e p r o p e r l y

c o l l e c t e d

and

e x a m i n e d . I t

i s , h o w e v e r , q u i t e

p e r m i s s i b l e

t o

r e a s o n

t ha t i n a l l p r o b a b il i t y t h e

c o n d i t i o n was pneumonic

i n

o r i g i n .

H e a r t . - T h e r i g h t c a v i t y wa s

i n a s t a t e o f

s l i g h t

d i l a t a t i o n ,

and o t h e r -

w i s e

t h e

whole

o r g a n

wa s

p e r fe c tl y h e a l th y .

Th e

v a l v e s were

a b s o l u t e l y

s o u n d ,

and

t h e r e

wa s

no e v i d e n c e

w h a t e v e r

o f

an y

e x i s t e n t

e n d o c a r d i t i s ;

and i t

i s ,

f u r t h e r ,

a

s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t t h a t no i n f a r c t s

o f an y k i n d

wer e met

w i t h i n

any o f t h e

i n t e r n a l

o r g a n s

e x a m i n e d .

E l b o w - j o i n t . - N o

s i g n

o f i n f l a m m a t i o n , s w e l l i n g , o r o t h e r a b n o r m a l i t y

was

v i s i b l e .

H o w e v e r ,

I

a s p i r a t e d

t h e

j o i n t

w i t h

a

s t e r i l e

n e e d l e ,

and

withdrew

a

f e w

d r o p s

o f

p r a c t i c a l l y

c l e a r f l u i d

c o n t a i n i n g

a

s m a l l numb er

o f

f l o a t i n g

f l o c c u l i .

C o v e r s l i p s

made d i r e c t

f r o m t h e f l u i d

p r e s e n t e d

a

f e w

c a p s u l a t e d G r a m - st a i n i n g

h a s t a t e

c o c c i ,

b u t c u l t u r e s b o t h i n b l o o d b r o t h

and

on

b l o o d a ga r

remained s t e r i l e .

I h a v e , h o w e v e r , no d o u b t

i n m y

mind

t h a t t h e o r g an i s m s were

no

o t h e r

t h a n

g e n u i n e

p n e u m o c o c c i .

M i d d l e

E a r . - D u r i n g t h e c hi ld ' s s t a y i n

t h e

h o s p i t a l no

d i s c h a r g e

o r e a r

t r o u b l e

e v e r

m a n i f e i t e d

i t s e l f .

At t h e n e c r o p s y . h o w e v e r

I

i n t r o d u c e d

i n

t h e

m i d d l e

e a r

on e a c h s i d e

a

s t e r i l e p i p e t t e ,

b u t e n t i r e l y f a i l e d

t o

withdrawn e v e n

on e

d r o p o f f l u i d .

T h i s

i s

i n t e r e s t i n g ,

f o r o n

i n q u i r y

t h e

m o t h e r s t a te d t h at

b e f o r e

t h e

c h i l d s a d m i s s i o n

a

d i s c h a r g e

f r o m

i t s e a r s h a d

b e e n

n o t i c e d

f o r

some

t i m e . T h i s o f c o u r s e m ay

o r

m a y

n o t

b e

t r u e ,

b u t

f o r t h e

p e r i o d d u r i n g

w h i c h

t he c hi l d w a s

u n d e r

t r e a t m e n t

i n

t h e

h o s p i t a l

n o

e a r

t r o u b l e

w a s e v e r

o b s e r v e d ,

t h o u g h

on

s e v e r a l

o c c a s i o n s i t

w a s

s e a r c h e d f o r u n s u c c e s s -

f u l l y .

I n c o n c l u s i o n i t m ay

b e i n t er e s ti n g t o t r a c e o u t i n t ab u l a r

f o r m

t h e

t i m e

a n d

n a t u r e

o f

t h e v a r i o u s s e q u e n t i a l i n f e c t i o n s :

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l R e p o r t .

O r i g i n a l pneumonia

. . . . . . March

7 - 1 2

. . .

D i p l o c o c c u s pneumoniae

L e f t

e l b o w - j o i n t

.. .

 

March

I 7 - I 8 - . . .

I

Empyema

 

.

 

March

24

.. .

. .

B l o o c L

examined

 

.

 

A p r i l

2 0

. ..

C e r e b r o - s p i n a l

f l u i d e x a m i n e d

A p r i l

2 4

. ..

, ,

Death

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A p r i l

2 8

N e c r o p s y

 pril

o

Lung

s q u e e z i n g

. . .

. . .

. . . . . .

. . .

D i p l o c o c c u s

pneumoniae

E l b o w - o i n t

.. .  

I

d e s i r e t o

e x p r e s s

h e r e

m y

t h a n k s t o D r . E w a r t f o r p e r -

m i t t i n g

m e

t o

p u b l i s h

t h i s

c a s e ,

a n d t h e o b l i g a t i o n I owe t o

D r .

