Democ Govern and Teor Acao Colet

IAP VI/06 – DEMOGOV – Annual scientific activity report 2011

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IIIAAAPPP VVVIII///OOO666 ––– DEMOGOV

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Democratic Governance and Theory of Collective Action

Annual Scientific Activity Report

2011

UCLouvain – Coordinator ‐ Prof. Jacques Lenoble ‐ Centre for Philosophy of Law ‐ CPDR ‐ Laboratory Microbiology ‐ MBLA

KULeuven – Promoter ‐ Prof. Johan Swinnen ‐ Centre for Transition Economies ‐ LICOS ‐ Institute for International Law ‐ IIL

UGent – Promoter ‐ Prof. Paul De Vos ‐ Microbiology Laboratory ‐ MICRO ‐ Research Unit Knowledge Based Systems ‐ KERMIT ‐ Department Applied Mathematics & Computer Sciences

ULg – Promoter ‐ Prof. François Pichault ‐ Laboratoire d’études pour les nouvelles technologies, l’innovation et le changement ‐ LENTIC

‐ Département Droit Commercial

UCAM – Promoter ‐ Prof. Simon Deakin ‐ Centre for Business Research ‐ CBR


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CONTENTS

1. Progress of the research ‐ description of the scientific activity per work package .................................. 5

1. 1 Theoretical Unit – TNU (CPDR – UCL) ................................................................................................ 5

‐ Workpackage ‐ TNU 1 : Integration of the theoretical and thematic researches ........................................ 5

‐ Workpackage ‐ TNU 2 : Deepening the pragmatist theory of learning and collective ................................ 9

action .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 TNU 2. 1 Deweyan approach to attention and social learning ............................................................. 9 TNU 2. 2 Added value of the theory of genetic collective action based upon Fichte’s Theory of Law . 9 TNU 2. 3 Specific added value of a genetic approach to learning theory ........................................... 10

1. 2 Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development ‐ FDI (KULeuven LICOS–IIL and UCL–CPDR) ..... 13

‐ Workpackage FDI‐1 : Mapping studies on relationships between FDI and Human Development : Preparation studies on relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and human development .. 14

FDI 1.3 (CPDR‐UCL) + (LICOS‐KUL) Mapping of the existing studies on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and human development ................................................................. 14 FDI 1.4 Legal analysis of the provisions contained in international investment agreements (IIL‐KUL) and FDI 1.5 The emerging customary law of international investment law (IIL‐KUL) ........................ 15 FDI 1.6 The question of the level of negotiation of the liberalization of FDI (IIL‐KUL) ...................... 16 FDI 1.7 The determinants of FDI inflows and the impact of IIAs in encouraging FDI (LICOS‐KUL) ..... 16 FDI 1.8 The nature of development encouraged by FDI inflows (LICOS‐KUL) .................................... 17

‐ Workpackage FDI – 3 Formulation of Policy proposals .............................................................................. 18 FDI 3.1 Improving the monitoring of IIAs at national level (CPDR UCL) .......................................... 18 FDI 3.2 Improving the frame of international negotiations on IIAs (IIL‐KUL) ................................... 20 FDI 3.3 Policy Proposals : Ensuring that IIA’s work for Human Development (LICOS‐KUL) .............. 21 FDI 3.4 Ensuring accountability of non‐State actors (transnational corporations) (CPDR‐UCL) ...... 21 FDI 3.5 Ensuring accountability of non‐State actors (multilateral lending institutions) (IIL‐KUL) .... 23 FDI 3.6 Ensuring accountability of national export credit agencies (CPDR‐ UCL) ............................. 24

‐ Workpackage FDI ‐ 6: Doctoral Seminar .................................................................................................... 25 FDI 6 Doctoral Seminar ..................................................................................................................... 25 Theses in the FDI subnetwork ............................................................................................................. 25

‐ Workpackage BIOGOV 3 : Technical, legal and social analysis of a prototype model ‐Technical structure (UGent) ......................................................................................................................................................... 27

BIOGOV 3.2 Semantic web tools for the bioportal: (MICRO‐KERMIT U‐Gent) .................................. 27 BIOGOV 3.3 Journal article on technical infrastructure (MICRO‐KERMIT U‐Gent) .......................... 30

‐ Workpackage BIOGOV 4: Technical, legal and social analysis of a prototype model ‐Technical structure (CPDR‐UCL and ELIM (MUCL)) ...................................................................................................................... 30

BIOGOV 4. Completing the research .................................................................................................. 30

1. 4. Corporate Governance ................................................................................................................... 34

‐ Workpackage CG 1 Governance of network organizations (LENTIC – ULg) .............................................. 34

‐ Workpackage CG 2 Fiduciary duties and legal structure of the firm‐ (CBR‐UCAM, ULg Law, CPDR‐UCL) .. 39 CG 2‐1 : Rights and fiduciary duties of the Board of directors (ULg‐Law, CPDR‐UCL) ....................... 39 CG 2‐2 : The governance of Belgian pension funds (CPDR‐UCL) ...................................................... 41 CG 2‐3 : Pension funds and ‘Socially Responsible Investment’ strategies (UCAM‐CBR) .................... 42 CG 2‐4 : Whistleblowing and the “right to alert” (UCL‐ CPDR) .......................................................... 46

‐ Workpackage CG 3 : Evaluation of the EU regulation of the financial system (UCL‐CPDR) ....................... 46


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2. Organisation and functioning of the network ..................................................................................... 48

2.1. General coordination meetings with the other thematic researches and the theoretical unit ............. 48

2.2. Sub‐networks organisation and functioning ...................................................................................... 48

2.2.2 Sub‐network Foreign Direct Investment ‐ FDI .......................................................................... 48 2.2.3 Sub‐network BIOGOV ............................................................................................................... 49 2.2.4 Sub‐network Corporate Governance ......................................................................................... 50

3. Publications ......................................................................................................................................... 50

3.1 Co‐publications 2011 ......................................................................................................................... 50

3.2 Publications 2010 ‐ UCLouvain ........................................................................................................... 50

Centre de Philosophie du Droit........................................................................................................... 50

3.3 Publications 2010 – KULeuven .................................................................................................... 56

Co‐publications IIL‐LICOS .................................................................................................................... 56 Institute International Law (IIL) ......................................................................................................... 56 Center for Transition Economics (LICOS) ............................................................................................ 57

3.4 Publications 2010 – UGent ......................................................................................................... 58

3.5 Publications 2010 – ULg.............................................................................................................. 59

ULg – ‘Commercial Law’ ...................................................................................................................... 59 ULg – LENTIC ....................................................................................................................................... 59

3.6 Publications 2010 – UCAM Centre for Business Research – CBR .................................................. 61


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http://iap6.cpdr.ucl.ac.be/


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1. Progress of the research ‐ description of the scientific activity per work package

1. 1 Theoretical Unit – TNU (CPDR – UCL)

CPDR –UCL

Prof. J. Lenoble; Prof. M. Maesschalck; Post‐doctoral researchers: L. Blésin, A. Loute, D. Popa, B. Kanabus, Y. Jouhary PhD researchers : E. Derroitte, J. P. Bermudez, O. Bernaz, C. Valdez, C. Brabant, F. Bruschi.

‐ Workpackage ‐ TNU 1 : Integration of the theoretical and thematic researches

The Workpackage was assigned the objective of integrating the theoretical and thematic researches. More precisely it was intended to serve two purposes:

- First, to retrace, from the perspective of theory of the norm and theory of governance, the social scientific debate that led to the pragmatist turn, in order to situate the contribution of the genetic approach as a response to the two blockages recurrent in theory of democracy. This (D TNU I‐1) was done both in relation to theory of the norm and theory of governance. It was completed by the way of a framing report produced in 2007 and a volume published last year :Lenoble, J. and Maesschalck, M. (2010), Democracy, Law and Governance, Adlershot (UK), Ashgate (2010 report p. 5). In 2011, the revised version was published in French with two additional contributed chapters.

Lenoble, J. and Maesschalck, M., (2011): Démocratie, droit et gouvernance, Sherbrooke (Qc), éditions RDUS, 396 p.

Lenoble, J., (2011), "Concept de droit et théorie de la gouvernance", in La place du droit dans la nouvelle gouvernance étatique, under the direction of Lalonde, L. and Bernatchez, S., Les Éditions Revue de Droit de l'Université de Sherbrooke–RDUS, Sherbrooke, Qc, pp. 2‐18.

Lenoble, J., Maesschalck M. (2011) : «Approche dialogique ou génétique de la gouvernance. À propos de la théorie de la délibération éthique de G. Legault », in La place du droit dans la nouvelle gouvernance étatique, L. Lalonde et S. Bernatchez (dir.), Les Éditions Revue de Droit de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, pp. 77‐99.

- Second, to foster the transfer of this basic theoretical framework to the thematic

research setting (a) and, from there, its dissemination to the relevant knowledge communities by means of doctoral training (b) and wider dissemination activities(c) :


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a. Transfer of a basic theoretical framework to the thematic research (i) A frame of reference (D TNU 1‐2) was developed for joint inquiry to take further the identification of the two blockages related to normative operations by means of a specific project on the limitations of the theoretical positions as found in each of the fields covered in the three thematic studies. The final output was published in 2010 in the chapter devoted to theoretical reflection in : Lenoble, J., and Maesschalck, M. 2010. Renewing the Theory of Public Interest: the quest for a reflexive and learning‐based approach to governance, in Reflexive Governance: Redefining the Public Interest in a Pluralistic World, eds. O. De Schutter and J. Lenoble, Oxford : Hart Publishing : 3–21.

(ii) In the course the year 2011, cross discussions with researchers engaged in thematic and applied studies have been continued. The specific theoretical framework proposed in the DEMOGOV project was used in a selection of case studies on collective action governance : emerging networks of small enterprises with Virginie Xhauflair (PhD) from the CG team from the LENTIC (ULg), initiatives in education organizations with Christine Brabant (PhD ‐ University of Sherbrooke–Qc Canada), patients organizations in the context of healthcare reforms in the UK with Caroline Mullen PhD and Prof P. Vincent‐Jones (University of Leeds‐UK), and evolution in trade unions organizations in the utilities networks (gas and electricity) in Belgium with prof. M. Maesschalck. A publication is forthcoming. It presents the results of the case studies and the possible new approaches to governance they highlight.

Lenoble, J. and Maesschalck, M., (forthcoming 2012), New Approaches to Governance, P.I.E. Peter Lang, Brussels. Contributors on the case studies V. Xhauflair, P. Vincent‐Jones, C. Mullen, C. Brabant and M. Maesschalck.

A long standing collaboration has been set up in the frame of an ongoing research group between V. Xhauflair, (Post doctoral researcher ULg) and the CPDR. It is also to be noted that, thanks to the IAPVI/06 work, Virginie Xhauflair (ULg) was invited for a six month post‐doctoral research stay at the Centre for Business Research – University of Cambridge – our European Partner.

b. The organization of a doctoral program (D TNU 1‐4) allowing candidates to learn how to work on the above identified limitations in line with a genetic approach to the conditions for success of normative operations. In 2011, the permanent seminar was a joint seminar in social and political philosophy, organized by the Centre de philosophie du droit (CPDR) with the Centre de recherches sur la phénoménologie du sujet et la théorie de l’action (CPSA). It took place at the college Thomas More (Louvain‐la‐Neuve) in a series of 4 sessions scheduled from 17 and 22 March 2011 and 1 and 7 April 2011. The theme of the series was: “The colonial Matrix of Power and the de‐colonial turn “geopolitics of knowledge –


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Modernity and Coloniality” ‐ by Walter D. Mignolo (USA) . The seminar was jointly directed by M. Maesschalck, L. Blésin, D. Popa and A. Loute.

As explained in 2010, to make the research on this theme available in to young IAP doctoral researchers, a synthesis of this research development was presented in a collective publication on the theme of ‘the objective of a re‐foundation of the social critique in the perspective of the theory of the norm and of the theory of governance’. This volume was published under the direction of M. Maesschalck and A. Loute, 2011. It highlights the links that have been built between pragmatist epistemology, ‘transcendental’ theory of action and phenomenology of the « subject ». A second objective of this collective volume was to show the contribution on this more epistemological reflection of the dialogue pursued for several years with current research in political theory in Latin America1. Besides M. Maesschalck and A. Loute, other contributors were J‐P. Bermudez, C. Valdez and L. Blésin. Their individual contributions are listed in the relevant sections infra and in the publications list.

Maesschalck M. et Loute A., (eds.), Nouvelles critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique, Aller–Retour, Polimetrica, Monza, Italy, 2011. Available in Open Access on the publisher’s website ( www.polimetrica.com ):

in which in particular: Maesschalck, M. (2011) : « Les enjeux du tournant contextualiste en éthique », in Nouvelle critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique Latine, Aller‐Retour, M. Maesschalck, A. Loute (éds), Polimetrica, Monza/Italy, pp.43‐64.

Communications on this research work were made by the researchers of the team including PhD researchers (J‐P. Bermudez, E. Derroitte, C. Valdez, A. Loute). Their communications are listed in the next subsection. . This theme is relevant to both TNU (1 and 2 ) workpackages of this project.

c. For further dissemination:

(i) Members of the TNU team presented their research and actively participated to seminars or colloquia in Belgium and abroad:

Alain Loute est membre du comité d’organisation du Forum International de Philosophie

Sociale et Politique (FIPS) organisé à l’Université de Toulouse le Mirail du 8 au 16 juillet 2011. Cf

http://www.europhilosophie.eu/recherche/spip.php ?article568.

Bermudez, J.‐P., « l’option décoloniale », Conference given in the panel ‘De la politique égo‐

logique aux géo‐ et corpo‐politiques de la connaissance : l’Option décoloniale’ at the Forum

international de philosophie sociale et politique of Toulouse, July the 13th 2011

Derroitte, E., « « La tâche de l'histoire consiste à voir la tradition des opprimés » Sur la

discontinuité de l’histoire comme ouverture à la créativité », Conference given in the panel ‘De

1 This volume was translated into Spanish to ensure its dissemination in the Spanish speaking countries of Latin America


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la politique égo‐logique aux géo‐ et corpo‐politiques de la connaissance : l’Option décoloniale’

at the Forum international de philosophie sociale et politique of Toulouse, July the 13th 2011

Loute, A., « The pragmatist turn in theory of governance », EGAIS Conference, intervenant

invité, 12 et 13 janvier 2012, Facultés Universitaires Notre‐Dame de la Paix, Namur.

Loute, A., « Identité narrative collective et lutte contre les résistances », conférence

internationale New Perspectives on Hermeneutics in the Social Sciences and Practical

Philosophy, 13 au 16 septembre 2011, Higher School of Economics, Moscou, Russie.

Valdez, C., "La décolonialité chez Rodolfo Kusch", dans le cadre du Forum de Philosophie

Sociale et Politique, Université de Toulouse, France, 13 juillet 2011.

(ii) Visiting scholars 2011 participated in the research activities : in the continuation of last year work, G. A. Legault (University of Sherbrooke) who worked on “L’éthique appliquée, la médiation et l’insuffisance du droit : enjeux de gouvernance” came and visited the CPDR (TNU team) to share his reflection on applying a reflexive approach in the field of ethics. At this occasion, a specific seminar was organized on April 26‐28 and 29 April 2011. His presentations were open to all willing researchers involved in the DEMOGOV network:

- La philosophie ou la théorie du droit et l’efficacité normative, le 26/04/2011 - Insuffisances du droit à la lumière de l’éthique organisationnelle, de l’éthique

de la recherche et de la médiation, le 28/04/2011 - Le dialogue dans les dispositifs éthiques et la mobilisation des acteurs, le

29/04/2010

(iii) Lectures abroad. Loute, A. : 1 ‐ 31 Mach 2012: Lecturer invited at the federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR, Brazil), in the frame of the “Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Filosofia. Europhilosophie Fellowship. » Lectures on « Le critique théorique peut‐il être porte‐parole de la souffrance sociale ? »


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‐ Workpackage ‐ TNU 2 : Deepening the pragmatist theory of learning and collective

action

The second TNU WP was intended to develop the added value provided by the extension that our hypothesis about our genetic approach brings to the pragmatist turn. The idea was to specify, for both theory of action and theory of the norm, the shifts entailed by the genetic approach to the way of constructing normative operations and designing the processes of social action linked to such operations. TNU 2. 1 Deweyan approach to attention and social learning

The research carried out in the frame of this workpackage was concluded in 2010.

TNU 2. 2 Added value of the theory of genetic collective action based upon Fichte’s Theory of Law

a. A scientific article (D TNU 2‐2) on the specific added value of a genetic collective action based on Fichte’s Theory of Law and its contribution to the contemporary debate in legal and political philosophy was scheduled for this year (month 55). This work on Fichte’s theory of law was first presented in working papers some of which are available in the carnets du centre de philosophie du droit in 2010. They showed the current impact of German Idealism on theory of action and theory of the subject and made it possible to emphasize the way transcendental philosophy builds the links between its concept of learning action as part of the social order and the empirical genesis of subjectivity as a overcoming of the mirror‐relationship with the norm. In 2011, the different contributions were finalized and they will be published in a special issue of the “Revue philosophique de Louvain” planned for the spring 2013.

b. During the last year, the approach to the theory of collective action was further extended toward different critical conceptions of ‘subjectivization’ from a re‐reading of the works of Walter Benjamin, Ludwig Binswanger and K. Mannheim. In the same line, axes of reflection have been opened toward G. Agamben – reader of W. Benjamin and of E. Levinas.

Simultaneoulsly, A. Loute for his part, pursued his re‐reading of G. Gurvitch on the same question and his interpretation of the conditions for subjectivization of memory in Paul Ricoeur thinking.

