aleqsis de tokvili

demokratia amerikaSi

frangulidan Targmna

dodo labuCiZe-xoferiam

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi

2011

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetifilosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi instituti

Grigol Robakidze UniversityInstitute of Philosophy and Social Sciences

aleqsis de tokvili: demokratia amerikaSi

frangulidan Targmna: prof. dodo labuCiZe-xoferiam

samecniero redaqtorebi: prof. Tengiz iremaZe

prof. lali zaqaraZe

asist.-prof. giorgi TavaZe

dakabadoneba da ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America

Translated from the French by Prof. Dr. Dodo Labuchidze-Khoperia

Edited by Prof. Dr. Tengiz Iremadze

Prof. Dr. Lali Zakaradze

Assistant Prof. Giorgi Tavadze

Layout, cover design: Giorgi Bagrationi

Alexis de Tocqueville: De la démocratie en Amérique

Traduction géorgienne par Prof. Dr. Dodo Laboutchidzé-Khopéria

Publié sous la direction deProf. Dr. Tenguize IremadzéProf. Dr. Lali ZakaradzéAssistant Prof. Guiorgui Tavadzé

Couverture et mise en page: Guiorgui Bagrationi

© grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetifilosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi instituti

© Grigol Robakidze University, Institute of Philosophy and Social Sciences© grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2011

© Grigol Robakidze University Press, 2011

ISBN 978-9941-9174-2-4

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sarCevi

winaTqma ................................................................................................................................................... 9

mTargmnelis winasityvaoba ............................................................................................................ 11

wigni pirveli ...................................................................................................................................... 15

Sesavali .................................................................................................................................................... 16

nawili pirveli ................................................................................................................................... 25

Tavi I: CrdiloeT amerikis gare moxazuloba .......................................................................................... 28

Tavi II: rogor aisaxa anglo-amerikelTa dasabami maTsave momavalze .................................................. 34anglo-amerikelTa kanonebisa da Cveulebebis zogierTi Taviseburebis mizezebi ..................... 46

Tavi III: anglo-amerikelTa socialuri mdgomareoba ............................................................................. 48anglo-amerikelTa socialuri mdgomareobis gamokveTili Tavisebureba

ZiriTadad demokratiulobaa ...................................................................................................... 48anglo-amerikelTa socialuri wyobis politikuri Sedegebi ....................................................... 53

Tavi IV: xalxis suverenitetis principi amerikaSi ................................................................................. 54

Tavi V: kavSiris mmarTvelobis ganxilvamde aucilebelia imis Seswavla, rac xdeba calkeul StatSi ................................................................................................................ 56saTemo sistema amerikaSi ................................................................................................................... 56komunis sidide ................................................................................................................................... 57saTemo xelisufleba axal inglisSi ................................................................................................ 58komunis eqsistencia ........................................................................................................................... 59komunis suliskveTeba axal inglisSi ............................................................................................. 61axali inglisis olqi .......................................................................................................................... 63axali inglisis marTva-gamgebloba .................................................................................................. 64zogadi mosazrebebi SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTvelobaze .......................................................... 71Stati ................................................................................................................................................... 73Statis sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba .............................................................................................. 74Statis aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba .............................................................................................. 75administraciuli decentralizaciis politikuri Sedegebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi .... 75

Tavi VI: SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlo xelisufleba da misi gavlena politikur wyobaze .......... 84amerikel mosamarTleTa sxva uflebebi ........................................................................................... 88

Tavi VII: politikuri sasamarTlo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ......................................................... 90

Tavi VIII: federaluri konstitucia ........................................................................................................ 94federaluri konstituciis istoria ............................................................................................... 94federaluri konstituciis zogadi saxe ........................................................................................ 95federaluri mTavrobis gansakuTrebuli uflebebi ...................................................................... 96federaluri xelisuflebebi ............................................................................................................ 98sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ........................................................................................................... 98kidev erTi gansxvaveba senatsa da warmomadgenelTa palatas Soris ........................................100aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba .........................................................................................................100riT gansxvavdeba SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis mdgomareoba

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safrangeTis konstituciuri monarqis mdgomareobisagan .....................................................101aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gavlenis gamaZlierebeli SemTxveviTi mizezebi .....................104ratom ar saWiroebs SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti Tavisi movaleobis

aRsasruleblad sakanonmdeblo palatebis umravlesobis mxardaWeras ................................105prezidentis arCeva ..........................................................................................................................105arCevnebis wesi .................................................................................................................................108saarCevno krizisi ...........................................................................................................................110prezidentis xelaxali arCeva ..........................................................................................................111federaluri sasamarTloebi ............................................................................................................113federalur sasamarTloTa kompetenciis dadgenis wesi ..............................................................116iurisdiqciis sxvadasxva saqme .........................................................................................................117sasamarTlo procesis warmarTvis wesi federalur sasamarTloebSi .........................................120saxelmwifos umaRles xelisuflebaTa Soris uzenaesi sasamarTlos maRali mdgomareoba ...122federaluri konstituciis upiratesoba Statebis konstituciebTan SedarebiT ...................123ra ganasxvavebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucias yvela

sxva federaluri konstituciisagan .........................................................................................126federaluri sistemis upiratesobebi zogadad da

misi sagangebo mniSvneloba amerikisaTvis .................................................................................128is, ris gamoc federaluri sistema xelmiuwvdomelia yvela xalxisaTvis

da ramac SeaZlebina misi miRweva anglo-amerikelebs ..............................................................132

nawili meore ......................................................................................................................................139

Tavi I: rogor SeiZleba gadaWriT imis Tqma, rom SeerTebul StatebSi xalxia mmarTveli .................141

Tavi II: partiebi SeerTebul StatebSi ...................................................................................................142ra darCa aristokratiuli partiidan ...........................................................................................145

Tavi III: presis Tavisufleba SeerTebul StatebSi ................................................................................147

Tavi IV: politikuri asociacia SeerTebul StatebSi ...........................................................................153

Tavi V: demokratiuli mmarTveloba amerikaSi .....................................................................................158sayovelTao arCevnebi ......................................................................................................................158xalxis arCevani da amerikuli demokratiis instinqtebi mis arCevanSi ....................................158mizezebi, romelTac nawilobriv ZaluZT demokratiisaTvis

niSandoblivi instinqtebis Sesworeba .......................................................................................160amerikuli demokratiis zegavlena saarCevno kanonebze .............................................................162sajaro moxeleebi amerikuli demokratiis batonobis pirobebSi .............................................163magistratTa TviTneboba amerikuli demokratiis batonobis pirobebSi ....................................164administraciuli arastabiluroba SeerTebul StatebSi ..........................................................166saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mqone amerikaSi ...................................167amerikuli demokratiis instinqtebi saxelmwifo moxeleTa xelfasis dadgenisas ..................169garkveul mizezebTan dakavSirebuli sirTule, rac

amerikis mTavrobas momWirneobisaken ubiZgebs ..........................................................................171SeiZleba Tu ara SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTis saxalxo xarjebis urTierTSedareba ...172mmarTvelTa korufcia da mankierebebi demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi,

rogor moqmedebs es saxalxo zneobaze ...................................................................................175ra Zalisxmevis unari aqvs demokratias ........................................................................................176Zalaufleba, romelsac zogadad axorcielebs amerikis demokratia

sakuTar TavTan mimarTebiT .....................................................................................................178rogor warmarTavs saxelmwifo sagareo saqmeebs amerikuli demokratia ..................................179

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Tavi VI: realuri upiratesobebi, romelTac iRebs amerikuli sazogadoeba demokratiuli mmarTvelobidan .......................................................................................................183demokratiuli mmarTvelobis kanonTa zogadi tendencia amerikaSi

da maT ganmaxorcielebelTa buneba ..........................................................................................183saxalxo suliskveTeba SeerTebul StatebSi ................................................................................186uflebaTa idea SeerTebul StatebSi .............................................................................................188kanonis pativiscema SeerTebul StatebSi .....................................................................................189SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri korpusis yvela nawilSi

gamoyenebuli aqtivoba da misi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze .................................................191

Tavi VII: umravlesobis yovlisSemZleoba SeerTebul StatebSi da misi Sedegebi ...............................194rogor aZlierebs umravlesobis yovlisSemZleoba amerikaSi kanonmdeblobisa

da marTvis arastabilurobas, rac bunebrivia demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis ...................196umravlesobis tirania ......................................................................................................................197umravlesobis yovlisSemZleobis zegavlena amerikel sajaro moxeleTa Tavnebobaze .............199zemoqmedeba romelsac umravlesoba axorcielebs azrovnebaze amerikaSi ................................199rogor aisaxeba umravlesobis tirania amerikelTa erovnul xasiaTze.

karis suliskveTeba SeerTebul StatebSi ...............................................................................201umravlesobis yovlisSemZleobidan momdinare yvelaze didi safrTxe

amerikis respublikisaTvis ........................................................................................................203

Tavi VIII: ra zRudavs umravlesobis tiranias SeerTebul StatebSi. administraciuli centralizaciis ararseboba .............................................................................205kanonierebis suliskveTeba SeerTebul StatebSi, romelic demokratias awonasworebs ..........206SeerTebul StatebSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo miCneulia politikur institutad .......211

Tavi IX: SeerTebul StatebSi respublikis SenarCunebis xelSemwyobi arsebiTi mizezebi .................216SemTxveviTi Tu gangebismieri mizezebi, romlebic xels uwyoben

demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebas SeerTebul StatebSi ...........................................216kanonTa zegavlena demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebaze SeerTebul StatebSi .............222adaT-wesebis zegavlena demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebaze SeerTebul StatebSi .....223religia, rogorc politikuri instituti, ra siZlieriT uwyobs xels

demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebas amerikelebSi ........................................................223zegavlena, rasac arauSualod axdenen religiuri rwmenebi SeerTebuli Statebis

politikur sazogadoebaze ........................................................................................................225religiis siZlieris ZiriTadi mizezebi amerikaSi ........................................................................228rogor uwyobs xels amerikelTa ganaTleba, Cvevebi da praqtikuli

gamocdileba demokratiuli institutebis warmatebas ..........................................................233SeerTebul StatebSi bunebriv pirobebze metad kanonebi uwyoben xels

respublikuri demokratiis ganmtkicebas, xolo _ kanonebze metad adaT-wesebi ...............236amerikis garda sxvaganac ikmarebda kanonebi da adaT-wesebi

demokratiuli institutebis SesanarCuneblad? .....................................................................238zemoTqmulis mniSvneloba evropisaTvis ......................................................................................240

Tavi X: ramdenime mosazreba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze mcxovrebi sami rasis amJamindel mdgomareobasa da SesaZlo momavalze .........................................................244kavSiris teritoriaze mcxovreb indiel tomTa amJamindeli da savaraudo momavali ............247SavkanianTa rasis adgili SeerTebul StatebSi; riT emuqreba misi yofna TeTrkanianebs ......259ra Sansebi aqvs amerikis kavSiris xangrZlivobas da ra safrTxeebi emuqreba mas ....................275respublikuri institutebi SeerTebul StatebSi. rogoria maTi xangrZlivobis Sansebi? .....296zogierTi mosazreba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis komerciuli Zlierebis mizezebze ........300

daskvna ....................................................................................................................................................305

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wigni meore ..........................................................................................................................................309

avtoris gafrTxileba .............................................................................................................................310

nawili pirvelidemokratiis zegavlena SeerTebuli Statebis inteleqtualur cxovrebaze .....................................313

Tavi I: amerikelTa azrovnebis filosofiuri logika ..........................................................................314

Tavi II: demokrati xalxebis SexedulebaTa ZiriTadi wyaro .................................................................318

Tavi III: Tu ratom avlenen amerikelebi, inglisel winaprebTan SedarebiT, ufro met unars da midrekilebas zogadi ideebis mimarT ...............................................................321

Tavi IV: ratom ar ekidebodnen zogad ideebs politikis sferoSi amerikelebi iseTive gatacebiT, rogorc frangebi ..........................................................................324

Tavi V: rogor iyenebs religia demokratiul institutebs SeerTebul StatebSi ..............................325

Tavi VI: kaTolicizmis progresi SeerTebul StatebSi .........................................................................331

Tavi VII: ratom arian demokrati xalxebi midrekilni panTeizmisaken .................................................332

Tavi VIII: Tanasworoba _ amerikelebisaTvis adamianis usazRvro srulqmnis azris STamagonebeli ...333

Tavi IX: Tu ratom ar mowmobs amerikelTa magaliTi, rom demokrat xalxs ver eqneba swrafva mecnierebebis, literaturisa da xelovnebisaken da verc maTi aTvisebis unari .............335

Tavi X: ratom interesdebian amerikelebi mecnierebaTa praqtikuli da araTeoriuli mniSvnelobiT ....................................................................................339

Tavi XI: ra mizniT interesdebian amerikelebi xelovnebiT ..................................................................344

Tavi XII: ratom ageben amerikelebi patara da did nagebobebs erTdroulad .......................................348

Tavi XIII: literaturuli cxovreba demokratiul saukuneebSi ...........................................................349

Tavi XIV: literaturuli industria .....................................................................................................353

Tavi XV: ratomaa gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo berZnuli da laTinuri literaturis Seswavla demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ............................................................................................354

Tavi XVI: rogor Secvala amerikulma demokratiam inglisuri ena ......................................................356

Tavi XVII: demokrati xalxebis poeziis zogierTi wyaro .......................................................................361

Tavi XVIII: ratom gamoirCevian amerikeli mwerlebi da oratorebi maRalfardovnebiT .....................365

Tavi XIX: ramdenime mosazreba demokrati xalxebis Teatraluri kulturis Sesaxeb .........................366

Tavi XX: demokratiuli epoqis istorikosebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogi tendencia .....................370

Tavi XXI: saparlamento mWevrmetyveleba SeerTebul StatebSi ...........................................................373

nawili meoredemokratiis zegavlena amerikelTa grZnobebze ...................................................................................377

Tavi I: ratom iCenen demokratiuli qveynis xalxebi ufro metad mgznebare siyvaruls Tanasworobis mimarT, vidre Tavisuflebis mimarT .........................................................................378

Tavi II: individualizmi demokratiul qveynebSi ...................................................................................381

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Tavi III: rogor xdeba is, rom individualizmi demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg ufro Warbobs, vidre sxva dros ........................................................................................................383

Tavi IV: rogor ebrZvian amerikelebi individualizms Tavisufali institutebis meSveobiT ...........384

Tavi V: im Cvevis Sesaxeb, romelsac asociaciisagan amkvidreben amerikelebi socialur yofaSi ......387

Tavi VI: kavSiri asociaciebsa da presas Soris ......................................................................................390

Tavi VII: mimarTebebi samoqalaqo da politikur asociaciebs Soris ...................................................392

Tavi VIII: Tu rogor ebrZvian amerikelebi individualizms keTildReobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis marTebulad gagebiT ..........................................................................................396

Tavi IX: Tu rogor iyeneben amerikelebi moZRvrebas sworad gagebuli interesis Sesaxeb religiis sferoSi ................................................................................................399

Tavi X: amerikelTa swrafva materialuri keTildReobisaken .............................................................401

Tavi XI: materialur siameTadmi siyvarulis specifikuri Sedegebi demokratiul epoqebSi .............403

Tavi XII: ratom avlens zogi amerikeli esoden egzalitirebul sulierebas ......................................405

Tavi XIII: ratom iCenen amerikelebi TavianTi keTildReobisadmi esoden daudgromlobas ................406

Tavi XIV: Tu ra kavSirSia materialuri keTildReobisadmi amerikelTa swrafva Tavisuflebis siyvarulsa da sazogado saqmeebze zrunvasTan ......................................................409

Tavi XV: Tu rogor warmarTaven drodadro religiuri rwmenebi amerikelTa suls aramaterialuri siameebisaken ..........................................................................................................411

Tavi XVI: Tu rogor SeiZleba avnos keTildReobisadmi uzomo siyvarulma Tavad keTildReobas ....415

Tavi XVII: Tu raoden aucilebelia Tanasworobisa da eWvis dros adamianis qmedebaTa obieqtis ukana planze gadaweva ......................................................................416

Tavi XVIII: ratom scemen pativs amerikelebi yvela keTilsindisier profesias ..................................418