V e r e

P e a r s o n , t h e

M e d i c a l

R e g i s t r a r ,

wh o k i n d l y p l a c e d

h i s

c l i n i c a l

n o t e s

a t my

d i s p o s a l .

REFERENCE.

S t .

B a r t h o l o m e w s

H o s p i t a l

R e p o r t s ,

v o l ,

x x x i i ,

i 8 9 6 .

CONCURRENT SCARLET FEVER

 ND MEASLES

IN

CHILDREN.

By

ERNEST

A . DENT,

M . B . , ( C . M . ,

C h e l t e n h a m .

ON

F e b r u a r y

8 t h

I

was s e n t

f o r

t o s e e a

c h i l d ,

E .

B . , a g e d

i o

y e a r s . S h e

w a s

s u f f e r i n g

f r o m

s c a r l e t

f e v e r ,

a n d I

s e n t h e r

t o

t h e h o s p i t a l

f o r i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e s . S h e was

away

s i x

w e e k s .

The

h o u s e , c l o t h i n g ,

e t c . ,

w e r e

t h o r o u g h l y d i s i n f e c t e d

b y

t h e

s a n i t a r y

a u t h o r i t y .

S i x

o t h e r c h i l d r e n - A .

B . ,

a

b o y

a t

w o r k ,

a g e d

I 6 ;

T .

B . ,

a

g i r l ,

a g e d

I 3 ;

C . B . ,

a

b o y , a g e d

8

;

N .

B . ,

a g i r l , a g e d

7 ;

M.

B . ,

a

g i r l , a g e d

5 ;

a n d G .

B . , a

g i r l , a g e d

I I - r e m a i n e d away

f r o m s c h o o l f o r

f o u r t e e n d ay s , a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e r ou t i n e o r d e r

o f

t h e

s a n i t a r y

a u t h o r i t y , a n d

t h e n ,

b e i n g

a p p a r e n t l y p e r f e c t l y w e l l ,

r e t u r n e d

t o

s c h o o l

u n t i l

t h e

E a s t e r

h o l i d a y s .

M. B .

( t h e y o u n g e s t

b u t

o n e )

b e c a m e

i l l

on

A p r i l i s t . I was

s e n t

f o r

o n

A p r i l

3 r d ,

a n d I

f o u n d

h e r s u f f e r i n g

f r o m

s o r e -

t h r o a t , s w o l l e n

g l a n d s , s i c k n e s s ,

g e n e r a l m a l a i s e ,

a n d a

s l i g h t

r a s h , w h i c h

commenced

o n

t h e c h e s t , a n d

w a s ,

I

t h o u g h t ,

t h a t o f

s c a r l e t

f e v e r ;

t h e

f a c t

o f t h e

p r e v i o u s

c a s e

i n

t h e

h o u s e

s t r e n g t h e n e d t h i s

v i e w .

I n o t i f i e d

t h e

c a s e

a s

a

s u s p i c i o u s o n e ,

a n d

a s k e d D r .

G i a r r e t t ,

t h e

m e d i c a l

o f f i c e r o f

h e a l t h ,

t o s e e

t h e

c h i l d ,

and h e

k i n d l y

d i d s o

o n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y

( 4 t h ) .

The

r a s h

h a d

d i s a p p e a r e d ,

and

h e

c o n s i d e r e d

t h e

s i g n s t h e n

e v i d e n t

h a r d l y

s u f f i c i e n t t o

j u s t i f y

r e m o v a l o f

t h e p a t i e n t t o t h e

h o s p i t a l , a n d

we a g r e e d

t h a t

i t w o u l d

b e w e l l

t o

k e e p h e r

a t hom e u n d e r

o b s e r v a t i o n .

On

A p r i l 6 t h , when

I

v i s i t e d

t h e h o u s e, t he c h i l d w a s

c o v e r e d

w i t h

a

v e r y d i s t i n c t

a n d

p r o f u s e

e r u p t i o n

w h i c h

was

u n m i s -

t a k a b l y t h a t

o f m e a s l e s ;

t h e r e

w e r e

a l s o

o t h e r

symptoms o f

t h a t

a f f e c t i o n .

I

w a s

a s k e d t o s e e

h e r

b r o t h e r

C .

B . , a g e d 8 .

T h i s

b o y

h a d

an

i n d e f i n i t e

r a s h

w h i c h was

n o t

t y p i c a l

o f e i t h e r

s c a r l e t f e v e r

o r

m e a s l e s ; t h e r e

was

n o e v i d e n c e

o f

s o r e

t h r o a t n o r

s w o l l e n

g l a n d s ,

a n d

e x c e p t

f o r h e a d a c h e

a t

t i m e s ,

h e

p e a r e d

t o b e

p r e t t y

w e l l .