Blésin L. et Loute, (2011) A., « Nouvelles vulnérabilités, nouvelles formes d’engagement, Apports pour une critique sociale », in Nouvelle critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique Latine, Aller‐Retour, M. Maesschalck et A. Loute (éds.), Polimetrica, Monza, pp. 155‐192.


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Bruschi F. avec Loute, A., (2011) « L’idéal‐réalisme de Georges Gurvitch », in M. Maesschalck et A. Loute (éds.) Nouvelle critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique latine, Aller‐retour, Polimetrica, Milan.

Derroitte, E., (2011) « (Que) traduit‐on ? Du rapport entre la créativité et la normativité dans la Tâche du traducteur de Walter Benjamin » in Klesis n° 20, 2011.

Derroitte, E., (2011) « Historicization, Subjectivation, Translation » in Les Carnets du Centre de Philosophie du Droit, n°156, 15 p. 2011

Derroitte, E., (2011) « La critique comme théorie de la créativité chez Walter Benjamin » in Raison‐Publique.fr, accessible at http://www.raison‐publique.fr/article420.html (online the 27th of March 2011)

Loute, A., (2011) « Le pardon peut‐il être collectif pour Paul Ricœur ? », in Paul Ricœur: Poetics and Religion, J. Verheyden, T. L. Hettema, P. Vandecasteele (éds.), Peeters, Leuven, coll. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium n°240, 2011, pp. 405‐419.

Maesschalck, M. (2011) : « L’attention spéculative en philosophie première chez Fichte et Schelling », in La phénoménologie comme philosophie première, K. Nowotny, A. Schnell, L. Tengelyi (éds.), Editions de l’Institut de Philosophie de l’académie des Sciences de la République Tchèque, pp. 16‐26.

Popa, D., (2011) « Giorgio Agamben. Les conditions de la communauté » in M. Maesschalck et A. Loute (éd.), Nouvelle critique sociale. Europe‐Amérique Latine, aller‐retour, Monza, Polimetrica, 2011, pp. 91‐115.

Popa D., « Droit et résistance chez Fichte et Schelling. Ecrits des jeunesses (1796‐1797), in Revue Philosophique de Louvain, 2012, forthcoming.

Deroitte E., « La construction de l’histoire chez Walter Benjamin. L’héritage de Fichte et des Romantiques d’Iéna », in Revue Philosophique de Louvain, 2012, forthcoming.

Tverdota, G, (2011) « De la critique de l’intellectualisme à la psychanalyse existentielle. La place de l’œuvre binswangerienne dans la Phénoménologie de la perception de Maurice Merleau‐Ponty », Első Század n°1, 2011.

TNU 2. 3 Specific added value of a genetic approach to learning theory

In 2011, the reflection on the limits of the pragmatist theory on the ‘subject’ was prolonged through critical investigation into phenomenological theories of ‘affect’ and of ‘imaginary’ (imaginaire). This reflection was made on the basis of Michel Henry’s works and in dialogue with theories of ‘de‐subjectivization’ in colonial regimes. In so doing, the research referred to phenomenological approaches such as those of Levinas and Heidegger. This critical research work allowed us to better see the links between vulnerability and ‘libidinal engagement’ in the identity process of collective action. The collective volume of B. Kanabus on “beliefs” (croyance) proposes a first synthesis of this research from the point of view of the limits of the imaginary self in his desire for ‘absolute’. Several authors have accepted to contribute to validate or further nuance the new orientation in research in theory of the subject.


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Bernaz, O., (2011) « Esquisse d’un transcendantalisme faible. Analyse sur le concept d’a priori historique chez Michel Foucault”, in « Interpretationes », Vol. 1, No. 1, Prague, 2011, pp. 185‐197.

Kanabus, B., (2011) Le concept d'histoire chez Henry lecteur de Marx. In: Les Cahiers philosophiques de Strasbourg, Vol. 30, p. 197‐214.

Kanabus, B., (2011) Leben und Geschichte in Michel Henrys Marx. In: Emil Angehrn ; Julia

Scheidegger (Hg.), Metaphysik des Individuums :Die Marx‐Interpretation Michel Henrys und ihre

Aktualität (Seele, Existenz und Leben; 18), Karl Alber: Freiburg/München, p. 174‐193.

Kanabus, B. (2012 forthcoming), Dire la croyance religieuse, P.I.E. Peter Lang, Bruxelles

Popa, D., (2012) « L’imagination chez Michel Henry : entre matérialité et abstraction » in A. Jdey et R. Kühn (éd.), Michel Henry et l’affect de l’art. Recherches sur l’esthétique de la phénoménologie matérielle, Brill, Leiden‐Boston, 2012, pp. 159‐174.

Popa, D., (2011) « La séparation : transcendance, vérité, liberté » in S. Camilleri, C. Perrin (éd.) Epreuves de la vie et souffrances d’existence. Regards phénoménologiques, Paris, Le Cercle Herméneutique, 2011, pp. 247‐266.

Masschalck, M., (2012), « Subjetivação e transformação social. Crítica da renovação em teoria de ação a partir de Karl Lévêque, Etienne Balibar e Louis Althusser », in Ética e filosofia crítica na construção do socialismo no século XXI, A. Rufino Veira (éd.), Editora Nova Harmonia, Nova Petropolis (Brasil), pp.177‐196.

Masschalck, M., (2011), « Das nackte Leben. Die Aktualität von Michel Henrys »Marx«‐Buch », in Metaphysik des Individuums, Die Marx‐Interpretation Michel Henrys und ihre Aktualität, E. Angehrn, J. Scheidegger (eds), Alber, Freiburg, pp. 108‐126.

Popa, D.,(2011) « Droit et liberté chez Emmanuel Lévinas. De la responsabilité éthique à l’agir collectif » dans Les Carnets du Centre de Philosophie du Droit, n°155, 2011, pp. 1‐16.

Popa, D., (2011) « La langue des choses muettes. Edmund Husserl et Hugo von Hofmannsthal » dans Klesis. Revue de philosophie, nr. 20, pp. 4‐23.

Popa, D., (2011) « Vers quelle phénoménologie de l’image ? Maldiney lecteur de Husserl» dans Archives de Philosophie, 74, pp. 439‐456.

All the researchers involved in this TNU 2 workackage presented communications in different colloquiums and seminars in Belgium and abroad, besides those listed in workpackage TNU 1‐ among which:

Bruschi, F « The ideal‐realistic method of Georges Gurvitch. An intellectual intervention aiming at instituting the social law », Colloque « Rethinking Europe. A workshop on political philosophy », Ghent University, 3 février 2011.

Derroitte, E., « On Walter Benjamin’s Speculative Construction of History », donnée au Jaarlijks congres van het Nederlands Genootschap voor Esthetica à la KULeuven, 2‐3 maart 2012

Derroitte, E., “(How) Can Art Be Politicized? On the Question of Commitment in Benjamin's Philosophy”, paper given to the “Critical Theory and Social Justice” conference at the Rome Center of Loyola University, May the 10th 2011

Loute, A., « Les intuitions collectives virtuelles chez Georges Gurvitch », Forum International de Philosophie Sociale, 8 au 16 juillet 2011, Université de Toulouse le Mirail, France. Membre du comité d’organisation du Forum.


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Loute, A., & Bruschi, F., « The ideal‐realistic method of Georges Gurvitch: an intellectual intervention aimed at instituting the social law », journée d’études Rethinking Europe, A Workshop on Political Philosophy, 3 février 2011, Université de Gand, Belgique.

Maesschalck, M., « La philosophie positive de l’histoire relue par Giorgio Agamben. Une réception postmoderne de Schelling », dans le cadre du colloque intenationale, Les postérités de la philosophie positive , Schelling et le post‐hégélianisme, du 25 au 27 janvier 2012 à Strasbourg, organisé par Gérard Bensussan, EA 2326 Philosophie Allemande et Lore Hühn, Albert‐Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Société Schelling Internationale .

Popa, D., « Prise, surprise, déprise : liberté et attention chez Lévinas » conférence donnée dans le cadre du colloque international « Retrouver un sens nouveau : Rencontrer l’imprévisible » organisé par le réseau Europhilosophie à l’Université de Toulouse, France, 5‐7 juillet 2011.

Popa, D., & Kanabus B., « The social critique in the light of the practical phenomenology » conference donnée à la journée d’étude « Rethinking Europe », Université de Ghent, Belgique, 3 février 2011.


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1. 2 Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development ‐ FDI (KULeuven LICOS–IIL and UCL–CPDR)

LICOS KULeuven : Prof J. Swinnen, Dr M. Maertens, PhD researchers: L. Colen IIL KULeuven : Prof. J. Wouters, PhD researcher N. Hachez, Ph. De Man, S. Duquet CPDR –UCL: Prof O. De Schutter, PhD researcher M. Sant’Ana, C. Debucquois In this interdisciplinary collaboration, we examine under what conditions the liberalisation of investment through the conclusion of investment agreements might contribute to the promotion of human development in the recipient countries.

In contrast to classical economic studies examining the impact of foreign direct investment (‘FDI’) on economic growth, the research takes seriously the role of the legal regulation of investment in channelling FDI towards certain ends; and its focus is not only on the growth of gross national product or gross domestic product per capita, but also on human development.

Recent research has noted the importance of participatory processes and of an institutional framework that should allow for this triangular relationship to develop, involving the foreign investor, the host government’s authorities, and the communities affected. It has sought to identify which background conditions should be created in order to ensure that the participation of the communities affected in defining the terms of the investment will be meaningful and provide certain guarantees that the investment will contribute to human development understood as the expansion of freedoms.

Our research stands apart from these attempts in two ways. First, it expresses scepticism about the search for one minimum set of entitlements that would ensure the success of collective action. Those resources can only be identified in particular contexts, and the list must necessarily be open to revision; no predefined set of conditions can form a guarantee of success. But second, in addition, what actors need is not just to be equipped with the required capabilities: they must be prepared to question their very representation of their role and, ultimately, of their identity. The problem is therefore not simply to provide these actors with resources, and to enhance their ability to influence the processes in which they are engaged: the problem is for these actors to perceive that they may change their understanding of how they may contribute to identifying solutions to new problems, for which it not just their past knowledge that is inadequate, but also their past ‘positioning’, or what they understood were their ‘preferences’.

In order to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach grounded in the genetic version of reflexive governance, it was necessary, first, to fully describe the phenomenon that it addresses. After having examined the phenomenon of investment agreements and the actual flows of FDI and studied the legal framework, we have sought to identify the place of investment treaties among the various determinants of FDI inflows, and their impact both on economic growth and on human development more broadly.2

2 The research has been published as a special issue of Human Rights and International Legal Discourse, vol. 3, n° 2 (2009).


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Building on these studies we have been working on policy proposals addressed to four categories of addressees (multilateral organisations, home States, host States, multinational enterprises). These will aim to achieve the triangulation referred to above, allowing to maximize the ability of FDI to contribute to development objectives. This can be achieved, we believe, through participatory processes that empower the communities involved in a very specific way: by encouraging them to exercise power also on the existing identities and traditional definition of interests. The results of the research conducted under this theme of Foreign Direct Investment are gathered in a joint publication (De Schutter O., Swinnen J., Wouters J. (Eds.), Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development. Abingdon. Routledge). (forthcoming in 2012) In 2011, the final year of the project,

For each team, three principal objectives research were identified: (1) to finalize the remaining original research; (2) to formulate specific policy conclusions for each of the research topics; and (3) to rework previous research reports, working papers, and assessments into book chapters for the joint publication. These objectives were materialized more specifically for the IIL – KULeuven, in the work described sections: FDI 1.4 /5 – FDI 3.2 and FDI 3.5 ; for the LICOS – KULeuven in the work reported in sections FDI 1.3, FDI 1.7 , FDI 1.8, FDI 3.3, and the CPDR – UCL contribution are presented in sections FDI 3.1, FDI 3.4 and FDI 3.6

‐ Workpackage FDI‐1 : Mapping studies on relationships between FDI and Human Development : Preparation studies on relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and human development

FDI 1.3 (CPDR‐UCL) + (LICOS‐KUL) Mapping of the existing studies on the relationship

between foreign direct investment (FDI) and human development

The working paper “Foreign Direct Investment as an Engine for Economic Growth and Human Development: A Review of the Economic Arguments and Empirical Evidence’ (Colen, Maertens and Swinnen, 2009), is published online as a IAP P6/06 working paper and is published in the journal of Human Rights and International Legal Discourse. In addition, the paper has been the basis for a chapter in the book Ontwikkeling and Ontwikkelingssamenwerking in een Internationaal Perspectief (Development and Development Cooperation in an International Context) edited by Robrecht Renard (University of Antwerp) and Lode Berlage (KULeuven), which was published in 2011. This chapter was presented at the book launch at BTC‐CTB Belgian Development Agency, Brussels on May 19, 2011. This paper will also be included as the third chapter of the book “Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development”, edited by Olivier De Schutter, Jo Swinnen and Jan Wouters and published by Routledge.


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In this paper we give an overview of the theory and empirics on the impact of FDI on development in general, paying special attention to aspects of human development. As a result of liberalisation processes, global FDI flows increased exponentially during the past two decades. Liberalisation of investment regimes is driven by the belief that FDI contributes considerably to the economic and overall development of the host country. In this paper, we review the theoretical arguments and the empirical evidence of this assertion. Theoretical arguments state that FDI contributes to economic growth both directly – through capital accumulation and know‐how – and indirectly – through spillovers to domestic firms. Cross‐country studies find a strong positive relationship between FDI and growth, but causality likely runs in both directions. Micro‐economic studies find positive vertical spillovers, but horizontal spillovers seem to be dominated by negative competition effects. Studies indicate that the impact of FDI varies largely across countries, sectors and firms. Conditional on factors such as the type of FDI, economic sector and absorptive capacity of the host economy, FDI can be an important engine for economic growth. Furthermore, FDI may contribute to poverty reduction although also here the effect is heterogeneous. We conclude that when policy makers succeed in setting the conditions right, FDI can provide an important contribution to human development in the developing world. FDI 1.4 Legal analysis of the provisions contained in international investment

agreements (IIL‐KUL) and FDI 1.5 The emerging customary law of international investment law (IIL‐KUL)

Having joined the IIL team of the IAP‐network, Sanderijn Duquet collaborated with Prof. Jan Wouters and Nicolas Hachez to revise the questions identified in previous research efforts of the IIL‐team relating to the emerging customary law of international investment law and the legal analysis of the provisions contained in international investment agreements. More concretely, a draft paper discussed at the internal seminar of 25 March 2009, was reworked, by taking into account comments received at the seminar, and updated to include further original research as well as policy conclusions. This resulted in a book chapter for the Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development publication of the Network. It also was published online as a working paper in the Leuven Centre for Global Governance (GGS) series, available at http://ghum.kuleuven.be/ggs/publications/ working_papers.html. In short, this paper examines how the growing network of bilateral investment agreements, other kinds of investment agreements, and the arbitral practice have gradually shaped the content of international investment law. While some authors contend that the repetition, in a multitude of investment agreements, of like provisions, is evidence of the formation of customary rules, others in turn argue that the fact that so many particular treaties are signed is evidence to the contrary, and shows that no general rules exist, hence the need for particular regimes on foreign direct investment between two or more states. Prof. Jan Wouters, Sanderijn Duquet and Nicolas Hachez study the terms of the debate and conclude that any attempt at outlining a general theory of the possible ‘hardening’ of investment treaty rules into customary rules is misplaced from the start. International custom is formed by two elements: a general practice and opinio juris,


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that is, compliance with such general practice out of a sense of legal obligation. Any conclusion as to the customary status of a rule on investment contained in treaties has to be the result of a case‐by‐case analysis. It is argued that the mere repetition of like provisions in a multitude of investment agreements is not by itself evidence of the formation of customary rules on international investment, as the elements of consistent state practice and opinio juris are lacking in many other respects. In 2011, new original research undertaken also explored the emerging ‘new generation’ of bilateral investment treaties (BITs), which perhaps indicates a progressive convergence in the interests of home and host States, resulting in a rebalancing of respective rights and responsibilities. Through close scrutiny of the evolution of some of the most important clauses in the new generation of BITs – the fair and equitable treatment, expropriation, most favoured nation and national treatment standards – the researchers analysed the extent to which this renovated approach perhaps manages to get closer to consistent practice coupled with opinio juris, and whether it could offer the prospect of letting a wider consensus emerge in the future, leading to customary international law. As such, it enabled Prof. Jan Wouters, Sanderijn Duquet and Nicolas Hachez to further elaborate on the legal analysis of the provisions contained in international investment agreements, a topic which had been part of the research agenda since the early phases of this project and for which the foundations had been laid in D‐FDI 1.4.

FDI 1.6 The question of the level of negotiation of the liberalization of FDI (IIL‐KUL)

Included in section FDI 3.2

FDI 1.7 The determinants of FDI inflows and the impact of IIAs in encouraging FDI (LICOS‐KUL)

The paper “Do Bilateral Investment Treaties Attract FDI to Developing Countries” by Colen, Maertens and Swinnen will be the fourth chapter for the book “Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development”. See at http://iap6.cpdr.ucl.ac.be/docs/FDI‐HD/WP‐PAI.VI.06‐FDI.HD‐5.pdf In this chapter we focus on the locational determinants of inward FDI in developing countries. These host country determinants can be divided into the policy framework, the economic determinants and business facilitation. Within this framework, we start with an overview of those factors that are likely to determine the location of FDI. Open FDI policies are likely to be a prerequisite for attracting FDI. Yet, as soon as FDI policies are not restrictive, economic determinants take the upper hand. Economic determinants depend on the motives for FDI: market‐seeking, resource‐seeking, efficiency‐seeking or strategic‐asset seeking (the latter not being very important in developing countries). Business facilitation and investment incentives are expected to play a role at the margin, once other conditions are satisfied. Empirical studies indeed find that the major determinants of FDI are economic factors.