Tavi XIX: ra ganapirobebs TiTqmis yvela amerikelis swrafvas industriuli profesiebisadmi .......420

Tavi XX: Tu rogor qmnis aristokratia mrewvelobas ...........................................................................423

nawili mesamedemokratiis zegavlena sakuTriv zne-Cveulebebze ..............................................................................427

Tavi I: rogor xdeba zne-CveulebaTa Serbileba saarsebo pirobaTa Tanaworobis kvalobaze .............428

Tavi II: rogor amartivebs da aadvilebs demokratia amerikelTa Cveul urTierTobebs ....................432

Tavi III: amerikelebi ratom ar arian ise mgrZnobiareni TavianT qveyanaSi da ratom iCenen esoden mgrZnobiarobas Cvens qveyanaSi .................................................................434

Tavi IV: wina sami Tavidan gamomdinare daskvnebi ...................................................................................437

Tavi V: rogor ucvlis saxes demokratia msaxursa da batons Soris arsebul mimarTebebs ...............438

Tavi VI: rogor amaRleben fasebs da amcireben miwis ijaris vadas demokratiuli institutebi da zne-Cveulebebi ..............................................................................444

Tavi VII: demokratiis zegavlena xelfasis odenobaze ..........................................................................446

Tavi VIII: demokratiis zegavlena ojaxze ................................................................................................448

Tavi IX: ymawvil qalTa aRzrda SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................................................452

Tavi X: rogor iZens axalgazrda gogo meuRlis niSan-Tvisebebs .........................................................454

Tavi XI: Tu rogor uwyobs xels saarsebo pirobebis Tanasworoba zne-CveulebaTa SenarCunebas amerikaSi ...........................................................................................456

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Tavi XII: rogor esmiT amerikelebs Tanasworoba mamakacsa da qals Soris ..........................................461

Tavi XIII: Tanasworoba rogor bunebrivad anawilebs amerikelebs uamrav patar-patara kerZo sazogadoebad .......................................................................................464

Tavi XIV: ramdenime refleqsia amerikelTa manerebis Sesaxeb ..............................................................466

Tavi XV: ratom ar uSlis xels amerikelebs TavianTi sidinje xSirad moufiqrebel moqmedebaSi .....469

Tavi XVI: ratomaa amerikelTa erovnuli pativmoyvareoba ufro daudegari da Wirveuli, vidre ingliselebis ...........................................................................................................................471

Tavi XVII: ratom Cans SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba erTsa da imave dros daucxromeli da monotonuric ......................................................................473

Tavi XVIII: [rogor esmiT] Rirsebis grZnoba SeerTebul StatebSi da demokratiul qveynebSi ............475

Tavi XIX: ratom aris amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sakuTar Tavze didi warmodgenis mqone esoden bevri adamiani da ase cota namdvili ambiciis mqone adamiani ............................................484

Tavi XX: demokrat xalxebSi Semosavlian adgilTa maZieblebis Sesaxeb ..............................................489

Tavi XXI: ratom gaxdeba didi revoluciebi iSviaTi .............................................................................491

Tavi XXII: ratom surT demokrat xalxebs bunebrivad mSvidoba, jarebs ki _ omi ................................500

Tavi XXIII: demokratiul [qveynis] jarebSi romeli klasis warmomadgenlebi arian yvelaze mebrZolni da revoluciurni .............................................................................................505

Tavi XXIV: ratom arian demokratiuli qveynis jarebi sxvebze sustni sabrZolo moqmedebaTa dawyebisas da sul ufro saSiSni omis msvlelobis dros ................................................................508

Tavi XXV: disciplina demokratiuli qveynebis jarebSi ......................................................................511

Tavi XXVI: ramdenime mosazreba omis Sesaxeb demokratiul sazogadoebebSi ......................................512

nawili meoTxedemokratiuli ideebisa da grZnobebis zegavlena politikur sazogadoebaze ..................................517

Tavi I: Tanasworoba moqalaqeebSi iwvevs bunebriv swrafvas Tavisufali institutebisadmi ............519

Tavi II: mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb demokrat xalxTa ideebi bunebrivad xels uwyobs xelisuflebaTa koncentracias .......................................................................................................520

Tavi III: imis Sesaxeb, rom demokrat xalxTa grZnobebi Seesabameba maT ideebs xelisuflebis koncentraciis Taobaze ....................................................................................................................522

Tavi IV: im gansakuTrebuli da SemTxveviTi mizezebis Sesaxeb, romlebic warmarTaven an abrkoleben demokrati xalxebis svlas xelisuflebis centralizaciisaken ...........................525

Tavi V: miuxedavad Tavad suverenTa nakleb stabiluri mdgomareobisa, Tanamedrove evropul saxelmwifoebSi suverenuli xelisufleba Zlierdeba .............................529

Tavi VI: ra saxis despotizmi unda aSinebdes demokrat xalxebs ...........................................................537

Tavi VII: wina Tavebis gagrZeleba ............................................................................................................541

Tavi VIII: zogadi SeniSvnebi .....................................................................................................................547

avtoriseuli SeniSvnebi .................................................................................................................551

saredaqcio SeniSvnebi .....................................................................................................................573

saxelTa saZiebeli ............................................................................................................................585

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winaTqma

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis uni ver sitetis filosofiisa da socia l ur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi insti tu ti politikuri mecnierebebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi da mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlis, didi frangi moazrovnis, aleqsis de tokvilis (1805-1859) sayovelTaod ganTqmuli naSromis _ `demokratia amerikaSi~ _ qarTul Targmans sTavazobs mkiTxvels. amieridan SesaZlebloba gvaqvs mSobliur enaze gavecnoT msoflio politikuri azrovnebis am erT-erT yvelaze vrcel da mniSvnelovan qmnilebas, romlis qarTuli Targmani Seasrula amave universitetis profesorma, filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi institutis filosofiuri da sociologiuri azris Targmanis ganyofilebis gamgem, dodo labuCiZe-xoferiam.

* * *gamoqveynda Tu ara `demokratia amerikaSi~, maSinve erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli

Sefasebebi gamoiTqva am naSromisa da misi avtoris mimarT. aleqsis de tokvili xan Tanamedrove liberaluri Rirebulebebis did medroSed miaCndaT, xan demokratiis Teoriis yvelaze did warmomadgenlad, xan SedarebiTi sociologiisa da politikismcodneobis damfuZneblad... cnobilma germanelma filosofosma vilhelm dilTaim ki igi politikuri samyaros yvelaze did analitikosad miiCnia aristotelesa da makiavelis Semdeg... rogorc ar unda iyos, erTi ram utyuari faqtia: drom tokvilis mier XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gakeTebuli metad safuZvliani politikur-filosofiuri daskvnebi da fxizeli prognozebi didwilad gaamarTla!

aleqsis de tokvilis `demokratia amerikaSi~ politikuri azrovnebis im safuZvel-mdebare naSromTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebic dResac ar kargaven aqtualobas. am naSromSi ara marto amerikuli demokratiis Taviseburebebzea msjeloba, aramed saerTod demokratiuli sazogadoebebis _ demokratiuli samyaros _ samomavlo tendenciebicaa gamokveTili. tokvili vrclad da siRrmiseulad msjelobs demokratiis im zogadi niSan-Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, rac meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi gaxda gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagani. frangi moazrovne samyaros demokratiuli wesrigis imgvar universalur maxasiaTeblebs swvda, romelmac XX saukunis meore naxevris inteleqtualTa sagangebo interesi gamoiwvia.

`demokratia amerikaSi~ gvaswavlis, rom Tavad adamianis Tavisufal bunebaSi gvxvdeba iseTi miswrafebebi, romlebic xSirad uaryofiTi Sedegebis momtanni SeiZleba aRmoCndnen. im safrTxeTagan, rac momavlis sazogadoebas emuqreba, erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi aris gulgriloba, e.w. sayovelTao apaTia. tokvilis azriT, is individualizmis calmxrivi ganviTarebis Sedegia da mis winaaRmdeg brZola yvelaze mniSvnelovania. swored calkeuli adamianis gulgriloba qmnis im safuZvels, ramac mankier sazogadoebriv da politikur gamovlinebebs SeiZleba misces dasabami. yovelive es ki, Tavis mxriv, xelisuflebis gaukuRmarTebuli formebis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs.

ai, aq, saWiroa sagangebo yuradReba mivaqcioT aleqsis de tokvilis frTxil da saR Segonebebs! gamocdileba, romelsac dRevandeli mkiTxveli winamdebare Txzulebis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZens, aseTia: TiToeuli adamiani samarTlianobis sadarajoze unda idges da win unda aRudges yoveli meore adamianis Cagvris mcired gamovlinebasac ki!

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* * *grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa

kvleviT institutSi (daarsda 2007 wels) ukve ramdenime welia, rac intensiuri muSaoba mimdinareobs filosofiis, sociologiisa da politikuri mecnierebebis klasikuri da Tanamedrove teqstebis Targmanis, Seswavlisa da analizis kuTxiT (winamdebare gamocemas Tan axlavs amave institutis mier bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynebuli mniSvnelovani samecniero seriebisa da maT farglebSi gamocemuli monografiebis, samecniero krebulebisa da Targmanebis nusxa).

2008 wels, swored grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetSi iTargmna da daibeWda amerikuli politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti `federalisturi werilebi~ (mTargmneli _ prof. giorgi baramiZe, samecniero redaqtori _ prof. mixeil gogatiSvili), romelic tokvilis winamdebare naSromis erT-erT mTavar wyaros warmoadgens.

* * *`demokratia amerikaSi~ rTuli struqturis mqone teqstia. is moicavs or did wigns

(toms), romlebic, Tavis mxriv, vrceli nawilebisagan, Tavebisagan da qveTavebisagan Sedgeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva am Txzulebis pirveli wigni. naSroms Tan axlavs Tavad aleqsis de tokvilis SeniSvnebi, romlebic kargi gzamkvlevia am Txzulebis rTuli struqturis, problematikisa da wyaroebis adekvaturad gasagebad. miuxedavad amisa, mizanSewonilad miviCnieT winamdebare TargmanisaTvis dagverTo saredaqcio SeniSvnebi da komentarebi im wyaroebis, istoriuli pirebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic TviTon tokvilis mier ar aris saTanadod ganmartebuli.

imedi gvaqvs, rom aleqsis de tokvilis naSromi `demokratia amerikaSi~ didad waadgeba politikuri TeoriiTa da praqtikiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels. is gansakuTrebiT gamoadgeba saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis profesor-maswavleblebsa da studentebs.

Tengiz iremaZegrigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis

filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi institutis direqtori

q. Tbilisi, 25 agvisto, 2011 weli

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mTargmnelis winasityvaoba

franguli politikuri filosofiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels, aleqsis de tokvils cxovreba da moRvaweoba mouxda safrangeTis istoriaSi erT-erT urTules epoqaSi. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevari es iyo sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gardaqmnis rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse periodi, rodesac revoluciaTa Sedegad momxdari sruliad gansxvavebuli movlenebi ara mxolod safrangeTSi, aramed dasavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebSi, demokratiis sasargeblod Setrialda: Zveli aristokratiuli sazogadoebis nangrevebze demokratiuli wyoba isaxeboda. aRniSnul periodSi, mravali aristokrati ojaxis msgavsad, represiebis susxi tokvilis ojaxmac iwvnia: misi mama erve de tokvili, Tavgamodebuli monarqisti, giliotinaze sikvdiliT dasjisagan monarqiis aRdgenam ixsna.

aleqsis Sarl anri klerel de tokvili daibada parizSi 1805 wlis 29 ivliss, ZirZvel aristokratiul ojaxSi, romelic, mamis mxridan, mefe lui wmindas Camomavali iyo; dedis mxridan igi enaTesaveboda nikola malbranSs da fransua rene de Satobreans. tokvilma kargi humanitaruli ganaTleba miiRo, daamTavra q. mecis samefo koleji, romelic imxanad saukeTesod iTvleboda. kolejSi swavlis periodSi igi didi interesiT gaecno frang ganmanaTlebelTa moZRvrebas, masze gansakuTrebiT didi zegavlena moaxdina Sarl lui monteskies politikurma da filosofiurma Sexedulebebma. kolejis Semdeg, tokvilma, samarTlismcodneobis Sesaswavlad, swavla ganagrZo parizSi. 1826 wels man imogzaura italiaSi da Tavisi STabeWdilebebi aRwera naSromSi mogzauroba siciliaSi. 1827 wels tokvili dainiSna momrigebel mosamarTled versalSi. 1831 wlis 2 aprils tokvili versalis axalgazrda iurist gustav de bomonTan erTad, amerikis penitencialuri sistemis Seswavlis mizniT, gaigzavna amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac maT cxra Tve dahyves. 1833 wels tokvilma da de bomonma gamoaqveynes erToblivi naSromi moxseneba amerikis penitencialuri sistemisa da safrangeTSi misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, ramac versalSi moRvawe iuristTa da saxelmwifo moxeleTa didi interesi gamoiwvia. imave wels man imogzaura inglisSi, hqonda Sexvedrebi cnobil inglisel ekonomistTan nasau uiliam seniorTan da filosofos jon stiuart milTan, romelic tokvilis didi Tayvanismcemeli iyo; maT xSiri mimowera hqondaT erTmaneTTan. 1835 wels tokvili daqorwinda inglisel didgvarovan qalze meri moTleize, wyvils qorwinebidan Svili ar SesZenia. 1835 wels gamoqveynda tokvilis naSromis _ demokratia amerikaSi _ pirveli tomi, xolo 1840 wels meore tomi. am wignma jon stiuart milis didi mowoneba daimsaxura, man maRali Sefaseba misca naSroms _ klasikur qmnilebad aRiara da 1835 wels gamoaqveyna statia London Review-Si, xolo 1840 wels _ Edinburgh Review-Si; imave wlebSi Txzuleba (orive tomi) inglisur enaze Targmna henri rivma. am wignma avtori didebis SaravandediT Semosa: 1838 wels tokvili airCies safrangeTis politikur mecnierebaTa akademiis, xolo 1841 wels ki _ safrangeTis akademiis wevrad.

1839-51 wlebSi tokvili arCeuli iyo deputatad, aqtiurad monawileobda qveynis sapar-lamento da sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi, iyo 1848 wlis safrangeTis kontituciis saredaqcio komisiis wevri; icavda liberaluri institutebis Seqmnis ideas, mmarTvelobis decentraliza-ciisa da sayovelTao arCevnebis principebs. 1849 wels tokvili airCies sakanonmdeblo asambleis vice-prezidentad, imave welsve dainiSna sagareo saqmeTa ministrad. 1852 wels napoleon III-m imperia aRadgina; misadmi opoziciurad ganwyobilma tokvilma parizi datova da tokvilebis sagvareulo cixe-simagres daubrunda. 1854 wels man imogzaura germaniaSi. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi igi intensiurad muSaobda naSromze Zveli reJimi da revolucia, romlis pirveli tomi daibeWda 1856 wels, meore ki dausrulebeli darCa, radgan tuberkuloziT daavadebuli tokvilis janmrTeloba mkveTrad gauaresda; 1859 wlis 16 aprils q. kanSi aleqsis de tokvili gardaicvala, dakraZalulia normandiaSi, tokvilebis sagvareulo sasaflaoze.