I n

f i v e

d a y s

d e s q u a m a t i o n

h a d

i n , a n d l a r g e

s c a l e s o f e p i d e r m i s

w e r e

p e e l i n g c h i e f l y

f r o m

n e c k a n d

c h e s t ;

t h e

a p p e a r a n c e

w a s

q u i t e

u n l i k e t h e

b r a n n y

d e s q u a m a t i o n

w h i c h

f o l l o w s

t h e

d i s a p p e a r a n c e

o f

r a s h

i n m e a s l e s ,

and

w h i c h i s u s u a l l y

m o s t

i n

e v i d e n c e

t h e

b o d y

a n d

l o w e r

e x t r e m i t i e s .

The

b o y

f e l t

w e l l

w a n t e d

t o g o o u t .

I

w a s

o f o p i n i o n

t h a t

t h i s

was

a c a s e

s c a r l e t

f e v e r ,

a n d c o m m u n i c a t e d

w i t h

D r .

G a r r e t t ,

w h o

a g

v i s i t e d

t h e

h o u s e .

We

c o n s i d e r e d

i t

r i g h t

t o s e n d

b

c h i l d r e n

t o t h e

h o s p i t a l .

Tw o

o f t h e

o t h e r

c h i l d r e n

T .

B . and N . B . ,

w e r e

a p p a r e n

s i c k e n i n g f o r

s o m e t h i n g .

The

h o u s e w a s

a g a i n

d i s i n f e c t

F o u r d a y s

l a t e r

T . B . , N .

B . ,

and t h e b a b y

w e r e

i n b e d

w

m e a s l e s .

They

a l l

r e c o v e r e d

w i t h o u t a n y

f u r t h e r

d e v e l

m e n t .

A . B . , t h e

e l d e s t ,

w a s t h e

o n l y

member

o f t h e

f a m

m e n t i o n e d

wh o

w a s n o t

a f f e c t e d by

i l l n e s s .

Two

d a y s a f t e r

a d m i s s i o n

t o

h o s p i t a l a

b l o t c h y ,

m e a s l e s - l

e r u p t i o n

came

o u t

i n t h e

f a c e

o f t h e

b o y ;

t h e r e

was m a r k

c o r y z a ,

a n d d e s q u a m a t i o n

c o n t i n u e d f o r s e v e r a l

w e e k s .

r e m a i n e d

i n h o s p i t a l

u n t i l

J u n e 3 r d .

Th e

g i r l

had a

g o o d

d e a l o f

d e s q u a m a t i o n

o f t h e

n e c k

f a c e ,

w h i c h

c o n t i n u e d

f o r

a l o n g

t i m e ;

a l s o ,

t h e r e w a s

a

p

s i s t e n t

r h i n o r r h o e a . On

a c c o u n t

o f

t h e s e

i n d i c a t i o n s

s h e w

d e t a i n e d

i n

h o s p i t a l

a n u n u s u a l l y

l o n g

p e r i o d ,

a n d

d i d

l e a v e

u n t i l J u l y

5 t h .

The

c a s e s

m e n t i o n e d

i l l u s t r a t e

some

o f

t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s

m

w i t h i n making

a p r e c i s e

d i a g n o s i s

i n n o n - t y p i c a l

c a s e s o f

e r u p t i v e

f e v e r s .

The

b o y

w a s w i t h o u t

d e f i n i t e

s i g n s

u n

d e s q u a m a t i o n

o c c u r r e d ,

w h i c h

i t s e l f

was

more

l i k e

t h a t

s c a r l e t

f e v e r

t h a n a n y th i n g

e l s e .

I n

c e r t a i n

i n d e f i n i t e

c a s

u n l e s s

t h e y

a r e

w a t c h e d

f r o m t h e

o u t s e t ,

a n d

e v e r y

s i

i n c l u d i n g

e v e n a

s l i g h t

and

t r a n s i e n t

r a s h ,

n o t e d

i t i s

l i k

t h a t

t he p r e s e n c e

o f s c a r l e t

f e v e r

m a y

b e o v e r l o o k e d .

I

w

f o r t u n a t e

e n o u g h

t o s e e

M. B . w h i l e

t h e

r a s h

( a l t h o

i n d i s t i n c t )

w a s

p r e s e n t ,

and

t h i s ,

t o g e t h e r

w i t h

t h e o t

s y m p t o m s ,

l e d

m e t o t h e

b e l i e f t h a t

t h e

c a s e

was o n e

s c a r l e t f e v e r .

The r a s h ,

a s

n o t i n f r e q u e n t l y

h a p p e n s

i n

t

c o m p l a i n t , q u i c k l y

d i s a p p e a r e d .