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The number of international investment agreements increased largely over the past decades, especially during the 1990s. Developing countries sign these agreements in order to attract inward FDI. In the second part of this paper we look at the effectiveness of these agreements, and more specifically at bilateral investment treaties. Most of the empirical research has tried to unravel the causal impact of bilateral investment treaties on FDI flows. It is suggested that BITs might play a double effect on FDI: on the one hand the bilateral legal commitments made in these agreements may effectively reduce risk and convince foreign investors from the signatory (mostly developed) country to invest in the (mostly developing) host country. On the other hand BITs may act as signals to investors from other countries as well, indicating that the host country is serious in its willingness to promote and protect FDI. This signal might be sufficient for other (non‐signatory) countries to locate their FDI in that particular host country. A number of empirical studies have used different datasets and specifications to test for the relation between BITs and FDI. Some studies find a positive relation and suggest that signaling a save investment climate may be the primary function of BITs. Other studies find no significant relation and a recent study argues that the relation is not predominantly attributable to a causal effect of FDI. It seems that BITs play a rather limited role in attracting FDI and that their causal impact is at best marginal compared to major FDI determinants as economic factors and trade policy. FDI 1.8 The nature of development encouraged by FDI inflows (LICOS‐KUL)

This paper, by Liesbeth Colen and Andrea Guariso, will be the fifth chapter of the book “Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development” and it will be considered for publication in an international peer‐reviewed journal. It was presented at the IUAP meeting on May 2011 in Leuven.

In this paper we focus on the type of FDI that is attracted by bilateral investment treaties. Given that bilateral investment treaties provide investors protection against expropriation and discriminatory treatment by host governments, it is likely that the impact of BITs is higher on those types of FDI that share a higher risk of expropriation and maltreatment. Based on earlier studies and based on cases at the international court for investment dispute settlement, we illustrate that FDI in sectors such as natural resources and utilities are much more vulnerable than investment in other sectors. Since it has widely been argued that the development implications of FDI differ largely across sectors, it is important to understand what type of FDI – and as a consequence, what type of development implications – a government is attracting when engaging in bilateral investment treaties. Based on sectorally disaggregated FDI data for 12 countries in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, we test empirically whether the effect of BITs on FDI inflows is heterogeneous across sectors. We hypothesize that especially FDI in the mining sector and in the utilities sector is subject to expropriation risk due to large sunk costs and political sensitivity of these sectors. Econometric analysis using dynamic fixed effects models and GMM estimation, we find that the signing of a BIT has a robustly significant on FDI only when considering FDI in the mining sector. For agriculture, manufacturing, utilities, and


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other services no robust effect of BITs is found. We find that the effect of BITs is stronger in countries with a weak political institutional environment, confirming earlier studies that BITs act as substitutes for weak institutional quality. Given that FDI in different sectors is found to have different effects on economic and human development, it is important to take into account the fact that BITs attract FDI in certain sectors more than in others.

‐ Workpackage FDI – 3 Formulation of Policy proposals

FDI 3.1 Improving the monitoring of IIAs at national level (CPDR UCL)

The 6th chapter of the common publication on FDI by O. De Schutter presents the research done in this section: “The host State: Improving the monitoring of International Investment Agreements at the national level”

The Executive, but also national parliaments, courts and civil society organisations, as well as local communities, have a key role to play to ensure that the arrival of foreign direct investment shall contribute to human development and to the full realization of human rights in the host country. International human rights law defines the basic standards that should inform the design of an adequate legislative, institutional and policy framework in this regard. Recent initiatives have also sought to clarify how domestic institutions and actors could contribute to this end. But there remains a tension between investors' rights and human rights of the local population, which is not fully overcome. Practical difficulties remain. And a range of questions remain unanswered, including the relationship between substantive standards allowing an external assessment of investment agreements or individual investment projects and procedural requirements of transparency and participation, and the institutional division of labour between the central authorities and the local communities more directly affected by the investment project. This chapter describes the applicable framework and the outstanding problems, examining in particular the dilemmas that national authorities face when confronted with conflicting expectations and different understanding between the general interest and the interests of the local communities affected by the investment.

The issue IIAs was also studied through the example of large scale investments in land. Three articles analyses the current debate around this increasing type of foreign direct investment as to three questions : (1) the capacity of targeted countries not only to manage these investments to ensure development but also to anticipate the long term economic and social effects of such types of investment on their economies and on the local communities; (2) the absence of (western type) property rights, the emerging titling schemes and the relevancy of the underlying the Western understanding of property rights; (3) the significance of this wave of investments in land, not so much to gain efficiency and strength in a competitive activity but rather to secure long provision of food for a particular foreign population and consequences of this rationale of investment on the host countries.

O. De Schutter: (2011), 'How not to think about land‐grabbing: three critiques of large‐scale investments in farmland', Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 38:2 pp. 249‐279.


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Large‐scale investments in farmland have been criticized, chiefly, because of questions about the capacity of the countries targeted by these land deals to effectively manage these investments in order to ensure that they contribute to rural development and poverty alleviation. This article questions the idea that this is the only or even the main problem raised by such investments. If weak governance were the only problem, then appropriate regulation and incentives to manage such investments correctly would indeed be a solution. But the real concerns behind the development of large‐scale investments in farmland are rather that giving land away to investors having better access to capital to ‘develop’ it implies huge opportunity costs, as it will result in a type of farming that will have much less powerful poverty‐reducing impacts than if access to land and water were improved for the local farming communities ; that it directs agriculture towards crops for export markets, increasing the vulnerability to price shocks of the target countries ; and that even where titling schemes seek to protect land users from eviction, it accelerates the development of a market for land rights with potentially destructive effects on the livelihoods both of the current land users that will face increased commercial pressure on land, and of groups depending on the commons grazing and fishing grounds, and forests. The article maps these various levels of critiques. It concludes that we need to do more than impose a discipline on land‐grabbing : we need a real alternative to this kind of investment in land.

O. De Schutter, (2011) 'The Green Rush: The Race for Farmland and the Rights of Land Users", Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 52(2), pp. 503‐559, available at : http://www.harvardilj.org/2011/07/issue_52‐2_de‐schutter/

The increased volatility of prices of agricultural commodities on international markets and the merger between the energy and food commodities markets have led to a sudden surge of interest in the acquisition or lease of farmland in developing countries. The result is “land‐grabbing”: a global enclosure movement in which large areas of arable land change hands through deals often negotiated between host governments and foreign investors with little or no participation from the local communities who depend on access to those lands for their livelihoods. While recognizing that these transactions should be more closely scrutinized, some commentators see opportunities in this development, either because it means more investment in agriculture and thus productivity gains, or because it will accelerate the development of a market for land rights that could benefit current land users, provided their property rights are recognized through titling schemes. This Article questions these views. Based on an analysis of the relationship to property rights of different categories of land users in the rural areas in developing countries, this Article argues that the poorest farmers will be priced out from these emerging markets for land rights, and that the interests of those depending on the commons will be ignored. I suggest that there are other ways to protect security of tenure: anti‐eviction laws, tenancy statutes, and policies aimed at ensuring more equitable access to land. Although measures such as these require a disaggregation of property rights and an abandonment of the Western understanding of property as necessarily implying transferability, they may offer more promising solutions to the rural poor.

O. De Schutter, (2011) 'Large‐scale Investments in Farmland: the Regulatory Challenge' (with Peter Rosenblum), Yearbook of International Investment Law and Policy, chap. 14, pp. 563‐610

The past couple of years have witnessed an unprecedented rise in the sales or leases of large areas of farmland, particularly in developing countries. The regions concerned are those where land suitable for cultivation and water are abundant, workforce cheap, and access to the global markets relatively easy. The investors are either the local elites or, increasingly, foreign investment funds or agribusiness corporations. But they also include governments of cash‐rich but resource‐poor countries seeking to outsource food production in order to ensure a stable and reliable


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supply of food for their populations. Of course, the recent wave of large‐scale acquisitions or leases of farmland is not entirely unprecedented. But the speed at which the phenomenon has been developing recently and its overall scope are. In addition, the significance of the current tide is different from what was seen in the past: In many cases, rather than investing in countries that present certain comparative advantages in agriculture in order to supply the international markets at the most competitive conditions, the buyers or the lessees of land seek to ensure access to a stable supply of agricultural commodities, in order to circumvent the international markets which have become increasingly unreliable. A global market for land and water rights is thus rapidly taking shape. This article discusses the regulatory framework that this development calls for, based on a comparison between past experiences in the extractive industries and the current rise of interest of investors in the acquisition of farmland.

This was further described and discussed at the seminar organized in Leuven on May 11 2011. The doctoral research of Claire Debucquois on “Investissements fonciers à grande échelle dans les pays du Sud. Quelles implications sociales et environnementales? » is relevant to this workpackage (see section FDI 6). FDI 3.2 Improving the frame of international negotiations on IIAs (IIL‐KUL)

In 2011, Philip De Man and Prof. Jan Wouters continued their research on ‘The question of the level of negotiation of the liberalization of foreign direct investment’ (D‐FDI 1.6, IIL‐KUL), which had been bundled in the final, edited version of work package D‐FDI 3.2, and discussed in draft form in the May 2010 Conference (notably by specially invited expert Dr. Ursula Kriebaum from the University of Vienna). Considering comments received and new developments, Philip De Man and Prof. Jan Wouters delivered a comprehensive book chapter and a GGS working paper, that pool the research efforts carried out and formulate policy guidelines to improve the framework of international negotiations on IIAs. More concretely, Philip De Man and Prof. Jan Wouters’ book chapter in Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development assesses the possibility of improving the framework of negotiations on international investment agreements, in particular from the viewpoint of developing and least‐developed capital‐importing countries. It analyses the viability of deliberations on a multilateral investment framework in order to mitigate the perverse effects of the negotiation dynamics at the bilateral level. While this chapter adopts a predominantly legal approach to this issue, the research is carried out against the backdrop of a political assessment of the reality of modern international economic negotiations. The chapter duly takes into account the preexisting situation of an elaborate regime of bilateral investment treaties between developed and developing countries, which mortgages the negotiation options of the latter at the multilateral level. New original research was carried out on recent discussions in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and more specifically, its Working Group on Trade and Investment, as well as on the work of the European Parliament Committee on International Trade. The new Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the European Union (EU) and the Republic of Korea, and ongoing negotiations between the EU Commission


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and India (to be concluded ‘early 2012’), a number of ASEAN Member States, Canada (last round in October 2011), Mercosur (8th round ongoing in March 2012), the Gulf Cooperation Council (suspended in December 2008), Russia (with little progress) and the European Neighborhood, including, most recently Moldova and Georgia (launched in December 2011) and Armenia (launched in February 2012), were studied. Philip De Man and Prof. Jan Wouters also concentrated on delivering policy proposals. Given the duality of parallel negotiations, they propose a cautious, incremental approach to complementary multilateral investment rules that focus on technical issues so as to improve the economic attractiveness of developing host countries for foreign investors. If feasible, it is concluded, this negotiation track should be supplemented by discussions on more substantive multilateral measures, in particular dealing with investment incentives.

FDI 3.3 Policy Proposals : Ensuring that IIA’s work for Human Development (LICOS‐KUL)

This chapter, by Jo Swinnen, joint with Olivier De Schutter and Jan Wouters will be the introductory chapter of the book “Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development” Based on the findings in the papers above, and including the legal and philosophical perspectives in the other chapters presented in the framework of this IUAP project, we discuss the potential benefits of attracting FDI for human development, emphasizing that this is conditional on a number of factors and that the implications of FDI on development are heterogeneous. We discuss how the signing of Bilateral Investment Treaties is a potential strategy for attracting FDI flows. Yet, knowing that the effects of BITs work differently for different sectors, this also indicates that the implications for human development may be more or less positive than the implications from FDI expected from FDI as a whole. We point to the fact that is important that policy makers realize what type of FDI they tend to stimulate by signing bilateral investment treaties. We conclude with policy recommendations based on our findings.

FDI 3.4 Ensuring accountability of non‐State actors (transnational corporations) (CPDR‐UCL)

Communications today are faster and less expensive than before. Barriers to the movement of capital, goods and services are fewer. The tastes of consumers have become largely homogenous, shaped by the same advertising practices. As a result, the sphere of activity of most corporations typically reaches beyond national borders. They source their supplies from abroad, and they serve clients overseas. They invest and establish subsidiaries outside their State of origin. Sometimes, they are directly present abroad, by creating an agency in another State. The wedge increases between the jurisdiction of the State, which is primarily territorial, and the activity of the corporation, which is increasingly without borders.

In this context, State sovereignty must redefine itself. The assertion by each State of its exclusive competence to regulate activities on its national territory will result in a situation in which States compete with one another to attract companies, whether as buyers or as investors. As buyers of goods, companies act as gatekeepers to global markets: for


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developing countries' producers, they guarantee access to the high‐value markets of industrialised nations, whose purchasing power is many times more significant than that of consumers in developing countries; or they may have unique processing capabilities, allowing raw commodities to be transformed for sale to the final consumer. As investors, companies bring in much‐needed capital. Their presence can be a source of local employment opportunities. It can lead to transfers of technologies and know‐how to local entrepreneurs.

De Schutter, O., Nov. 2010 "Sovereignty‐plus in the Era of Interdependence : Towards an International Convention on Combating Human Rights Violations by Transnational Corporations", in P. Bekker, R. Dolzer and M. Waibel (eds) Making Transnational Law work in the Global Economy: Essays in Honour of Detlev Vagts, Cambridge University Press, pp.245–284

This paper examines the respective roles of the home State of the investor and of the host State in ensuring that the investor complies with certain standards of conduct at the project level. Specifically, it reflects on the duties of these States to protect the human rights that could be threatened by the investor. The private investor is not excused from its own responsibilities towards human rights if States fail to discharge their obligation to protect. But this complementarity plays both ways: even though companies may be increasingly assessing the impact of their policy choices on the communities directly affected, this should not be invoked by States as a reason not to protect human rights by controlling them, through the various instruments at their disposal.

It focuses on the question of the jurisdiction of States over the activities of transnational corporations, emphasising how the duty of the host State to regulate corporations operating on its territory could be more easily discharged if home States of transnational corporations made a more principled use of extraterritorial regulation. These two sovereignties are not as much competing with each other than they are mutually supportive: the adoption of a new international instrument allocating responsibilities to control transnational corporations could codify in treaty form what is already, arguably, emerging customary international law. This contribution also argues that, until a consensus emerges about the desirable division of tasks between the host State and the home State in controlling investors, the adoption by the home State of extraterritorial legislation addressed directly to the parent company, but imposing on that company to exercise control on its subsidiaries, may be the best route forward. The home State of transnational corporations could best fulfil its role in protecting human rights threatened by the activities of such corporations, I argue, by providing remedies to victims before their domestic courts, where the victims are unable to obtain redress before the courts of the State where the damage occurred. This paper examines the conditions under which home States of transnational corporations may be justified in providing such remedies. Because it argues in favor of the exercise of ‘indirect’ extraterritorial jurisdiction by the home State, by imposing on the parent company domiciled in the home State a due diligence obligation to control its subsidiaries or business partners, it discusses in greater detail the obstacle resulting from the corporate veil to remedies exercised by victims before the courts of the home State. The paper then places these questions against the background of international law, explaining why the exercise by States of their duty to protect human rights in transnational situations should


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be guided by the adoption of a multilateral instrument allocating the respective tasks of different States concerned.

It concludes that there is general agreement that States have an obligation to protect human rights which could be threatened by the activities of corporations. But the territorially competent State, where the violation takes place, may be unwilling or unable to effectively regulate the conduct of the corporation concerned, particularly when the corporation is in the hands of foreign investors and may be protected by investment agreements, or when imposing too far‐reaching obligations on the corporation would create the impression that the host State is not a hospitable destination for foreign investment. The inclusion in investment treaties, and especially in host government agreements concluded between host States and foreign investors, of ‘economic stabilization’ clauses, provides an illustration of this reluctance. This however, results in a situation in which the FDI‐receiving may be unable to maximize the benefits of the investment at the level of the individual project, and may even have to renounce using certain regulatory tools – including the imposition of labor and environmental standards –, as well as imposing certain performance requirements such as the creation of employment or the sourcing of inputs from local suppliers.

One solution to overcome this difficulty is to strengthen the obligation imposed on the home State of the transnational corporation under international law, to discharge its obligation to protect human rights by regulating that corporation, preferably by imposing on the parent company an obligation to control its subsidiaries operating overseas. But because of the risks of positive conflicts of jurisdiction and because of the potential sensitivity of the host State towards such exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction, another and more promising approach would be to work towards a Convention on Combating Human Rights Violations by Transnational Corporations. Such a convention could impose on the home States of transnational corporations an obligation to adopt parent‐based extraterritorial regulation, allowing the home State to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction where this appears necessary to avoid impunity, or where victims would have no effective remedy before the national courts of the host State. Thus, the States parties to this convention would impose on the parent companies of transnational corporations which have their nationality that they respect internationally recognised human rights, over and above the locally applicable legislation, in all their activities, and that they monitor the behaviour of their subsidiaries, affiliates and business partners, by including provisions imposing a similar obligation to respect internationally recognized human rights in the agreements they conclude with these partners. FDI 3.5 Ensuring accountability of non‐State actors (multilateral lending institutions)

(IIL‐KUL)

In 2011, Nicolas Hachez and Prof. Jan Wouters continued to explore various ways to make multilateral lending institutions (MLIs) more accountable in respect of issues connected to human development (human rights, social rights, environmental stewardship). They revised the working paper that was presented in Brussels on 27 May 2010 in the thematic workshop on FDI and Human Development of the international conference on Reflexive Governance in the Public Interest – Democratic Governance and Collective Action and discussed by specially invited expert Dr. Margot Solomon (London School of Economics).