* * *

tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi klasikur naSromad iqca SedarebiTi sociologiisa da liberalur-politikuri filosofiis dargSi da dRemde ar daukargavs SemecnebiTi

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mniSvneloba. misi mizani ar gaxlavT amerikis madidebeli panegerikis Seqmna. is mtkiced emxroba Semdeg azrs: demokratiuli revolucia, romlis mowmenica varT, aris ucilobeli ram da mis winaaRmdeg brZola arc sasurvelia da arc gonivruli. tokvilisaTvis naTelia, rom amerikelTa socialuri wyobis demokratiulma xasiaTma bunebrivad ganapiroba garkveuli kanonebis Seqmna da politikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba. metic, manve warmoqmna evropis Zveli aristokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis ucnobi mravali grZnoba da warmodgena, Secvala an saerTod mospo adamianTa odindeli urTierTobebi da maT nacvlad axlebi warmoqmna. politikur samyaroze aranakleb Seicvala samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saxe. sruliad axal samyaros ki axali politikuri codna esaWiroeboda.

arsebuli viTarebis naTlad warmosaCenad, tokvili xelmZRvanelobs SedarebiTi meTodis principiT: erTi mxriv, aristokratiuli safrangeTisa da inglisis, meore mxriv ki, amerikis demokratiuli wyobis arsebiTi niSnebis analiziT igi gviCvenebs im gavlenas, rasac demokratiis batonoba axdens amerikis sazogadoebaze, mis ideebsa da zne-Cveulebebze. avtoris survilia Rrmad Caswvdes politikuri viTarebis realobas; naSromi mdidaria faqtobrivi masaliT. amerikis samarTlebriv da politikur institutebze tokvilis refleqsia efuZneba yvelaze sarwmuno da avtoritetul Sromebs, romelTa Soris Tavad avtori sagangebod aRniSnavs federalistur werilebs: federalisti mSvenieri wignia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod amerikas exeba, yvela qveynis saxelmwifo moxelem kargad unda Seiswavlos igi.

tokvilis naSromis udavo Rirsebas Seadgens is, rom masSi avtori iZleva socialur-politikuri problemebis Rrma gaazrebas, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina demokratiis zogadi Teoriisa da Tanamedrove liberalur-politikuri filosofiis formirebaze.

* * *

demokratiis Secnoba, moqalaqeTa TandaTanobiT ziareba saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis saqmianobasTan, maTi gaTavisufleba amgvari moRvaweobisaTvis gamoucdelobisagan da maTi brma instinqtebis Canacvleba WeSmariti interesebis codniT; mmarTvelobis sistemis SesabamisobaSi moyvana drosa da adgilTan; mmarTvelobis modificireba garemoebaTa da adamianTa mixedviT, aqedan gamomdinare, kanonmdeblobis dafuZneba demokratiis umTavres Rirebulebebze _ Tavisuflebasa da politikur Tanasworobaze _ ai, mciredi CamonaTvali im sakiTxTa arealidan, rac tokvilis naSromSi sagangebodaa ganxiluli.

tokvili wers: demokrati xalxebi bunebrivad, Sinagani waqezebiT iswrafvian Tavi­suflebisaken da sakuTar Tavs minebebulni, eZeben mas, uyvarT da mtkivneulad ganicdian mis dakargvas. avtoris Rrma rwmeniT, Cvens droSi Tavisufleba ver dafuZndeba Tanasworobis gareSe; adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworobis TandaTanobiT damyareba aris winaswar ganWvretili movlena. magram imasac aRiarebs, rom ra Zalisxmevasac unda mimarTos xalxma, mainc ver SeZlebs yvelasTvis Tanabari saarsebo pirobebis Seqmnas; da Tu, saubedurod, miaRwevs absolutur da srul Tanasworobas, mainc SenarCundeba inteleqtualuri uTa nasworoba, rac uSualod RmerTidan momdinareobs. kacobriobisaTvis yvelaze didi sikeTeebis momtani Tanasworoba, adamianebs ara mxolod idealis warmosaxvis unars usustebs, aramed amcirebs amgvar warmosaxvad Rirebul idealur obieqtTa raodenobasac; imavdroulad xalxebSi iwvevs Zalze saxifaTo instinqtebis ganviTarebas: is adamianebs ubiZgebs, gaeTiSon erTmaneTs da TiToeuli mxolod sakuTar Tavze zrunavdes. Tanasworoba Zalze farTod uRebs kars maT suls _ datkbes materialuri survilebiT. tokvili mianiSnebs im safrTxeebze, riTac Tanasworoba emuqreba demokrat xalxebs da wers, is maTSi ver iwvevs mZafr, daumcxral, maradiul, uZlevel vnebas _ es aris maTi wyurvili Tanasworobisa TavisuflebaSi da Tu amas ver hpoveben, Tanasworobas amjobineben _ Tundac monobaSi. isini aitanen siRaribes, damonebas, barbarosobas, magram TavianT gverdiT ver igueben aristokratias. imasac dasZens, rom Cagvris forma ar iqneba iseTi mZime, rogoric iyo adre; Tumca avtori amaod cdilobs, zusti gansazRvreba mouZebnos aseTi Cagvris ideas, romelsac Zveli, gacveTili sityvebi _ despotizmi da tirania _ saerTod ar Seesabameba. es axali movlenaa.

tokvilis Txroba aRbeWdilia samarTlianobis gancdiT. is savsebiT eTanxmeba imas,

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rom sazogadoebrivi simSvide didi sikeTea, magram amasTan arc imis daviwyeba surs, rom xalxebi tiraniamde midiodnen swored sanimuSo sazogadoebrivi wesrigiT, rom marto sazogadoebrivi wesrigi sakmarisi ar aris. nebismieri xalxi, romelic Tavis mTavrobas mxolod wesrigis SenarCunebas sTxovs, gulis siRrmeSi ukve monaa _ mona sakuTari keTildReobisa da SeiZleba gamoCndes vinme, romelic mas borkils daadebs.

* * *

tokvilis azriT, umTavresi movaleoba, rac ekisreba sazogadoebis mmarTvelebs demokratiuli wyobis dasafuZneblad, gaxlavT, xelisuflebis _ sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo _ ganawilebis principi, romelic demokratiis umTavresi Rirebulebebis _ Tavisuflebisa da politikuri Tanasworobis garantiaa. xelisuflebis ganawilebis monteskieseuli principisagan gansxvavebiT, tokvili sagangebod aRniSnavs im siaxles, rom amerikaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba gayofilia or asamblead (senati da warmomadgenlobiTi palata), rac, amJamad, aqsiomad aris miCneuli politikis mecnierebaSi.

TiToeuli adamianis usafrTxoebisa da yvelas politikuri Tavisuflebis dasacavad, monteskies darad, tokvilsac arsebiT pirobad miaCnia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gancalkeveba xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo Stoebisagan. amerikis sakanonmdeblo sistemis Seswavlis Semdeg, tokvili wers: amerikis kanonmdebloba umTavresad mimarTulia kerZo piris interesebisaken. msoflioSi ar aris qveyana, sadac kanoni iyos ise uzenaesi da Zalmosili, rogorc es amerikaSia. [...] amerikaSi erTi adamiani ara meore adamians, aramed samarTals, kanons morCilebs. tokvili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom amerikeli mosamarTleebi udidesi politikuri ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvilni, risi mizezic aris Semdegi faqti: amerikelebma TavianT mosamarTleebs mianiWes ufleba ganaCeni daefuZnebinaT umal konstituciaze da ara kanonebze. kanonmdeblebma mosamarTleebs neba darTes exelmZRvanelaT mxolod iseTi kanonebiT, romlebic ar SeewinaaRmdegebodnen konstitucias. amerikaSi aseTi samarTali xelisuflebis yvela Stos mieraa aRiarebuli da mas sadavod aravin xdis. mosamarTleebi morCileben konstitucias da sxva kanonebTan SedarebiT mas aniWeben upiratesobas. avtoris azriT, es savsebiT Seesabameba Tavad sasamarTlo xelisuflebis arss, radgan yoveli mosamarTlisaTvis niSandoblivi ufleba aris normatiul aqtTa Soris iseTTa SerCeva, romlebic yvelaze metad esadagebian sasamarTlo xelisuflebis arss. sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze msjelobas tokvili asrulebs Semdegi daskvniT: marTlmsajulebis udidesi mizani aris Zaladobis ideis Secvla samarTlis ideiT [...] amerikelebma TavianT mosamarTleebs uboZes udidesi politikuri Zalaufleba, magram daavaldebules _ romelime kanonis winaaRmdeg kritikisaTvis mimarTon mxolod iuridiul saSualebebs; amiT amerikelebma mniSvnelovnad Seamcires aRniSnuli Zalauflebis safrTxe. tokvlis Tanaxmad, swored mosamarTleebis aseTi ufleba qmnis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier bariers, rac ki odesme aRumarTavT politikur gaerTianebaTa tiraniis winaaRmdeg. tokvilis yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba arc is, rom evropisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikaSi danaSauli iSviaTad rCeba dausjeli; am mxriv evropaSi gansxvavebuli viTarebaa: evropaSi damnaSave miaCniaT im bedkrul adamianad, romelic ibrZvis, raTa daemalos Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebs, amerikaSi ki borotmoqmedi aRiqmeba adamianuri modgmis mtrad, romlis winaaRmdegac sazogadoeba unda amxedrdes. amitom yvela dainteresebulia droulad waradginos samarTaldarRvevis samxilebi, raTa damnaSave daiWiron.

tokvilis azriT, adgilobrivi institutebi yvela xalxisaTvis saWiroa, magram yvelaze metad isini sWirdeba demokratiul saxelmwifos: es is mkvidri sayrdenia, romelTa gareSe demokratiul saxelmwifos araviTari garantia ar gaaCnia despotizmisagan Tavis dasaRwevad. saerTo interesebis erT adgilze an erT xelSi Tavmoyras tokvili uwodebs samTavrobo centralizacias, kerZo interesTa marTvis Zalauflebis imave formiT Tavmoyras ki _ administraciul centralizacias. amdenad, avtoris sagangebo refleqsiis sagania mmarTvelobis decentralizacia; igi aRfrTovanebulia mmarTvelobis decentralizaciis ara administraciuli, aramed politikuri SedegebiT amerikaSi; imiT, rom evropis romelime Zveli monarqiisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikaSi maRal donezea mTavrobis centralizacia, erovnuli

Zala ufro koncentrirebulia da saerTod ar arsebobs administraciuli centralizacia; decentralizaciam miaRwia iseT dones, rasac verc erTi evropuli saxelmwifo ver gauZlebda. da iqve dasZens: SeerTebuli Statebis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturaSi araferia arc centralizebuli da arc ierarqiuli. sazogadoebas aqvs ori saSualeba, riTac aiZulebs Tanamdebobis pirebs kanonTa morCilebas: mianiWos maT SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba sxva danarCenTa samarTavad da am ukanasknelTa daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi CamoarTvas Tanamdebobebi, an sasamarTloebs daavalos gamoiyenos dadgenili sasjeli kanonTa damrRvevis mimarT. misi sityvebis Tanaxmad, komunaSi saocari ostatobiT zrunaven Zalauflebis daqucmacebaze. realurad, amerikaSi komuna yovelmxriv suverenulia imaSi, rac mxolod mas exeba, danarCen sakiTxebSi ki Stats eqvemdebareba. Tavis moxeleebs komuna, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli, Tavad sTavazobs mTavrobas.

avtori aseve pozitiur siaxled miiCnevs amerikul konfederacias, romelic yvela sxva konfederaciis msgavsia, magram Tavisi SedegebiT aSkarad sxvaobs yvela sxva danarCenTagan. tokvili svams kiTxvas: saidan iRebs yovelive es dasabams? da Tavadve pasuxobs: amerikis federaluri konstitucia efuZneba sruliad axal Teorias, romelic Cveni drois politikis mecnierebis diad monapovrad unda CaiTvalos. aq igulisxmeba amerikelTa mier Semotanili siaxle _ politikuri suverenitetis horizontaluri danawevreba federalur xelisuflebasa da Statis xelisuflebas Soris. tokvilis azriT, SeerTebuli Statebis uaxlesi istoriis erTi Tvalis gadavlebac kmara, raTa SeamCnioT mTeli is sikeTe, rac am sistemis dakanonebas mohyva. saxelmwifo suverenitetis aseTi dayofa uzrunvelyofs yoveli Statis keTildReobas. amerikel kanonmdebelTa gonierebis wyalobiT federaluri sistemis Tanamdevi xarvezebi minimumamdea dayvanili: maT kavSiris xelisufleba moaqcies federaluri mTavrobebis SezRudul wreSi da erovnuli iersaxe misces; msjelobas tokvili asrulebs Semdegi daskvniT: SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia _ adamianis gamWriaxobis damadasturebeli qmnileba _ yvelaze saukeTesoa, rac ki cnobilia federalur konstituciaTagan.

* * *

tokvilis naSromis winamdebare Targmanis redaqtirebis procesSi gaweuli didi TanadgomisaTvis minda uRrmesi madloba gadavuxado profesor Tengiz iremaZes safuZvliani rCevebisaTvis; teqstis azris wvdomis misma utyuarma alRom didad Seuwyo xeli winamdebare Targmanis srulyofas. profesor lali zaqaraZes, Targmanis proeqtis ganxorcielebis erT-erT iniciators, qarTuli teqstis gulisxmierebiT redaqtirebisaTvis; asistent-profesor giorgi TavaZes, romelmac yuradsaRebi SeniSvnebiT jerovani daxmareba gagviwia. minda aseve didi madloba gadavuxado grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis reqtors, profesor mamuka TavxeliZes aRniSnuli proeqtis mimarT gamoCenili didi gulisxmierebisa da qmediTi daxmarebisaTvis. aseve, grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemlobis xelmZRvanels baton mixeil sariSvils naSromis beWdvis teqnikuri da poligrafiuli mxaris uzrunvelyofisaTvis. aqve msurs madlierebiT movixsenio batoni giorgi bagrationi wignis ydis dizainis momzadebisa da teqstis dakabadonebisaTvis.

aleqsis de tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi pirveli Targmania qarTul enaze; is Sesrulebulia franguli dednidan _ Alexis de Tocqueville: De la démocratie en Amérique, Éditions Gallimard, 1986 _ saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos sagamomcemlo-mTargmnelobiTi programis finansuri xelSewyobiT.

vfiqrobT, aleqsis de tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi qarTuli Targmanis saxiT mkiTxveli SeiZens saWiro naSroms, romelic didad waadgeba qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis saqmes, daxmarebas gauwevs ara mxolod filosofosebs, sociologebsa da politologebs, aramed SedarebiTi sociologiisa da politikuri mecnierebebis problemebiT dainteresebul yvela mkiTxvels.

dodo labuCiZe-xoferia

q. Tbilisi, 15 agvisto, 2011 weli

- 14 -

wigni pirveli

- 16 -

Sesavali

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yofnis dros, Cemi yuradReba miipyro mravalma axalma mov-lenam, romelTagan yvelaze metad adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworobam ganmacvifra. didi garja ar damWirvebia, raTa aSkarad damenaxa is udidesi gavlena, romelsac es umniSvne-lovanesi faqti axdens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dinebaze. is kanonebsa da sazogadoebriv azrs warmarTavs garkveuli mimarTulebiT, qmnis mmarTveli fenis moRvaweobis axal normebs, xolo marTulTa saqmianobaSi _ saTanado Cvevebs.

male CemTvis gasagebi gaxda is faqtic, rom igive viTareba Tavis gavlenas axorcie-lebs politikur sferoSic da kanonTa sazRvrebs miRmac, rom misi Zalaufleba vrcelde-ba rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze, ise mmarTvelobaze. mdgomareobis Tanasworoba ba-debs adamianTa Sesabamis azrebs, grZnobebs, karnaxobs saTanado Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da axdens yovelive imis modificirebasac, rac misi gavlenis gareSec axasiaTebT adamianebs.

amgvarad, amerikuli sazogadoebis Seswavlis kvalobaze, ufro da ufro vxedavdi adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworobis winapirobebs, saidanac momdinareobda am fenomenis yoveli calkeuli, konkretuli faqti. es winapirobebi gamudmebiT medga Tvalwin, ro-gorc is centraluri wertili, sadac Tavs iyrida yvela Cemi dakvirveba.