T h e s e

t w o c a s e s

a r e

i n t e r e s t i n g ,

a l s o ,

a s

a f f o r d i n g

e x a m p l e s

w h i c h

t h e

p o i s o n s o f

b o t h

s c a r l e t

f e v e r

a n d m e a s l e s

w e r e p

s e n t a t t h e

same

t i m e ,

a n d

i n w h i c h

t h e s e

p o i s o n s

i n

c o m

n a t i o n m o d i f i e d

t h e symptoms

o f

b o t h

d i s e a s e s .

I u n d e r s t a n d

t h a t

d u r i n g

a n e p i d e m i c

o f m e a s l e s

i n C h e l t

ham, w h i c h

h a s

now s u b s i d e d ,

o t h e r

c a s e s

w e r e a d m i t t e d

t h e h o s p i t a l

f o r i n f e c t i o u s

d i s e a s e s

a s

t y p i c a l

o f

s c a r l e t

f e v

a n d i n

l e s s

t h a n

a w e e k

a f t e r

a d m i s s i o n

a

d i s t i n c t

r a s h

m e a s l e s

d e v e l o p e d

i n

t h e m ,

f o l l o w e d

by a m o d i f i c a t i o n

symptoms

s i m i l a r

t o

t h a t

i n

t h e

c a s e s

now

c i t e d .

I f

o n e

d i s e a s e

i s c o e x i s t e n t

w i t h

a n o t h e r

( f o r

i n s t a n

s c a r l e t

f e v e r w i t h

m e a s l e s ,

o r s c a r l e t

f e v e r

w i t h

i n f l u e n z a )

i s

p r o b a b l e

t h a t

t h e

g e n e r a l

c h a r a c t e r

o f t h e

symptoms

i s

a l t e r e d

t h a t

t h e

c a s e

i s n o n - t y p i c a l

o f

e i t h e r

d i s e a s e ,

a n d

d e f i n i t e d i a g n o s i s

o f

i t m ay

n o t

b e p o s s i b l e .

S o

m i s l e a d i

i n d e e d ,

m ay t h e

c o n d i t i o n

b e ( e s p e c i a l l y

i t

n o t u n d e r

c l

o b s e r v a t i o n

f r o m t h e

commencement

o f t h e

i l l n e s s ) ,

t o

s u g g e s t

t o

t h e

o b s e r v e r

t h a t some

ne w

d i s e a s e

i s

p

s e n t .

 

g o o d d e a l

h a s

b e e n

w r i t t e n

a b o u t

t h e

 

f o u r t h

d i s e a s e

w h i c h , a s d e s c r i b e d ,

a p p e a r s

t o

h a v e f o r

i t s symptoms

t h

w h i c h

b e a r

r e s e m b l a n c e

t o b o t h

German

m e a s l e s

a n d

m i

s c a r l e t

f e v e r ,

a n d y e t

t o b e

s o m e w h a t

u n l i k e

e i t h e r .

I t i s

c

c e i v a b l e t h a t

s u c h

symptoms

m i g h t

b e c a u s e d

by t h e

p o i s

o f b o t h t h e s e

a f f e c t i o n s

a c t i n g t o g e t h e r .

DENGUE

FEVER

IN

PENANG.

By F . M.

T . SKAE, M . D . ,

P e n a n g .

I N

t h e

B R I T I S H MEDICAL

JOURNAL

o f

J u l y 1 2 t h , 1 9 0 2 ,

D r . F .

S t e d m a n

1 g i v e s

a n a c c o u n t

o f

a n e p i d e m i c

o f

d e n g u e

f e v e r

Hong

Kong d u r i n g

t h e l a s t

t h r e e m o n t h s

o f i 9 o i ,

a

D r - N i g h t i n g a l e 2

r e p o r t s

i t s a r r i v a l

i n B a n g k o k

i n t h e

b e g

n i n g

o f December

o f t h e

s a m e y e a r .

The d i s e a s e

r e a c h

P e n a n g

f r o m S i n g a p o r e

i n

t h e

e n d o f November

o r

b e g i n n i

o f D e c e m b e r ,

i 9 o i  my

f i r s t

c a s e w a s o n D e c e m b e r

5 t h

w

7/17/2019 Dengue Fever in Penang

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1 5 8 2

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I

DENGUE FEVER IN

BURMAH.

[ N o v . 1 5 ,

1 9 0 2 .

v e r y

p r e v a l e n t

d u r i n g

t h e n e x t

t h r e e

m o n t h s ,

a n d h a d

a l m o s t

d i s a p p e a r e d by

t h e

e n d

o f M a r c h . A l a r g e

p r o p o r t i o n

o f

t h e

n a t i v e

p o p u l a t i o n

s u f f e r e d

a n d m any E u r o p e a n s ,

b u t

t h e p r o -

p o r t i o n s e e m e d t o

b e

g re at er i n t h e

p u r e l y

n a t i v e

p a r t s o f

t h e

t o w n .