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Their comprehensive research efforts undertaken resulted was published in February 2012 by the Common Market Law Review (N. Hachez & J. Wouters, ‘A responsible lender? The European Investment Bank’s environmental, social and human rights accountability’, 49 Common Market Law Review 47 (2012)). This paper will also feature, in a slightly adapted form, as a book chapter in Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development. This article examines the principles of accountability applied by the European Investment Bank (EIB) in comparison with those of other Multilateral Lending Institutions (MLIs). Compared to other MLIs, rather little has been written on the EIB, the European Union’s long‐standing MLI, though it is the world’s major MLI in terms of lending activity. Until recently the EIB was criticized for its weak accountability standards, though it now seems to be engaged in reform so as to improve its practices on this account. After a brief presentation of the EIB, its mandate and institutional design, Nicolas Hachez and Prof. Jan Wouters analyse and appraise its substantive and procedural accountability principles and practices. The appraisal specifically takes into account the fact that the EIB forms part of the EU legal order and the opportunities this may offer to achieve and set best practices with regard to its accountability. New original research includes the analysis of recent case law (e.g. Case T‐461/08, Evropaïki Dynamiki v. EIB, judgment of 20 Sept. 2011); legislative initiatives (e.g. the Proposal for a decision of the European Parliament and of the Council granting an EU guarantee to the European Investment Bank against losses under loans and guarantees for projects outside the European Union), the 2011 World Bank’s ‘Operational Manual’, the EIB’s internal policy documents addressing human rights, social and environmental issues, as well as recent academic literature on these topics.

FDI 3.6 Ensuring accountability of national export credit agencies (CPDR‐ UCL)

This part of the FDI research is presented by Matthias Sant’Ana in the 7th chapter of the common FDI publication under the title: Risk Managers or Risk Promoters? The Impacts of Export Credit and Investment Insurance Agencies on Human Development and Human Rights .

Export credit and investment insurance agencies provide investors and exporters with loans, insurance and guarantees against risks incurred in international trade and investment activities. Their role is to complement private actors in the lending and insurance markets, and they have been increasingly subject to international disciplines to avoid the risks of trade distortions and competitive subsidization. Though justified in terms of improving positive externalities in the exporting country, these agencies were generally indifferent to the negative externalities that their activities could produce in foreign territories. Since the mid‐1990s, however, these concerns have started to be integrated into project finance supported by ECAs. This contribution assesses the manner in which this evolution squares with the requirement, under international law, that states should cooperate to promote development, and that they should take appropriate measures to avoid negative human rights impacts of the activities they support abroad. Besides proposing that additional standards be integrated in ECA lending and insurance


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practice, it suggests that establishing procedural requirements, such as impact assessments, can be particularly useful by moving the debate from resignation with uncertainty, towards a commitment to formulate expectations, perceptions of risk and mitigation policies publicly and prior to any intervention.

‐ Workpackage FDI ‐ 6: Doctoral Seminar

FDI 6 Doctoral Seminar

As mentioned in last year’s report, PhD training in the PAI context has been offered by the CPDR in addition to activities carried out in the context of the different doctoral schools to which individual researchers are attached.

Theses in the FDI subnetwork

The theses in progress are going on and are expected to be finalized in 2011 and 2012. As a reminder, here are short descriptions of doctoral researches in FDI L. Colen, “Globalization and poverty in West‐Africa”, KULeuven, LICOS

The increasing globalization of world food markets is characterized by the development of international food supply chains in developing countries and is largely affecting development in these countries. The relation between globalization ‐ trade and foreign investments ‐ and economic growth is generally seen as positive, but there is less consensus on the implications for the poorest ones. Empirical studies in different countries have come to contradicting results on the impact on small farmers and poor households, but only few studies have looked at the overall income and poverty dynamics of this globalization. This research contributes to this debate on the relation between globalization and poverty by a case study of export development in the Senegal River Delta. We measure how and to which extent de development of export food supply chains can affect the welfare of the rural population through production effects, employment effects and spillovers. In particular, we look into the female employment in these supply chains and its effects on food security and education. By comparing these results to similar empirical studies in other countries we try to understand the driving factors behind different development impacts of the globalization process of the food supply chains.

N. Hachez, “Perspectives for the Emergence of an International Rule of Law in a Global Governance Context ‐‐ Normative Benchmarks for a 'Global Rule of Law”, KULeuven IIL

The rule of law is considered as an ideal for social ordering. As a result of globalization, the rule of law is increasingly invoked in relation to the international context. Doubts remain on the meaning of the concept and on its applicability to the international realm, the regulation of which is increasingly described in terms of a pluralistic and heterogeneous "global governance". This research shall first attempt to clarify the notion of rule of law in the globalization context and to identify a number of practical "benchmarks" for analyzing the extent to which a social order is organized in a rule of law‐like manner. Real‐life


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instances of global governance, namely food safety standard‐setting and CSR, will then be tested against those benchmarks in order to define the extent to which my clarified notion of rule of law is actually playing out in international regulation under globalization. The research shall conclude by delineating a normative framework for reflecting upon international law and global governance from a rule of law perspective, and offer prospects for the possible emergence of an international rule of law. Finally, it shall address practical recommendations to international regulatory actors on how to promote the international rule of law.

M. Sant’Ana , “Structural adjustments and violations of human rights : questions of imputation and international responsibility”. UCLouvain, CPDR

The thesis reexamines the reliance of international human rights law on the traditional law of State responsibility in the light of economic globalization. It revisits the question of responsibility in international human rights law in order to take into account the impact of economic liberalization on the enjoyment of human rights and on the ability of States to protect and fulfill human rights, and the emerging role of non‐state actors. Starting with an analysis of the impacts of liberalized trade and investment, as well as of structural adjustment plans, on state policy space – i.e., its capacity to regulate and to finance the fulfillment of rights – this thesis examines the responsibility regime applicable to states, international organizations and transnational corporations. With regard to the accountability gaps identified throughout, this thesis will suggest means and mechanisms that could improve human rights protection in an interdependent international economic context.

Claire Debucquois , “Investissements fonciers à grande échelle dans les pays du Sud. Quelles implications sociales et environnementales? » This thesis seeks to examine how the recent trend in large‐scale land appropriations in the global South is interacting with titling and privatization schemes in place since the mid‐1980s, when structural adjustment became the dominant development paradigm. It will analyse the consequences these phenomena are having on local communities and how freedoms could be better protected through an alternative rights‐based development approach.


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1. 3 The collective action for the Microbiological Science Commons ‐ BIOGOV

UGent : Department of Applied mathematics, Prof. P. Dawyndt UGent : Microbiology, Prof. P. De Vos, Prof. P. Vandamme and Prof A. Willems UGent : Kermit, Prof. B. De Baets PhD researchers: B. Verslippe, W. De Smet UCL‐CPDR: Prof. T. Dedeurwaerdere, Post‐doctoral researche: B. Six ; PhD researchers C. Frison, UCL‐ELIM (MUCL): Prof. S. Declerck, PhD researcher M. Amalfi

The specific hypothesis that guides the BIOGOV sub‐network is based on the overall hypothesis of the IAP. The collective learning in the genetic resource commons cannot solely rely, in a retrospective manner, on the already existing cognitive frames and common understandings, when confronted to new challenges such as the increasing commoditization of living organisms or the threat to global biodiversity. New common understandings need to be developed in a prospective manner, to overcome the blockings generated by the existing institutional mechanisms. In this context, the research project of the last step (WP BIOGOV 4) of this thematic research has organized a set of experimental multi‐stakeholder expert dialogues in the field of agricultural biodiversity as a concrete way to foster collective learning processes in this field. The work during 2011 was mainly dedicated to workpackage BIOGOV 4. We present however a short update of Workpackage 3

‐ Workpackage BIOGOV 3 : Technical, legal and social analysis of a prototype model ‐Technical structure (UGent)

BIOGOV 3.2 Semantic web tools for the bioportal: (MICRO‐KERMIT U‐Gent)

The Work on StrainInfo (http://www.straininfo.net) has been going on improving the portal and developing more features:

Doctoral work in WP BIOGOV 3 The two PhD researchers involved in this research have pursued their doctoral research and their contribution to the development, improvement of the semantic web tools of the Bioportal. Bert Verslyppe, has continued his work on semantic microbial information “Microbial Common Language” and the Semantic integration of “Isolation habitat and location in Straininfo”. He stayed for an 11 months (September 2010 to July 2011) visit in the Natural


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Language Group at the University of Southern Carolina (USC) to work on rich semantic microbial information found in literature. He has now concluded his doctoral research and is presenting his thesis under the title "StrainInfo: from microbial information to microbiological knowledge" in June 2012 for the private defence and in the beginning of (5th)July 2012 for the public defence. Wim De Smet has been going on working on the different aspects of the web tools for the “Bioportal” Staraininfo as described here after :

StrainInfo : W. De Smet's work is centered on improving and further utilizing StrainInfo's cooperation model. Through use of, at first, screen scraping, and, currently, an XML synchronization procedure, StrainInfo has managed to build a sizeable database of the names and deposit locations of cultured microbial strains worldwide. Gene sequences of these strains are typically deposited before publication in one of the three databases of the International Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC; http://www.insdc.org/) The first phase of work was to expand the existing integration with international sequence databases to work more frequently and accurately. With the help of colleagues this data was then integrated onto the Strain passport, where any sequences that can be linked are listed right alongside the strain information, up to date to the latest release and daily update. Web services are also available to access certain data items, but most focus is on providing a clean RESTful interface through which most of StrainInfo's data can be queried and retrieved. Finding the right sequence can be hard, if you don't know what taxon the organisms belong to, so an automatic update of sequence information was coupled to frequent updates of StrainInfo's taxonomic database. An automated pipeline was set up to continuously update data from various data providers. Special mention goes to integration of all genomic information hosted at the NCBI as part of the 'genomeprj' database (now the Bioproject; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject). This led to integration of the entire dataset with the website, providing a working browser of attributes of genomic sequences, available from the sequence passport of genomic sequences that have been annotated here. Sequence ranking : While generally a lot of data is available in StrainInfo, research continues on how to make it more usable. One of the pain points discovered in correspondence with users is how hard it can be to find a full and up to date list of particular genetic sequences of any given type strain. These sequences are to be used in taxonomic analysis and for identification purposes, but are often hard to find, badly annotated or too low quality. The second phase of research focused on providing not only a way to query for an up to date list of commonly used genes, but also to be able to automatically filter those so users can begin to skip the tedious task of manually comparing each sequence with its peers (sequences of the same gene and strain). Gathering lists of the genes and type strains mainly requires leveraging the existing pipeline, with extra steps of data cleanup and


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cross‐referencing with several resources, including the SILVA (http://www.arb‐silva.de/) and LTP (http://www.arb‐silva.de/projects/living‐tree/) curated sequence databases. Filtering these sequences according to their quality (finding the "best" one), on the other hand, requires a specific approach where the various features of a genetic sequence are to be taken into account and evaluated, and a suitable ranking algorithm must be found. Focusing initially on the 16S rRNA gene, several existing measures of quality were discovered and refined. Unfortunately, such measures can give conflicting results, and so a suitable ranking method must take this into account. After a short survey of different ranking methods, poset ranking (partially ordered set ranking) was selected and has proven to be moderately successful in providing a good ranking of 16S rRNA gene sequences according to their quality when the goal is their use in a phylogenetic analysis. A web UI for data collection ‐ Giving the user access to all this data and the algorithms in a usable way can be challenging. Therefore emphasis was put on building an application, inside the StrainInfo framework, that allows users to quickly and easily gather a list of 16S rRNA gene sequences for any taxon of their choice. Without StrainInfo's data integration this would not be possible, since to find these sequences, first the taxon needs to be resolved in the database, then linked to its type strain, then further linked to a list of sequences, which can only then be filtered to only include 16S rRNA gene sequences. The online tool, currently in closed beta, performs all these steps, giving the user detailed feedback on every step. This includes relevant outputs by the tools used, a list of all sequences and a user‐editable list of the best sequences chosen automatically by the ranking algorithm. In addition, users can also generate a simple taxonomic tree, which will give them an idea of how the chosen sequences compare to each other, and making it easier to track down problems with the data. Special care is made to make this process as easy and intuitive as possible, building on open web technologies to provide a comfortable experience for all users, in any modern browser. An Interconnected Web of Repositories: GSC initiatives It is important for the future of a data integration resource to communicate with its peers and work on developing data standards that avoid making this integration harder than it already is. To that end, representatives of the StrainInfo team are working as part of the Genomic Standards Consortium (http://www.gensc.org/) to define and develop software for new standards for annotation and exchange of genomic data. In light of this effort, W. De Smet's work has extended to initial work on a java binding library for the GCDML data format (for use in StrainInfo), and the construction and maintenance of the Genomic Rosetta Stone. The aim of the Genomic Rosetta Stone (GRS) is to provide a way for different data providers to announce their presence to each other. In the future, this should make it exceedingly easy for different providers to provide further data integration, instead of a model, as is currently the case, where each provider provides data in their own incompatible format.


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The first step of this project is to allow all members to link to each other. Participating data providers are already submitting links to their data to the NCBI LinkOut system, but what was missing is a way to easily access this data programmatically. The Genomic Rosetta Stone application integrates all data from the LinkOut system in one consistent, RESTful interface (soon to be available at http://grs.straininfo.net). Its design makes accessing this data substantially easier, but the main focus of future work will be implementing a common language that all data providers can understand, as currently data integration remains hard and infeasible for more than a few participants. Papers (in preparation – not yet published)

De Smet, W., Verslyppe, B., De Loof, K., De Vos, P., De Baets B. and Dawyndt. P., "Quality sequence selection through Multi‐Criteria Analysis." (Unpublished)

De Smet, W. et al. "SeqRank: Automated sequence collection and ranking for the web" (Unpublished)

De Smet, W. et al. "The Genomic Rosetta Stone: Past, Present and Future" (Unpublished)

BIOGOV 3.3 Journal article on technical infrastructure (MICRO‐KERMIT U‐Gent)

The scientific publications planned in this WP have all been published in the form of Journal articles. The latest one was published in 2011:

Verslyppe, B., De Smet, W., De Baets, B., De Vos, P., and Dawyndt, P. (2010) Make Histri: reconstructing the exchange history of bacterial and archaeal type strains. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. doi:10.1016/j.syapm. 07/2011; 34(5):328‐36.

‐ Workpackage BIOGOV 4: Technical, legal and social analysis of a prototype model ‐Technical structure (CPDR‐UCL and ELIM (MUCL))

BIOGOV 4. Completing the research

This workpackage had a double objective: The first objective is to evaluate to further deepening the social learning amongst the various stakeholders involved in the institutionalization of a global microbial research commons, in particular with the view to going moving the blockings of the learning process highlighted in the previous work package (learning based on existing frames, instead of prospective learning of new frames). This first objective should allow identifying the specific needs for capacity building on the transformation of the actor’s identities within this thematic research of biodiversity governance.


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The second objective is to test, on a more practical level, specific proposals related to global intellectual property strategies in the biodiversity regime Three 2011 activities were specified in the 2010 report and announced as part of its work program for 2011: • (Workpackage BIOGOV 4, section 3.2. in 2010 report) Second application of the deliberative methodology envisioned in the theoretical unit of the IAPVI/06 : Multi‐Stakeholder Expert Dialogue on Access and Benefit‐Sharing for Genetic Resources (GR) for Food and Agriculture. Planned for 25th and 26tj of January (Brussels); and 31st March 2011 and 1st of April 2011 (Montpellier). • (Workpackage BIOGOV 4, section 3.4. in 2010 report) Broadening the insights of the IAP project to the development of a set of Intellectual Property (IP) Management for Marine Bioprospecting (collaboration with the proposed EU project MICRO‐B3). • (Workpackage BIOGOV 4, conclusion of section 3.4. in 2010 report). This work on alternative intellectual property strategies was further pursued in 2011, in parallel with the completion of the second set of multi‐stakeholder workshops. The work in 2011 has accordingly been organized along these two objectives. 1. First objective: social learning amongst the various stakeholders in the specific field of agro‐biodiversity (1.1.) The two multi‐stakeholder workshops were organized in a partnership with FAO to test the need for further learning on the basic concepts of access and benefit sharing. The first was organized in 25th and 26th of January in Brussels; and the second on the 31st March 2011 and 1st of April 2011 in Montpellier.

As to the tools for testing the Microbial Commons with the MUCL (ELIM) laboratory, an important meeting with the three partners involved (UGent‐MUCL and CDR‐UCL) was held in Montpellier, beside the Multi‐stakeholders workshop, to discuss the extension and development of the system set up in the Microbial Commons in the IAP VI/06 project toward the MUCL collection of the UCLouvain. In particular, a standard agreement on transfer of material to the UCL collection was discussed with different stakeholders from the NGO sector (BIOVERSITY) and from the private sector (Umbrella organization of biological control companies (Ms Johanette Klapwijck) . Prof T. Dedeurwaerdere (CPDR –UCL), prof S. Declerck (MUCL‐ELIM UCL), Mrs. D. Janssens (MICRO – UGENT responsible for external communication and representation and BCCM direction committee). This work is going on to finalize the standard agreement for such transfers.


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Publications related to this task

Marie Schloen, Sélim Louafi, Tom Dedeurwaerdere. ‘Access and Benefit‐sharing for Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture – Current Use and Exchange Practices, Commonalities, Differences and User Community Needs.’ CGRFA n 59, July 2011 ; on line at http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/023/mb720e.pdf Tom Dedeurwaerdere, 2012, Design Principles of Successful Genetic‐Resource Commons for Food

and Agriculture. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics 26(3): 32‐46.