Semdeg, rodesac goniTi mzera gadmomqonda Cveni naxevarsferosaken, momeCvena, rom aqac SemeZlo gamomeyo raRac imis analogiuri ram, rasac axali samyaro mTavazobda. es msgavsi mdgomareoba iyo Tanasworoba, romelic aq, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisagan gansxvavebiT, ver aRwevda Tavis umaRles zRvars, magram yoveldRiurad uaxlovdeboda mas. me momeCvena, rom igive demokratia _ amerikul sazogadoebaSi rom batonobda, evro-paSic swrafad miiwevda mmarTvelobis sferosaken.

da damebada am wignis daweris idea... Cven vcxovrobT didi demokratiuli revoluciis epoqaSi; amas yvela xedavs, magram

erTnairad rodi afasebs mas. erTni mas ganixilaven axal, SemTxveviT movlenad da ime-dovneben, rom SeZleben mis SeCerebas. meoreni miiCneven, rom igi ucilobeli da uZlevia, rogorc yvelaze uwyveti, Zveli da marad ganviTarebadi movlena im movlenaTa Soris, rac ki cnobilia istoriaSi.

erTi wuTiT gavixsenoT, Tu ra iyo safrangeTi Svidasi wlis winaT: igi nawildeboda mcirericxovan ojaxebs Soris, romlebic flobdnen miwas da marTavdnen mosaxleobas. imxanad amgvari mmarTvelobis ufleba, qonebasTan erTad, Taobidan Taobas memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. adamianebis erTmaneTze zemoqmedebis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo Zala, xolo miwis anu saadgilmamulo sakuTreba _ am Zlierebis saTave.

swored am dros safrangeTis samRvdeloeba iZens Zalauflebas da swrafad avrce-lebs Tavis gavlenas. sasuliero cxovrebis sfero kars uRebs yvelas: Raribebsac da mdidrebsac, mdabioebsac da didebulebsac. amgvari Tanasworobis niSnebi eklesiis gziT aRwevs mmarTvelobis wiaRSic: ymadSobili, samudamo monobisTvis ganwiruli adamiani, mRvdeli gaxdeboda Tu ara, maSinve Tavis adgils ikavebda keTilSobilTa Soris da xSirad gvirgvinosanTa maRlac wamoiWimeboda xolme.

drois dinebis kvaldakval, sazogadoebac ufro metad viTardeboda da stabiluro-bas iZenda, adamianTa Soris urTierTobebi ki bevrad rTuli da mravalmxrivi xdeboda. mZafrad igrZnoboda samoqalaqo kanonTa saWiroeba. da ai, swored am saWiroebis gamo, as-parezze gamodian kanonmdeblebi; isini toveben sxdomaTa darbazebis kedlebis miRma uCi-nar arsebobas, sasamarTlos kancelariaTa damtveril patara oTaxebs da gadainacvleben xelmwifis karze, sadac, yarayumis mosasxamiTa da abjar-abgariT damSvenebuli feodali batonebis gverdiT, samefo sabWos sxdomebs eswrebian.

mefeebi ewirebian did wamowyebebs; didebulebi erTmaneTTan omebs aleven TavianT Zal-Rones; vaWrobiT mdidrdebian mdabioebi. aSkara xdeba fulis gavlena saxelmwifo sa-qmeebze. komercia Zalauflebis mopovebis axal wyarod iqceva; finansebi yalibdeba imgvar politikur Zalad, romelic sZulT, magram mainc epirferebian.

- 17 -

wigni pirveli, Sesavali

TandaTanobiT vrceldeba ganaTleba; iRviZebs interesi literaturisa da xelovnebis-admi; gonebas aRiareben warmoebis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad, codnas _ mmarTvelobis saSualebad, inteleqts _ socialur Zalad; ganaTlebul adamianebs gza exsnebaT saxelm-wifo saqmeebisaken.

Zalauflebisaken mimavali axali gzebis gamoCenis kvaldakval, fasi ekargeba adamianis warmomavlobas. Tu XI saukuneSi didgvarovneba fasdaudebel simdidred iTvleboda, XIII saukuneSi ukve SeiZleboda misi yidva (gakeTilSobilebis pirveli faqti moxda 1270 wels). bolos da bolos Tanasworobam mmarTvelobaSi Tavad aristokratTa meSveobiT SeaRwia. ganvlili Svidasi wlis manZilze isec momxdara, rom Tavadaznaurobam mefis winaaRmdeg brZoliT an erTmaneTTan qiSpiT, politikuri Zalaufleba xalxs Caugdo xelT.

ufro xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca dabal klasebs mefeebi Tavad aRebinebdnen monawi-leobas mmarTvelobaSi, raTa amiT aristokratiis uflebebi SeezRudaT da daemcirebinaT.

am mxriv safrangeTis mefeebma yvelaze metad gamoiCines Tavi rogorc gamTanaswore-blebma. rodesac am mefeTa pativmoyvareoba da Zalaufleba Zlieri iyo, isini cdilobdnen xalxi keTilSobilTa donemde aemaRlebinaT; rodesac zomier Zalas flobdnen, an sustebi iyvnen, mdabioebs upiratesobis saSualebasac ki aZlevdnen. mefeTagan zogi demokratias Tavisi niWierebiT uwyobda xels, zogic _ Tavisi mankierebiT. lui XI* da lui XIV* mxolod imaze zrunavdnen, rom taxtis qvemoT arsebuli yvelaferi gaTanabrebuliyo, lui XV* ki bolos mTel samefo karTan erTad araraobamde davida.

mas Semdeg, rac moqalaqeebs miwis mflobelobis ufleba miecaT da feodalur-saleno sakuTrebis forma aRar iyo erTaderTi, maT SeZles daegrovebinaT moZravi Tu uZravi qoneba, rac mflobels aniWebda sazogadoebriv gavlenas da gzas uxsnida xelisuflebisa-ken. nebismier gamogonebas xelosnobis sferoSi da nebismier gaumjobesebas vaWrobasa Tu mrewvelobaSi, ar SeiZleboda ar warmoeSva axali elementebi adamianTa Soris Tanasworo-bis xelSesawyobad. am droidan moyolebuli yvela teqnologiuri aRmoCena, yvela axali moTxovnileba da survili, romelic iTxovda dakmayofilebas iyo progresi sayovelTao Tanasworobisaken. ltolva fufunebisaken, miswrafeba omebisadmi, modis gavlena da sxva yvelaze ufro zerele Tu siRrmiseuli vnebebi adamianisa, TiTqos imisTvis erTiandebod-nen, rom erToblivad SeewyoT xeli mdidarTa gaRaribebisa da RatakTa gamdidrebisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac inteleqtualuri Sroma Zalauflebisa da simdidris wyarod iqca, yvela win gadadgmuli nabiji mecnierebaSi, yoveli axali codna, nebismieri axali idea, SeiZle-ba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc momavali winsvlis Canasaxi, rac sruliad xelmisawvdomia xalxisTvis. poeturma niWma, mWevrmetyvelebam, mexsierebam, naTelma gonebam, cxovelma warmosaxvam, Rrma azrma _ yvela am unarma, romelic gangebam adamianTa Soris alalbedze daanawila, sargebeli moutana demokratias maSinac ki, rodesac xsenebul unarTa mflobe-lni Tavad demokratiis mowinaaRmdegeni iyvnen. yovelive mainc demokratiis sasargeblod muSaobda, TvalnaTliv usvamda xazs adamianis bunebriv, Tandayolil sidiades. amrigad, civilizaciisa da ganaTlebis warmateba, imavdroulad, demokratiis ganmtkicebasac uw-yobda xels, xolo literatura yvelasaTvis im Ria arsenalad iqca, saidanac sustebi da Raribebi yoveldRiurad iRebdnen TavianT sasargeblo iaraRs.

rodesac Tvals adevneb Cveni istoriis furclebs, Znelia waawydeT iseT mniSvnelovan movlenebs, _ bolo Svidasi wlis manZilze rom moxda, _ romelTac TavianTi keTilismyo-feli gavlena ar moexdinoT Tanasworobis dafuZnebaze.

jvarosnulma omebma da inglisTan brZolam* gaanadgura Tavad-aznauroba, daanawevra maTi miwebi; saqalaqo komunaTa institutma* Semoitana demokratiuli Tavisufleba Tavad feodaluri monarqiis wiaRSi; cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamogonebam erTmaneTTan gaaTana-bra brZolis velze myofi mdabioca da didebulic. daiwyo wignis beWdva,* ramac Tanabari SesaZleblobebi gadauSala adamianTa gonebriv ganviTarebas; safosto samsaxuris winsv-lam ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba misca rogorc Raribis qoxis wevrebs, ise sasaxlis kar-ze myofT. protestantizmma rwmena ganumtkica yvela adamians, rom maT Tanabrad SeswevT unari, ipovon zecisaken mimavali gza. amerika xom, dRidan misi aRmoCenisa, aTasobiT sa-

- 18 -

aleqsis de tokvili demokratia amerikaSi

Sualebas qmnis qonebis mosaxveWad; yvelasaTvis ucnob avantiuristebsac ki simdidrisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis gzebs ukvalavs.

Tu ganixilavT imas, rac XI saukunidan moyolebuli ormocdaaTwliani drois interva-liT moxda safrangeTSi, uTuod SeamCnevT, rom yoveli am periodis bolosaTvis sazoga-doebriv wyobaSi xdeboda ormagi revolucia: aznauri socialuri kibis gacilebiT dabal safexurze aRmoCndeboda xolme, mdabio ki ufro maRalze. erTi eSveboda, meore aRzevde-boda. yoveli naxevari saukunis dasasruli maT aaxlovebda, rasac male maTi erTmaneTTan gaTanasworeba unda mohyoloda.

es procesi marto safrangeTisaTvis ar aris niSandoblivi. saiTac ar unda mivapyroT mzera, iseTsave revolucias davinaxavT, romelic mTel qristianul samyaroSi xdeboda.

xalxTa cxovrebaSi momxdari sruliad gansxvavebuli movlenebic ki, yvelgan demo-kratiis sasargeblod Setrialda. yvela da yvelaferi mas exmareboda Tavisi ZalisxmeviT: isinic, vinc Segnebulad uwyobdnen xels mis warmatebas da isinic, vinc, qveSecneulad, arc ki fiqrobdnen mis samsaxurs; isinic, vinc ibrZodnen demokratiisaTvis da isinic, vinc Tavi gamoacxades mis mtrebad. yvelani erTi da imave gziT uwesrigod miemarTebod-nen da erTianad iRwvodnen mis sasikeTod: erTni _ TavianTi nebis Tanaxmad, meoreni _ rogorc brma iaraRi gangebis xelSi _ uneburad.

amgvarad, adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworobis TandaTanobiTi damyareba aris wina-swar ganWvretili movlena. am procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebi: sayovel-Taoba, mdgradoba da sul ufro da ufro naklebi damokidebuleba adamianTa nebaze; yvela movlena, yvela adamiani xels uwyobs mis ganviTarebas.

nuTu gonivrulia imaze fiqri, rom ase Sors wasuli socialuri procesi SeiZleba Se-Cerebuli iqnes erTi Taobis ZalisxmeviT? nuTu vinmes miaCnia, rom feodaluri sistemis gauqmebiTa da mefeTa damxobiT demokratia ukan daixevs mdidrebisa da burJuebis winaSe? SeCerdeba ki misi ganviTareba maSin, roca igi ase Zlieria, misi mowinaaRmdegeebi ki esoden susti?

maS saiT mivdivarT? amaze pasuxis gacema aravis ZaluZs, radgan ukve araferTan gvaqvs Sesadarebeli Cveni amJamindeli urTierTobebi. dResdReobiT qristian xalxebSi adamian-Ta saarsebo pirobebi bevrad ufro Tanasworia, vidre es msoflios romelime qveyanaSi odesme yofila. amitom Cven, didebis safexurze mdgomT, ara gvaqvs imis ganWvretis saSua-leba, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes momavalSi.

mTeli es winamdebare wigni dawerilia erTgvari religiuri TrTolviT, riTac mocu-li iyo avtoris suli am Seunelebeli revoluciis yurebiT; revoluciisa, amdeni saukunis wiaRidan rom modis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis gzebiT da amJamadac rom agrZelebs winsv-las Tavis Tanmxleb ngrevaTa Soris.

RmerTs sulac ar esaWiroeba sakuTari xmis amaRleba imisaTvis, rom misi nebis ut-yuari niSnebi aRmovaCinoT. amisaTvis Cveul bunebriv procesebze mxolod dakvirveba da movlenaTa ganviTarebis gamudmebiT moqmedi tendenciebis danaxva kmara. me vici, rom maSi-nac ki, roca uzenaesi Semoqmedis xma ar ismis, mnaTobebi sivrceSi moZraoben im orbitaze, romelic ufalma TiTiT moxaza.

Tu xangrZlivma dakvirvebebma da uSualo meditaciebma amJamad adamianebi miiyvana imis aRiarebamde, rom Tanasworobis TandaTanobiTi da uwyveti ganviTareba erTsa da imave dros maTi istoriis warsulicaa da momavalic, es cota zemoT naxsenebi aRmoCenac am ganviTarebas ukve ganixilavs uzenaesi ganmgeblis nebis gamovlinebad. aqedan gamomdi-nare, demokratiis ganviTarebis SeCerebis survili warmoCndeba brZolad Tavad RmerTis winaaRmdeg da xalxebs mxolod isRa darCebaT, Seeguon TavianT socialur mdgomareobas gangeba rom uwesebs.

meCveneba, rom is mdgomareoba, romelSic amJamad qristiani xalxebi imyofebian, Semza-ravia. moZraoba, romelmac es xalxebi moicva, ise Zlieria, rom SeuZlebelia misi SeCereba, magram jer kidev ar aris imdenad swrafi, rom misi warmarTva ver SeZlon. xalxis bedi maTsave xelSia, magram male am bedis sadaveebi xelidan gausxltebaT.

- 19 -

wigni pirveli, Sesavali

demokratiis Secnoba, demokratiuli idealebis aRorZineba, zneobrivi ganwmenda, de-mokratiul moZraobaTa mowesrigeba, moqalaqeTa TandaTanobiTi ziareba saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis saqmianobasTan, maTi ganTavisufleba amgvari moRvaweobisaTvis gamoucde-lobisagan da maTi brma instinqtebis Canacvleba WeSmariti interesebis codniT; amasTan erTad, mmarTvelobis sistemis SesabamisobaSi moyvana drosa da adgilTan; misi [mmarTve-lobis] modificireba garemoebaTa da adamianTa mixedviT _ aseTi gaxlavT is umTavresi movaleobani, romlebic amJamad ekisrebaT sazogadoebis mmarTvelebs.

sruliad axal samyaros axali politikuri codna esaWiroeba. magram swored amaze TiTqmis ar vfiqrobT _ swraf mdinarebaSi moqceulT jiutad

gviWiravs Tvali im zogierT nangrevze, jer kidev rom moCans napirze. arada wylis dineba Cvens zurgs ukan arsebuli ufskrulebisaken migvaqanebs.

am did socialur revolucias _ axlaxan rom aRvwere _ evropis arc erT xalxSi ar gamouwvevia iseTi swrafi progresi, rogorc CvenSi. Tumca, aq igi yovelTvis alalbedze mimdinareobda.