No m e d i c a l m a n

was

a f f e c t e d .

The t y p e

o f t h e

d is e as e s e e n

i n

Penang

d i f f e r e d

c o n s i d e r a b l y

f r o m

t h a t

d e s c r i b e d

b y D r s . S t e d m a n a n d

N i g h t i n g a l e ;

i n d e e d ,

I a n d

o t h e r s

h a d

a t

f i r s t s o m e d o u b t a s t o

t h e i d e n t i t y

o f t h e

d i s e a s e .

L a t e r

i t

a p p r o x i m a t e d

m o r e t o t h e

t e x t b o o k

d e s c r i p t i o n s ,

b u t

c e r t a i n

symptoms w e r e s l i g h t

o r

a b s e n t

t h r o u g h o u t .

The

i n c u b a t i o n

p e r i o d

s e e m e d

t o b e o n e o r t w o

d a y s , o r a t

a l l

e v e n t s

t h e

f i r s t

c a s e

i n a

h o u s e w a s u s u a l l y f o l l o we d b y

a

s e c o n d

w i t h i n t ha t t i me .

O c c a s i o n a l l y

a s m u c h a s t e n

d a y s

e l a p s e d ,

b u t

i n

t h e s e

c a s e s

p r o b a b l y

t h e

i n f e c t i o n w a s i n d e -

p e n d e n t .

I n

o n e h o u s e i n

w h i c h

9 , c a s e s

o c c u r r e d . t h e f i r s t

s e v e n w e r e w i t h i n

s i x t e e n d a y s o f

t h e

f i r s t a n d t h e

l a s t s i x t y -

s e v e n d a y s a f t e r .

P r e m o n i t o r y s y m p t o m s w e r p

e n t i r e l y

a b s e n t

i n

m y e a s e s ,

e x c e p t s l i g h t r i g o r s

i n

t w o c h i l d r e n . The

o n s e t w a s

a l w a y s

s u d d e n , .

a n d

t h e

t e m p e r a t u r e

w i t h

v e r y f e w e x e e p ti o n s h i g he s t

on

t h e

f i r f i t

d a y ,

f r e q u e n t l y r e a c h i n g

1 0 5 0

F .

On t h e

s e c o n d

d a y

i t w a s

u s u a l l y

c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r ,

a n d o n t h e t h i r d

i n

t h e

g r e a t m a j o r i t y

o f

c a s e s i t f e l l t o

n o r m a l . I t w a s

u s u a l l y

h i g h e s t

i n

c h i l d r e n , and

i n

s o m e

a d u l t s n e v e r

e x c e e d e d

I 0 0 °

F .

C r i s i s w a s

r a r e . D e l i r i u m

a n d

c o n v u l s i o n s

w e r e f r e q u e n t i n

c h i l d r e n

w h en t h e

t e m p e r a tu r e e x c e e d e d

1 0 4 0 .

I n

t h e e a rl y p a r t

o f t h e e p i d e m i c

p a i n s

w e r e u s u a l l y

e n t i r e l y

a b s e n t , o r

n o t m o r e m a r k e d t h a n

t h e y

o f t e n a r e i n m a l a r i a l

f e v e r s .

L a t e r t h e y

w e r e m o r e c o m m on a n d

s e v e r e ,

a n d i n

a

f e w

c a s e s p e r si s te d

a f t e r

t h e o t h e r

symptoms

had

v a n i s h e d .

O f

m y

f i r s t

2 0

c a s e s

5

c o m p l a i n e d o f p a i n ,

o n e o f them

o n l y

a f t e r

t h e

t e m p e r a t u r e

had

f a l l e n t o

n o r m a l , b u t

i n none

o f them

w a s

i t

s e v e r e .

O f

t h e l a s t

2 0

p a i n was

a

f a i r l y

marked

symptom

i n 1 3 . I n

o n l y o n e d i d i t

a t a l l

a p p r o a c h

t h e

c o n d i t i o n

d e s c r i b e d by

M a n s o n , 3

i n

w h i c h   t h e p a i n

c a u s e d b y m u s c u l a r

movements

more

t h a n c o u n te r b al a nc e s

t h e a d v a n t a g e

a

p u r g a t i v e m i g h t o t h e r w i s e b r i n g .

C o n s t i -

p a t i o n ,

b y

t h e

w a y ,

w a s

a l m o s t

i n v a r i a b l e .

C o n g e s t i o n

o f

t h e

s k i n - t h e

i n i t i a l

e r u p t i o n - w a s

w e l l

m a r k e d

i n

a f e w

c a s e s ,

e s p e c i a l l y o n

t h e

f a c e , b u t

i n

many

w a s

h a r d l y

p e r c e p t i b l e .

I n j e c t i o n o f

t h e

c o n j u n c t i v a e ,

w h i c h

i n

some

c a s e s w a s

s o

e x t r e m e a s to l o o k

l i k e

e c c h y m o s i s ,

was

r a t h e r more c o n s t a n t ;

b u t t h a t ,

t o o ,

w a s o f t e n

v e r y

s l i g h t .

The r a s h a p p e a r e d u s u a l l y o n

t h e f o u r t h .

f i f t h ,

o r s i x t h d a y ;

i n

n e a r l y

h a l f

t h e c a s e s o n t h e f o u r t h .

O c c a s i o n a l l y i t w a s

s e e n

a s

e a r l y

a s

t h e s e c o n d

d a y ,

a n d i n n o n e

a f t e r t h e s e v e n t h .

I n

some c a s e s

i t d i d n o t

a p p e a r

a t a l l .

I t c o r r e s p o n d e d

p r e t t y

c l o s e l y

w i t h

t h e

d e s c r i p t i o n

g i v e n

i n

M a n s o n ' s

T r o p i c a l

D i s e a s e s , b u t

w a s

b r i g h t e r t h a n t h a t o f m e a s l e s , w i t h

w h i c h

I

h a d s e v e r a l

o p p o r t u n i t i e s

o f

c o m p a r i n g

i t .

I t

f i r s t

a p p e a r e d ,

a n d w a s m o s t marked i n

m o s t

c a s e s on

t h e

f l e x o r

s u r f a c e

o f

t h e

f c r e a r m s ,

and

w a s

f a i n t

o r

a b s e n t

on t h e

p a l m s

a n d

s o l e s .

O c c a s i o n a l l y

o n

t h e s e c o n d d a y

i t

d i d

n o t e n t i r e l y

d i s a p p e a r o n

p r e s s u r e , b u t

l e f t

a brown

s t a i n . I t c h i n g

w a s

s e l d o m

c o m p l a i n e d

o f ,

a n d

I

s a w no

d e s q u a m a t i o n ,

b u t

many c a s e s w e r e

l o s t

s i g h t

o f a s

s o o n

a s

t h e

f e v e r

w a s

o v e r .

I n o n e

c a s e t he r e

w a s a s l i g h t p e t ec h i al e r u p ti o n ,

w h i l e

t he u s u al

r a i s e d

s p o t s

d i d

n o t a p p e a r .

The

a p p e a r a n c e

o f t h e

r a s h w a s

i n

n o

c a s e a c c o m p a n i e d

b y a r i s e

o f t e m p e r a t u r e ,

and

t h e f e w

c a s e s

o f

s e c o n d a r y

f e v e r w h i c h

o c c u r r e d i n m y

p r a c t i c e w e r e

a f t e r t h e

d i s a p p e a r a n c e

o f ; t h e

e r u p t i o n .

I n a f e w

c a s e s I

o b s e r v e d

a n

e r u p t i o n

o n

t h e m u c o u s m e m -

b r a n e

o f

t h e m o u t h ,

c o n s i s t i n g o f i s o l a t e d

g r e y i s h

v e s i c l e s

a b o u t

 

i n .

i n

d i a m e t e r , e a c h

s u r r o u n d e d

b y

a n

a r e a

o f

c o n -

g e s t i o n .

T h e y

w e r e m o s t

n u m e r o u s

o n

t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e

o f

t h e

l o w e r l i p ,

b u t a l s o

o c c u r r e d

o n

t h e

i n n e r

s u r f a c e

o f

t h e

u p p e r

l i p

and

c h e e k s .

a n d

o n

t he t o n g u e ,

n e v e r o n

t h e

o u t e r

s u r f a c e o f

t h e

l i p s .

T h i s

e r u p t i o n w a s p a i n f u l

and

a p p e a r e d

, o n

t h e s e c o n d

d a y o f t h e f e v e r . E n l a r g e d

lymph g l a n d s w e r e

s e e n

i n

o n l y

t w o

c a s e s .

H a e m o r r h a g e

f r o m

t h e n o s e o c c u r r e d

i n

o n e ,

and w a s

f o l l o w e d

b y

a

f e e l i n g o f r e l i e f .

O w i n g

t o

t h e

m i l d

t y p e

o f

th e

d i s e a s e a n d

t h e i n c o n s t a n c y

o f

w h a t

a r e

u s u a l l y

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s y m p t o m s ,

d i a g n o s i s ,

e s p e c i a l l y

i n

t h e

e a r l y

s t a g e s , w a s

s o m e w h a t

d i f f i c u l t .

I n

no

s i n g l e c a s e u n d e r my

c a r e

- d i d

r h e u m a t o i d

p a in s , r as h, a n d

s e c o n d a r y f e v e r

a l l

o c c u r .

F a c i a l a n d c o n j u n c t i v a l

c o n g e s t i o n ,

w h en

w e l l

m a r k e d ,

w e r e u s e f

l

g u i d e s , b u t

o c c u r t o a

s l i g h t

e x t e n t i n

o t h e r f e v e r s .

The c o u r s e o f

t h e

t e m p e r a t u r e

w a s

t h e

m o s t

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e .

O t h e r

f e v e r s

p r e v a l e n t

a t

t h e

same t i m e w e r e

m a l a r i a , f e b r i c u l a ,

m e a s l e s ,

e n t e r i c ,

a n d

s n i a l l - p o x , a n d o f

t h e s e t h e

f i r s t t w o

w e r e t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t

t o

e x c l u d e .

REFERENCES.

' A n

Epidemic o f D e n g u e F e v e r ,

F . 0 .

S t e d m a n , M . D . , B S B R i T i s H

MEDICAL

JOURNAL,

J u l y

1 2 t h ,

1 9 0 2 .

2 C l i m a t e and D i s e a s e s

o f

B a n g k o k ,

P . A . N i g h t i n g a l e ,

M . D . ,

B R I T I S H

MEDICAL JOURNAL,

S e p t e m b e r 2 0 t h ,

1 9 0 2 .

3

T r o p i c a l

D i s e a 8 e s ,

p . 2 0 4 .

DENGUE

FEVER

IN

BURMAH.

By

W. G . PRIDMORE,

C A P T A I N , I . M . S . ,

C i v i l

S u r g e o n ,

B h a m o ,

U p p e r

Burmah.

AN e p i d e m i c

o f

t h i s d i s e a s e

o c c u r r e d

i n Burma h

d u r i n g

A p r i l ,

M a y , J u n e ,

a n d

J u l y ,

a n d

i s s t i l l

c o n t i n u i n g .

I t

i s

n o t

u n l i k e l y t h a t

i t s s o u r c e

i s t h e

e p i d e m i c

a t Hong K o n g , o f

w h i c h

D r . Stedman

w r o te i n t h e

B R I T I S H

MEDICAL JOURNAL

o f

J u l y 1 2 t h , 1 9 0 2 .

The d i s e a s e a p p e a r e d

i n Rangoon i n

A p r i l ;

I t t h e n

t r a v e l l e d n o r t h w a r d s

up t h e I r r a w a d d y

v a l l e y .

I n

J u n e M a n d a l a y

w a s

v i s i t e d ,

and t o w a r d s

t h e l a t t e r e n d o f t h e

same month

i t

a p p e a r e d

i n Bhamo, t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t

town o f

a n y i m p o r t a n c e i n Upper

Burmah. The e p i d e m i c

h a s

f o l l o w e d

t hp i m p o r ta n t

t r a d e

r o u t e .

I n Bhamo,

t o w b i c h

p l a c e

my

e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e e p i d e m i c

i s

l i m i t e d , i t

h a s

a t t a c k e d

a l l

n a t i o n a l i t i e s a l i k e .

T h o s e l i v i n g

i n b e t t e r h y g i e n i c

s u r r o u n d i n g s - n a m e l y , E u r o p e a n o f f i c e r s

a n d n a t i v e

t r o o p s - n a t u r a l l y

h a v e n o t s u f f e r e d

t o s u c h

a n

e x t e n t

a s

t h o s e o f

t h e c r o w d e d

l o c a l i t i e s .

I n f e c t i o n . - T h e r e

i s

n o

d o u b t

t h a t

t h e

d i s e a s e

i s

h i g h l y

i n f e c t i o u s

and

c a n

b e

c a r r i e d by

o n e

p e r s o n

t o

a n o t h e r

w i t h o u t

o f

n e c e s s i t y t h e c a r r i e r

b e c o m i n g a v i c t i m . The

f i r s t

c a s e t o

come u n d e r  

n o t i c e , a E u r o p e a n , a r r i v e d

on

J u n e

2 0 t h

f r o m

M a n d a l a y , w h e r e t h e e p i d e m i c

wa s

p r o g r e s s i n g .

On

J u n e 2 7 t h

h e w a s

w e l l .

On J u n e

2 8 t h my d a u g h t e r , a c h i l d

a g e d

3 -

y e a r s ,

w a s

a t t a c k e d

and

w e n t

t h r o u g h a l l t h e s t a g e s

o f

d e n g u e .

A s s h e

had n o t

b e e n

e x p o s e d t o d ir ec t i n f e c t i o n ,

I

must h a v e

c o n v e y e d i t

t o h er . I e s c a p e d , b u t

w a s i n f e c t e d

a t

a l a t e r

d a t e .

I n c u b a t i o n . - D r .

M a n s o n ,

i n h i s

T r o p i c a l D i s e a s e s , s a y s ,

 On e

t o

t hr e e d ay s .

C a n t l i e ,

i n A l l c h in ' s M a n u a l o f

M e d i -

c i n e ,

s a y s ,

  On e

t o

f i v e

d a y s . The

f o r m e r a u t h o r i t y t h i n k s

t h a t f i v e

t o

s e v e n

d a y s ,

a s

g i v e n by

s o m e o b s e r v e r s ,

i s

an

o v e r - e s t i m a t e .

My

e x p e r i e n c e

i n t h e p r e s e n t e p i d e m i c

l e a d s .

m e

t o

a g r e e

w i t h D r .

M a n s o n . The i n c u b a t i o n

p e r i o d

p r o -

b a b l y

v a r i e s f r o m

t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s t o t h r e e

o r

f o u r

d a y s ,

t h e

a v e r a g e

b e i n g t h r e e

d a y s . D r . S t e d m a n , i n

h i s

a c c o u n t ,

q u o t e s

a c a s e

o f

t w e n t y - f o u r

h o u r s ' i n c u b a t i o n .

S u c h

a

s h o r t

p e r i o d

i s

p r o b a b l y

r a r e .

The

c h i l d

m e n t i o n e d

h a d

p e r f e c t l y

r e c o v e r e d

o n

J u n e

6 t h .

He r m o t h e r ,

wh o n u r s e d h e r ,

w a s

a t t a c k e d

o n

J u n e

g t h ,

a n d I ,

h e r

f a t h e r ,

o n J u n e I 2 t h .

T h u s ,

i n

t h e

m o t h e r ' s c a s e ,

t h e i n c u b a t i o n

was n o t l e s s

t h a n t h r e e

d a y s .

S y m p t o m s . - T h e

c a s e s i n

t h i s

e p i d e m i c h a v e

b e e n

c h a r a c t e r -

i z e d

b y

s u d d e n o n s e t

a n d

symptoms o f

r e m a r k a b l e s i m i l a r i t y .

 

p e r s o n

p r e v i o u s l y

w e l l a n d p e r h a p s

a t w o r k w o u l d

b e s u d -

d e n l y

a t t a c k e d

w i t h t h e

p e c u l i a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

p a i n s

i n

t h e

j o i n t s .

P a i n i n

t h e m u s c l e s a n d b a c k , p a r t i c u l a r l y

i n

t h e

l u m b a r

r e g i o n ,

i s g e n e r a l l y f e l t . Th e p a i n a f f e c t s

t h e s m a l l e r

j o i n t s e s p e c i a l l y - w r i s t s , a n k l e s ,

f i n g e r - j o i n t s ,

a n d

t o e - j o i n t s .

The k n e e s a n d e l b o w s

a r e a l s o

a f f e c t e d .

S o m e t i m e s s h i v e r i n g

o r

a

f e e l i n g

o f

c o l d down

t h e b a c k u s h e r s

i n

t h e

a t t a c k .

V o m i t i n g

i n

a d u l t s

i s

a n o c c a s i o n a l

symptom

a t t h e

o n s e t ,

b u t i s

f r e q u e n t

i n

c h i l d r e n .

The

i n i t i a l

r a s h d e s c r i b e d

i n

b o o k s I h a v e

o n l y s e e n

i n

a

f e w

c a s e s .

I n

t h e s e

i t

h a s

c o n -

s i s t e d

o f l i t t l e more

t h a n

a

h y p e r a e m i a

o f

t h e

s k i n

o f

t h e

f a c e .

I n

one

c h i l d a

p e c u l i a r

m o t t l e d

r a s h a p p e a r e d

on

t h e

t r u n k

a n d

arms on

t h e

s e c o n d

d a y

o f

t h e

d i s e a s e ,

and

a f t e r -

w a r d s

e x t e n d e d t o

t h e l e g s a n d

f e e t .

F r o n t a l

h e a d a c h e ,

w i t h

c o n g e s t e d , w a t e r y

e y e s ,

i s

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h o r t l y

a f t e r

t h e

d i s e a s e

h a s

s e t i n . The

p a i n f u l j o i n t s f r e q u e n t l y

b e c o m e

s w o l l e n

a n d t e n d e r .

T e m p e r a t u r e . - T h e amount

o f f e v e r v a ri e s c o n s i d e r a b l y .

T h e

t e m p e r a t u r e

r i s e s s t e a d i l y , a n d

i n

t w e n t y - f o u r

h o u r s

r e a c h e s

1 0 3 0

o r

I O 4 ° F .

I t r e m a i n s

h i g h , w i t h s l i g h t r e m i s s i o n s ,

f o r

o n e , t w o ,

o r - r a r e l y - t h r e e d a y s ,

and

t h e n

f a l l s

r a p i d l y .

I n

a

c h i l d

u n d e r

my c a r e t he t e mp e r a t u r e

r e m a i n e d

a t 1 0 3 0

t o

I O 4 0

f o r t w o d a y s , a u d

o n t h e s e c o n d n i g h t

e x t r e m e

r e s t l e s s -