(1.2.) In collaboration with FAO, a stakeholder perspective on the concept of the “crop commons” based on an analysis of the negotiation history that lead to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The multilateral system of benefit sharing under this treaty is analyzed in the monograph on “Global Intellectual Property Strategies for the Microbial Research Commons” (cf. below), where the main results of the BIOGOV unit’s work under IUAP VI are presented, as one of the 2 prototypes on which can be further build to develop the specific proposals for global intellectual property strategies in the biodiversity regime. Publications related to this task

Christine Frison, Francisco López and Josè T. Esquinas‐Alcázar (eds.) “Plant Genetic Resources and Food Security ‐ Stakeholder Perspectives on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture”, Earthscan (July 2011

2. Second objective : specific proposals related to global intellectual property strategies

in the biodiversity regime

2.1. Monograph on “Global Intellectual Property Strategies for the Microbial Research

Commons”.

The specific proposals related to global intellectual property strategies in the biodiversity regime, based on the work on the standard ECCO MTA (cf. annual report 2010) and the open knowledge environment constituted by the Straininfo.net bioportal (cf. annual reports 2088‐2010), were developed in a monograph on “Global Intellectual Property Strategies for the Microbial Research Commons” in co‐authorship with two international experts in this field : Jerome Reichman (international IP expert, Duke University Law school) and Paul Uhlir (international expert of digital information infrastructures, US National Academies of Science, US).

Meetings related to this task with Reichman, J. and P. Ulhir to prepare the publication and

meet the publisher’s deadlines:

Cambridge University Press’ schedule :

‐ February 2011 : submission of manuscript to Cambridge University Press;


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‐ March 2011 : reviews by Cambridge UP; 15th of May 2011 : reply to the reviewers; ‐ July 13 2011 : Contract for publication signed with Cambridge UP; ‐ Sept 2012 : delivery date for the final manuscript

Meetings to meet the publisher ‘s schedule:

‐ 5th Dec. to 20th of Dec. 2010 , Washington DC and 28th jan 2011 – 6th of Feb 2011, Washington DC: preparation of draft of manuscript to be submitted for review to Cambridge University Press

‐ 4‐8th of May 2011, Brussels : Preparation of the reply for the reviewers for Cambridge University Press (reviews received end of April 2011)

‐ 20‐27th of June 2011, Brussels : Preparation of the final draft of the report of the Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Microbial Commons (Washington DC, October 2009), discussion framework by Tom Dedeurwaerdere

‐ 12‐14th of October 2011, Brussels and 11th to 19th of December 2011, Washington DC : preparation of the final text of the manuscript for Cambridge University Press (final draft to be submitted September 2012)

Publications related to this task

Dedeurwaerdere, T., 2011 (September), Microbial Commons: Overview of the Governance Considerations—A Framework for Discussion, in Designing the Microbial Research Commons: Proceedings of an International Workshop, ed. by Paul Uhlir, National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press, pp. 169‐176 ; http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13245

Reichman J., Dedeurwaerdere T. and Uhlir P. Global Intellectual Property Strategies for the Microbial Research Commons. Cambridge University Press.

2.2. Intellectual Property (IP) Management for Marine Bioprospecting (collaboration

with the proposed EU project MICRO‐B3)

Under this task, the results of the IUAP VI for global intellectual property strategies (based on the Straininfo.net technical and institutional prototype) were tested for its use in a European wide digital infrastructure for marine metagenomics. A work package was developed for the EU project MICRO B3 based on that work. The proposal was successful and selected by the EU for funding.

Meetings related to the 2.1 objective :

‐ 14th – 16th of September 2011, Bremen.


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1. 4. Corporate Governance

ULg – LENTIC: Prof F. Pichault, post‐doctoral researcher: O. Lisein, V. Xhauflair, PhD researchers: C. Rémy, A. Leveque ULg LAW: Prof. N. ThirionResearch assistants : E. Esposito, D. Gol, D Pasteger UCL‐CPDR: Prof. R. Cobbaut, Prof A. Autenne, research assistant: F. Magnus UCAM‐ CBR: Prof. S. Deakin, Dr J. Buchanan, Prof. S. Konzelmann, Prof. A. Johnston, Dr D.Chai, Prof. W. Nyoja, Research assistants : R. Russel, Z. Rasnaca, B. Demirkol, A. Hoshi, E. Aguirre, Y. Harn Lee. UCAM‐ CBR: Prof. S. Deakin, Dr J. Buchanan, Dr D.Chai, Prof. A. Johnston, Prof. S. Konzelmann, Dr W. Nyoja, Dr P. Sarkar, researchers: E. Aguirre, B. Demirkol, A. Hoshi, Y.H. Lee, R. Russell

The subnetwork’s approach As already exposed previously, the Corporate Governance (hereunder: CG) research program has been structured in three steps : assessing critically the theoretical underpinnings of the outstanding CG literature; ‘translating’ the general conditions for effectiveness of collective action into specific CG problematizations;

making policy suggestions aimed at promoting effective, reflexive and democratic regulatory processes .

The research results

‐ Workpackage CG 1 Governance of network organizations (LENTIC – ULg)

ULg – LENTIC: Prof. F. Pichault, post‐doctoral researchers : V. Xhauflair & O. Lisein, doctoral researchers A. Leveque, C. Remy with CPDR (M. Maesschalck and the TNU team)

The aim of the CG1 WP is to question the evolution of Corporate Governance in a context of network organizations. These network organizations might take various forms and may be organized upon diversified principles, but they all involve a complex network of stakeholders —contractors, clients, workers, public authorities, consumer associations, local communities, etc. — with different needs and interests. When these network organizations are set up in order to design, implement and institutionalize new regulation schemes, managing the conflicts linked to the different expectations and interests at hand become therefore an important challenge. Furthermore, the issue of the consistency of these emerging network regulations with the pre‐existing regulations at various levels is of a crucial importance.


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The PhD thesis written by V. Xhauflair, based on the in depth analysis of workforce pooling practices, has provided some answers to these transversal questions. After the completion of V. Xhauflair’s PhD thesis, which has been publicly defended in January 2011 and whose jury was presided by Prof. M. Maesschalck, the Lentic team has decided to further test the relevance of both the theoretical proposals and the policy suggestions devised in the PhD dissertation. In this perspective, in addition to the publication of the PhD thesis and papers, the work done in 2011 has focussed on a deepening of the terceisation function conceptual proposal, on the basis of a study of three other fields where we can observe complex networks trying, with the support of third party actors, to conceive new regulations and to institutionalize them. 1. The institutionalization processes of the employers’ alliances (EA) in three countries (Belgium, France, Germany) V. Xhauflair has developed a post‐doctoral project intending to develop and extend the relevance of her doctoral research findings. In her PhD dissertation, V. Xhauflair has studied the micro‐processes leading to the creation and development of EA in Belgium. She has highlighted the pivotal role of third parties in supporting these processes, and also the specific nature of their supporting actions allowing to explain the success or the failure of various projects. In the framework of her post‐doctoral research, V. Xhauflair goes up to the macro level and compares the development and institutionalization processes of the EA scheme in three different countries: France, the country in which the EA were born in the 1980’s; Belgium, in which the EA appeared in the late 1990’s and have been legally framed in 2011; Germany, where EA have been developing since 2005. She especially focuses on the roles played by third party actors in these processes and on the lobbying actions made by the stakeholders to insert their practices in the existing labour law. To carry out this comparative analysis, V. Xhauflair is collaborating with Prof. Simon Deakin. From September 2011 on up to April 2012, he has been hosting her at the CBR as a post‐doctoral fellow. V. Xhauflair has already published one paper about this transnational comparison in the French Encyclopédie de la Gestion des Ressources Humaines edited by J. Allouche. Another paper co‐authored with Prof. Deakin is currently in progress. 2. The governance of restructuring A second research field in which Lentic has tested the relevance of the terceisation function concept is the governance of company restructuring. Restructurings are indeed complex phenomena affecting and involving most often stakeholders beyond the legal borders of the restructuring company. Therefore, their governance is not only the fact of the company managers, as it entails the intervention of third parties in various roles aimed at enabling a sustainable restructuring process and at preserving the general interest. It is thus interesting to explore these processes especially in terms of interaction dynamics between the stakeholders and roles undertaken by the various parties, in order to identify some specific actions allowing a reflexive governance of the restructuring. V. Xhauflair and A. Leveque have carried out two case studies of restructurings in Belgium.


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The first one is about the restructuring of the retailer Carrefour Belgium. It has been undertaken during the year 2010 and has involved nearly 600 job losses and 1,000 pre‐retirements, the closing of 16 super‐and hyper‐markets (some of which were reopened in franchising) and the transfer of 16 shops to a competitor (Groupe Mestdagh). Due to the scale of the social plan and its (inter‐)organizational complexity, many different stakeholders have been involved in the various steps of the restructuring (Carrefour Belgium and France management, workers unions local representatives and sectoral hierarchy, public authorities, mediators, communication advisors, social advisors, etc.). V. Xhauflair and A. Levêque have carried out about 25 interviews and written a monograph describing the whole process. The second case study is about a more diffuse restructuring process. It deals with the decline of the steel industry in Liege and the multiple restructurings undertaken in this local industry since the 1970’s. The situation has recently worsened with Mittal’s decision to stop the Liege’s hot steel industry once and for all. In terms of reflexive governance, this situation is particularly interesting because the issue of the territorial governance of this structural restructuring process, leading progressively to the disappearing of the whole steel industry in Liège, has proven particularly complex. Specifically, the local actors seem to have big difficulties to envision a future for Liege without the steel industry and remain stuck in their routines and compulsions of repetition, trying to maintain the industry at any price. Our interest here was to question the conditions on which these actors may undertake a reflexive process allowing them to consider and accept to test an alternative future for their region. We have based our case study on our previous knowledge of the story of this industry’s decline and on complementary interviews with actors involved in a project of urban redeployment that seemed to include some dimensions of a terceisation function. We have also organized seminars with some local stakeholders to examine how it could be possible to implement a terceisation process at the territorial level. In this perspective, we developed a collaboration with the partners of the European project Arts & Restructuring and participated to some seminars where the underlying question, following John Dewey ‘s Art as Experience (2010), was: could art be a way to allow experimenting restructuring and their consequences, and therefore make it possible for a reflexive process to take place among the stakeholders. Three papers have been produced on the basis of these reflections. One of those has been published (Naedenoen & Pichault, 2012); another one will be presented in the 2012 Conference of the AGRH in Nancy, and the third one will be published a the IRES Journal, in a special issue about “restructuring, what’s new?”. 3. The governance of competitiveness clusters Started in May 2010, O. Lisein’s post doctoral stay at Bentley University has lasted until August 2011. His research focussed on the governance modes in innovation partnerships in Wallonia’s competitiveness clusters, trying to isolate —amongst the inter‐organizational coordination systems considered efficient by the members in the partnerships— those systems where the terceisation function seems to have performed satisfactorily.


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In the year 2010, O. Lisein has updated the data already available about competitiveness clusters in order to enrich the description of the coordination modes implemented inside these innovation partnerships. Appropriated data have been collected about the five Walloon competitiveness clusters, with a particular focus on three of them: the ‘Health’ Cluster, the ‘Mechanical Engineering’ Pole, and the ‘Transport and Logistics’ Network (see the annual activity report of the year 2010). These data have then been analyzed in 2011, notably with regard to the main conclusions found in the dedicated scientific literature. The data have also been put into perspective with the main highlights of comparative innovation projects developed in other countries. These theoretical and empirical analyses allowed O.Lisein to examine in depth the concrete modalities taken by the coordination function within competitiveness clusters, with a specific focus on the “reflexive” dimension of this function. This reflection has thus enriched the questions of the main roles of the terceisation function, in order to “invite” the partners to pass beyond their own individual interests and to think collectively, as members of innovation networks. Concrete recommendations have been proposed on the basis of our main findings, among others to help the project managers to adopt a terceisation role and to favor the partners’ adoption of a reflexive position. These conclusions and recommendations have been summarized in a working paper and in an article, currently peer‐reviewed for its publication. The year 2011 has also been dedicated to more generally question the governance practices that have to be favoured in the management of competiveness clusters. Going further that the aforementioned issues of the dimensions and the roles of the coordination function, this question refers to the idea that competitiveness clusters, because of their specificities, require dedicated governance approaches and appropriate management practices, which are far from the managerial practices that are usually developed and implemented within more “traditional” business partnerships. Indeed, the heterogeneity of actors, their diversity of identities and of interests, and their differences of thinking and of acting, raise lots of challenges to impulse real partnership dynamics and effective sharing of experiences among the partners. The research we carried out on this subject, based on the principles of the reflexive governance, emphasized several practices that lead the stakeholders to adopt a reflexive posture to manage their collaborative activities, to cross their boundaries, and to regulate their collaborations. Our findings also give some line of thought concerning the ways to develop balanced compromises within competitiveness clusters, agreements that actively contribute to the respect of the general interest prerequisite. These conclusions are the basis of a paper currently in its final stage of writing (this articles improves a first version of our reflections, which was presented during a conference on successes, failures, and risks of innovation projects). More generally speaking, the emphasis put on the terceisation function may help to adopt a very different view on the way of managing processes of change within and between organizations. On the basis of previous work on change management, F.Pichault engaged the English translation of his book (Change Management. Theoretical and Practical Perspectives) for a wider audience, highlighting in the last chapter the crucial role of translators —in charge of the terceisation function— in managing change processes in a “polyphonic” way, making that the voices of the different stakeholders are really taken into account for building new collective orders.


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Xhauflair, V. (2011), La formation de régulations inter‐organisationnelles équilibrées et pérennes : Le cas des pratiques de mutualisation de main‐d’œuvre, Editions de l’Université de Liège, collection des thèses de doctorat HEC‐ULg Xhauflair, V. (to be pusblished in 2012), « De la pratique d’intervention à la fonction de tercéisation :la création de Job’Ardent en Belgique », in a collection of case studies edited by M. Maesschalck (title not yet fixed). Xhauflair, V. (to be pusblished in 2012), « La mutualisation de main‐d’œuvre. Diversité des pratiques et nouveaux enjeux », in José Allouche (coord.), Encyclopédie des Ressources Humaines. 3e édition, Paris, Vuibert Xhauflair, V. & Pichault F. (to be pusblished in 2012), « Social regulation within inter‐organizational partnerships : Which conditions for balanced and long‐lasting compromises?”, in Galais N., Garsten C. and Koene B. (Eds), Blended Workforce: Management and Organization of Temporary Agency Work, London, Routledge Pichault, F. (to be pusblished in 2013), Change Management. Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. Xhauflair V. & Pichault F., « Du Tiers à la Tercéisation. Modalités d’une fonction essentielle pour l’émergence d’une regulation à l’échelon inter‐organisationnel », Négociations, (accepté pour publication) Xhauflair V. & Pichault F., « Can Flexicurity make ethical sense? The “terceisation function” as a moral lever for inter‐organisational employment schemes », International Journal of Work Innovation, (accepté pour publication) Naedenoen, F. & Pichault, F. (2012), « Restructurations d’entreprises et reconversion territoriale. Vers une institutionnalisation adaptative », Revue Française de Gestion, vol.38, n°220, pp.133‐147 Xhauflair V. & Pichault F. (2011), « Le chercheur comme entrepreneur de l’innovation inter‐organisationnelle », SociologieS, Dossiers, Les partenariats de recherche , mis en ligne le 18 octobre

Lisein, O. & Pichault, F. “Reflexive governance practices: conditions for balanced and long‐lasting compromises within competitiveness clusters” (en cours de finalisation) Lisein, O. & Pichault, F. « Vers une fonction de coordination réflexive dans la gestion de projets au sein des pôles de compétitivité » (soumis pour publication – en cours d’évaluation)

Dissemination, Conference proceedings, working papers papers

Xhauflair V. and Pichault F. (2011), « Putting the collective interest to the test. The role of the third‐party in building trust at the inter‐organisational level », Proceedings of the Critical Management Studies Conference, Naples, July 11‐13th Xhauflair V. and Pichault F. (2011), « Social regulation within inter‐organisational partnerships. Which conditions for balanced and long‐lasting compromises ? », Proceedings of the 23rd SASE Annual Conference, Madrid, June 23‐25th Lisein O. et Rondeaux G. (2011), « Enjeux des pôles de compétitivité : une réponse par le développement de pratiques de gouvernance appropriées », Actes du 7ème Congrès de l’Académie de l’Entrepreneuriat et de l’Innovation, Paris, octobre.


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R. Beaujolin‐Bellet, N. Bobadilla, D. Mourey, V. Perret, F. Pichault, G. Schmidt, V. Xhauflair, Quand l’art parle des restructurations: Au‐delà du dévoilement, une forme d’expérimentation, paper submitted for the 2012 Conference of the AGRH, Nancy

Lisein O. (2011), « La gouvernance des pôles de compétitivité vue sous le prisme de la fonction de

coordination », Working Paper, n°201104/01, HEC‐Ecole de Gestion de l’Université de Liège.

Lisein O. (2010), « Regard sur la gouvernance des pôles de compétitivité : modes de coordination, pratiques de tercéisation et respect de l’intérêt collectif », Working Paper, n°201011/03, HEC‐Ecole de Gestion de l’Université de Liège.