Cveni qveynis gamgebelT arasodes ufiqriaT imaze, rom winaswar SeemzadebinaT misTvis niadagi; revolucia xdeboda an maTi nebis winaaRmdeg, an maTi nebarTvis gareSe. eris yve-laze Zlieri, yvelaze inteleqtualuri da zneobrivad dawinaurebuli fenebi arasodes cdilobdnen dauflebodnen misi warmarTvis saSualebebs. amitom demokratia veluri in-stinqtebis Zalauflebis anabara iyo mitovebuli; is izrdeboda mSoblebis mzrunvelobas moklebuli bavSvebis msgavsad, Cveni qalaqebis quCebSi rom daZrwian da sazogadoebis mxolod mankierebebsa da ubadrukobas awydebian. rogorc Cans, demokratiis arseboba jer kidev arasakmarisad aris gacnobierebuli adamianTa mier. roca is moulodnelad eufleba Zalauflebas, maSin TiToeuli monurad eswrafvis, Seasrulos misi umciresi survilebic ki. mas eTayvanebian rogorc Zalis ganmasaxierebel kerps, xolo, rodesac demokratia sustdeba Tavisive eqscesebis gamo, kanonmdeblebi iwyeben aragonivrul fiqrs misi ganad-gurebis Sesaxeb; nacvlad imisa, rom ecadon mis gamosworebas, miseuli marTvis xelovnebis daxvewas, isini mxolod imaze fiqroben, Tu rogor Camoacilon demokratia mmarTvelobas.

amis gamo, demokratiuli revolucia sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi xdeba ise, rom mas ar sdevs kanonTa, ideaTa da CvevaTa gardaqmna; es ki aucilebelia xsenebuli revoluciis im miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic sasargeblo unda iyos xalxisTvis. am gziT ki Cven miviRebT demokratias ise, rom ar gveqneba xarvezebis Semarbilebeli da misi bunebrivi upirateso-bebis warmomaCinebeli saSualebebi. upirvelesad, vxedavT mis mier motanil borotebebs, magram jer kidev ar viciT is sikeTeni, romelTa mocemac mas ZaluZs.

rodesac aristokratiaze dayrdnobiT samefo xelisufleba mSvidad marTavda evropis xalxebs, sazogadoeba _ misive gaWirvebis miuxedavad _ mainc mravali saxis sikeTiT sar-geblobda. es amJamad, Cvens droSi, erTob Zneli gasagebi da Sesafasebelia.

ramdenime calkeuli qveSevrdomis Zliereba mefisaTvis gadaulaxavi zRudis magivro-bas wevda; es ki mas xels uSlida, tiranad qceuliyo. amasTanave, mefeebi grZnobdnen, rom brbos TvalSi isini RvTis swors warmoadgendnen; maTdami amgvar damokidebulebaSi mxar-daWeras xedavdnen da cdilobdnen, borotad ar gamoeyenebinaT Zalaufleba.

mefeebi sakmarisad Sors idgnen xalxisagan, magram mainc iCendnen misi bunebisadmi iseTsave keTilmosurneobasa da interess, rogoriTac mwyemsia ganwyobili Tavisi samwy-sos mimarT; isini Raribebs TavianT sworad ar miiCnevdnen, maT xvedrze zrunva ki Tavad gangebisagan maTze dakisrebul movaleobad miaCndaT.

xalxs Sesisxlxorcebuli hqonda Tavisi socialuri mdgomareoba; arc ki fiqrobda, Tu SeiZleboda odesme Tavisi batonis Tanaswori gamxdariyo. xalxi didebulTagan wya-lobas iRebda da maT uflebebs sadavos ar xdida. uyvarda keTilmowyale da samarTliani batonebi da udrtvinvelad, qvena grZnobebis gareSe morCilebda maT simkacres _ rogorc garduval borotebas, rasac maT Tavad RvTis neba ugzavnida. bolos da bolos, Cvevebma da adaT-wesebma garkveulwilad daudgines zRvari tiranias da Seqmnes erTgvari samarTa-li, romelic efuZneboda Zalas.

- 20 -

aleqsis de tokvili demokratia amerikaSi

didebuls azradac ar mosdioda, rom vinme moisurvebda misTvis waerTmia is privi-legiebi, romlebic mas kanonierad miaCnda; amasTan, raki ymac Tavis mdabio mdgomareobas uyurebda rogorc bunebriv, ucvlel Sedegs, SesaZlebelia, warmovidginoT, rom am or, esoden gansxvavebuli xvedris mqone klass Soris SeiZleba damyarebuliyo erTgvari ur-TierTkeTilmosurne ganwyoba. im dros sazogadoeba xedavda uTanasworobasa da gaWirve-bas, magram adamianTa sulebi degradirebuli ar iyo.

adamianebs xrwnis ara Tavad Zalauflebis gamoyeneba, an morCilebis Cveva, aramed im Zalauflebis gamoyeneba ukanonod rom miaCniaT da im xelisufalTadmi morCileba, ro-melTac isini uzurpatorebad da mCagvrelebad aRiqvamen.

erTTa xelSi iyo qoneba, Zala, Tavisufali dro, rac xels uwyobda maT ltolvas fufunebisaken, natifi gemovnebisaken, sulieri tkbobisaken da xelovnebis kultisaken; meoreTa xvedri ki iyo mZime Sroma, uxeSoba da uvicoba.

Tumca am ubir da uxeS brboSic iyvnen Zlieri vnebebiT, keTilSobiluri grZnobebiT, Rrma rwmenebiTa da bunebrivi siqveliT dajildoebuli adamianebi.

amgvarad mowyobili sazogadoebis socialuri korpusi unda yofiliyo mdgradi, Zlie-ri da didebisadmi gansakuTrebuli ltolvis mqone.

magram, ai, iwyeba rangobriv sxvaobaTa aRreva; adamianTa Soris aRmarTuli maRali zRudeebi dabldeba, erTiani adgil-mamuli nawildeba, Zalaufleba umravlesobis xelSi gadadis, vrceldeba ganaTleba, Tanabrdeba adamianTa inteleqtualuri SesaZlebloba-ni. socialuri mdgomareoba xdeba demokratiuli da, sabolood, es demokratia mSvidad amkvidrebs Tavis gavlenas politikur institutebsa da sazogadoebis zne-Cveulebebze.

me warmovidgen iseT sazogadoebas, romlis yvela wevrs, raki kanons rogorc sakuTar saqmes ise uyureben, uyvars is da udrtvinvelad emorCileba mas; sadac mmarTvelobis Zala sargeblobs pativiscemiT, ara rogorc RvTiuri gangeba, aramed rogorc miwieri au-cilebloba; sadac siyvaruli, romelsac adamianebi ganicdian saxelmwifos meTaurisadmi, aris ara vneba, aramed gonivruli da mSvidi grZnoba; roca TiToeuli adamiani aRWurvi-lia uflebebiT da darwmunebulia, rom am uflebebs ar waarTmeven. sazogadoebis yvela klass Soris SeiZleba damyardes erTgvari urTierTkeTilganwyoba da rainduli ndoba, rac iseve Sorsaa siamayis grZnobisagan, rogorc simdablisagan.

WeSmariti interesebis gacnobierebis Semdeg, xalxi TandaTan mixvdeboda, rom sazoga-doebis mier boZebuli sikeTeebiT sargeblobisaTvis saWiroa, masze dakisrebuli movale-obebis aRsruleba. moqalaqeTa Tavisufal erTobas SeeZleboda Seecvala keTilSobilTa individualuri Zliereba da daecva saxelmwifo tiraniisa da Tavgasulobis safrTxisagan.

me mesmis, rom amgvarad mowyobil demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoeba ar iqneba uZravi. socialuri korpusis moqmedebebic mowesrigebuli da progresuli iqneba; amgvar sazogadoebaSi didebis brwyinvaleba ufro naklebia, vidre aristokratiaSi, magram, sama-gierod, mas mainc ar Seawuxebs esoden ukiduresi gaWirveba; siamovnebiT tkboba gaxdeba ufro zomieri, keTildReoba _ bevrad zogadi. adamianTa codna moklebuli iqneba farTo masStabebs, samagierod uvicoba daixevs ukan; grZnobebi aRar iqneba vnebis energiiT aRsa-vse, magram qceva, survilebi zomieri da rbili Seiqneba; cxovrebas ufro meti xarvezebi eqneba, samagierod ufro naklebi danaSauli moxdeba.

uwindeli enTuziazmisa da rwmenaTa sicxovelis nacvlad, ganaTleba da gamocdileba myisve aRanTebs moqalaqeebs didi msxverplis gasaRebad; yoveli adamiani Tanabrad igr-Znobs sakuTar sisustes da moTxovnilebas, keTilad ganewyos Tavis msgavsTa mimarT; igi mixvdeba, rom maT mxardaWeras mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs, Tu Tavadac mzad iqneba maT dasaxmareblad. moqalaqeebi iolad Seigneben, rom maTi piradi interesebi umWidroesadaa dakavSirebuli sazogadoebis interesebTan.

am SemTxvevaSi mTlianad eri iqneba naklebad brwyinvale, naklebad saxelovani, magram moqalaqeTa umravlesoba ufro datkbeba bedis wyalobiT; mTeli xalxic bevrad meti sim-SvidiT Sexvdeba Tavis xvedrs, arasodes miecema sasowarkveTilebas, radgan gulis siRr-meSi gacnobierebuli eqneba rwmena imisa, rom kargad cxovrobs.

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wigni pirveli, Sesavali

movlenaTa amgvari mimarTebis dros yvelaferi kargi da sasargeblo ver iqneba, ma-gram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoeba mainc SeZlebs misgan SeiTvisos yovelive is, rac SesaZloa, iyos kargi da sasargeblo da adamianebi, romlebic samudamod ityvian uars aristokratiuli wyobis Tanamdev socialur upiratesobebze, demokratiidan aiReben yo-velive im sikeTes, romelTa SeTavazebac mas SeuZlia.

magram, rodesac davtoveT Cvens winaparTagan miRebuli socialuri mdgomareoba, ro-desac uwesrigod gadavyareT maTi politikuri institutebi da adaT-wesebi, ra miviReT Cven maT sanacvlod?

samefo xelisuflebis prestiJi ise gaqra, rom kanonTa uzenaesobas igi ar Seucvlia. Cvens droSi adamianebs sZulT Zalaufleba, magram eSiniaT misi, SiSs ki SeuZlia ufro meti gamostyuos mas, vidre odesRac es pativiscemasa da siyvaruls SeeZlo.

Cven davTrguneT calkeuli individis Zliereba, romelTagan TiToeuls damoukide-blad SeeZlo brZola tiraniis winaaRmdeg. vxedav, rom mmarTveloba aRmoCnda erTaderTi memkvidre yvela im prerogativisa ojaxebs, korporaciebs an kerZo pirebs rom CamoerT-vaT. zogjer damTrgunveli, magram xSirad moqalaqeTa mcire ricxvis damcveli SesaZle-blobebi yvelas uRonobam Secvala.

qonebis danawilebam, marTalia, Seamcira is manZili upovars mdidrisagan rom aSo-rebda, magram erTmaneTTan daaxloebisas maT sul ufro da ufro axali mizezebi ipoves urTierTsiZulvilisaTvis; Sehyureben ra erTmaneTs SiSiT, eWviTa da SuriT, erTimeores xels kraven, raTa erTmaneTi Camoacilon Zalauflebas. rogorc erTis, ise meorisaTvis, jer kidev ar arsebobs samarTlis idea da orives eCveneba, rom awmyoSi arsebobis erTa-derTi safuZveli da momavlis garanti Zalaa.

Raribma SeinarCuna Tavis winaparTagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli crurwmenebi; Seinar-Cuna maTi uvicoba, mxolod maTi siqveleebis gareSe; man Tavisi qmedebebi daumorCila piradi interesebis doqtrinas, Tanac ise, rom saTanadod arc icoda es moZRvreba. dRes misi egoizmi iseve moklebulia ganaTlebas, rogorc odesRac misi Tavdadeba da erTgu-leba batonisadmi.

sazogadoeba simSvides inarCunebs ara imitom, rom Tavis SesaZleblobebsa da keTil-dReobas acnobierebs, aramed imitom, rom Tavs sustad da uZlurad Tvlis; mas eSinia, ne-bismieri Zalisxmeva sicocxlis fasad ar daujdes. TiToeuli cal-calke grZnobs mTeli sazogadoebis arasaxarbielo mdgomareobas, magram aravis hyofnis vaJkacoba da energia, raTa misi gaumjobeseba scados. maTi survilebi, sinanuli, dardi da sixaruli arafer sagrZnobsa da mdgrads ar warmoqmnis, moxucTa gamofituli vnebebis msgavsad, rasac es dauZlurebuli adamianebi mxolod uZlurebamde mihyavs.

amrigad, Cven uari vTqviT yvela im sikeTeze, romelic SeiZleba moeca Zvel sazoga-doebriv wyobas, amasTan, ar SeviZineT araferi sasargeblo Cveni amJamindeli mdgomareo-bidan, amitomac Cven davangrieT aristokratiuli sazogadoeba da Tvinierad SevCerdiT Zveli Senobis nangrevebs Soris, TiTqos samudamod aq gvsurdes darCena.

is, rac sazogadoebis sulier samyaroSi xdeba, aranakleb savalaloa. safrangeTis demokratiam, romlis ganviTarebasac xan abrkolebdnen, xanac misi dauo-

kebeli vnebebis amara tovebdnen, daamxo yvelaferi, rasac ki gzad gadaawyda, da rac ver daangria, Searyia. igi sazogadoebas TandaTan ar eufleboda, raTa mSvidobianad daemyare-bina Tavisi Zalaufleba; piriqiT, SeuCerebliv win miiwevda uwesrigobasa da xocva-Jletis gniasSi. brZolis JiniT Sepyrobili, Tavis mowinaaRmdegeTa mosazrebebiTa da ukidureso-bebiT gaRizianebuli, mzad iyo, sakuTari rwmenis bunebrivi zRvrebic daengria. TiToeu-li adamiani kargavda Tavis ZiebaTa sagans, iyenebda im enas, romelic cudad gamoxatavda mis WeSmarit grZnobebsa da idumal instinqtebs, gulisTqmas. aqedan warmoiqmna is ucnau-ri aRreva, romlis iZulebiT mowmenica varT.

amaod veZeb Cems mexsierebaSi da verafers vpoulob iseTs, rac aRmiZravs ufro met tkivilsa da sibraluls, vidre is, Cvens Tvalwin rom xdeba; Cvens droSi TiTqos gawyvi-tes is bunebrivi jaWvi, romelic Sexedulebebs akavSirebs midrekilebebTan, qmedebebs _

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aleqsis de tokvili demokratia amerikaSi

rwmenasTan; is harmoniuli Sesabamisoba, romelic yvela droSi SeiniSneboda adamianTa grZnobebsa da ideebs Soris, ganadgurebulia, xolo zneobrivi analogiis yvela kanoni, SeiZleba iTqvas, gauqmebulia.

Cvens Soris jer kidev SexvdebiT Tavgamodebul qristianebs, romlebic TavianT morw-mune suls imqveyniuri cxovrebis WeSmaritebebiT asazrdoeben. qristianebi, romlebic aR-frTovanebiT emxrobian adamianis Tavisuflebas, rogorc yovelgvari zneobrivi sidiadis saTaves; qristianoba, romelmac RmerTis winaSe yvela adamianis Tanasworoba gamoacxada, ar SeewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom kanonis winaSec yvela moqalaqe Tanaswori iyos. magram mo-vlenaTa ucnauri dinebis gamo, religia myisve aRmoCnda kavSirSi im ZalebTan, romelsac ebrZvis da amxobs demokratia; amitom mas xSirad uwevs Tavisi sayvareli Tanasworobis ua-ryofa da Tavisuflebis gmoba, rogorc metoqisa, maSin rodesac xeli rom Caevlo misTvis [TavisuflebisaTvis], SeeZlo, am ukanasknelis ZalisxmevaTa kurTxeva.

morwmune adamianTa gverdiT isinic arian, romelTa Sexedulebebic ufro miwieria da ara zeciuri; Tavisuflebis momxreni, am ukanasknelSi xedaven ra yvelaze ufro ke-TilSobilur siqveleTa saTaves da utyuar saSualebas sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis misaRwevad, gulwrfelad cdiloben, daexmaron mas Zalauflebis damkvidrebaSi, raTa ada-mianebma igemon misi madli. mimaCnia, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolT daxmarebisaTvis saswrafod unda mimarTon religias, radgan Tavisuflebis batonoba ar miiRweva zneobis gareSe, iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia zneTa damkvidreba rwmenis gareSe. maT es kargad unda hqondeT Segnebuli. magram moxda ise, rom maT rogorc ki SeniSnes TavianT mowinaaRmde-geTa rigebSi morwmuneni, es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom zogs religiaze mietana ieriSi, zogs ki misi dacva ver gaebeda.

gasul saukuneebSi mdabali sulis adamianebi monobas qeba-didebas asxamdnen, Tavisu-flebismoyvareni da keTilSobilni ki uimedod, magram mainc ibrZodnen adamianis Tavisu-flebis gadasarCenad. Tumca Cvens droSi xSirad xdeba, rom bunebiT keTilSobili da amayi adamianebi mxars uWeren maTive sakuTari bunebis pirdapir sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs, xotbas asxamen im monur qedmoxras da sulier simdables, rac ucxoa maTi pirovnuli xa-siaTisaTvis. zogni ki, piriqiT, ise laparakoben Tavisuflebaze, gegonebaT, piradad egrZ-noT misi siwminde-sidiade da baqibuqiT iTxoven adamianis im uflebaTa dacvas, romelTac Tavad arasodes cnobdnen.

me vici, rom arseboben qveli da gawonasworebuli adamianebi, romelTac TavianTi zne-obrivi siwminde da mSvidi Cvevebi, pirdapiroba da ganaTleba bunebrivad xdis mosaxle-obis Tavkacebad im mxareSi, sadac isini mkvidroben. samSoblosadmi wrfeli siyvaruliT aRsavseni, mzad arian misi gulisaTvis didi msxverpli gaiRon; miuxedavad amisa, xSirad xdeba isec, rom civilizacias isini mowinaaRmdegeebad evlinebian, raki isini civiliza-ciis naklovanebebs mis RirsebebSi ureven da borotebis ideas ganuwyvetliv ukavSireben siaxlis ideas.

amaT gverdiT vxedav maTac, vinc progresis saxeliT cdiloben, adamianebi aqcion ma-terialistebad, sargebels daxarbebul adamianebad, romelTac Tavis Sewuxeba ar undaT samarTlianobaze, religiur rwmenaze damyarebul mecnierebis ganviTarebaze da siqve-leze dafuZnebul keTildReobaze zrunviT. es adamianebi _ TavianT Tavs Tanamedrove civilizaciisaTvis mebrZolebs rom uwodeben _ xSirad sazogadoebis Tavkacebic xdebian, TandaTan epatronebian ganTavisuflebul Tanamdebobebs, romelTa Rirsnic ar arian.

ra xdeba Cvens Tavs?!morwmuneni Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg gamodian, Tavisuflebis qomagni ki religias

uteven; daumorCilebeli da sulgrZeli adamianebi monobas adideben, mdabioni da monu-rad mliqvnelni damoukideblobas aqeben; patiosani da ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebi yovel-gvari progresis mtrad qceulan, xolo yovelgvar zneobasa da patriotizmis grZnobas moklebulni, Tavs civilizaciisa da ganmanaTlebelTa mociqulebad acxadeben!

xom ar xdeboda Cveni drois msgavsi ram sxva saukuneebSic? adamians _ ise, rogorc es amJamadaa _ nuTu yovelTvis Tvalwin edga msoflio, moklebuli ganviTarebis yovelgvar

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wigni pirveli, Sesavali

logikur Tanmimdevrobas?! msoflio, sadac siqveles niWi ar axlda, niWs ki Rirseba ar gaaCnda, sadac wesrigisadmi pativiscema aRreuli iyo tiranul midrekilebebTan, xolo Tavisuflebis, rogorc wminda kultis, aRiareba _ kanonebisadmi siZulvilTan; sadac sin-disi mxolod mkrTal naTels hfenda adamianTa qmedebebs; sadac aRar Canda, ra iyo akrZa-luli, an daSvebuli, misabaZi an samarcxvino, WeSmariti an mcdari.

iqneb Semoqmedma adamiani imisaTvis Seqmna, raTa mas dausruleblad ebrZola im su-lieri siRatakis winaaRmdeg Cven rom gars gvartyia? ar SemiZlia amis dajereba... RmerTi evropul sazogadoebebs ganumzadebs ufro myar da mSvid momavals. me, ra Tqma unda, Rr-mad ver vwvdebi RvTiur zraxvebs, magram amis gamo Cems rwmenas ver Cavaqrob, vamjobineb, umal sakuTari gonebrivi wvdomis unarSi daveWvde, vidre uzenaesis samarTlianobaSi.

msoflioSi aris erTi qveyana, sadac im didma socialurma revoluciam, romlis Se-saxebac me vlaparakob, etyoba, TiTqmis miaRwia Tavisi ganviTarebis bunebriv sazRvrebs. iq xsenebuli revolucia Zalze martivi da ioli formiT moxda da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes es qveyana demokratiuli revoluciis Sedegebs imkis; CvenSi mimdinare demokratiul revolucias ki Tavad socialuri revolucia ar ganucdia.

XVII saukunis dasawyisSi amerikaSi dafuZnebulma emigrantebma rogorRac SeZles demo-kratiis principis gancalkeveba yvela im problemisagan, romelTa winaaRmdegac isini ibr-Zodnen evropis Zvel sazogadoebaTa wiaRSi, da mxolod igi gadanerges axlad aRmoCenil samyaroSi. iq demokratiis principebi Tavisuflebis wiaRSi ganviTarda da adaT-wesebTan TanxmobiT umtkivneulod ganxorcielda kanonebSi. meCveneba, rom Cvenc, amerikelTa ms-gavsad, adre Tu gvian mivaRwevT adamianTa mdgomareobis TiTqmis srul Tanasworobas. zemoTqmulis safuZvelze sruliadac ar vaskvni, rom erT mSvenier dRes Cvenc iZulebu-li viqnebiT, uciloblad vaRiaroT yvela is politikuri daskvna, romelic amerikelebma gamoitanes amgvari socialuri mdgomareobidan. Zalze Sorsa var im azrisagan, rom maT aRmoaCines mmarTvelobis is erTaderTi forma, romelic SeiZleba mxolod demokratiam Svas; magram sakmarisia SevignoT, rom or qveyanaSi kanonebi da adaT-wesebi ganisazRvreba erTi da imave pirvelmizeziT, rom Cven ukve udidesi interesi gamoviCinoT imis mimarT, Tu saxeldobr ras warmoqmnis es pirvelmizezi TiToeul am qveyanaSi.

amrigad, me amerika Seviswavle ara mxolod imisaTvis, rom Cemi sruliad misaRebi cnobismoyvareoba damekmayofilebina, aramed msurda, aqedan is sasargeblo gakveTile-bic mimeRo, Cven rom gamogvadgeboda. Zalze cdebodnen, Tu imas fiqrobdnen, rom Cemi survili amerikis madidebeli panegerikis Seqmna iyo; nebismieri, vinc am wigns waikiTxavs, darwmundeba, rom araferi amis msgavsi azradac ar mqonia. Cemi mizani aseve ar yofila amerikis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis gandideba, radgan me imaT ricxvs mivekuTvne-bi, vinc Tvlis, rom kanonebi TiTqmis arasodes ar aris absoluturi sikeTis Semcveli. arc imis nebas mivcem Tavs, sakuTari mosazrebebi SevTavazo mkiTxvels imis Taobaze, socialuri revolucia _ romelic garduvalad mesaxeba _ damRupvelia Tu xelsayreli kacobriobisaTvis; me Sevexe aRniSnul revolucias, rogorc ukve momxdar, an mosaxdenad gamzadebul faqts da yvela im xalxis istoriidan, romelmac mis mier gamowveuli ryevebi ganicada, avirCie is, visTanac misi mimdinareoba iyo yvelaze mSvidobiani da sadac misma ganviTarebam miaRwia srulyofil formas. me msurda, yuradRebiT ganmexila aRniSnuli revoluciis bunebrivi Sedegebi da, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, momeZia is saSualebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac misgan adamianebisaTvis sasargeblos gamovitandi. vaRiareb, rom amerikaSi me vxedavdi ara mxolod amerikas, aramed masSi veZebdi Tavad demokratiis xats, mis Tvisebebs, xasiaTs, demokratias naziarebi xalxis rwmenas da vnebebs. msurda, Cavwvdo-modi mis siRrmes, raTa gamego, Tu ra sasikeTos SeiZleba velodoT misgan, an risi SiSi unda gvqondes.

amitom winamdebare Txzulebis pirvel nawilSi Sevecade, meCvenebina is mimarTuleba, romelsac amerikis demokratia _ amJamad miSvebuli sakuTari vnebebisa da instinqtebis anabara _ bunebrivad aZlevda kanonebs, procesi, romelsac igi iwvevda saxelmwifo mmar-TvelobaSi. aseve mindoda, zogadad meCvenebina is Zalaufleba, romelsac iZenda qveynis

politikur marTvaSi, ra iyo misi Tanamdevi sikeTe da boroteba. yuradRebiT Seviswavle demokratiis warmarTvisaTvis sifrTxilis ra zomebs mimarTavdnen amerikelebi da ras ugulebelyofdnen; amasTan, ra pirobebi uwyobs xels demokratias, marTos sazogadoeba.

Txzulebis meore nawilSi Cemi mizani iyo, meCvenebina is gavlena, romelsac axdens adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworoba da demokratiis batonoba amerikis samoqalaqo sa-zogadoebaze, Cvevebze, ideebsa da adaT-wesebze. magram vgrZnob, rogor mineldeba is cxoveli interesi, riTac ganvizraxe am gegmis ganxorcieleba. vidre SevZleb sabolood Sevasrulo Cem mier dasaxuli amocana, Cemi samuSao TiTqmis usargeblo aRmoCndeba Tun-dac imitom, rom erTi avtori male warudgens mkiTxvels amerikuli xasiaTis ZiriTad Strixebs da mTeli seriozulobis msubuqi pirbadiT sinamdvilis dafarvis Sedegad iseT xibls mianiWebs WeSmaritebas, romlis miRwevasac me verasodes SevZlebdi1.

ar vici, gasagebad gadmoveci Tu ara is, rac amerikaSi vnaxe, magram gulwrfelad ki msurda amis gakeTeba. me Segnebulad arasodes vusadagebdi faqtebs ideebs, piriqiT, vc-dilobdi, Tavad ideebi dameqvemdebarebina faqtebisaTvis.

rodesac raime debulebis dokumenturi dadastureba mWirdeboda, vcdilobdi, origi-nalisaTvis mimemarTa, gamomeyenebina yvelaze sarwmuno da avtoritetuli Sromebi2. Seni-SvnebSi yvela es wyaro miTiTebulia, maTi Semowmeba ki yvelas SeuZlia. roca sakiTxi exe-boda azrebs, Sexedulebebs, politikur tradiciebsa da adaT-wesebs, vcdilobdi, konsul-taciisaTvis mimemarTa yvelaze ufro mcodne, saqmeSi Caxeduli adamianebisaTvis, sadavo da mniSvnelovani movlenis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi ki erTi mowmis Cvenebebs ar vjerdebodi, gadawyvetilebas mxolod mravali adamianis monacemebis safuZvelze viRebdi.

aq aucileblad unda mendos mkiTxveli. sakuTari mosazrebis mxardasaWerad, xSirad SemeZlo cnobili, Rirseuli avtoritetebi damesaxelebina, magram amisagan Segnebulad vikavebdi Tavs. sastumroSi gaCerebuli ucxoeli, arcTu iSviaTad, saxlis mepatronisagan igebs iseT mniSvnelovan ambebs, romelTac, SesaZloa, adamiani Tavis megobarsac ki ar ga-andobs. maspinZels stumarTan SeuZlia suli ganitvirTos, uari Tqvas iZulebiT siCumeze da Tamamad isaubros, radgan misi Tanameinaxe xanmokle drois stumaria. yovel amgvar gu-laxdil aRiarebasa Tu saubars, maSinve viwerdi, magram isini samudamod Cems saqaRaldeSi darCeba; mirCevnia, Cems monaTxrobs warmateba daakldes, vidre movxvde im mogzaurTa sia-Si, romlebic, guluxvi stumarTmoyvareobisaTvis, TavianT maspinZlebs usiamovnebebiTa da uxerxul mdgomareobaSi CagdebiT uxdidnen.

vici, Cemi mcdelobis miuxedavad, winamdebare wignis kritika erTob ioli iqneba, Tu vinme odesme amas moisurvebs.

isini, vinc yuradRebiT moekidebian naSroms, vfiqrob, masSi dainaxaven erT dedaazrs, romelic erTmaneTTan kravs _ Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT _ yvela mis nawils. magram wignSi ganxiluli Temebi imdenad mravalferovani da mravalricxovania, rom is, vinc ganizraxavs calkeul faqtsa da Cem mier motanil yvela faqts Soris raime winaaRmdegobis SemCnevas, amis misaRwevad didi jafa ar dasWirdeba. amitom, gTxovT, wyalobas da Cemi wigni imave

1 im dros, rodesac winamdebare naSromis pirveli gamocema gamovaqveyne, b-ni gustav de bomoni,* amerikaSi mogzauro-bisas Cemi Tanamgzavri, jer kidev muSaobda Tavis wignze saTauriT _ Marie ou l’Escalavage aux Etat-Unis. mogvianebiT, igi gamoaqveyna kidec. b-ni bomoni mTavar amocanad isaxavda wina planze wamoewia SavkanianTa mdgomareoba anglo-amerikuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi. misma naSromma axleburi da mZafri axsna mouZebna monobis sakiTxs _ gaerTianebuli respublikebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone am problemas. SesaZloa, vcdebi, magram, Cemi azriT, b-n de bomonis wignma, mas Semdeg, rac man gamoiwvia cxoveli interesi mkiTxvelTa Soris, vinc masSi Zlier emociebs da TvalsaCinoebas eZebda, ufro soliduri da myari warmateba unda moipovos im mkiTxvelSic, visac, pirvel rigSi, surs nebismier gamokvlevaSi dainaxos Rrma WeSmariteba.

2 mudam madlierebiT gavixseneb im Tavazianobas, romelmac saSualeba momca, gavcnobodi qveynis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis dokumentebs. amerikel saxelmwifo moRvaweTagan gansakuTrebiT minda madloba gadavuxado b-n edvard livingstons, imxanad saxelmwifo mdivans (amJamad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sruluflebian elCs safrangeTSi). amerikis kongresSi yofnisas, man siamovnebiT gadmomca dokumentebis udidesi nawili, romelSic asaxuli iyo federaluri mTavrobis saqmianoba. b-ni livingstoni erT-erTi im iSviaT adamianTagania, romelTa nawerebis kiTxvi-sas maTdami siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT manamde ganewyobian xolme, vidre piradad gaicnoben, da maTdami madlierebis grZnoba bednierebas aniWebT.

aleqsis de tokvili demokratia amerikaSi

- 24 -

ganwyobiTa da suliskveTebiT waikiTxeT, rogoriTac me vwerdi mas; naSromi ki gansajon im zogadi STabeWdilebebis mixedviT, romelsac is tovebs; me Tavadac wignis daweris pro-cesSi veyrdnobodi ara ama Tu im calkeul mosazrebas, aramed mosazrebaTa erTobliobas.

arc imis daviwyeba iqneba, rom avtorma, romelsac surs gaugon, TiToeuli Tavisi ideidan, msjelobidan unda gamokveTos Teoriuli Sedegi, Tundac xSirad mcdari da ga-nuxorcielebeli. Tu zogjer praqtikulad aucilebelia uaris Tqma logikis kanonebze, Txrobis dros es SeuZlebelia, radgan mkiTxveli aseT dros awydeba imden sirTules sityvaTa araTanmimdevrobaSi, ramdensac xvdeba Tavis qmedebebSi Tanmimdevrulobis Sem-TxvevaSi.

dasasrul, me Tavidanve minda mivuTiTo is, rasac mkiTxvelTa didi nawili naSro-mis mTavar xarvezad CamiTvlis. winamdebare wigni konkretul mkiTxvels, an mkiTxvelTa jgufs rodi gulisxmobs; muSaobis procesSi Cemi ganzraxva arc romelime partiis sam-saxuri yofila, da arc mis winaaRmdeg brZola; me ganvizraxe sinamdvile damenaxa ara sxvagvarad, aramed ufro Sors, vidre amas partiebi xedaven; maT xom mxolod xvalindeli dRe ainteresebT, me ki momavalze zrunva movisurve.

wigni pirveli, Sesavali

- 25 -

nawili pirveli

- 28 -

Tavi I

CrdiloeT amerikis gare moxazuloba

CrdiloeT amerika gayofilia or vrcel regionad: erTi polusisaken miemarTeba, meore ki ekvatorisaken eSveba. _ mdinare misisipis xeoba. aq dedamiwis cvalebadobis suraTi SeiniSneba. _ atlantikis okeanis sanapiro, romlis ayolebazec Seiqmna inglisuri axalSenebi. _ TvalnaTlivi sxvaoba, romelic axasiaTebda samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikas aRmoCenis droidan. _ CrdiloeT amerikis tyeebi. _ preriebi. _ adgilobrivi momTabare mkvidri tomebi. _ maTi garegnoba, adaT­wesebi, enebi. _ ucnobi xalxis nakvalevi.

CrdiloeT amerikis gare moxazulobis zogadi niSnebi imTaviTve TvalSi gvxvdeba. miwisa Tu wylis, mTaTa Tu xeobaTa ganlagebaSi gamosWvivis raRac erTgvari meTodu-

ri wesrigi. TviT saganTa uwesrigobasa da peizaJTa usazRvro mravalferovnebaSi raRac bunebrivi da diadi kanonzomiereba SeiniSneba.