Références Dewey, J. (2010), L’Art comme expérience, Paris, Gallimard

‐ Workpackage CG 2 Fiduciary duties and legal structure of the firm‐ (CBR‐UCAM, ULg Law, CPDR‐UCL)

CG 2‐1 : Rights and fiduciary duties of the Board of directors (ULg‐Law, CPDR3‐UCL)

ULg Law : Prof. N. Thirion, doctoral student E. Esposito UCL‐CPDR: Prof. A. Autenne, research assistant F. Magnus, FLACSO‐Quito, Ecuador: Prof. R.Cobbaut, Prof. B. Espinosa Quintana This sub‐section has been re‐designed after the common final conference REFGOV‐DEMOGOV in the way presented in the synthesis report of the project. In order to save continuity, the structure adopted for the previous annual reports will be maintained here. Alexia Autenne has published four contributions linked to the general twofold preoccupations of the project on the efficiency of corporate governance mechanisms and regulation in the field of corporate law.

(i) The first contribution analyses critically Corporate Governance in Belgium in the

framework of the book on Comparative Corporate Governance, edited by Andreas Fleckner and Klaus Hopt at Cambridge University Press, to be published during the spring 2012. This book is linked to the collective project on corporate governance of the 18th International Symposium of International Academy of Comparative Law that took place in Washington in the summer 2010.

3 It is to be noted that, due to some health constraints and an official maternity leave, A. Autenne, the CPDR coordinator of this WP, has been unavailable for the project from the end of March 2010 until September 2010. However, despite this situation, various ‘outputs’ have been produced and/or prepared in 2010.


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(ii) The second contribution studies the topic of executive pay in Belgium, with a specific focus on the new legal regime and the type of regulation involved. The economical foundations of the law have also been put forward. A dedicated attention has also been made to the great variety of norms involved: from classical « top‐down » imperative law to soft regulation going through transparency techniques. We have highlighted the main issues of these singular arrangements between various regulatory methods mixing State Law and market sanctions.

(iii) The last two publications are devoted to the topic of transnational mobility of

corporations in UE law. We have started from a technical legal analysis of the problems generated by the transfer of the registered office from one Member State to another. We have then made an evaluation of the scope of the « real seat » doctrine in European corporate law. This has led us to a critical discussion around the controversial debate on « convergence » between the Member States’ corporate law. Is such a convergence really under way? Is it something desirable? What are the main issues at stake (for the firms themselves and for the stakeholders)?

The book Written by Frédéric Magnus on the legal aspects of the protection of the categorical rights in the groups of companies has been published in 2011. Nicolas Thirion (2011) has analysed the model of CG adopted by some legislators, for example in Belgium where the legislator has prescribed – at least for listed companies – a unique code of best practices. This model consists of a hybridization of hetero‐ and self‐regulation. He does underline the normative ambiguities of this amalgam of rules consisting in either normative or prohibitive enunciations with rules defining general principles for collective action. N. Thirion has coordinated two special issues (March 5 and 12, 2011) of the Journal des tribunaux, dedicated to the ten years of existence of the Belgian “Code des sociétés”. He has also been writing the editorial paper of this series (“Dix ans d’application du Code des sociétés: vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre ouvrage”). In connexion with the CG thematic, N. Thirion has been the rapporteur of the “Law and Economics” section in the conference “Les XXIèmes Journées juridiques Jean Dabin” (8‐9/12/2011) held at the Faculty of Law of Louvain‐la‐Neuve on the theme “The flexibility of sanctions”. The report will be published in the proceedings of the conference. The manuscript of the doctoral thesis in comparative law about shareholders agreements in the conduct of the enterprise of Elena Esposito will be deposited by the end of June 2012. The public defence is scheduled in the last quarter of the same year. The public defence of the doctoral thesis of Stéphane Nassaut (UCL – CIRTES & CPDR), whose thematic had been described in length in the Overview report of April 2010 and mentioned in the 2010 annual report has taken place in May 2011 and has been published in the brand new collection of theses of the Louvain School of Management.


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In the framework of the cooperation agreement between CPDR and FLACSO (Faculdad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) – Quito, Robert Cobbaut has spent two and a half months in the summer of 2011 at the department “Public Policies” of FLACSO, working with Prof. Betty Espinosa Quintana (FLACSO and CPDR) to the diffusion and projects of deepening of her doctoral research (see report 2010). He has also taught two courses, one on his heterodox analysis of the world financial crisis and another one on a critical analysis of the microeconomic foundations of the mainstream model of the managerial firm and of CG in particular. As a support for this latter course, he has been writing a book titled “Teorias economicas de la organizacion” that will be published by FLACSO Editorial in the course of 2012.

Autenne, A, « Corporate Governance in Belgium », in: A. FLCKHER & K. HOPT (eds.) [2012], Comparative Corporate Governance, Cambridge Universy Press, 45 pp. Autenne, A. & ulot, H. (2012) , « La normalisation des pratiques de rémunération managériales : la réglementation récente et ses enjeux », in : Droit des Sociétés – Millésime 2011 (sous la direction d’Yves De Cordt et A‐P. André‐Dumont), Larcier, pp.119‐157. Autenne, A. & Navez, E‐J. (2012), « Le transfert de siège social comme modalité de réorganisation des sociétés commerciales: aspects civils et commerciaux », in : Réorganisations de sociétés, Larcier, pp.164‐206. Cobbaut, R. (2012), Teorias economicas de la organizacion, FLACSO‐Quito, 120 pp. Magnus, F. (2011), Les groupes de sociétés et la protection des intérêts catégoriels – Aspects juridiques, Les dossiers du Journal des tribunaux. Nassaut, S. (2011), Critique du ‘nouvel esprit’ du gouvernement d’entreprise – Le cas de l’implication patrimoniale des salariés, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Louvain School of Management, Doctoral Thesis Series, 04‐2011, 346 pp. Thirion, N. (2011), « Code des sociétés et Codes de Corporate Governance : quelles interactions ? », proceedings of the conference ‘Dix ans d’application du Code des sociétés’ (mai 2010, Éd. Kluwer. Autenne, A. « Droit européen et mobilité des sociétés : pour qui sonne le glas ? », Journal des Tribunaux, 2011, n°10, pp. 194‐197. Thirion, N. (2011), « Dix ans d’application du code des sociétés : vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre ouvrage », Journal des tribunaux, n° spécial du 5 mars 2011.

CG 2‐2 : The governance of Belgian pension funds (CPDR‐UCL)4

UCL‐CPDR: Prof. A. Autenne

A symposium was organized by Alexia Autenne the 24 March 2011 at the Law Faculty of the University of Louvain. This symposium gathered academics and experts from various disciplinary fields with the aim to analyse the main regulatory challenges of pension funds regulation in Belgium and EU. Some prospective propositions have also been elaborated. The main focus was on the important legal reform imposing, from the 1 janvier 2007, a

4 As mentioned above, it should be kept in mind that Mrs Autenne has been on leave of absence for five months in 2010


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new set of norms to the pension funds industry, according to the requirements of the European 2006/43/CE Directive. Three orders of concerns were mainly discussed. What are the characteristics of the governance structure of pension funds and which improvements should be made? What are the prudential requirements? And what are the transnational stakes (do we have to encourage pan‐European pension funds) ? Besides their doctrinal implications, the questions raised and discussed in this symposium are very sensitive in the present context. Indeed, pension funds have been submitted to important strains during the current financial crisis. The latter is also bearer of challenges as far as the influence of mutual funds on the whole financial system is concerned. The results of this research are published in a book « Le droit belge des fonds de pension : enjeux et perspectives » edited by Larcier in February 2012.

Autenne A. & Hermand, o. (eds.) [2012]. Le droit belge des fonds de pension : enjeux et perspectives, to be published, Larcier, 285 pp. Autenne, A. (2012), « Les relations juridiques qu’entretiennent les parties prenantes à un fonds de pension d’entreprise », in : Le droit belge des fonds de pension : enjeux et perspectives (sous la direction de A. Autenne et O. Hermand), Larcier, pp. 105‐144.

CG 2‐3 : Pension funds and ‘Socially Responsible Investment’ strategies (UCAM‐CBR)

UCAM‐CBR: Prof. S. Deakin, Dr J. Buchanan, Dr D.Chai, Prof. A. Johnston, Prof. S. Konzelmann, Dr W. Nyoja, Dr P. Sarkar, researchers: E. Aguirre, B. Demirkol, A. Hoshi, Y.H. Lee, R. Russell.

Aims and Objectives

There is currently a complex mix of contractual governance (auto‐regulation), coordinated self‐regulation (co‐regulation), and hetero‐ (or external) regulation in the case of UK defined‐benefit pension schemes. The basic legal concept of the trust which governs pension funds in the UK is a highly flexible one, and companies have traditionally had considerable leeway in constructing defined‐benefit pension schemes according to their particular needs. The most recent trend has been towards ever tighter regulation of scheme deficits, which are regarded as debts due from the scheme sponsor (the employer). From 2004 the Pensions Regulator (TPR) was given far‐reaching powers to order shortfalls in funding to be met by scheme sponsors. The issues addressed in the research are: how are pension fund trustees dealing with growing legal and regulatory pressures on employer‐based pension schemes? How are potential conflicts of interest dealt with through pension fund governance? How are the decisions taken by sponsors and trustees affecting the solvency and long‐run viability of pension schemes? Pension funds also shape the wider corporate governance system as investors. The regulatory framework for pension fund activism is set, initially, by general principles of fiduciary law, which see trustees as fiduciaries, under a duty to obtain the maximum returns for members. The research is addressing the question: is the legal structure of fiduciary law appropriate for socially responsible investment (SRI) approaches? What is


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the relationship of pension scheme governance to the growing use of pension fund assets to support shareholder activism in the UK and overseas? Can pension funds effectively support investment in long‐term projects, such as those requiring investment in infrastructure, or innovative technologies which generate returns over the longer term? How is investment in innovative technologies affected by the regulatory environment for corporate governance in different countries?

Recent progress

(i) The trust model of pension fund governance

In 2011 John Buchanan and Simon Deakin continued to work on the evolution of the trust model in pension fund governance. Their work (Buchanan and Deakin, 2012; Deakin, 2011) shows that the adequacy and sustainability of pension provision in the UK have increasingly been questioned in recent years. Pressures are coming from all sides: increased regulation, new accounting standards (FRS17), the emergence of deficits, takeover bid activity, pension scheme abandonment, and the emergence of a pension fund buy‐out market. Trustees therefore find themselves at the focal point of often contrary forces. Adding to the difficulties, a large number of defined benefit schemes are closing to new members, and/or terminating defined benefits for existing members. The development of the model at some DB schemes nevertheless demonstrates that it can adapt. Corporate trustees with executive officers and specifically empowered committees have emerged at larger companies, where the sponsor can make such resources available, to deal better with the complications of the current pensions environment. Practices, such as division of supervision and execution, have been copied from corporate governance and appear to be functioning well at some schemes. Both the larger schemes and some smaller schemes are beginning to employ professional trustees, moving the style of their trusts away from the tradition of prudent amateurs towards the specialist skills that are increasingly demanded by the Pensions Regulator. In addition, Rosanne Russell carried out backbround research on the implications for pension fund governance of changes to retirement law and practice in the UK. The results of this work will be written up with Catherine Barnard and Simon Deakin in a paper later in 2012 (building on Barnard and Deakin 2012).

(ii) Pension funds and infrastructure investment

During late 2011 and early 2012, Simon Deakin and John Buchanan carried out research on the issue of pension fund investment in large‐scale infrastructure projects and in projects with a long‐term, innovative orientation. The ability of institutional investors to take a balanced view of the risks and returns inherent in projects with the potential to generate long‐term value has recently been called into question. The UK’s National Infrastructure Plan of November 2011 noted that in the face of disruptions to traditional sources of finance such as bank lending for essential infrastructure, ‘few institutional investors have developed the capability to assess direct investment opportunities in individual infrastructure projects’. Undertaking to seek remedies to this situation, the UK government has targeted the raising of up to £20,000 million from UK pension funds and


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other investors for investment in long‐term projects in infrastructure. The CBR research, based on interviews conducted in late 2011 and early 2012, suggests that there is a gap between the financing demands of infrastructure providers and the conditions that pension funds and other institutional investors are willing to entertain, which is only partially bridged by the structures of intermediary bankers and specialist fund managers (Buchanan, Deakin and Sanderson, 2012).

(iii) Shareholder activism and corporate governance in comparative perspective In 2011, John Buchanan, Dominic Chai and Simon Deakin completed their comparative study of shareholder activism in Japan, Europe and the US. This research will be published by CUP as a research monograph (Buchanan, Chai and Deakin, 2012). The work focuses on what happened when American and British confrontational hedge fund activists targeted Japanese companies between 2002 and 2008, they were dealing with joint stock companies with shareholder voting powers and other levers of power already familiar to them from the USA and Europe. The formal rights of shareholders in Japan were more or less as strong as those prevailing in the USA. Corporate law was based heavily on the US model. Scepticism about post‐War Japanese corporate governance practices had been widely aired and had support from the trade and industry ministry METI. There was enthusiasm in some quarters for ‘global’ standards which to many Japanese and overseas observers implied a willingness to follow the USA’s lead. Despite this apparently welcoming situation, confrontational hedge fund activism produced equivocal results from the point of view of investment returns and failed, more generally, to bring about acceptance of the shareholder primacy norm among corporate and financial actors. The main immediate causes of this failure were the intransigence of boards and the indifference of powerful local shareholders to the hedge funds’ strategies. Directors were often willing to listen to the funds’ arguments with an open mind, but their cooperation stopped as soon as they discerned that immediate, short‐term gain, rather than the long‐term benefit of the community firm, was the funds’ objective. The beliefs held by managers and local shareholders about the purposes of the community firm led them to interpret formal governance structures in a way which was at odds with expectations the funds had derived from their home country experience. When arguments about the legitimacy of the funds’ interventions were brought before the courts, it was made clear that the idea of the community firm had resonance within the legal system.

(iv) Comparative analysis of CSR and corporate governance regulation

In other work for the project, Andrew Johnston’s recent research (2011) has addressed the theme of the role of CSR‐related practices in reducing negative externalities arising from corporate activity. Simon Deakin and Prabirjit Sarkar have carried out quantiative analysis of the relationship between corporate governance regulation and economic outcome in a range of countries, developing further the ‘leximetric’ coding techniques used to measure cross‐country differences in legal regimes, and adding to the CBR’s existing databases with the help of research assistants with expertise in compartive corporate governance (Akio Hoshi, Berk Demirkol, Emilie Aguirre, Yin Harn Lee). Their work with Ajit Singh was presented at the IEA World Congress in Beijing in July 2012 and


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will appear in a forthcoming collection of proceedings of the congress (Deakin, Sarkar and Singh, 2012).

Buchanan, J., Chai, D. and Deakin, S. (2012) Hedge Fund Activism in Japan: The Limits of Shareholder Primacy (Cambridge: CUP), forthcoming. Deakin, S. (2011) ‘Inside pension fund governance’, in P. Thornton (ed.) Good Governance for Pension Schemes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Deakin, S., Sarkar, P. and Singh, A. (2012), ‘An end to consensus? The selective impact of corporate law reform on financial development’, in M. Aoki, K. Binmore, S. Deakin and H. Gintis (eds.), Complexity, Norms and Organizations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), forthcoming. Johnston, A. (2011) ‘Facing up to social cost: the real meaning of corporate social responsibility’ Griffith Law Review, 20: 221.

Buchanan, J. and Deakin, S. (2012), ‘Pension fund governance: the evolution of the trust model’ forthcoming, CBR WP series, March. Buchanan, J., Deakin, S. and Sanderson, P. (2012), ‘Construction risk and infrastructure investment’ presentation to the workshop on ‘Delivering the Pipeline’, Peterhouse, Cambridge, 26 January. Deakin, S. (2011) ‘Informal institutions and the limits to convergence in corporate governance: the reception of hedge fund activism in Japan’, paper presented to Asian Law and Economics Association conference, Hong Kong University, July 2011.

Media dissemination: shorter articles and blogs Barnard, C. and Deakin, S. (2012) ‘Ahead of the game? Abolishing the DRA has the potential to inflict long‐term damage on UK plc’ New Law Journal, 3 February 2012. Deakin, S. (2012) ‘Kay needs to replace shareholder value with corproate value’ Financial Times, Economists’ Forum, 20 March 2012: http://blogs.ft.com/economistsforum/2012/03/#axzz1rfBQeTTt. Deakin, S. (2012) ‘Don’t shoot the pension fund managers! Long‐term investment in infrastructure needs a better policy mix’ Financial Times, Economists’ Forum, 28 March 2012:

http://blogs.ft.com/economistsforum/2012/03/#axzz1rfBQeTTt.


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CG 2‐4 : Whistleblowing and the “right to alert” (UCL‐ CPDR)

UCL‐CPDR: Prof. R. Cobbaut,

Capitalizing on previous contributions of T. Boyer (2004, 2007) about the French procedure of the “right to alert”, R. Cobbaut (2011) shows that the failure of the company under study to become perennially a ‘learning organization’, notwithstanding the temporary establishment of a social dialog that had made it possible to rescue the company’s activity, may be imputed to the inability of the actors – due to the lack of reflexive governance of their collective acting – to become conscious of the pragmatic conditions, both organizational and institutional, of their capacity to steady the ‘effectuation’ of their commitment.

Cobbaut, R. (2011), « La gouvernance de l’action collective », in : TASKIN L. & de NANTEUIL M., Perspectives critiques en management, Bruxelles, De Boeck, pp. 67‐81.

‐ Workpackage CG 3 : Evaluation of the EU regulation of the financial system (UCL‐CPDR)

UCAM‐CBR: Prof. S. Deakin, Prof. A. Johnston, Prof. S. Konzelmann, W. Njoya. A. Johnston UCL‐CPDR: Prof. R. Cobbaut While carrying on its work on the specifically European regulation of the financial system (Njoya 2011), the CBR team has investigated the links between the prevailing conception of regulation and the expectations that may be formed about the evolution of the financial crisis in the long run (Deakin 2011). Johnston (2012) has conducted a study of the role of the recent EU regulation on credit rating agencies. Along the line of her previous studies on the ‘varieties of liberalism’ Sue Konzelmann’s recent work in co‐authorship (2010) on comparative corporate governance shows that within the sphere of Anglo‐Saxon capitalism, some countries have emerged virtually unscathed from the global financial crisis: while the US, UK and Ireland were very badly affected by the crisis, Canada, Australia and New Zealand were not (Konzelmann et al., 2010). In parallel, R. Cobbaut co‐authored with Prof. R. Gillet (Panthéon‐Sorbonne) and Prof. G. Hübner (ULg) a comprehensive synthesis of theories and methods underlying the practice of financial asset management. Conceived in the mainstream perspective, this book is centred on two recent evolutions of utmost importance for understanding the genesis of the financial crisis. The first one is the substitution by practicioners of a wide variety of multifactorial pricing models linking risk premia to various risk factors for the pivotal Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the unifactorial model that had been for decades their common reference. This plurality of references is a powerful factor of price volatility. The second perturbing factor is the shift from a ‘long only’ philosophy of asset management to ‘alternative management styles’ combining long and short positions with the use of derivative products. The main characteristic of these ‘asymmetric’ instruments is that transacting them just operates the transfer of a risk that is by no means suppressed. The generalization of their use unescapably creates what is called ‘systemic


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risk’. Moreover, to the extent that many purchases, realized ‘over the counter’ are financed by debt with a high degree of leverage, such transactions generate massively an unregulated money creation by non‐banks (phenomenon of shadow banking). One major objective for future research is thus a better understanding of the channels of shadow generation of liquidity induced by highly leveraged financial transactions, aphenomenon which is major amplificator of systemic risk.

Cobbaut, R., Gillet R. & Hübner, G. (2011), La gestion de portefeuille – Instruments, stratégie et performance, Bruxelles, De Boeck, Collection ‘Comptabilité, contrôle & finance’, 520 pp. Deakin, S. (2011), ‘Corporate governance and financial crisis in the long run’, in P. Zumbansen and C. Williams (eds.) The Embedded Firm Corporate Governance, Labour Law and Financial Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Johnston, A. (2012), ‘Corporate governance is the problem not the solution: a critical appraisal of the European Regulation on Credit Rating Agencies’ Journal of Corporate Law Studies, forthcoming.

Konzelmannn, S., Fovargues‐Davies, M. and Sankey, D. (2010), ‘Governance, regulation and financial market instability: the implications for policy’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 34(5): 929‐54.

Njoya, W. (2011) ‘Employee ownership in the European Company: reflexive law, reincorporation, and escaping codetermination’, Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 11: 267‐298.


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2. Organisation and functioning of the network

The general coordination has been organised at regular intervals, through regular meetings of the project leaders of the three thematic researches and the project leader of the theoretical unit. In between these general coordination meetings, the project leaders have held regular meetings with the researchers of the specific thematic research. An annual network meeting gathers all the lead researchers of the network.

2.1. General coordination meetings with the other thematic researches and the theoretical unit

Participation in the general coordination meetings with the sub‐network project leaders (T. Dedeurwaerdere, O. De Schutter, J. Lenoble, M. Maesschalck, R. Cobbaut (or represented by J. Lenoble)) besides numerous less formal contacts.

8 February 2011 : CPDR, Louvain‐la‐Neuve 20 December 2011 : CPDR, Louvain‐la‐Neuve

2.2. Sub‐networks organisation and functioning

Besides the usual channels of contacts by e‐mail and telephone between the members of the sub networks: 2.2.1 Sub‐network Theory of the Norm Unit ‐ TNU

The TNU team met on a regular basis to prepare, to organize and to disseminate their research to fellow PhD student and to wider audience. This led to the publication of a collective volume and numerous articles and to communications. 2.2.2 Sub‐network Foreign Direct Investment ‐ FDI

The FDI‐HD sub‐network held the following meetings

2 February 2011 FDI team meeting O. De Schutter, J. Swinnen, J. Wouters, M. Sant’Ana, N. Hachez, P. De Man, S. Duquet, M. Maertens and L. Colen on the work schedule in 2011 and the final common publication

7 May 2011, Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, Cambridge University: launching event of the book Sustainable Development in World Investment Law, to which Prof. Jan Wouters and Nicolas Hachez contributed a chapter, and intervention by Nicolas Hachez on the institutionalization of investor‐state dispute settlement and sustainable development.


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IUAP Meeting of the FDI and Human Development Sub network, 11 May 2011, Law

Faculty at KULeuven (Tiensestraat 41), 9am‐5pm, 11 May 2011 Internal Meeting of the FDI and Human Development Sub Network:

o Presentation of new work packages o Administrative discussion o Discussion of final book project

PhD Meetings concerning the paper ‘Bilateral investment treaties and FDI inflows:

Does the sector matter?’ by Liesbeth Colen and Andrea Guariso o May 6‐7‐8, 2011 o June 20‐21, 2011 o January 12, 2011

2.2.3 Sub‐network BIOGOV

Beside the usual informal ways of communicating, the BIOGOV team held work meeting at the occasion of two main events organized during 2010: BIOGOV Meetings related to the first objective : the Multi‐stakeholder workshop Brussels, 25th and 26th January 2011 Montpellier, 31st of March till 2nd of April 2011 (MICRO‐UGent‐CPDR‐UCL‐ MUCL‐

CPDR) BIOGOV meetings related to the second objective

First theme:

5th Dec. to 20th of Dec. 2010 , Washington DC and 28th jan 2011 – 6th of Feb 2011,

Washington DC: preparation of draft of manuscript to be submitted for review to Cambridge University Press

4‐8th of May 2011, Brussels : Preparation of the reply for the reviewers for Cambridge University Press (reviews received end of April 2011)

20‐27th of June 2011, Brussels : Preparation of the final draft of the report of the Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Microbial Commons (Washington DC, October 2009), discussion framework by Tom Dedeurwaerdere

12‐14th of October 2011, Brussels and 11th to 19th of December 2011, Washington DC : preparation of the final text of the manuscript for Cambridge University Press (final draft to be submitted September 2012)

Second theme:

14th – 16th of September 2011, Bremen.


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2.2.4 Sub‐network Corporate Governance

3. Publications

3.1 Co‐publications 2011

De Schutter, O., Swinnen, J. and Wouters, J. (forthcoming). Introduction: Liberalization of investment and human development, In: De Schutter, O., Swinnen, J. and J. Wouters (Eds.) Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development, Routledge publishing (ILL‐KUL, LICOS‐KUL, and CPDR‐UCL)

3.2 Publications 2010 ‐ UCLouvain

Centre de Philosophie du Droit

o Books

Autenne, A., « Corporate Governance in Belgium », in: A. FLCKHER & K. HOPT (eds.) [2012], Comparative Corporate Governance, Cambridge Universy Press, 45 pp.

Autenne, A. et Hermand, O (eds.) [2012]. Le droit belge des fonds de pension : enjeux et perspectives, to be published, Larcier, 285 pp.

Cobbaut, R., Gillet, R. and Hübner, G. (2011), La gestion de portefeuille – Instruments, stratégie et performance, Bruxelles, De Boeck, Collection ‘Comptabilité, contrôle & finance’, 520 pp.

Cobbaut, R. (2012), Teorias economicas de la organizacion, FLACSO‐Quito, 120 pp.

Dedeurwaerdere, T. with Reichman ,J., and Uhlir, P., (2012 forthcoming) Global

Intellectual Property Strategies for the Microbial Research Commons. Cambridge

University Press.

Frison, C., López, F. and. Esquinas‐Alcázar, J. T (eds.) “Plant Genetic Resources and Food

Security ‐ Stakeholder Perspectives on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for

Food and Agriculture”, Earthscan (July 2011

Lenoble, J. and Maesschalck, M., (2011): Démocratie, droit et gouvernance, Sherbrooke (Qc), éditions RDUS, 396 p.


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Lenoble, J. and Maesschalck, M., (forthcoming 2012), New Approaches to Governance, P.I.E. Peter Lang, Brussels. Contributors on the case studies V. Xhauflair, P. Vincent‐Jones, C. Mullen, C. Brabant and M. Maesschalck.

Maesschalck M. and Loute A. (eds), (2011), Nouvelles critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique Latine, Polimetrica, Monza, Available in Open Access on the website of the publisher (www.polimetrica.com) ;

Magnus F. (2011), Les groupes de sociétés et la protection des intérêts catégoriels – Aspects juridiques, Les dossiers du Journal des tribunaux.

Kanabus, B., and Popa, D., (2011), La critique sociale à la lumière de la phénoménologie pratique, Toulouse, Editions Europhilosophie, Bibliothèque de Philosophie Sociale et Politique.

Kanabus, B., (2011) Généalogie du concept d'Archi‐Soi chez Michel Henry (Europaea Memoria; 87), Olms: Hildesheim/Zürich/ New York.

o Chapters in books

Autenne, A. & Culot, H. (2012) , « La normalisation des pratiques de rémunération managériales : la réglementation récente et ses enjeux », in : Droit des Sociétés – Millésime 2011 (sous la direction d’Yves De Cordt et A‐P. André‐Dumont), Larcier, pp.119‐157.

Autenne, A. & Navez E‐J. (2012), « Le transfert de siège social comme modalité de réorganisation des sociétés commerciales: aspects civils et commerciaux », in : Réorganisations de sociétés, Larcier, pp.164‐206.

Autenne, A. (2012), « Les relations juridiques qu’entretiennent les parties prenantes à un fonds de pension d’entreprise », in : Le droit belge des fonds de pension : enjeux et perspectives (sous la direction de A. Autenne et O. Hermand), Larcier, pp. 105‐144.

Bermudez, J.‐P., (2011), « Modernité/ Colonialité – Décolonialité », in Nouvelle critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique Latine, Aller‐Retour, M. Maesschalck et A. Loute (éds.), Polimetrica, Monza, pp. 195‐231.

Berna, O., (2011) « Esquisse d’un transcendantalisme faible. Analyse sur le concept d’a priori historique chez Michel Foucault”, in « Interpretationes », Vol. 1, No. 1, Prague, 2011, pp. 185‐197.

Blésin, L. and Loute A., « Nouvelles vulnérabilités, nouvelles formes d’engagement, Apports pour une critique sociale », in Nouvelle critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique Latine, Aller‐Retour, M. Maesschalck et A. Loute (éds.), Polimetrica, Monza, 2011, pp. 155‐192.

Bruschi F., with Loute, A., (2011) « L’idéal‐réalisme de Georges Gurvitch », in M. Maesschalck et A. Loute (éds) Nouvelle critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique latine, Aller‐retour, Polimetrica, Monza.


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Cobbaut, R., (2011), « La gouvernance de l’action collective », in : Taskin , L. & de Nanteuil, M., Perspectives critiques en management, Bruxelles, De Boeck, pp. 67‐81.

Dedeurwaerdere, T., 2011 (September), “Microbial Commons: Overview of the Governance Considerations—A Framework for Discussion”, in Designing the Microbial Research Commons: Proceedings of an International Workshop, ed. by Paul Uhlir, National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press, pp. 169‐176 ;

Derroitte E « La théorie critique de l'histoire chez Benjamin », in Loute, A. et Maesschalck M., Nouvelles Critiques sociales, Europe, Amérique latine, Polimétrica, Monza, 2011, pp. 331‐352.

De Schutter, O., (2011) 'Large‐scale Investments in Farmland: the Regulatory Challenge' (with Peter Rosenblum), Yearbook of International Investment Law and Policy, chap. 14, pp. 563‐610.

De Schutter, O., (Forthcoming 2012) “The host State : Improving the monitoring of International Investment Agreements at the national level”, in: De Schutter, O., Swinnen, J. and J. Wouters (Eds.) Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development, Routledge.

De Schutter, O., Nov. 2010 , "Sovereignty‐plus in the Era of Interdependence : Towards an International Convention on Combating Human Rights Violationsby Transnational Corporations", in P. Bekker, R. Dolzer and M. Waibel (eds) Making Transnational Law work in the Global Economy: Essays in Honour of Detlev Vagts, Cambridge University Press, pp.245–284

Kanabus, B., “Leben und Geschichte in Michel Henrys Marx“ In: Emil Angehrn ; Julia Scheidegger (Hg.), Metaphysik des Individuums :Die Marx‐Interpretation Michel Henrys und ihre Aktualität (Seele, Existenz und Leben; 18), Karl Alber: Freiburg/München, 2011, p. 174‐193.

Lenoble, J., (2011), "Concept de droit et théorie de la gouvernance", in La place du droit dans la nouvelle gouvernance étatique, under the direction of Lalonde, L. and Bernatchez, S., Sherbrooke (Qc), éditions RDUS, pp. 2‐18.

Lenoble, J. and Maesschalck, M., (2011), "Approche dialogique ou génétique de la gouvernance. A propos de la théorie de la délibération éthique de G. Legault", in La place du droit dans la nouvelle gouvernance étatique, under the direction of Lalonde, L. and Bernatchez, S., Sherbrooke (Qc), éditions RDUS, pp. 77‐99.

Maesschalck, M., (2011) : « Les enjeux du tournant contextualiste en éthique », in Nouvelle critique sociale, Europe‐Amérique Latine, Aller‐Retour, M. Maesschalck, A. Loute (éds), Polimetrica, Monza/Italy, pp.43‐64.

Maesschalck, M., (2011) : « Das nackte Leben. Die Aktualität von Michel Henrys »Marx«‐Buch », in Metaphysik des Individuums, Die Marx‐Interpretation Michel Henrys und ihre Aktualität, E. Angehrn, J. Scheidegger (eds), Alber, Freiburg, pp. 108‐126.


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Maesschalck, M., (2011) : « L’attention spéculative en philosophie première chez Fichte et Schelling », in La phénoménologie comme philosophie première, K. Nowotny, A. Schnell, L. Tengelyi (éds.), Editions de l’Institut de Philosophie de l’académie des Sciences de la République Tchèque, pp. 16‐26.

Popa, D., (2011) « Giorgio Agamben. Les conditions de la communauté » in M. Maesschalck et A. Loute (éd.), Nouvelle critique sociale. Europe‐Amérique Latine, aller‐retour, Monza, Polimetrica, pp. 91‐115.

Popa, D., (2012) « L’imagination chez Michel Henry : entre matérialité et abstraction » in A. Jdey et R. Kühn (éd.), Michel Henry et l’affect de l’art. Recherches sur l’esthétique de la phénoménologie matérielle, Brill, Leiden‐Boston, pp. 159‐174.

Sant’Ana, M., (Forthcoming 2012) Risk Managers or Risk Promoters? The Impacts of Export Credit and Investment Insurance Agencies on Human Development and Human Rights

o Articles

Autenne, A., (2011), “Les associations sans but lucratif en quête de mobilité dans l’Union européenne et la liberté communautaire d’établissement : essai de synthèse”, in ASBL belges actives à l’étranger et associations étrangères actives en Belgique, Les Dossiers d’ASBL Actualités, DeWolf, M. (coord.), Liège, Edipro, 2011, pp.93–115.

Autenne, A., (2011), “Droit européen et mobilité des sociétés : pour qui sonne le glas ? ”, in Journal des Tribunaux, 2011, 194–197.

Bernaz, O., (2011) « Esquisse d’un transcendantalisme faible. Analyse sur le concept d’a priori historique chez Michel Foucault”, in « Interpretationes », Vol. 1, No. 1, Prague, pp. 185‐197.

Bruschi F., (2012) « Affectivité et invention chez Gilbert Simondon. Du vivant au transindividuel », Interpretationes, Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Karolinum Press, Prague, n° 2.

Dedeurwaerdere, T., (2012) Design Principles of Successful Genetic‐Resource Commons for Food and Agriculture T., International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics 26(3): 32‐46.

Derroitte, E., “La construction de l’histoire chez Walter Benjamin. L’héritage de Fichte et des Romantiques d’Iéna” , in Revue Philosophique de Louvain, (forthcoming 2012). Derroitte, E., 2011 « (Que) traduit‐on ? Du rapport entre la créativité et la normativité dans la Tâche du traducteur de Walter Benjamin » in Klesis n° 20, Derroitte, E., « La critique comme théorie de la créativité chez Walter Benjamin » in Raison‐Publique.fr, available at http://www.raison‐publique.fr/article420.html (online the 27th of March 2011).


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De Schutter, O., (2011) 'How not to think about land‐grabbing: three critiques of large‐scale investments in farmland', Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 38:2 (2011), pp. 249‐279.

De Schutter, O., (2011) 'The Green Rush: The Race for Farmland and the Rights of Land Users", Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 52(2) (2011), pp. 503‐559, available at : http://www.harvardilj.org/2011/07/issue_52‐2_de‐schutter/

Kanabus, B., (2011) Le concept d'histoire chez Henry lecteur de Marx. In: Les Cahiers philosophiques de Strasbourg, Vol. 30, p. 197‐214.

Maesschalck, M., (2012) : « Subjetivação e transformação social. Crítica da renovação em teoria de ação a partir de Karl Lévêque, Etienne Balibar e Louis Althusser », in Ética e filosofia crítica na construção do socialismo no século XXI, A. Rufino Veira (éd.), Editora Nova Harmonia, Nova Petropolis (Brasil), pp.177‐196.

Maesschalck, M., “Le " moment fichtéen " en théorie de l’action et du sujet. Enjeux actuels du fichtéanisme”, in Revue Philosophique de Louvain, (forthcoming 2012).

Popa, D., “Droit et résistance chez Fichte et Schelling. Ecrits des jeunesses (1796‐1797) , in Revue Philosophique de Louvain, (forthcoming 2012).

Safatle V., “L’amour est plus froid que la mort. La lecture adornien d’Hegel ”, in Revue Philosophique de Louvain, (forthcoming 2012).

Popa, D., (2011) « La langue des choses muettes. Edmund Husserl et Hugo von Hofmannsthal » dans Klesis. Revue de philosophie, nr. 20, 2011, pp. 4‐23.

Popa, D., (2011) « Vers quelle phénoménologie de l’image ? Maldiney lecteur de Husserl» dans Archives de Philosophie, 74, 2011, pp. 439‐456.

Popa, D., (2011) « Henry lecteur de Husserl : apparence, phénoménalité et présence à soi » dans Cahiers Philosophiques, n°126, 2011, pp. 82‐94.

Schloen, M., Louafi, S., Dedeurwaerdere, T. Access and Benefit Sharing for Genetic Resources and Agriculture – Current Use and Exchange Practices, Commonalities, Differences and User Community Needs; CGRFA n 59, July 2011 ; on line at http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/023/mb720e.pdf

Tverdota, G., « De la critique de l’intellectualisme à la psychanalyse existentielle. La place de l’œuvre binswangerienne dans la Phénoménologie de la perception de Maurice Merleau‐Ponty », Első Század n°1, 2011.

o Carnet du Centre de Philosophie du Droit ‐

Bruschi F. with Loute, A. (2011), « La méthode idéal‐réaliste de Georges Gurvitch. Une intervention intellectuelle visant à instituer les droits sociaux », Carnets du Centre de philosophie du droit, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, n° 152.


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Popa, D. (2011) « Droit et liberté chez Emmanuel Lévinas. De la responsabilité éthique à l’agir collectif » dans Les Carnets du Centre de Philosophie du Droit, n°155, 2011, pp. 1‐16.

Derroitte E (2011) « Historicization, Subjectivation, Translation » in Les Carnets du Centre de Philosophie du Droit, n°156, 15 p.

o Doctoral dissertations

Nassaut, S. (2011), Critique du ‘nouvel esprit’ du gouvernement d’entreprise – Le cas de l’implication patrimoniale des salariés, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Louvain School of Management, Doctoral Thesis Series, 04‐2011, 346 pp.

o Communications

Bermudez, J.‐P., « l’option décoloniale », Conference given in the panel ‘De la politique égo‐logique aux géo‐ et corpo‐politiques de la connaissance : l’Option décoloniale’ at the Forum international de philosophie sociale et politique of Toulouse, July the 13th 2011

Bruschi, F « The ideal‐realistic method of Georges Gurvitch. An intellectual intervention aiming at instituting the social law », Colloque « Rethinking Europe. A workshop on political philosophy », Ghent University, 3 février 2011.

Derroitte, E., « On Walter Benjamin’s Speculative Construction of History », donnée au Jaarlijks congres van het Nederlands Genootschap voor Esthetica à la KULeuven, 2‐3 maart 2012

Derroitte, E., “(How) Can Art Be Politicized? On the Question of Commitment in Benjamin's Philosophy”, paper given to the “Critical Theory and Social Justice” conference at the Rome Center of Loyola University, May the 10th 2011

Derroitte, E., « « La tâche de l'histoire consiste à voir la tradition des opprimés » Sur la discontinuité de l’histoire comme ouverture à la créativité », Conference given in the panel ‘De la politique égo‐logique aux géo‐ et corpo‐politiques de la connaissance : l’Option décoloniale’ at the Forum international de philosophie sociale et politique of Toulouse, July the 13th 2011

Loute, A., « The pragmatist turn in theory of governance », EGAIS Conference, intervenant invité, 12 et 13 janvier 2012, Facultés Universitaires Notre‐Dame de la Paix, Namur.

Loute, A., « Identité narrative collective et lutte contre les résistances », conférence internationale New Perspectives on Hermeneutics in the Social Sciences and Practical Philosophy, 13 au 16 septembre 2011, Higher School of Economics, Moscou, Russie.

Valdez, C., "La décolonialité chez Rodolfo Kusch", dans le cadre du Forum de Philosophie Sociale et Politique, Université de Toulouse, France, 13 juillet 2011.


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Loute, A., « Les intuitions collectives virtuelles chez Georges Gurvitch », Forum International de Philosophie Sociale, 8 au 16 juillet 2011, Université de Toulouse le Mirail, France. Membre du comité d’organisation du Forum.

Loute, A., & Bruschi, F., « The ideal‐realistic method of Georges Gurvitch: an intellectual intervention aimed at instituting the social law », journée d’études Rethinking Europe, A Workshop on Political Philosophy, 3 février 2011, Université de Gand, Belgique.

Maesschalck, M., « La philosophie positive de l’histoire relue par Giorgio Agamben. Une réception postmoderne de Schelling », dans le cadre du colloque intenationale, Les postérités de la philosophie positive , Schelling et le post‐hégélianisme, du 25 au 27 janvier 2012 à Strasbourg, organisé par Gérard Bensussan, EA 2326 Philosophie Allemande et Lore Hühn, Albert‐Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Société Schelling Internationale .

Popa, D., « Prise, surprise, déprise : liberté et attention chez Lévinas » conférence donnée dans le cadre du colloque international « Retrouver un sens nouveau : Rencontrer l’imprévisible » organisé par le réseau Europhilosophie à l’Université de Toulouse, France, 5‐7 juillet 2011.

Popa, D., & Kanabus B., « The social critique in the light of the practical phenomenology » conference donnée à la journée d’étude « Rethinking Europe », Université de Ghent, Belgique, 3 février 2011.

3.3 Publications 2010 – KULeuven

Co‐publications IIL‐LICOS

Marx, A., Maertens, M., Swinnen, J. and J. Wouters, (forthcoming). Private standards and global governance, Edward Elgar Publishing (IIL‐KUL and LICOS‐KUL)

Institute International Law (IIL)

o Articles Hachez, N., Wouters, J., (2012) ‘A responsible lender? The European Investment Bank’s environmental, social and human rights accountability’, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 49, No. 1, February 2012, pp. 47–95.

o Chapters in books

De Man, P., Wouters, J. (2012). Improving the Framework of Negotiations on International Investment Agreements. In: De Schutter O., Swinnen J., Wouters J. (Eds.), Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development. Abingdon. Routledge.


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Hachez, N., Wouters, J. (2012). ‘The Role of Development Banks : The European Investment Bank’s substantive and procedural accountability principles with regard to human rights, social and environmental concerns.’ In: De Schutter O., Swinnen J., Wouters J. (Eds.), Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development. Abingdon. Routledge.

Wouters, J., Duquet, S., Hachez, N. (2012). International Investment Law: The Perpetual Search for Consensus. In: De Schutter O., Swinnen J., Wouters J. (Eds.), Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development. Abingdon. Routledge.

o Other – Working papers

Hachez, N. Wouters J., ‘International investment dispute settlement in the 21st century: does the preservation of the public interest require an alternative to the arbitral model?’, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper No. 81, February 2012, available at http://ghum.kuleuven.be/ggs/publications/working_papers/new_series/wp81‐90/wp81.pdf.

Center for Transition Economics (LICOS)

o Articles

Maertens, M., Colen, L. and Swinnen J., (2011). “Globalization and poverty in Senegal: A Worst Case Scenario?”, European Review of Agricultural Economics Vol.38 (1), pp. 51–54. Colen, L., Maertens, M. and Swinnen, J. (forthcoming). Private standards, trade and

poverty: GlobalGAP and horticultural employment in Senegal, The World Economy

Van Herck, K., Noev, N. and Swinnen , J.F.M., (forthcoming), “Institutions, Exchange and Growth: Evidence from Bulgarian Agriculture on the Impact of Hold‐ups and Contract Innovations”, European Review of Agricultural Economics (second round)

o Chapters in books

Colen, L. and M. Maertens (2011). Buitenlandse directe investeringen als motor voor economische groei en ontwikkeling, In: Berlage L. and R. Renard (Eds.) ‘Ontwikkeling en ontwikkelingssamenwerking in een internationaal perspectief’. Colen, L., Maertens, M. and Swinnen, J. (forthcoming). Foreign direct investment as an

engine for economic growth and human development: A review of the arguments and

empirical evidence, In: De Schutter, O., Swinnen, J. and J. Wouters (Eds.) Foreign Direct

Investment and Human Development, Abingdon. Routledge.


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Colen L., Maertens, M. and Swinnen J. (forthcoming). Do Bilateral Investment Treaties attract FDI to developing countries?” In: De Schutter, O., Swinnen, J. and J. Wouters (Eds.) Foreign Direct Investment and Human Development, Abingdon. Routledge. Colen, L. and Guariso, A. (forthcoming).What type of FDI is attracted by BITs? In: De

Schutter, O., Swinnen, J. and J. Wouters (Eds.) Foreign Direct Investment and Human

Development, Abingdon. Routledge.

Colen, L., Maertens, M. and Swinnen, J. (2012) Globalization, Private standards and Poverty: Evidence from Senegal (2012). In: Marx, A., Maertens, M., Swinnen J. and J. Wouters (Eds.), ‘Private standards and global governance’, Edward Elgar Publishing.

o Other – Working papers ‐ Communications

Maertens, M. and Verhofstadt, E., Maternal Wage Employment and Primary School Enrolment: Evidence from a Natural Quasi‐Experiment in Senegal. Paper presented at LICOS‐CES Seminar, KULeuven (1 March 2011)

3.4 Publications 2010 – UGent

o Papers in preparation ( not yet published)

W. De Smet, B. Verslyppe, K. De Loof, P. De Vos, B. De Baets and P. Dawyndt. "Quality sequence selection through Multi‐Criteria Analysis." (Unpublished) W. De Smet et al. "SeqRank: Automated sequence collection and ranking for the web" (Unpublished) W. De Smet et al. "The Genomic Rosetta Stone: Past, Present and Future" (Unpublished)

o Doctoral thesis

Verslyppe Bert : (2011) “‐‐"StrainInfo: from microbial information to microbiological

knowledge"‐ UGENT – July 2012


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3.5 Publications 2010 – ULg

ULg – ‘Commercial Law’

o Books

Thirion, N., (2011), « Code des sociétés et Codes de Corporate Governance : quelles interactions ? », proceedings of the conference ‘Dix ans d’application du Code des sociétés’ (mai 2010, Éd. Kluwer.

o Articles

Aydogdu, R., (2011) «Mais où sont les neiges d’antan ? Le code des sociétés à l’ère de corporate governance » in a special issue of the Journal des Tribunaux, Larcier, Bruxelles, 5 or 12 March 2011 Thirion, N., (2011) Coord. Two special issues of the «Journal des Tribunaux » dedicated to the ten years of existence of the “code des sociétés” in Belgium. Editorial : Dix ans d’application du Code des sociétés : vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre ouvrage. Journal des Tribunaux, Larcier, Bruxelles, special issues of 5 and 12 March 2011.

ULg – LENTIC

o Books

Xhauflair, V. (2011), La formation de régulations inter‐organisationnelles équilibrées et pérennes : Le cas des pratiques de mutualisation de main‐d’œuvre, Editions de l’Université de Liège, collection des thèses de doctorat HEC‐ULg

Pichault, F. (to be pusblished in 2013), Change Management. Theoretical and Practical Perspectives.

o Chapter in books

Xhauflair, V. (forthcoming in 2012), « De la pratique d’intervention à la fonction de tercéisation : la création de Job’Ardent en Belgique », in New approaches to Governance, (collection of case studies) edited by M. Maesschalck and J Lenoble (eds), P.I.E. Peter Lang, Bruxelles. Xhauflair, V. (to be pusblished in 2012), « La mutualisation de main‐d’œuvre. Diversité des pratiques et nouveaux enjeux », in José Allouche (coord.), Encyclopédie des Ressources Humaines. 3e édition, Paris, Vuibert


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Xhauflair, V. & Pichault F. (to be pusblished in 2012), « Social regulation within inter‐organizational partnerships : Which conditions for balanced and long‐lasting compromises?”, in Galais N., Garsten C. and Koene B. (Eds), Blended Workforce: Management and Organization of Temporary Agency Work, London, Routledge

o Articles

Xhauflair, V., & Pichault, F., « Du Tiers à la Tercéisation. Modalités d’une fonction essentielle pour l’émergence d’une regulation à l’échelon inter‐organisationnel », Négociations, (accepté pour publication) Xhauflair, V., & Pichault, F., « Can Flexicurity make ethical sense? The “terceisation function” as a moral lever for inter‐organisational employment schemes », International Journal of Work Innovation, (accepté pour publication) Naedenoen, F. & Pichault, F. (2012), « Restructurations d’entreprises et reconversion territoriale. Vers une institutionnalisation adaptative », Revue Française de Gestion, vol.38, n°220, pp.133‐147 Xhauflair V. & Pichault F. (2011), « Le chercheur comme entrepreneur de l’innovation inter‐organisationnelle », SociologieS, Dossiers, Les partenariats de recherche, mis en ligne le 18 octobre. Lisein, O. & Pichault, F. “Reflexive governance practices: conditions for balanced and long‐lasting compromises within competitiveness clusters” (work in progress‐ en cours de finalisation) Lisein, O. & Pichault, F. « Vers une fonction de coordination réflexive dans la gestion de projets au sein des pôles de compétitivité » (sumitted‐ under review)

o Working papers

R. Beaujolin‐Bellet, N. Bobadilla, D. Mourey, V. Perret, F. Pichault, G. Schmidt, V. Xhauflair, « Quand l’art parle des restructurations: Au‐delà du dévoilement, une forme d’expérimentation », paper submitted for the 2012 Conference of the AGRH, Nancy) Lisein O. (2011), « La gouvernance des pôles de compétitivité vue sous le prisme de la fonction de coordination », Working Paper, n°201104/01, HEC‐Ecole de Gestion de l’Université de Liège. Lisein O. (2010), « Regard sur la gouvernance des pôles de compétitivité : modes de coordination, pratiques de tercéisation et respect de l’intérêt collectif », Working Paper, n°201011/03, HEC‐Ecole de Gestion de l’Université de Liège.


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o Actes de colloque

Thirion, N., Code des sociétés et code de corporate governance : quelles interactions ? in Acte du Colloque Droit des Sociétés, mai 2010, Kluwer forthcoming 2011.

o Other – Communications

Xhauflair, V. and Pichault, F., (2011), « Putting the collective interest to the test. The role of the third‐party in building trust at the inter‐organisational level », Proceedings of the Critical Management Studies Conference, Naples, July 11‐13th

Xhauflair, V. and Pichault, F. (2011), « Social regulation within inter‐organisational partnerships. Which conditions for balanced and long‐lasting compromises ? », Proceedings of the 23rd SASE Annual Conference, Madrid, June 23‐25th

Lisein, O. et Rondeaux, G., (2011), « Enjeux des pôles de compétitivité : une réponse par le développement de pratiques de gouvernance appropriées », Actes du 7ème Congrès de l’Académie de l’Entrepreneuriat et de l’Innovation, Paris, octobre.

3.6 Publications 2010 – UCAM Centre for Business Research – CBR

o Books

Buchanan, J., Chai, D. and Deakin, S. (2012) Hedge Fund Activism in Japan: The Limits of Shareholder Primacy (Cambridge: CUP), forthcoming.

o Articles

Johnston, A. (2011) ‘Facing up to social cost: the real meaning of corporate social responsibility’, Griffith Law Review, 20: 221.

o Chapters in books

Deakin, S., Sarkar, P. and Singh, A. (2012), ‘An end to consensus? The selective impact of corporate law reform on financial development’, in M. Aoki, K. Binmore, S. Deakin and H. Gintis (eds.), Complexity, Norms and Organizations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), forthcoming.


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Deakin, S. (2011) ‘Corporate governance and financial crisis in the long run’, in P. Zumbansen and C. Williams (eds.) The Embedded Firm Corporate Governance, Labour Law and Financial Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), forthcoming.

Deakin, S. (2011) ‘Inside pension fund governance’, in P. Thornton (ed.) Good Governance for Pension Schemes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), forthcoming.

Konzelmann, S. and Wilkinson, F. (2011) ‘The conflicting logic of markets and the management of production’, in P. Zumbansen and C. Williams (eds.) The Embedded Firm: Labour, Corporate Governance and Finance Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

o Working papers

Buchanan, J. and Deakin S. (2012), ‘Pension fund governance: the evolution of the trust model’ forthcoming, CBR WP series, March.

Buchanan, J., Deakin, S. and Sanderson, P. (2012), ‘Construction risk and infrastructure investment’ presentation to the workshop on ‘Delivering the Pipeline’, Peterhouse, Cambridge, 26 January.

Deakin, S. (2011) ‘Informal institutions and the limits to convergence in corporate governance: the reception of hedge fund activism in Japan’, paper presented to Asian Law and Economics Association conference, Hong Kong University, July 2011.

o Media dissemination: shorter articles and blogs

Barnard, C. and Deakin, S. (2012), ‘Ahead of the game? Abolishing the DRA has the potential to inflict long‐term damage on UK plc’, New Law Journal, 3 February 2012.

Deakin, S. (2012) ‘Kay needs to replace shareholder value with corproate value’ Financial Times, Economists’ Forum, 20 March 2012: http://blogs.ft.com/economistsforum/2012/03/#axzz1rfBQeTTt.

Deakin, S. (2012) ‘Don’t shoot the pension fund managers! Long‐term investment in infrastructure needs a better policy mix’ Financial Times, Economists’ Forum, 28 March 2012: http://blogs.ft.com/economistsforum/2012/03/#axzz1rfBQeTTt.

Documents

Democ Govern and Teor Acao Colet