CrdiloeT amerika TiTqmis Tanabrad iyofa or vrcel regionad. erTs, CrdiloeTiT mdebares, arqtikuli polusi esazRvreba, aRmosavleTiTa da dasav-

leTiT ki ori didi okeane ekvris. samxreTisaken kontinentis es nawili iSleba da qmnis samkuTxeds, misi dakbiluli gverdebi kanadis didi tbebis qvemoT* uerTdebian erTmaneTs.

ai, swored aq mTavrdeba pirveli regioni da iwyeba meore, romelsac CrdiloeT ameri-kis kontinentis mTeli danarCeni nawili ukavia.

erTi regioni aRmarTulia polusisaken, meore eSveba ekvatorisaken. pirveli regioni odnav damrecadaa gadaSlili CrdiloeTisaken da zeganis STabeWdilebas

qmnis. am veeba miwis Tvalsawierze verc maRal mTebs da verc Rrma xeobebs ver SexvdebiT. aq wylebi alalbedze miiklaknebian; patara mdinareebi erTmaneTSi ixlarTebian da

erTmaneTs uerTdebian, Semdeg Waobad damdgar aTasobiT guburaSi ikargebian da qmnian WanWrobis labirinTebs, romelTa wiaRSi yovel wams Tavadve gza ebnevaT, gauTaveblad moZraoben wriulad, Semdeg kvlav ikargebian da Cndebian, da ase grZeldeba maTi dine-ba, vidre polarul zRvebSi ar Caikargebian. xsenebuli regionis dasasruli samxreTiT miuyveba did tbebs, romlebic, Zveli samyaros tbaTagan gansxvavebiT, borcvebiT an kl-deebiT rodia SemosazRvruli; maTi sanapiroebi sworia da mxolod ramdenime futiT aRe-mateba wylis dones. formiT TiToeuli maTgani hgavs pirTamde wyliT savse uzarmazar fialas, romelic dedamiwis struqturaSi momxdar umcires cvlilebebsac ki SeeZlo po-lusisaken an tropikuli zRvisaken gadaepirqvavebina.

meore regionis landSafti ufro daRarulia, daserilia da ukeT esadageba adamianis mudmiv sacxovreblad vargis adgils; regions mTel sigrZeze kveTs mTis ori qedi: erTi, aleganis mTaTa qedis saxeliT cnobili, miuyveba atlantikis okeanis sanapiroebs; meore samxreTis zRvis paraleluradaa gadaWimuli.

mTaTa am or qeds Soris moqceuli sivrce 228.843 kvadratul lies Seadgens.3 ase rom, misi farTobi, daaxloebiT eqvsjer aRemateba safrangeTisas.4

es vrceli teritoria qmnis mxolod erT xeobas, romelic Tavisuflad aris gadaWimu-li aleganis mTebis mrgvalTxemiani mwvervalebidan salkldovan Wiuxebamde.

am xeobis siRrmeSi miuyveba erTi uzarmazari mdinare, romliskenac mieSureba am mTe-bidan Camonadeni wylebi.

odesRac, dakarguli samSoblos saxsovrad, frangebma am mdinares wminda luis saxeli uwodes, xolo indielebma, TavianT maRalfardovan enaze, mas wyalTa mama, anu misisipi uwodes.

3 1. 341. 649 mili. ix. Darby’s* View of the United States, p. 499. me gadaviyvane mili lied; TiToeul lieSi aris 2. 000 tuazi [tuazi _ Zveleburi franguli sigrZis sazomi erTeuli]; erTi lie _ daax. 4, 5 km (mTargm. Sen.).

4 safrangeTis teritoria Seadgens 35. 181 kvadratul lies.

wigni pirveli, nawili pirveli, Tavi I

- 29 -

mdinare misisipi saTaves iRebs ori uzarmazari regionis mijnaze, kerZod _ im zeganis erT-erT mwvervalze, romelic am regionebs erTmaneTisagan yofs.

misisipis maxloblad saTaves iRebs erTi mdinarec5 _ red-riveri, romelic Semdeg polarul zRvebSi Caedineba. Tavad misisipis dineba adamians afiqrebinebs, TiTqos yoy-manobs, irCevs Tu saiT gaagrZelos gza _ miedineba, Semdeg mravalgzis brundeba ukan, kvlav miaqanebs talRebs da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mdored gaiweleba tbebsa da Waobebs Soris, TiTqos sabolood iRebs gadawyvetilebas, saiT wavides da nela, dinjad gauyveba gzas samxreTisaken.

Tavad bunebis mier gaWril Tixnar kalapotSi miedineba xan mSvidad molivlive, xanac qariSxliT azvirTebuli misisipi, romelic mimdebare miwebidan aTas lieze met savarguls rwyavs6.

SesarTavidan eqvsas lieze7 misisipis siRrme, saSualod, 15 futia da 300 toniani wyalwvis xomaldebi Tavisuflad dacuraven CasarTavidan daaxloebiT orasamde lies ze-viT.

ormocdaCvidmeti didi sanaosno mdinaris wyali Caedineba misisipSi. mis Senakad mdi-nareTagan erTis sigrZe 1300 liea8, meoris 300 lie9, mesamis 600 lie10, meoTxis 500 lie11, xolo oTxi Senakadi 200 lie sigrZisaa12; aRarafers vambob uamrav patara nakadulze, yo-veli mxridan misken rom mieSureba da mis wiaRSi ikargeba.

gegonebaT, es xeoba mxolod misisipisaTvis Seqmna gangebam. aq igi zeciuri mbrZanebe-liviT Tavisi survilisamebr did sikeTes gascems, magram arc dasjas aklebs iqaurobas. mdinaris mimdebare teritoriis buneba amouwuravi siuxviT gamoirCeva, magram rac ufro Sordebi mis napirebs, aSkarad Cans, rom mcenareuli samyaros mkvebavi Zalebi iSriteba, mi-webi ifiteba, yvelaferi Wkneba da nadgurdeba. dedamiwis mier gancdil did kataklizmebs esoden aSkara nakvalevi amqveynad arsad ise mkveTrad ar dautovebia, rogorc misisipis xeobaSi. am mxaris mTeli iersaxe mowmobs imas, Tu ra ZaluZs wylis stiqias, rom bunebis unayofobac da baraqac wyalzea damokidebuli. pirvelyofili okeanis talRebma xeobis wiaRSi jer savegetacio miwebis sqeli Sreebi daaxvaves da Semdeg xangrZlivi dro Sealies maT gadasworebas. amitom aris, rom mdinaris marjvena sanapiroze Tvaluwvdeneli velebia gadaWimuli; erT mTlian did mindvrad aris Sekruli maTi zedapiri, romelic ise Tanaba-ria, TiTqos miwaTmoqmedma Tavisi guTniT moasworao. samagierod, rac metad uaxlovdebiT mTebs, miwa sul ufro uswormasworo da unayofo xdeba; TiTqos niadagi aTasgan gaubur-RavT da pirvelyofili kldeebi xan aq, xan iq ise ikveTebian, TiTqos ConCxis ZvlebiRa darCenila raRac arsebisa, romlis kunTebica da xorcic drom STanTqa. miwis zedapiri granitis qviSiTa da uswormasworo qvebiTaa dafaruli; qvaTa Soris ki aqa-iq miwidan Zlivs amowverila raRac ucnobi mcenareebi. am mindvris Semxedvare ityodiT: odesRac nayofieri veli, romelic veeba Senobis nangrevebs daufaravs. am qvebsa da qviSas Tu yuradRebiT da-akvirdebiT, iolad SeamCnevT, rom igi kldovani mTebis unayofo da naSali mwvervalebidan aris Camorecxili da Camotanili, wyalTa dinebam kldeTa namusrevic Camoiyola da gzad sanapiro ferdobebze mimofanta. naSalma qanebma _ erTmaneTTan SejaxebiT daqucmacebulma da qviSad qceulma _ mTisZirebi mTebisave Txemebis namsxvrevebiT mofina. [A]

misisipis xeoba _ yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT _ yvelaze Rirseuli qmnilebaa, romelic

5 wiTeli mdinare.

6 2.500 mili anu 1032 lie; ix. Description des Etats Unis, par Warden,* vol. I, p. 166.

7 1364 mili anu 563 lie; ix. iqve, t. I, gv. 169.

8 mdinare misuri, 1278 lie sigrZis; ix. iqve, t. I, gv. 132.

9 mdinare arkazani, 877 lie sigrZis; ix. iqve, t. I, gv. 188.

10 wiTeli mdinare ix. iqve, t. I, gv. 190.

11 ohaio, 490 lie ix. iqve, t. I, gv. 192.

12 ilinoisi, sen-pieri, sen-fransua, muaniona.

- 30 -

aleqsis de tokvili demokratia amerikaSi

ki odesme RmerTs Seuqmnia adamianis sacxovrisad, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am xeobaSi erTi Tvaluwvdeneli udabnoc gvxvdeba.

aleganis mTebis aRmosavleT ferdobsa da atlantikis okeanes Soris xsenebul mTa-Ta Zirs miuyveba kldovani qviSis grZeli sartyeli, romelic, gegonebaT, zRvas darCao, roca am mxares tovebda. saSualod, am teritoriis sigane 48 lies ar aRemateba,13 sigrZe ki 300 lies Seadgens14 amerikis kontinentis am nawilSi niadagi Znelad dasamuSavebelia, mcenareuloba mwiri da erTferovania.

Tavdapirvelad swored es arastumarTmoyvare sanapiro iqca adamianTa Zalisxmevis koncentraciis adgilad. am unayofo miwis sartyelze dafuZnda da aRorZinda inglisuri axalSenebi, romlebic, erT mSvenier dRes, amerikis SeerTebul Statebad unda Camoyali-bebuliyo. amJamadac, swored es adgilia CrdiloeT amerikis Zlierebis kera; dResdRe-obiTac, sadRac mis ganapira mxareebSi TiTqmis SeumCnevlad mkvidrddeba WeSmariti da mniSvnelovani Zala im adamianebisa, romelTac udavod ekuTvniT kontinentis momavali.

rodesac evropelebi antiliis kunZulebs, mogvianebiT ki samxreT amerikis napirebs miadgnen, maT moeCvenaT, rom moxvdnen im zRaprul samyaroSi, romelsac poetebi odiT-ganve xotbas asxamdnen. zRva tropikuli ferebis brwyinvalebiT elvarebda; wylis saoca-ri gamWvirvalobis wyalobiT, mezRvaurTa mzera pirvelad Caswvda zRvis fskers,15 aqa-iq moCanda patara kunZulebi, romlebic okeanis mSvid zedapirze keTilsurnelovani yvavi-lebis kalaTebiviT livlivebdnen. am samoTxisdar adgilebSi yvelaferi, rac ki Tvalwin iSleboda, TiTqos adamianis moTxovnilebebisa da misi siamovnebisaTvis iyo Seqmnili. xeTa umravlesoba sakvebad vargisi xiliT iyo daxunZluli, xolo rasac uSualo sargeblis motana ar SeeZlo, isini adamianTa mzeras ferTa sikaSkaSiTa da mravalferovnebiT xi-blavdnen. surnelovani limoniT, veluri leRviT, mrgvalfoTola mirtebiT, akaciiTa da oleandriT savse tyeSi ayvavebuli lianebiT rom iyo yvelaferi erTmaneTSi gadaxlar-Tuli, uamravi, evropisaTvis ucxo Citi mewamuli da laJvardisferi bumbulis frTebiT, elvarebda da Tavisi damatkbobeli galobiT daudgromelsa da sicocxliT savse bunebis harmonias erTvoda. [B]

am mdidruli saburvelis qveS dafaruli iyo sikvdili, Tumca maSin amas veravin am-Cnevda; irgvliv haeric ki raRac gamabruebeli surneliT iyo gajerebuli, rac adamians mxolod awmyoTi tkbobas aiZulebda da momavlis mimarT uzrunvels xdida.

CrdiloeT amerika sul sxvagvari iyo: aq yvelaferi mniSvnelovani, seriozuli, amaR-lebuli Canda; ityodiT, rom gangebas igi Seuqmnia gonebis sameufeod, xolo samxreT ame-rika _ grZnobebis sauflod.

CrdiloeT amerikis sanapiroebs boboqari da nisliani okeane ekvroda; granitis kl-deebi an qviSis diunebi sartyeliviT ertymoda; tyeebi, romlebic mis sanapiroebs fa-ravdnen, pirquSad gamoiyurebodnen da uxvad SefoTlilni melanqolias aRZravdnen. aq xarobda mxolod naZvi, larqisi, mwvane muxa, veluri zeTisxili da dafna.

xeTa am pirvel sartyels rogorc ki gaaRwevdiT, centraluri tyis CrdilSi moxvde-bodiT. iq erTmaneTSi ireoda yvelaze didi xeebi, rac ki dedamiwis orive naxevarsferoze xarobs _ Wadari, katalpa, nekerCxali, virjiniis alvis xe, romlebic totebiT gadaxlar-Todnen muxis, wifelisa da cacxvis rtoebs.

aqac, rogorc adamianebis batonobas daqvemdebarebul tyeebSi, sikvdili daTareSob-da, magram aravin fiqrobda mis mier miyenebuli dartymebis nakvalevisagan tyis gawmendas. amitomac gamxmar xeTa da mcenareTa narCenebi erTimeoreze xvavdeboda; Zalze didi dro iyo saWiro, raTa mcenares es saukuno danaleqi gamoerRvia da axali amonayarisaTvis gza

13 100 mili.

14 daaxloebiT 900 mili.

15 malt-briuonis* Tanaxmad [t. III, gv. 726], karibis zRvis wyali imdenad gamWvirvalea, rom masSi 60 saJenis siRrmezec ki SegiZliaT erTmaneTisagan gaarCioT marjani da Tevzi. Soridan ise Cans, TiTqos gemi orTqlSi gadiso da raRac Tavbru-damxvevis magvari ram ipyrobs mogzaurs, rodesac kristalurad gamWvirvale wyalSi igi xedavs wyalqveSa baRebs, sadac zRvis wyalmcenareTa kululebsa da WalebSi oqros Tevzebi elvareben da niJarebi bzinaven.

- 31 -

wigni pirveli, nawili pirveli, Tavi I

gaeTavisuflebina. es Zneli iyo, magram am narCenTa wiaRSi axali sicocxlis warmoqmna erTi wuTiTac ar wydeboda. xviara mcenareebi da uamravi saxis balaxi mainc Zlevdnen dabrkolebas da aRwevdnen mzis sinaTles; miwaze modebulni, waqceul xeTa futuro gul-Sic aRwevdnen, aqucmacebdnen mis gamxmar qerqs da gzas usufTavebdnen TavianT lorTqo amonayars. ase exmareboda sikvdili sicocxlis damkvidrebas. aq sikvdil-sicocxle erT-maneTs SeerTeboda, gegonebodaT, orives TavianT qmedebaTa erTmaneTSi aRreva surda.

am tyeebSi wyvdiadi sufevda; aTasobiT nakadulis wyalobiT, romelTa Wavlsac ada-mianis xeli jer ar Sexeboda, aq mudmivi sinotive Cagubebuliyo. iSviaTad Tu Semogxvde-bodaT yvavili, veluri xili, Citebis gundi.

bunebis siCumes mxolod dafuturoebuli xis dacemis zaTqi, CanCqeris xma, kameCTa Rmuili da qaris zuzuni arRvevda.

didi mdinaris aRmosavleTiT tyeebi TandaTanobiT meCxerdeboda da adgils Tva-luwvdenel mdeloebs _ preriebs uTmobda. aq, am noyier velebze, Tavad madlianma bunebam aRar isurva Tavisi uxvi kalTa daebertya da xeTa Tesli mimoefanta, an iqneb am adgi-lebsac umal usieri tye faravda odesRac adamianis xelma rom gakafa? dRevandlamde am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema verc gadmocemebma SeZlo da verc mecnierulma Ziebebma.

am uzarmazar, gaukacrielebul udabnoebs adamianis arsebobis nakvalevi mainc amCnevia. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv tyeTa Crdilsa Tu mdeloTa saZovrebze ramdenime ve-luri tomi momTabareobda. isini md. wminda lavrentis SesarTavidan md. misisipis deltamde da atlantikis okeanedan samxreTis zRvamde daexetebodnen; isini erTmaneTs hgavdnen, erTi saerTo Ziridan modiodnen, samagierod, dedamiwaze arsebul adamianTa yvela cnobili rasi-sagan gansxvavdebodnen.16 isini arc evropelebiviT TeTrebi iyvnen, arc yviTlebi _ azielTa umravlesobis msgavsad, arc zangebiviT Savebi. maT hqondaT mowiTalo feris kani, grZeli, Savi, mbzinavi Tma, Txeli tuCebi da RawvmaRali loyebi. amerikel velur tomTa sametyvelo enebs erTi da igive gramatikuli wesebi hqonda, magram erTmaneTisagan sityvebiT sxvaobd-nen. aRniSnuli enobrivi kanonebi Zireulad gansxvavdeboda aqamde cnobili im wesebisagan, romelTac ganapirobes adamianuri metyvelebis formireba.

amerikis mkvidrTa idiomatikas* etyoboda, rom igi SemuSavebuli iyo axali kombina-ciebis gamoyenebiT; es ki miuTiTebda mis SemqmnelTa maRal inteleqtze, riTac Taname-drove indielebi ar gamoirCevian. [C]

xsenebul xalxTa socialuri mdgomareoba bevrad gansxvavdeba Zveli samyaros xalxe-bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofisagan: SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini Tavisuflad gamravldnen udabnoTa wiaRSi, ufro civilizebul rasebTan kontaqtis gareSe. maTTan saerTod ver SexvdebodiT sikeTisa da borotebis orazrovan da ganusazRvrel cnebebs; maTTvis ucxo iyo odesRac civilizebuli, Semdeg ki barbarosebad qceuli xalxebisaTvis damaxasia-Tebeli gamyidveloba da korufcia, Cveulebriv, uzneobasa da uvicobas rom sdevs Tan. indieli yvelafrisaTvis mxolod sakuTari Tavis winaSea valdebuli; Tavadaa sakuTari siqvelis, mankierebisa da rwmenis Semoqmedi; igi gazrdilia bunebaSi da bavSvobidanve Se-sisxlxorcebuli aqvs sakuTari veluri bunebis dauTrgunavi damoukidebloba.

civilizebul qveynebSi adamianebis uxeSoba mxolod maTi uvicobiTa da siRaribiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed imiTac, rom yoveldRiurad uxdebaT urTierToba ganaTle-bul da mdidar adamianebTan.

sakuTari uiRblobisa da sisustis yureba, rasac isini yoveldRe xedaven zogierT TavianT msgavsTa keTildReobisa da siZlieris fonze, maT gulSi badebs boRmasa da SiSs; sakuTari arasrulfasovnebisa da sxvaTa nebaze damokidebulebis grZnoba maT Tavmoyva-reobas aRizianebs da amcirebs. es Sinagani sulieri mdgomareoba maTsave zneebsa da met-

16 mogvianebiT aRmoCenili iqna garegnuli, enobrivi da adaT-wesebis garkveuli msgavseba CrdiloeT amerikel indielebsa da tungusebs, manCuebs, monRolebs, TaTrebsa da aziis sxva momTabare tomebs Soris. es ukanasknelni cxovrobdnen beringis yuris maxloblad, es ki saSualebas iZleva, vivaraudoT, rom, SesaZloa, Zvelad isini dasaxlebuliyvnen ameri-kis ukacriel kontinentze. magram mecnierebam jer ver SeZlo saboloo pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze. aRniSnul sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT ixileT: malt-briuoni, t. V; b-n humboldtis Sromebi;* aseve, Fischer, Conjectures sur l’origine des Américains; Adair, History of the American Indians.

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aleqsis de tokvili demokratia amerikaSi

yvelebaSi vlindeba; isini erTsa da imave dros utifari da flidebi xdebian. naTqvamis WeSmariteba advilad dasturdeba dakvirvebiT: xalxi bevrad ufro mankieria

aristokratiul qveynebSi, vidre sadme sxvagan, mdidar qalaqebSi ufro meti damnaSavea, vidre soflebSi.

rogorc vTqviT, im adgilebSi, sadac bevri mdidari da Zlieri adamiani cxovrobs, su-stebi da Raribebi TavianTive dabali mdgomareobis gamo Tavs daCagrulad, daTrgunulad Tvlian. raki ver axerxeben uflebriv-qonebrivi Tanasworobis miRwevas, sruliad kargaven rwmenas sakuTari Tavisadmi, uimedobasa da sasowarkveTas eZlevian, rac maT bunebaSi yo-velgvar adamianur Rirsebas akninebs.

xsenebul velurTa yofaSi ar gvxvdeba socialur mdgomareobaTa aseTi autaneli sxva-oba: indielebi, miuxedavad maTi gaunaTleblobisa da siRaribisa, yvelani Tanasworni da Tavisufalni arian.

rodesac evropelebi gamoCndnen, CrdiloeT amerikis mkvidrma jer kidev ar icoda simdidris fasi da gulgrili iyo im keTildReobisadmi civilizebuli adamiani simdidris meSveobiT rom aRwevda. indielis xasiaTi ankara iyo. misi moqmedeba gamoirCeoda Sinagani TavdaWerilobiT da erTgvari aristokratiuli TavazianobiT.

mSvidobianobis Jams saTno da stumarTmoyvare, brZolaSi daundobeli indieli, erTi mxriv, mzad iyo SimSiliT momkvdariyo da daxmareboda ucxos, saRamos misi qoxis kars rom miadgeboda da, meore mxriv, sastikad gasworeboda tyves _ sakuTari xeliT cocxlad dae-glija igi. antikuri samyaros CvenTvis cnobil arc erT respublikaSi ar ucxovria ufro uSiSar, amayi sulisa da Tavisuflebis jiutad damcvel adamianebs, vidre axali samyaros veluri tyeebis mkvidri indielebi iyvnen.17

CrdiloeT amerikis sanapiroze gadamsxdarma evropelebma TiTqmis araviTari STa-beWdileba ar moaxdines aborigen mosaxleobaze: am ukanasknelT maTdami arc Suri aR-ZvriaT da arc SiSi; an ra gavlena SeeZloT moexdinaT axal mosulebs indielze, romelic didi moTxovnilebebis gareSe cxovrobda, tanjvaze ar wuwunebda da simReriT kvdeboda.18 adamianuri modgmis mravalricxovan warmomadgenelTa msgavsad, indielebsac swamdaT uke-Tesi qveynis arseboba da eTayvanebodnen samyaros Semqmnel RmerTs, romelsac sxvadasxva saxeliT ixseniebdnen. did sulier WeSmaritebebze maTi warmodgenebi martiv filoso-fiur gansjas efuZneboda. [D]

raoden primitiulic ar unda Candes is xalxi, romlis xasiaTsac aq aRvwerT, mainc ueWvelia is, rom am teritoriaze indielebamde saxlobda sxva, ufro civilizebuli, yve-la mimarTebiT ufro ganviTarebuli xalxi.*

atlantikis sanapiroze mcxovreb umetes indiel tomTa Soris gavrcelebulia Zalze bundovani gadmocema: odesRac, romeliRac xalxi cxovrobda md. misisipis dasavleTiT. mdinare ohaios gayolebaze da mTel centralur xeobaSi jer kidev SexvdebiT adamianis mier aRmarTul patara gorakebs, romelTa SuagulSi, rogorc wesi, Camarxulia adamianis sxeulis Zvlebi, raRac ucnauri sagan-xelsawyoebi, yovelgvari saojaxo WurWleuloba, raRac liTonisagan damzadebuli, adamianTa Tanamedrove rasebisaTvis ucnobi daniSnu-lebis sabrZolo iaraRebi.

Tanamedrove indielebs ar ZaluZT, mogvawodon raime cnoba am ucnobi xalxis isto-riaze. maTac, vinc sami saukunis win amerikis aRmoCenis dros cxovrobdnen, araviTari

17 prezident jefersonis* Tanaxmad (Notes sur la Virginie, p. 148), irokezTa Soris, romelTac Tavs daesxnen siZlieriT bev-rad aRmatebuli mowinaaRmdegeebi, iyvnen iseTi moxucebi, romelTac amayad ganacxades uari gaqcevaze, maT ar isurves sicocxle TavianTi mSobliuri mxaris ganadgurebis Semdeg; isini saerTod arad agdebdnen sikvdils, galebis mier aly-aSemortymul romSi myof Zvel romaelTa darad. iqve 150 gverdze prezidenti jefersoni wers: `SemTxveva ar yofila, rom mtris xelT Cavardnil indiels sicocxlis SenarCuneba eTxovos. piriqiT, igi TiTqos eZebs kidec gamarjvebulTa xelidan sikvdils, risTvisac igi yovelmxriv Seuracxyofs da aqezebs gamarjvebuls.~

18 V. Histoire de la Louisiane, par Lepage-Dupratz; Charlevoix,* Histoire de la Nouvelle- France; Lettres du R. Hecwelder,* Transac-tions of the American philosophical Society, v. I; Jefferson, Notes sur la Virginie, p. 135-190. jefersonis sityvebs Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis pirad damsaxurebas, gansakuTrebul mdgomareobasa da epoqis pozitiur Tu realur Taviseburebebs.

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wigni pirveli, nawili pirveli, Tavi I

monacemebi ar dautovebiaT, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda xsenebuli aborige-nebis Sesaxeb raime hipoTezis ageba. gadmocemebi, pirvelyofili samyaros es warmavali da gamudmebiT aRmocenebadi Zeglebic aseve arafers ar hfens naTels. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni msgavsi xalxi mkvidrobda iq; es ueWvelia. magram rodis gaCndnen isini am mxareSi, rogori iyo maTi dasabami, maTi xvedri, maTi istoria? rodis da rogor amowydnen isini? amis Tqma dResdReobiT aravis ZaluZs.

ucnauria! arsebobdnen xalxebi da ise aRigavnen pirisagan miwisa, rom maTi saxelic ki waiSala; daikarga maTi enebi, maTi dideba ki ise Caqra, rogorc xma eqos gareSe. magram me ar vici arc erTi iseTi xalxi, visac amqveynad erTi saflavi mainc ar daetovebinos Tavisi arsebobis saxsovrad. gamodis, rom kacobriobis qmnilebaTagan yvelaze dRegrZeli aris is, romelic sxvebze ukeT mowmobs TviT adamianis warmavlobasa da umweobas.

Cven mier zemoT aRwerili vrceli mxare dasaxlebuli iyo mravali adgilobrivi to-miT; Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropelebis mier misi aRmoCenis dros is namdvil udab-nos warmoadgenda, Tumc indielebs ekavaT, magram ar flobdnen mas, radgan mxolod miwaT-moqmedeba xdis adamians miwis mesakuTred. CrdiloeT amerikis pirveli binadarni nadiro-biT irCendnen Tavs. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli aulagmavi vnebebi da mdgradi crurwmenebi, mankierebebi da, albaT, ufro metad veluri sikeTe, garduval daRupvas umzadebda maT. rogorc ki evropelebi amerikis sanapiroebs miadgnen, indielTa tomebis ganadgurebac daiwyo; es procesi aqamde ar Sewyvetila. gangebam, romelmac indielebs axali samyaros Tvalgadauwvdeneli sivrce arguna, etyoba, am sikeTiTa da simdidriT sargeblobisaTvis Zalze xanmokle dro dauwesa; aq isini TiTqos raRacis molodinSi cxovrobdnen. vaWro-bisa da mrewvelobisaTvis esoden xelsayreli sanapiroebi, es wyaluxvi mdinareebi, ulevi simdidris mqone md. misisipis xeoba da mTlianad es kontinenti, TiTqos ararsebuli didi xalxisaTvis iyo Seqmnili da jerjerobiT cariel akvnad moCanda.

swored iq unda ecadaT civilizebul adamianebs axal safuZvlebze dafuZnebuli sa-zogadoebis Camoyalibeba da msofliosaTvis manamde ganuxorceleblad miCneuli Teorie-bis pirvelad gamoyenebiT kacobriobis ganviTarebis iseTi gziT warmarTva, risTvisac mTeli gardasuli istoria aranairad mzad ar iyo.

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grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis

filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa

kvleviTi institutis mier gamocemuli samecniero seriebi

da maT farglebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis nusxa:

I. samecniero seria „filosofia, sociologia, mediis Teoria“:

t. 1: nicSe saqarTveloSi. eZRvneba Tamaz buaCiZis naTel xsovnas, redaqtor-Semdgeni: Tengiz iremaZe, gamomcem loba „arxe“, Tbilisi, 2007, 246 gv.

t. 2: filosofia _ dialeqtika _ logika. savle wereTlis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, redaqtor-Semdgenelni: lali zaqaraZe da Tengiz iremaZe, gamomcemloba „meridiani“, Tbilisi, 2008, 200 gv.

t. 3: sicocxlis filosofia. problemebi da perspeqtive bi, redaqtor-Semdgenelni: lali zaqaraZe da mixeil gogatiSvili, gamomcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2009, 88 gv.

t. 4: lali anTiZe: nikoloz loskis intuitivizmi, gamom cemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2010, 244 gv.

t. 5: Philosophy in Global Change. Jubilee volume dedicated to the 65th anniversary of Burkhard Mojsisch. Edited by Tengiz Iremadze in collaboration with Helmut Schneider and Klaus J. Schmidt, Tbilisi 2011, 436 pp.

II. samecniero seria „filosofia dRes“:

Tengiz iremaZe: valter beniamini. cxovreba, moRvaweoba, aqtualoba, gamomcemloba ̀ nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2008, 108 gv.

Tengiz Iremadze: Der Aletheiologische Realismus. Schalwa Nuzubidse und seine neuen Denkansätze, “Nekeri”, Tbilissi, 2008, 117 S.

burkhard moiziSi: humanizmis epistemologia, inglisuridan qarTulad Targmna giorgi baramiZem, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbili si, 2009, 90 gv.

helmut Snaideri: filosofiuri geografia, germanulidan qarTulad Targmna giorgi TavaZem, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2010, 120 gv.

udo rainhold ieki: ganazrebani qarTuli fi losofiis Sesaxeb, germanul da qarTul enebze, germanulidan qarTulad Targmna lali zaqaraZem, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2010, 88 gv.

helmut Snaideri, lali zaqaraZe, giorgi TavaZe, dodo labuCiZe, Tengiz iremaZe: ra aris Tavisufleba? didi moazrovneebi Tavisuflebis arsis Sesaxeb, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2010, 144 gv.

grigol robaqiZe da Tanamedrove azrovneba, redaqtor-Semdgenlebi: mamuka TavxeliZe, Tengiz iremaZe, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2011, 144 gv.

evropuli pasuxismgebloba. merab mamardaSvilis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi (14 dekemberi, 2010 weli, Tbilisi), redaqtor-Semdgeneli da winaTqmis avtori T. iremaZe, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2011, 224 gv.

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III. samecniero-mTargmnelobiTi seria „filosofia-sociologiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove teqstebi. Targmanebi“:

niklas lumani: sazogadoebrivi komunikaciis sistemis cvlilebani da masobrivi media, germanu lidan Targmna devi dumbaZem, gamomcemloba „arxe“, Tbilisi, 2007, 37 gv.

anri bergsoni: cnobiereba da sicocxle, frangulidan Targmna dodo labuCiZe-xoferiam, gamomcemloba „arxe“, Tbilisi, 2007, 44 gv.

karl Smiti: xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriu li ganazreba, germanulidan Targmna giorgi TavaZem, gamomcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2010, 180 gv.

IV. fridrix nicSes rCeuli Txzulebebi qarTul enaze (akademiur-kritikuli gamocema):

t. 1: fridrix nicSe: Ecce homo. rogor xdeba adamiani is, rac is aris, germanulidan Targmna, SeniSvnebi da gamokvleva daurTo giorgi TavaZem, tomis redaqtorebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe, gamomcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2011, 248 gv.

gamosacemad mzadaa:

t. 2: fridrix nicSe: kerpebis mwuxri, germanulidan Targmna giorgi TavaZem, tomis redaqtorebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe.