INDEX

Absolute age, Site 372, 874Abyssal plain salt series, 891Acoustic basement,

basalt, 162correlation with volcanic layer, 889

Actinomycetes, fossil sporangia in Messinian marls, 817Adana region, Cyprus, 921Adana Basin, 903

Upper Miocene salt layer drilled in, 1037Adriatic Sea, heat-flow measurements in, 858Aegean area, basin subsidence, 380Aegean basins, 947, 948Aegean subplate, 979Aegean Arc, 378, 968

compressional tectonism, 372structural history of, 975

Aegean Basin, 659, 805origin of, 1055tectonism, 1059

Aegean Sea, 3, 197, 262, 305, 321, 338, 782, 866, 1139heat-flow measurements in, 858origin of, 870paleotemperatures, 808

Aeolian Islands as island arcs, 515Aeromagnetic map, Balearic-Provencal Basin, 962Afghanistan, melange zone with Paleotethys rocks present

in, 944African and European plates, tectonic closure rate, 1005African craton, 968African margin, 968African shield, 936African-Apulian craton, 968African-Apulian plate, 955Agios Sostis Island, 934Alabastrine gypsum, 591, 595, 598, 909, 932Alboran landmass, 936, 938Alboran orocline, 1025Alboran Basin, 870Alboran Land, final foundering of, 939Alboran Sea, 396, 936, 938, 965

sedimentation rates, 44Algal mats, 665Algal structures, in micritic limestone clasts, 329Algeria, Cyprideis present in land fauna of, 1074Algero-Provencal Basin, 29, 60, 84, 782

structural history of, 86Alkali lago mare, defined, 1018Alkali lake, defined, 1018Alkali-lake model, evidence for, 175Alkali-silica diagram, basalt, 518Alkali-water lagoon, defined, 1019Alkanes, 469Allevardite, 373Alpine facies, marine, 955Alpine glaciations, 441Alpine margin, 968, 969Alpine nappes, 1001

Alpine orogenic belt, 968,1091Alpine Orogeney, 946, 948, 1055, 1060,1139Alpine System, application of plate tectonics to, 985Alpine-Mediterranean area, structural history of during

Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time, 951Alpine-Mediterranean system, syntheses of regional

geological data, 1055Alteration, basalt, 511, 521Alteration of clay minerals in sapropels, 459, 462Alteration processes affecting dolomitic caliche breccia, 603Alteration products, 557

basalt groundmass, 541calcite, 517, 537carbonate, 509, 531clay minerals, 509, 551iddingsite, 509, 537smectite, 531zeolites, 517,549

Amino acid racemization, 489Ammonitico rosso, 239, 914Amphibole, 517Amygdular basalt, 531Analcime, 396Anatolia, ophiolites in, 945Anatolia subplate, 979Anaximander Seamount, 969Andesitic vulcanism, 956Anhydrite, 182,909

chicken-wire structure, 36, 362, 593, 602, 761defined, 575

felted texture, 594layered, 593nodular, 46, 1068, 1087

chemical composition of, 195nodular mosaic structure, 574

texture of, 574Anhydrite nodules, 573

diagenesis, 575Anhydritic rocks, litholigic subdivisions of, 573Antalya nappes, 906, 968Antalya region, Cyprus, 921Antalya Abyssal Plain, 995, 1020Antalya Basin, 5, 219, 247, 249, 250, 253, 407, 411, 435,

653, 659, 903, 908, 921, 1031, 1070,1072, 1088,1093

paleosalinity, 659Antarctic ice sheet, Upper Miocene, effect on ocean tem-

perature, 829,836Apennines, flysch sequence, 945

formation of, 956Apulia, shelf sediments, 398Apulia-Anatolia, Mesozoic history of, 975Apulia-Anatolia block, 974Apulia-Anatolia microplate, 975Apulia-Anatolia plate, 955Apulian subplate, 979Aquatraversan erosional phase, 441

1225

Aquitanian deposits on margin of Gulf of Lion, 961Aquitanian series, 898Arabian plate, 974Arabic platform, 906Aragonite, 372, 398Arctic glaciation

high latitudes, 441Northern Hemisphere, 441onset of, 190

Arenazzolo, 573, 1024Arenazzolo deposit, 46Arenazzolo facies, 392Arenites, 910Astrakanite, 1023Athalassa Formation, 908, 917Atlantic portal, closing of, 1031Atlas mountains, trace fossils in limestones of, 822Attapulgite, 181, 370, 373, 380, 394, 398, 459, 461Authigenic mineral growth, 396Authigenic minerals, carbonates, 637Authigenic sulfides, 411Authorship, responsibilities, 8Azores-Gibraltar fracture zone, 966, 1075Baasit nappes, 219Back-arc basins, 321, 338, 1047,1075, 1139

Tyrrhenian Sea as, 870Back-arc marginal basin, 151,513Back-arc spreading, Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 947, 1139Background and objectives,

Site 371, 29Site 372, 59Site 373, 151Site 374, 175Sites 375 and 376, 219Site 377, 305Site 378, 321

Badenian desiccation, 988Badenian marine flooding, 989Badenian marine peak, 987Balatino facies, 1006, 1015Balatino laminated gypsum, 581, 909, 1068Balatino-nero gypsum, 586Balearic margin, initial rifting, 5Balearic Abyssal Plain, 995, 1081Balearic Basin, 3, 29, 59, 74, 87, 195, 393, 522, 651, 654,

947,1008,1070basin subsidence, 1139beginning of rifting, 1139clay mineralogy, 1091heat flow, 476heat-flow measurements in, 862Isotopic evidence, paleotemperatures, 1056magnetic anomalies, 868origin of, 1055

Balearic Islands, 4, 30, 86, 474, 889, 897, 899, 1042Jurassic dolomites at, 635overthrusting in, 966

Balearic Rise,Burdigalian sedimentation of, 380Leg 13, Messinian cycles, 577Site 124,767

Balearic-Provencal Abyssal Plain,bottom currents, 893salt layer, 891

Balearic-Provencal Basin, 889aeromagnetic map, 962

Banded, gypsum, 932

Barite, Site 371, 406Barred basin model, 176Basalt, 157

acoustic basement, 162alkali-silica diagram, 518alteration, 511, 521amygdular, 531aphyric, 516, 531chemical analysis of, 517, 533crystal fractionation, 512Curie temperature measurements, 881depth of origin, 521differentiation index, 512, 519fractionation, 522high-alumina tholeiite, 521large-ion-lithophile elements in, 519magnetic properties of, 881Mg numbers, 519microprobe analyses, 510natural remanent magnetization, 881Nepheline-normative, 518normative mineralogy, 512, 519, 533olivene tholeiite, 512, 519, 533petrographic analysis, 531, 537petrographic descriptions, 516phyric, 516Pliocene-Quaternary, 981porphyritic, 531potassium-argon age determinations, 531

Site 373A, 537potassium-argon dates, 534radiometric ages, Site 373, 863rare earth elements, 511,519remanence directions, 883stoichiometric titanomagnetites in, 883strontium isotope composition, 513submarine alteration of, 481submarine diagenetic alteration of, 557thermoremanent magnetization, 881TiO2 content, 518, 521trace elements, 511, 517, 519, 533Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 509Tyrrhenian Basin, 515water content, 511, 534zeolite-filled vesicles, 509

Basalt analyses, 510Basalt breccias, Hole 373A, 1056Basalt groundmass, alteration products, 541Basalt samples, Ore microscope investigation of, 881Basaltic breccia, 515, 531, 541

carbonate-cemented, 543interclast sediments and cements, 543texture and composition, 156

Basaltic brecciation, 553, 556epiclastic, 543stages of, 543

Basaltic complex of basalt breccias and flow basalts, 368Basaltic crust formation, 515Basaltic sill, 534Basaltmagma, 883Basement highs, western Mediterranean, 151Basin stagnation, Mediterranean Sea, 195Basin subsidence, 363, 370, 893

Aegean area, 380Balearic Basin, 1139in Messinian, 921Mediterranean, 1093

1226

• Mediterranean, cause of, 939Mediterranean in Tertiary, 947rate of, 939western Mediterranean, 1046

Basin-flank facies, 338Basins, tectonic activity, 948Bassit nappes, 906Bathymetric indicators, benthic foraminifera as, 837Bathymetric zonation, benthic foraminifera, 837Bedded mosaic structure, laminated anhydrite, 573Beginning of rifting, Balearic Basin, 1139Bellapais Formation, 908Benthic foraminifera, 192, 837, 839, 840

bathymetric zonation, 837criteria for age determinations, 21depth-related morphological changes in, 839Mediterranean paleobathymetry, 841Messinian fossil record, 1015Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 192Neogene, 709population dynamics, 1015population structures, 1028Site 371, 43, 841Site 372, 81,841,1015Site 373, 161Site 373A, 841Sites 375 and 376, 256, 842Site 377, 311,842Sites 378 and 378A, 335, 842species evenness and richness, 1016, 1028systematics, 709

Besni nappes, 219Betic range, termination of, 966Biogeographical implications of the Messinian salinity crisis,

1075Biometric analysis, Cyprideis-Ammonia beccarii assemblage,

1022Biostratigraphy,

Leg42A, 19nannos, 727Neogene formations of Cyprus and Sites 375 and 376,

916Site 371, 39Site 372, 74, 671,672Site 373, 157Site 374, 184Site 375, 671, 674Sites 375 and 376, 245Site 377, 309Site 378, 331

Biotite, anomalously high at Site 376, 407Bioturbation, 36, 181,622, 1090Biscay, breadth of subsided part of continent on margin of,

956Bischofite, 623

bromine content, 615Black Sea, 454, 455, 750, 956, 1074

Cimmerian suture, 944interaction with eastern Mediterranean, 322Leg 42B, 1032Messinian evaporitic carbonate deposits, 1066origin of, 974seismic reflection profiles, 1040

Bolsena Lake, isotopic values, 1023Bornite, 882Bosporus, 1074Bottom currents, Balearic-Provencal Abyssal Plain, 893Bouma cycles, 231, 1082, 1090Braarudosphaera bigelowi horizon, 333

Bracciano Lake, isotopic values, 1023Breccia, sedimentary intraformational, 585Breccia interstices,

hydrothermal convection circulating water through, 556sediment transported and deposited in, 556vertical density currents transporting sediment to., 557

Breccias, flat pebble, 235geopetal indicators of, 555

Brine-refluxing models, 1066Bromine,

distribution of in salts, 614profile in core, 619

Brown climatic episode, 441Brunhes sapropels, 439Brunhes Epoch, 765, 876Brunhes/Matuyama boundary, Paleomagnetically deter-

mined, 876Brunhes/Matuyama sapropels, 250, 435, 439Bulk geochemical data,

Site 372, 493Site 374, 493, 505Site 375, 505, 506Site 376, 506

Bulk mineralogy, sapropels, Leg 42A, 447Bulk X-ray mineralogical analyses, 17Bulk X-ray mineralogy,

Hole 373A, 368methods, all sites, 361Site 371,362Site 372, 365Site 374, 370Sites 375 and 376, 373Site 377, 378Site 378, 378

BulFs eye zonation of, saline minerals, 613Bull's eye pattern of, saline zonation, 1066Burdigalian facies, 899Burdigalian marlstones, 373Burdigalian series, 898Burrows, 910Burrows in sapropels, Site 378, 428Calabria, shelf sediments, 398Calabrian orocline, 1026Calabrian Arc, 968

structural history of, 977Calabrian Basin, 977Calcalkaline magmatism, island arcs, 515Calcare di base, 934, 1005, 1071Calcite,457

alteration products, 517, 537carbon-13 content, 635, 641MgCC 3 content, 622oxygen-18 and carbon-13 ranges, 485oxygen-18 content, 635, 641

Calcite-dolomite ratio, 365Calcitic cements, interclast sediment and cements, 545Calcium sulfate sediments,

depositional environments, 593diagenesis, 593

Caltanissetta Basin, clay mineralogy, 392Canary Islands, flysch sequences of, 945Cape Liakas section of Cephalonia, 937Capo Rossello, 392Capodarso, Tripoli varved diatomites at, 1005Carbon isotope composition, foraminifera, 835Carbon-carbonate analyses, 15Carbon-13 content,

variation with core depth, 652variation with depth, 835

1227

Carbon/nitrogen ratios of sediments, 455Carbonate data, 12Carbonate dissolution, in sapropelic layers, 454Carbonate dissolution in,

Hellenic Trench, 454Santa Barbara basin, 454

Carbonate mineralogy, sapropels, Leg 42A, 447Carbonate minerals,

chemistry, 640quantitative analysis of, 622, 651scanning electron microscope studies, 623

Carbonate samples, stable isotope geochemistry, 483, 650Carbonate sediments, diagenesis, 473Carbonates,

authigenic minerals, 637carbon-13 content, 654mineralogical analyses, 483oxygen-18 content, 654paleoenvironment, 483stable isotope analyses of, 483, 651vertical distribution of, 554

Caspian Sea, Cyprideis in sediments, 1022Caspibrackish conditions, 777Caspibrackish fauna, 1026Catagenesis, 471Catalonia margin, 1042Catapsydrax dissimilis/Globigerinoides altiaperturus Zone,

80Catinaster coalitus Zone (NN 8), 77, 729Cattolica Basin, Sicily, 1071Caucasus, volcanic activity, 955Cementation of carbonate sediments, 473Cenozoic biostratigraphic zonations, paleomagnetic calibra-

tion, 873Cenozoic sediments, paleomagnetic calibration, 873Cenozoic structural history of eastern Mediterranean basins,

969Cephalonia Island, 938Ceratolithus amplificus Interval Zone, 731Ceratolithus amplificus Subzone, 731Ceratolithus rugosus Zone (NN 13), 76, 187, 247, 333,

731,733,735,741,747Ceratolithus tricorniculatus Zone (NN 12), 41, 76, 188,

333,731,733,735,747,749Ceyhan River, 911Chalcedonite,396Chalcopyrite,882Channel-and-fill features, 36Charophytes, 897Chaves Formation, 693, 901Chelif Basin, clay mineralogy, 393Chemical analysis of,

basalt, 517, 533halite, 613interstitial water, 562luneburgite, 661potash salts, 613

Chicken-wire structure, 235, 909anhydrite, 36, 362, 593, 602, 761

defined, 575Chlorite, 382, 460, 517

in Messinian sediments, 394Site 377, 411

Chlorite-smectite, corrensite, 394Chloritization, 461Chlorophaeite, 157

Chondrites, 182, 195,237,327,430,621,821,911,912,921,1081

Chronostratigraphy,Site 372, 676Site 375, 677

Ciminna Basin in Northern Sicily, 934Cimmerian foldings, 955Cimmerian orogenic belt, 948Cimmerian suture,

Black Sea, 944Kopet Dagh Range, 944

Cimmerian tectogenesis, 955Cimmerian Orogeny, 944Cineritic quartz, 909, 914Cineritictuffs,912Circum-Mediterranean regions, tectonic activity of, 1075Circum-Pacific regions, tectonic activity of, 1075Circum-Pacific subduction zone, 977Clay mineralogy,

Balearic Basin, 1091Caltanissetta Basin, 392Chelif Basin, 393Ionian Basin, 1092Leg 42A, 1091Levantine Basin, 1092Murcia Basin, 393sapropels,

Site 374, 447, 449Site 375, 448Site 377, 452

Site 124,392Site 125A, 389Site 132,392Site 133,392Site 134,392Site 371, 362Site 372, 362, 392Site 373, 362Site 374, 362, 389Site 375, 362Site 376, 362Sites 375 and 376, 389Site 377, 362Site 378, 362Volcanogenic sediments, 395

Clay mineralsMediterranean during the Messinian, 393Messinian, 389

Clay minerals determination, Site 372, 493Clay minerals in sapropels, weathering, 459Climatic changes, palynological evidence of, 1140Climatic effects of the Messinian salinity crisis, 1074Climatic episode, recognizable in Site 378 sediments, 335Climatic fluctuations, 41

evidence in Pliocene sediments, 746Climatic trends in Serravallian, isotopic evidence, 1004Clinoptilolite,365,373

neomorphic, 1081Site 372, 504

Clinopyroxene,composition, 510groundmass, 509, 517

Cobblestone topography, 305Coccolithus doronicoides Zone, 733Colombacci limestones, 231

1228

Colombacci Formation, 1019, 1023,1071isotopic analyses, 1024

Compressional tectonic episode, in the Peloponese duringthe early Pliocene, 372

Compressional tectonism, Aegean Arc, 372Congeria, 1024Conglomerate, flat pebble, 235Conids of fungi, 1009Consuming plate-margin, 944Continental craton, 151Continental crust, foundering, 509Continental margin, 62

Menorcan,84Continental margins, Mediterranean, 955Contour currents, 46Convolute laminae, 240, 910, 914, 915Coral reefs, Tortonian, 937Core handling, Leg 42A, 10Cores, Swedish Deep Sea Expedition, 445Corfiote Neogene Basin, 934Corfu, 933Corrensite, 373

Chlorite-smectite, 394Corsica, 947,961,965Corsica channel, plantonic foraminifera abundances, 917Couchefluante, 1013, 1031Cretaceous chalks from Paris Basin, 937Cretaceous nappes, 906Cretan Arc, 411Cretan Basin, 4, 8, 336, 428, 435, 441, 1027

diatom blooms found in, sapropels, 435paleoclimates, 335Pliocene-Quaternary subsidence, 1139Site 378, 321

Crete, Messinian deposits of, 1073Cross-laminations, 67,86,231,234, 1082, 1090Cruise narrative,

Site 371, 4Site 372, 5Site 373, 5Site 374, 5Site 375, 5Site 376, 6Site 377, 8Site 378, 8

Cryptalgalaminites, defined, 665Cryptodepression, 1017Crystal fractionation, basalt, 512Current deposition, Site 372, 1087Current regimes, redisposition and reworking of sediment

in, 311Current structures, 321Cyanophytic microfossils, depositional environment of, 665Cyclic deposition, Upper Evaporite Unit, 1068Cyclic sedimentation, 181, 1071Cyclococcolithus macintyre Subzone, 732Cyprideis fauna, 1072, 1073

biometric study of, 1021Sicily, 1074Spain, 1074Tuscany, 1074

Cyprideis in sediments,Caspian Sea, 1022Sea of Azov, 1022Lagoon of Venice, 1022

Cyprideis present in land fauna of Algeria, 1074Cyprideis Zone, 777

Cyprideis-Ammonia beccarii assemblage, biometric analysis,1022

Cyprus, 937Adana region, 921Antalya region, 921detrital material from, 407Isenderun region, 921Lapatza Formation, 909Myrtou Formation, 781Quaternary lithofacies, 906source detrital material for Sites 375 and 376, 373terrestrial heat-flow measurements on, 858terrigenous material transported from, 380Troodos, 974

Cyprus Arc, 5, 220, 260,411,906,920,968structural history of, 969tectonic deformation, 1058tectonic history, 903

Cyprus Island, 411Davlos Sandstones, northern Cyprus and Site 375, 912Dead Sea, brine depth, 1066Decollement surface, and sedimentary slump, 256Decussate texture, 574, 584Deep basin, defined, 927Deep water-deep basin hypothesis, 1042Deep-basin desiccation model, 400, 411, 613,777, 842,

935,1018,1026,1031,1042,1054,1069Deep-basin model, 938Deep-water facies in pre-Messinian sediments, 1031Deluge model, 1030Density stratification, related to stagnant episodes, 441Depositional environment, 485, 899

calcium sulfate sediments, 593cyanophytic microfossils, 665dolomitic mudstone, 46, 586dolomitic mudstone to anydrite, 575halite, 602laminated gypsum, 588Messinian, 1087paleosalinity, 377Site 372, Miocene pelagic marls, 901

Desiccation of the Mediterranean Basin, 761Detrital pedogenic provenance theory for origin of

Messinian smectites, 393Diagenesis, 471, 635

anhydrite nodules, 575calcium sulfate sediments, 593carbonate, 566carbonate sediments, 473dolomite, 485, 653dolomitic mudstone, 196organic carbon, Site 374, 487pre-evaporitic sediments, 1084selenite dissolution breccias, 606sulfate, 648

Diagenetic limestones, interclast sediment and cements, 545Diagenetic lithification, 480Diagenetic recrystallization, 602

gypsum diagenesis, 582Diagenetic regimes, 577Diapir structures, 45Diapirs,965,975Diatoms,

epyphitic, 1016Late Messinian Mediterranean environment of, 761Site 124,761

1229

Site 374, 763Site 378, 765zonation, Rhizosolenia praebergonii Partial Range Zone,

767Differential settling, theory for origin of Messinian smec-

tites, 394Diffusive transport, 561Dinarides, 1060

ophiolites in, 945Discoaster abundances in eastern and western Mediterra-

nean during upper Pliocene, 748Discoaster asymmetricus Subzone, 732Discoaster asymmetricus Zone (NN 14), 158, 187, 248,

333, 732, 734, 740, 747Discoaster aulakos-divaricatus Assemblage Zone, 729Discoaster brouweri Interval Zone, 732Discoaster brouweri Zone (NN 18), 158, 187, 247, 333,

732,734,739,748,850,851Discoaster calcaris lone (NN 10), 249, 730, 738Discoaster druggii Zone (NN 2), 77, 995Discoaster exilis Zone (NN 6), 77, 728, 734, 744Discoaster hamatus Zone (NN 9), 729Discoaster kugleri Zone (NN 7), 77, 249, 728, 734, 744Discoaster pentaradiatus Interval Zone, 730Discoaster pentaradiatus Subzone, 732Discoaster pentaradiatus Zone (NN 17), 730, 732, 733Discoaster phyllodus Zone, 730Discoaster quinqueramus Interval Zone, 730Discoaster quinqueramus Zone (NN 11), 76, 248, 730, 733,

738,739,744,748,995,1024Discoaster surculus Interval Zone, 732Discoaster surculus Zone (NN 16), 41, 76, 158, 187, 190,

247,333,440,732,748Discoaster surculus Zone\Discoaster pentaradiatus Zone

(NN 16/17), 732, 735, 747, 849, 850Discoaster tamalis Subzone, 732Displacive crystallization, 584Dissolution breccias, gypsrudites, 598Distephanus boliviensis Zone, 809Distephanus octogenus Zone, 809Disturbance, drilling, 9Dogger pelagic facies, 955Dolomite, 5, 457, 565, 621, 910, 914, 1140

as diagenetic alteration product, 625authigenic, 641calcium-rich, 368, 380, 542, 603, 635

diagenesis associated with magnesium-rich interstitialwater, 370

Tortonian stage, 376carbon-13 content, 484, 486, 637, 640clastic, 603composition, 484, 653detrital, 474, 641,911,1085diagenesis, 485, 653environment of growth, 625ferruginous, 156hypercalcic, 622idiomorphic, 389, 1026oxygen-18 content, 484, 486, 637, 640, 641, 653, 928pseudohexagonal, 621, 622, 625scanning electron microscope studies, 485stoichiometric, 368, 380, 385, 485, 635x-ray diffractograms, 625

Dolomite and limestone, petrology and geochemistry, 541Dolomitic caliche breccia, 597

alteration processes affecting, 603oxygen-18 isotope value, 603

paleoenvironment groundwater, 603Site 378, 603

Dolomitic marls, Upper Messinian, 389Dolomitic mudstone, 195

depositional environment, 46, 586diagenesis, 196texture and mineralogy, 37Upper Messinian, 389

Dolomitic mudstone cycles, 182Dolomitization, 372, 621

lowermost Pliocene sediments, Site 374, 1027Down-hole temperature measurements, Leg 42A, 857Downhole slumping, 229Downslope slumping, Site 376, 225Dreissena, 1024Drilling program, Site 371, 32Dwarfed foraminiferal assemblages,

Messinian fossil record, 1014Site 372, 1014

Dwarfed foraminiferal faunas, 1070Dwarf ism, 1032Dynamic model,

defined, 928Messinian salinity crisis, 927tectonic arguments, 938

East Menorca Rise, 59, 395, 473, 860Eastern Mediterranean area,

magmatism, 968ophiolites, 945

Eastern Mediterranean basins,affected by compressional tectonics in Miocene, 976Cenozoic structural history of, 969Cretaceous, 968Cretaceous structural history of, 968heat flux, 868Late Messinian lago mare, 1017Triassic-Jurassic structural history, 968waterfalls, 1025

Eastern Mediterranean margins, old age of, 968Eastern Mediterranean sediments, Late Neogene, 465Eastern Mediterranean Sea,

geostrophic thermohaline circulation, 190origin, 870structural history of, 968

Ebridians, Site 378, 805Ebro Basin, continental deposits and evaporites in, 889Ecologic niche, concept of, 1022Elazig-Maden-Bitlis overthrust, 903Emile Baudot escarpment, 1048Emiliania annula Subzone, 733Emiliania huxleyi Zone (NN 21), 41, 158, 186, 247, 733Enterolithic folding, 582, 600, 909Enterolithic folds, 235, 574Enterolithic structures, 932Epeiric sea model, 593Episutural basin, 966Epsomite, 1023Eratosthenes Seamount, 6, 305, 969, 974Erosion surface, 1038, 1045

Late Miocene, 891Erosional base, 231 ,Eu anomalies, rare earth elements, 519Euryhaline environment, 262, 654

fauna indicative of, 1072faunal evidence for, Site 376, 257

Euryhaline faunal assemblage, 441Eustatic changes, 1074

1230

Eustatic process, Early Pliocene, 999Euxinic conditions, 652Euxinic deposits, 1005Euxinic environment, 459Evaporite basins, comparative evolution of, 657Evaporite dissolution, Site 372, 565Evaporites, 890, 908

origin of, 262Evaporites/pre-evaporites passage at, Site 372, 1005Evaporitic chlorites, 394Evaporitic clay genesis, theory for origin of Messinian smec-

tites, 394Evaporitic cycles, 933Evaporitic layers, mapped using seismic data, 1039Evaporitic rocks on Sicily, 928Factor analysis, sediment geochemistry related to variation

in sedimentary environment, 493Falconara, Sicily, outcrop at, 777Fault systems, Late-Hercynian conjugate, 889Faults, 220

Siculo-Tunisian threshold, 969Felted texture, anhydrite, 594Fenestral structure, fine-grained limestone with, 600Ferric smectite, 392Ferruginous dolomite, 156, 541

oxygen-18 values, 542x-ray diffraction analyses, 542

Flamoudhi Sandstones, 921Kythrea, 920Site 375, 915

Flaser bedding, 36Flaser structure, 911Flaser-development, 242Flat pebble,

Breccias, 235Conglomerate, 235

Florence Rise, 5, 175, 225, 245, 260, 373, 378, 395, 407,411, 428, 777, 824, 865, 903, 906, 920, 1020, 1070

Langhian to Tortonian turbidites, 975Pre-Messinian sedimentation, 380Sites 375 and 376, 219

Flute casts, 910Flute marks, 915Flysch, 219, 225, 261, 312, 903, 974, 977

intraplate abyssal plain facies, 998Triassic, 944

Flysch sedimentation, 947Flysch sequences,

Apennines, 945Sicily, 945Early Cretaceous, 945Canary Islands, 945

Folds, in slumped marls, 229Foraminiferal assemblages,

dwarfed, 1016Site 372, 1013

Foraminiferal molds in dolomite, 156Foraminiferal sandstone,

Site 373A, 478summary of sedimentological and early diagenetic his-

tory, 480X-ray diffraction studies, 478

Forams,abundance in Corsica channel, 917Burdigalian, 80Burdigalian at Site 375, 255carbon isotope composition, 835

criteria for age determinations, 19dissolution of, 623, 625dwarfed, 928, 937dwarfed faunas, 1070Early Pliocene, 42, 160, 334Globorotalia, morphological investigations, 687Holocene and Pleistocene, 41isotopic composition

Site 372, 833Site 374, 836

Langhian, 79Langhian at Site 375, 255Late Neogene, 160Late Pliocene, 42, 160, 334Late Pliocene (Sites 375 and 376), 250Messinian, 78Messinian at Sites 375 and 376, 253Miocene, 81Miocene at Site 375, 255Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 42, 78, 81, 334, 937Miocene/Pliocene boundary at Sites 375 and 376, 251Molds of, 624New species, Globorotalia magnifica Bizon, 693oxygen isotope composition, 835Pleistocene, 77, 160, 190, 334Pleistocene (Site 376), 250Pliocene, 43, 77,160, 190, 191Pliocene at Site 375, 255Pliocene (Hole 378), 335Pliocene (Hole 378A), 335Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 42, 43, 77,190,250,334

Site 125,850Site 132,849Site 371, 849Site 372, 849Site 374, 850Site 376, 850Site 378, 850

Pliocene-Quaternary biostratigraphy, 916pseudomorphs, 624Quaternary, 80, 160, 191Quaternary and Pliocene at Site 376, 255Quaternary (Hole 378), 335Quaternary (Hole 378A), 335scanning electron microscope studies, 688Serravallian at Site 375, 254

Site 371,(Bizon), 42(Cita), 41

Site 372,(Bizon), 80(Cita), 77

Site 373,(Bizon), 160(Cita), 158

Site 374,(Bizon), 191(Cita), 188

Sites 375 and 376,(Bizon), 255(Cita), 249

Site 377,(Bizon), 311(Cita), 310

Site 378,(Bizon), 335(Cita), 333

1231

Site 372, dwarfed, 78stable isotope analyses of, 829, 830systematics, 677systematics, Globorotalia, 693Tortonian at Site 375, 254zonation,

Biozone M Pl-1, 77, 190,191, 249, 334, 440, 877Biozone M Pl-2, 46, 77, 191, 195, 223, 249, 334,

338,372,382,1025Biozone M Pl-3, 42, 46, 160, 161, 190, 223, 334,

440,1025Biozone M Pl-4, 42, 160,190, 250, 334Biozone M Pl-5, 42, 160,190, 250, 334, 435, 440,

441Biozone M Pl-6, 160, 190, 193, 334,440Catapsydrax dissimilis/GIobigerinoides altiaperturus

Zone, 80Globigerina ciperoensis Zone, 918Globigerinita dissimilis Zone, 81Globigerinita dissimilis-Globigerinoides altiaperturus

Zone, 81Globigerinita stainforthi Zone, 81Globigerinoides altiaperturus / Globigerinita dissimilis

Zone, 21,256Globigerinoides elongatus Interval-Zone (M Pl-5), 78Globigerinoides elongatus Zone (M Pl-5), 80, 191Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Interval Zone

(M Pl-5), 190,440Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Sub zone, 254,676Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Zone, 43, 160,

335,917Globigerinoides trilobus Zone, 21, 80, 81Globorotalia margaritae Zone, 192Globorotalia acostaensis acostaensis Zone, 675Globorotalia acostaensis Zone (N 16), 21, 81, 254,

256,676,687,693,835,899, 919, 935Globorotalia aemiliana Zone, 43Globorotalia continuosa Subzone, 675Globorotalia crassaformis Zone, 908Globorotalia dutertrei/Globorotalia humerosa Zone,

254,676Globorotalia fohsi fohsi Zone, 689Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda Zone, 21, 256Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda/Orbulina saturalis

Zone, 81Globorotalia fi hsi Zone, 81Globorotalia humerosa Subzone, 21Globorotalia humerosa Zone (N 17), 21, 81, 256,

897,899Globorotalia inflata Interval-Zone (M Pl-6), 77Globorotalia inflata Zone (M Pl-6), 43, 80, 160, 191,

255,335,850,917Globorotalia kugleri/Globigerinoides primordius

Zone, 21Globorotalia margaritae evoluta Zone (M Pl-3), 43,

80,160,192,255,335,917Globorotalia margaritae Zone, 43, 255, 335, 836, 917Globorotalia margaritae/Globorotalia puncticulata

concurrent-range-Zone (M Pl-3), 78, 251Globorotalia mayeri Zone, 21, 79, 81, 256, 674, 919Globorotalia mayeri-siakensis Zone, 687Globorotalia mediterranea Subzone, 21, 81, 255,901,

918Globorotalia menardii Zone, 21, 79, 81, 256Globorotalia opima continuosa Subzone, 254Globorotalia peripheroronda I Orbulina saturalis

Zone, 79

Globorotalia plesiotumida (N 17) Zone, 995Globorotalia puncticulata Zone, 899, 908Globorotalia truncatulinoides total range zone, 334Globorotalia truncatulinoides Zone, 160, 311M P1-3/M Pl-2 boundary, 335M P1-4/M Pl-3 boundary, 44, 335M P1-5/M Pl-4 boundary, 335Praeorbulina glomerosa Zone, 21, 79, 81, 256, 919Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens interval Zone, 251,

334Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens Partial Range Zone,

997Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens Zone (M Pl-4), 43,

80,192,335,917Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens-Globigerinoides

elongatus zonal boundary, 192Sphaeroidinellopsis Acme Zone (M Pl-1), 251, 256,

1027Sphaeroidinellopsis-Globigerina druryi Zone (N 13),

Subdehiscens Interval-Zone (M Pl-4), 78Zone N 10, 79, 81Zone N 12, 79Zone N 13, 78, 254, 672, 676, 677, 1011Zone N 13/14, 78, 676Zone N 14, 81,672, 688Zone N 15, 254, 687, 693Zone N 16, 254, 674, 676, 693Zone N 17, 79, 84, 674, 676, 677, 1004ZoneN5,80Zone N 8, 80, 691Zone N 5/6, 80Zone N 6, 80ZoneN7,80Zone N 8/9, 79Zone N 9/10, 79Zones N 13-16, 687Zones N 11/12, 255

Foundering, 969Foundering of continental crust, 509Foundering hypothesis, Pliocene, 998Fractionation, basalt, 522Framboidal pyrite, 625Fungii in Messinian marls, Site 372, 817Gauss Epoch, 876, 992Gauss/Gilbert boundary, Magnetic stratigraphy, 876Gebiz Mountains, 903Geochemical environments, Messinian sediments, 382Geochemical measurements,

Leg 42A, 17Site 371, 38Site 372, 68Site374, 182Site 377, 308Site 378, 329Sites 375 and 376, 242

Geochemistry,organic matter, 465Tertiary sediments in the Mediterranean, 493

Geochronology, potassium-argon dating, 510Geodynamics of the Tyrrhenian Sea, 515Geological and geophysical setting, Site 372, 889Geopetal cavity fillings, 543Geopetal floors, 480Geostrophic thermohaline circulation, eastern Mediterra-

nean, 190Geosynclines, 3

1232

Geothermal studies, Leg 42A, 4Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica Subzone, 733Gephyrocapsa oceanica Zone (NN 20), 186, 247, 437, 733Gesesso-solfifera Formation, 573, 581, 583, 588, 595, 677,

1017,1030,1032,1071Gibraltar sill, 837,1025Gilbert Epoch, 876, 992,1024Glauberite, 1023Gk>berinoides obliquus extremus Zone, 917Globigerina ciperoensis Zone, 918Globigerinita dissimilis Zone, 81Globigerinita dissimilis-Globigerinoides altiaperturus Zone,

81Globigerinita stainforthi Zone, 81Globigerinoides altiaperturus/Globigerinita dissimilis Zone,

21,256Globigerinoides elongatus Interval-Zone (M Pl-5), 78Globigerinoides elongatus Zone (M Pl-5), 191Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Interval Zone (M Pl-5),

190,440Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Subzone, 254, 676Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Zone, 43, 160, 335Globigerinoides trilobus Zone, 21, 80, 81Globorotalia margaritae Zone, 192Globorotalia acostaensis acostaensis Zone, 675Globorotalia acostaensis Zone (N16), 21, 81, 254, 256,

687,693,835,899,919Globorotalia aemiliana Zone, 43Globorotalia continuosa Subzone, 675Globorotalia crassaformis Zone, 908Globorotalia dutertrei/Globorotalia humerosa Zone, 254,

676Globorotalia fohsi fohsi Zone, 689Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda Zone, 21, 256Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda/Orbulina saturalis Zone,

81Globorotalia fohsi Zone, 81Globorotalia humerosa Subzone, 21Globorotalia humerosa Zone (N17), 21,81, 256, 897, 899Globorotalia inflata Interval-Zone (M Pl-6), 77Globorotalia inflata Zone (M Pl-6) 43, 80, 160, 191, 255,

335,850,917Globorotalia kuglerif Globigerinoides primordius Zone, 21Globorotalia margaritae evoluta Zone (M Pl-3), 43, 80, 160,

192,255,335,917Globorotalia margaritae Zone, 43, 255, 335, 836, 917Globorotalia margaritae/Globorotalia puncticulata

concurrent-range-Zone (M Pl-3), 78, 251Globorotalia mayeri Zone, 21, 79, 81, 256, 674, 919Globorotalia mayeri-siakensis Zone, 687Globorotalia mediterranea Subzone, 21, 81, 225, 901, 918Globorotalia menardii Zone, 21, 79, 81, 256Globorotalia opima continuosa Subzone, 254Globorotalia peripheroronda/'Orbulina suturalis Zone, 79Globorotalia plesiotumida (N 17) Zone, 995Globorotalia puncticulata Zone, 899, 908Globorotalia truncatulinoides total range zone, 334Globorotalia truncatulinoides Zone, 160, 311Glossopteria flora, 943Goethite, abundant in site 371 Messinian sediments, 403Gondwana, 943Graben, 62

Graben, east of Menorca, 890Valles Penedes, 889of Gibraltar, 938, 939

creation of, 936Grabens, Siculo-Tunisian threshold, 969Graded bedding, 45, 236, 911,915Graded laminae, 912Grading, 240Grain size analyses, 17Granitization in Algeria and southern Sardinia, 966Gravity nappes, 906, 966, 974, 981

Mediterranean Ridge, 976Great Lakes of North America, occurrence of ostracodes

in, 778Great Sicilian Neogene Basin, 934Greenschist facies, metamorphism, 517Groundmass, Clinopyroxene, 517, 509

Olivine, 509, 531Gulf of Genoa, 961Gulf of Lion, 1047, 962, 965, 1042, 1056

Aquitanian deposits on margin of, 961Laguno-littoral sediments, 1011Miocene series in, 901samples from bore hole, 961

Gulf of Oman, Marine transgressions, 989Gulf of Valencia, 59, 889, 1042, 1056, 1047

geologic evolution of, 889thermal swelling, 889

Gypsarenites, 234, 598, 909Gypsiferous sediments, 195Gypsrudites, 909

dissolution breccias, 598Gypssiltites, 600, 909Gypsum, 67, 182, 377, 457, 564, 614, 622, 908, 1023,

1064Gypsum, alabastrine, 591, 595, 598, 909, 932

banded, 932bromine content, 602crystallization and redeposition, 599crystallization history of, 928crystallization waters of, 648deformation and microfaulting, 600depositional environment stages, 592detrital, 932detrital, Gypsarenites, 598diagenetic recrystallization of, 599diagenetic stages of, 588laminated, 598, 607, 1087

adhesion ripples in, 582cross bedding in, 582current-induced structures in, 577depositional environment of, 588diagenetic recrystallization of, 580origin of, 582petrographic analysis of, 577rip-up breccias, 582ripple marks in, 582scanning electron microscope studies, 580Site 372, 577, 582

nodular, 588, 932, 1068origin of veins, 588

1233

poikiHtic, 587,591,600primary precipitation of, 606recrystallization of, 587, 648saccharoidal, 909sedimentary and diagenetic history, 588strontium content of, 602, 615, 619

Gypsum crystals,anhydrite inclusions in, 587swallowtail type, 328

Gypsum diagenesis, diagenetic recrystallization, 582Gypsum laminae,

granoblastic textures of, 587recrystallization crusts, 586

Gypsum laminites, modes of formation of, 928Gypsum replacing anhydrite, 584Gypsum-bearing evaporate flat at, Laguna Mormona, 582,

588Gyttja, defined, 446GRAPE data, Leg 42A, 18Halite, 593, 909,921, 1023, 1064, 1066, 1071, 1139

bromine content, 615, 618, 619, 1024, 1070, 1071bromine profile, 1069chemical analyses of, 613depositional environment, 602diagenetic recrystallization of, 594laminations, 615potential, 386primary precipites, 619

Halmyrolysis, in ocean-floor basalts, 883Halokinesis, North Balearic-Provencal Basin, 965Halokinetic phenomena, 920, 1038Halokinetic structures, 869Heat flow,

Balearic Basin, 476Site 372, 87Site 374, 196Site 378, 338Sites 375 and 376, 262

Heat flux,Eastern Mediterranean basins, 868Western Mediterranean basins, 868

Heat-flow,Effect of bottom-water temperature variation, 857Environment effects on, 867Thermal refraction, 867Tyrrhenian Sea, 863

Heat-flow measurements, 1140equipment and techniques, 858Site 374, 863Site 372, 860Site 373, 862Site 376, 864Site 378, 866Adriatic Sea, 858Aegean Sea, 858Balearic Basin, 862Tyrrhenian Sea, 857Western Mediterranean, 857

He at-flow values,Site 372, 862Site 373, 863Site 374, 864Site 375, 1057Site 376, 865Tyrrhenian Basin, 515Messinian Abyssal Plain, 863

Heavy mineral provinces, for Mediterranean Holocenesediments, 402

Heavy minerals in sediments from,Site 371, 403Site 372, 406Site 373, 406Site 374, 406Site 377, 407Site 378, 411Sites 375 and 376, 407

Heavy-mineral composition, Sediments, Leg 42A, 401Helicosphaera ampliaperta Zone (NN 4), 77,728, 734, 742Hellenic Arc, 338Hellenic Arc, tectonic deformation, 1058Hellenic Trench, 306, 459

carbonate dissolution in, 454Hellenides, 975, 1060

ophiolites, 945Helminthoides Flysch, 955Helvetic Alps, 1060Hemipelagic, special definition, 234Hercynian Orogeney, 953, 956Herodotus Abyssal Plain, 906, 969

depth of evaporitic layers in, 1039Horst and graben structures, 889, 895Horst and graben tectonics, 938, 956,961, 962, 1042Horsts, 62Humic compounds, 465Hydrodynamism, lessening of in Balearic Basin at 18.5 m.y.,

365Hygromagmatophile elements, 512Hyposaline environment, 387Iberia, Upper Triassic carbonate facies of, 955Iberian plate, 977Ibiza Island, 889Iceland, tholeiites, 513Iddingsite, alteration products, 509, 537Illite, 461

derivation from biotite, 396Ilmenite, 882Imbricate structures, 898Indo-Pacific Ocean, 985Indosinian orogenic belt, 948Indosinian suture, 944Indus Surture zone, 945Interclast carbonates, 1093Interclast cements, Tuffaceous, 543Internal resedimentation, 541Interstitial water,

alkalinity, 567alkalinity and Ph, 561chemical analyses, 562isotopic composition, 485, 649Mg-concentration gradient, 195oxygen isotope analyses, 562oxygen isotope data, 567salinity and chlorinity, 626salinity gradient, 195, 1139salinity of, 625Site 371, 38, 565Site 372, 68, 565, 1139Site 182,374,566Site 329, 378Sites 375 and 376, 242

Interstitial water profiles, diffusive behavior, 562Interstitial water studies,

Leg 13,561Leg 42A, 561

Intra-sutural basin, Proto-Tyrrhenian, 977Intr a-Messinian deformation, 1064

1234

Ionian basin, subsidence of in Quaternary, 372Ionian Abyssal Plain, 178, 186, 917Ionian Basin, 3, 151,155, 175, 182, 190, 193, 195, 250,

621,657,767,782,927,945,948, 1070, 1072,1088,1093

clay mineralogy, 1092origin of, 1055paleosalinity, 658subsidence of, 382

Ionian Islands, 4, 175, 592,928, 934, 937evaporite formation on, 583Mg-calcite enrichments from shelf of, 398Tortonian sediments of, 937

Ionian Sea, 182, 393, 483, 863, 869,939paleoenvironment, 936percentage of organic matter suspended in, 455

Iron oxides, 509Iskenderun region, Cyprus, 921Iskenderun Basin, 904Island arcs,

Aeolian Islands, 515calcalkaline magmatism, 515

Island of Thasos, deep submarine holes drilled in thevicinity of, 321

Isochronous chronologies, sapropels as basis of, 437Isoprenoids, 469Isotopic composition,

Interstitial water, 485, 648Mediterranean bottom water, Miocene, 835Mediterranean surface water, Miocene, 835Messinian sediments, 635Site 372, Forams, 833Site 374, Forams, 836Variation due to disturbed sediments, 654

Isotopic composition at Site 372, pore water, 476Isotopic enrichment, caused by kinematic effects, 1023Isotopic values,

Bolsena Lake, 1023Bracciano Lake, 1023Trasimeno Lake, 1023

Israelian margin, 968Kainite,

bromine content of, 618primary precipitates, 619rubidium content of, 616, 619

Kalamaki Island, 934Kara Bogaz Gulf-Caspian Sea system, 1023Karpatian transgression, 987Karst topography, related to drainage of paratethys waters

into the Mediterranean, 1074Karst Formation, Rif Mountains of Morocco, 1031Kerogen, study of, 470Kerogen fraction, 465Kevan nappes, 219,956Kizil Dag nappes, 906, 956Klepini siltstones, 908Kopet Dagh Range, Cimmerian suture, 944Koronia Limestone, 906, 920Kyrenia, 1057Kyrenia range, Eocene-Oligocene olistolites, 974Kythrea, Flamoudhi Sandstones, 920Kythrea fault, 904Kythrea flysch, 261,910,911Kythrea Basin, 908,914

depth in Miocene, 911Kythrea Conglomerate, 908Kythrea Formation, 236Kythrea Group, 908, 913, 919, 921, 1084

Lac mer, 918 .compared to Lago mare, 1072defined, 1017

Lac mer conditions, 782evidence from ostracodes, 777

Lac mer sequence, 782Lac mer stage, 595Lac mer theory, 767Lacustrine fades, 1025Lago mare, 175, 196, 219, 655, 829, 836, 1013, 1021,

1023, 1066, 1070, 1072, 1087, 1093, 1140defined, 1017

Lago mare carbonates, 652, 654Lago mare environment, 253, 261Lago mare facies, 321, 338, 597, 599, 1023, 1025Lago mare fauna, 1011Lago mare invasion, 1031Lago mare stage, 603Lagoon, defined, 1017Lagoon model, 1026Lagoon of Arcachon, 1022Lagoon of Venice, 1022Lagoonal depositional environment, 385Lagoons, 1023Laguna Mormona, Gypsum-bearing evaporate flat at, 582,

588Laguno-littoral sediments, Gulf of Lion, 1011Lake Ohrid, relic faunas of, 1073Lake Tchad, oxygen isotope enrichment, 1023Laminae,

convolute, 240multiples, defined, 422organic- and carbonate-rich, 235

Langhian transgression, 365, 1093Lapatza Formation, 908

Cyprus, 909Kythrea group, 919

Lau Basin tholeiites, 513Laurasia, 943Lefkara Formation ,908,915,921Lepispheres, 1081Levantine Basin, 3, 245, 249, 393, 395, 677, 906, 945,948,

1001,1025,1026,1027,1139clay mineralogy, 1092Messinian ostracode faunas in, 1017Messinian sediments, 1024origin of, 1055

Levantine margin, 969Liguria-Pennine trough, Ophiolites, 945Ligurian Abyssal Plain, 962Ligurian Piedmont, Ophiolites, 944Ligurian Sea, 938, 956Limestone diagenesis, isotope geochemistry, 551Limestones,

Cir cum-Ionian, 486Oxygen-18 values of, 551

Limnocardium, 1024Limonite ,531Lithification of carbonate sediments, 473Lithologic classification scheme, Leg 42A, 14Lithology,

Site 371, 34Site 372, 67Site 373, 155Site 374, 180

Lithostratigraphic analysis, 1016Lithothamnium-limestone facies, 989Load casts, 910

1235

Lorn basin, 987Luneburgite, 182, 196, 370, 661, 928, 1140

chemical analysis of, 661chemical composition of, 662formation of, 663IR-spectrometry analysis of, 661minerals associated with, 663Site 374, 1024SEM analysis of, 661X-ray diffraction analysis of, 661

Lutecite, 599M-reflector, 1064Maestrichtian event, geological and geophysical evidence,

974Mafic igneous breccias, deep-water calcitic cementation of,

557Maghemitization of titanomagnetite, 882Maghrebian range, tectonism, 966Magmatism,

eastern Mediterranean area, 968offshore, 979

Magne sites,Carbon-13 content, 637Oxygen-18 content, 637

Magnesium-rich minerals, 380Magnetic anomalies, 5, 406, 868, 906

Balearic Basin, 868characterizing basement highs, 151Tyrrhenian Basin, 515

Magnetic anomaly evidence, Menorca, 889Magnetic polarity, Mt. Vavilov, 511Magnetic polarity stratigraphy, 873Magnetic properties of basalts, 881Magnetic stratigraphy,

absolute age for, 876Epoch 5/Gilbert boundary, 874, 877Gauss/Gilbert boundary, 876Site 372, 874Site 374, 875Site 376, 877

Magnetic studies, measurement procedure, 881Main salt sequence, 1062Mallorca Island, 889

Puigde Santa Gloria series, 898tectonism, 898

Malta Escarpment, 968, 969Mamonia nappes, 219, 906Mantle, vertical zoning in, 522Mantle fractionation, 519Mantle plumes, 513Marcasite, 882Marche-Romagna Area, 934Marginal back-arc basin, 163, 509Marginal basin, 222, 513, 515, 935, 962, 968, 974Marginal erosion surfaces, 1032Marginal-type basin, Tyrrhenian Sea, 977Mariana Trough, tholeiites, 513Marine incursions, 1070Marine regression, 928, 935Marine transgression, 891, 895, 897, 921, 928, 935, 955,

989,1060Burdigalian, 975diachronous, 1032Gulf of Oman, 989Middle Miocene, 742

Matuyama Epoch, 994Matuyama Reversed Magnetic Epoch, 765

Mediterranean,basin subsidence, 1093cause of basin subsidence, 939continental margins, 955Early Messinian precipitation budget, 1031genesis of, 947origin of, 1139paleotemperatures, Miocene, 829Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 847pre-Messinian sediments, mineralogy of, 380regional syntheses, 1140sedimentation rates, quaternary, 1000subsidence during the Pliocene-Quaternary, 948tectonic history of, 979

Mediterranean basins,classification of, 979comparative sedimentology of, 1080Neogene history, evidence from ostracodes, 782onset of salinity crisis, seismic evidence, 1139paleosalinity, 382pre-Mesozoic, 952sediment ages, 868sediment thicknesses, 868stratigraphy correlated with land sections, 1140structural history of, 951structure and evolution of, 951tectonic setting, 1039Triassic-Lias period, 953

Mediterranean bottom waterisotopic composition, 835origin of, 833

Mediterranean evaporites, 903, 939, 1024Mediterranean landmasses, uplifting, 382Mediterranean paleobathymetry, 841Mediterranean salinity crisis, 78, 910, 1093

history of, 1053Mediterranean watershed, related to late Miocene climatic

deterioration, 1031Mediterranean basin,

desiccation of, 761paleosalinity, 939

Mediterranean evaporites, 908, 995, 1005, 1026, 1029,1030

distribution of, 1037hiatus near base of, 1011

Mediterranean evaporite formation, 3, 5, 8, 46, 82, 84, 175,191,195, 196, 225, 261, 334, 336, 373, 671, 677,1001, 1055, 1062, 1080, 1087,1094

Mediterranean Neogene deep-sea sediments, sedimentationrates of, 991

Mediterranean Ridge, 6, 250, 305, 311, 441, 968, 977,1084,1093

formation of in Miocene, 975gravity slides, 976imbricated tectonic pile, 976sedimentation rates, 399tectonic deformation, 1058

Mediterranean Sea, 493, 985basin stagnation, 195Neogene benthic foraminifera, 709Neogene nannofossils in sediments of, 741Neogene paleobathymetry, 837Neogene sedimentation rates, 991Pliocene flooding, 1075present isotopic composition, 830sedimentation rates, 867separation from the Indo-Pacific, 988

1236

Melange, 944Menorca,

magnetic anomaly evidence, 889structure of, 966

Menorca margin, 817, 961Menorca Island, 365, 386, 889, 897Menorca Ridge, 84Menorca Rise, 74, 81, 82, 175, 365, 824,1045

Site 372, 59structural history of, 86unconformity, 76

Menorcan Continental margin, 84, 962Menorcan geological province,

Mindjorn,897Tramuntana, 897

Mesaoria, 1057Mesaoria Basin, 903, 904, 908, 915, 919, 920, 921Mesopotamian Basin, 985Mesozoic history of Apulia-Anatolia, 975Mesozoic oceanic basin, Pamphylian Basin, 906Messian sediments, mineralogy of, 380Messina Abyssal Plain, 175,190, 196, 251, 262, 407, 411,

433,462,661,978,1026Messina Cone, 977Messina Strait, 5Messinian,

basin subsidence in, 921clay minerals, 389depositional environments, 1087foraminifera, 78sea level lowering, 1005

Messinian and pre-Messinian sediment, stratigraphic hiatus,76

Messinian carbonates, stable isotope geochemistry of, 650Messinian chlorites, origin of, 394Messinian climates, evolution of intermediterranean, 1031Messinian cycles,

Balearic Rise, 577Red Sea, 577Site 132,592

Messinian deposits of,Crete, 1073Thessalonika, 1073

Messinian dolomites, 653Messinian environments, 761, 1003, 1004Messinian erosion surface, 1011Messinian evaporites, 336, 368, 370, 373, 377, 378, 561,

595,948,974,1087salt layer, 1043sedimentary petrology and structures of, 571Site 374, 485Site 376, 602upper evaporitic layer, 1044upper member of, 365, 368

Messinian evaporitic carbonate deposits, Black Sea, 1066Messinian evaporitic event, 895Messinian evaporitic sediments, organic matter in, 471Messinian fossil record, 1013

benthic foraminifera, 1015dwarfed foraminiferal assemblages, 1014

Messinian gypsum deposits, origin of, 653Messinian laminites,

characteristics of, 1009Site 124, 1010Site 372, 1009

Messinian paleoenvironments, 1004Messinian regression, 380, 387

Messinian salinity crisis, 3, 32, 62, 76, 87, 175, 195, 196,222,260,411,440,650,652,654,676,824,835,935,947,1017,1031,1042,1054,1070

biogeographical implications, 1075climatic effects of, 1074dynamic model, 927effect on glaciation, 1074effect on land erosion, 1074history of, 4, 1139implications of, 1074onset of, 1062Site 374, 1025termination of, 1026time interval, 992

Messinian sediments, 891evaporitic, 933geochemical environments, 382isotopic composition, 635Levantine Basin, 1024Periadriatic Trough, 1024Piedmont Basin, 1024sedimentation rates, 658Site 371, 573Site 372, 577Site 374,583, 1024Site 375, 595Site 376, 597Site 378, 603

Messinian sequence, 392Messinian smectites, origin of, 393Messinian sulfates, stable isotope geochemistry of, 657Messinian Abyssal Plain, 5, 193

heat-flow values in, 863turbidite sedimentation, 1140

Messinian evaporite formation, 3,5, 30, 44, 193, 220Messinian evaporite formation, 3, 5, 30, 193Messinian event, 938

evidence from fault escarpments, 1048evidence from Pliocene-Quaternary prograding deposits

on the margins, 1047geophysical evidence for, 1042seismic evidence, 1037

Messinian Ionian Basin, 196Messinian-Pliocene boundary, stratigraphic hiatus, 1075Messinian/pre-Messinian interval, stratigraphic hiatus, 676Messinian/Pliocene boundary, 938Metamorphism,

Greenschist facies, 517ocean floor, 521

Mia Milea Formation, 909, 911, 912, 914Micas, 407Micrite,580Microfaulting, 181Microplate rotation, paleomagnetic evidence, 955Microprobe analyses, basalt, 510Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 151, 162

Low LIL element concentrations in, 522Oxygen-18 values for calcitic cements in volcanic

breccias, 552Mindjorn, Menorcan geological province, 897Mineralogy of,

Mediterranean, pre-Messinian sediments, 380Messinian sediments, 380Pliocene sediments, 382Quaternary sediments, 382

Miocene,evaporitic facies, 362

1237

forams, 81glaciation, 593isotopic composition,

Mediterranean bottom water, 835Mediterranean surface water, 835

Mediterranean, paleotemperatures, 829nannos, 76, 310origin of, Mediterranean bottom water, 833sapropel stratigraphy, 440tectonism, 901

Miocene /Pliocene boundary, 44, 654, 874, 876, 1026, 1030benthic forams, 192forams, 42, 78, 81,334,937Site 374, 191Sites 375 and 376, 251,1020stable oxygen isotope change, 1026termination of salinity crisis, 995

Mirabilite,1023Misis Bitlis overthrust, 1040Misis-Pentadaktylos belt, 903Molasse trough, 1061Montmorillonite, 1026Mosaic structures, 574Mt. Vavilov, magnetic polarity, 511Multichannel seismic profiles, 995Multichannel seismic reflection, 951Murcia Basin, clay mineralogy, 393Murcia-Alicante Basin, laminated limestones in, 901Myrtou Formation, Cyprus, 781Myrtou Marls, 908, 917Mystery, sapropels, 249Nannos,

biostratigraphy, 727criteria for age determinations, 19distribution in Neogene sediments of the Mediterranean,

741Hole 378A, 740Miocene, 76, 248, 249,310Pliocene, 41, 76, 158,187, 247, 333Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 186, 733, 748

Site 125,849Site 132,849Site 371, 847Site 372, 849Site 374, 850Site 376, 850Site 378, 850

Quaternary, 41, 76,158,186, 247, 309, 332, 333Site 371, 41, 733Site 372, 76, 733Site 373, 158,734Site 374,186,735Site 375, 247, 738Site 376, 247, 738Site 377, 309, 739Site 378, 332, 739Zonation,

Amaurolithus tricorniculatus (NN 12) Zone, 995Braarudosphaera bigelowi horizon, 333Catinaster coalitus Zone (NN 8), 77, 729Ceratolithus amplificus Interval Zone, 731Ceratolithus amplificus Subzone, 731Ceratolithus rugosus Zone (NN 13), 76, 187, 247,

333,731,733,735,741,747Ceratolithus tricorniculatus Zone (NN 12), 41, 76,

188, 333, 731, 733,735,747, 749Coccolithus doronicoides Zone, 733Cyclococcolithus macintyre Subzone, 732

Discoaster asymmetricus Subzone, 732Discoaster asymmetricus Zone (NN 14), 158, 187,

248,333,732,734,740,747Discoaster aulakos-divaricatus Assemblage Zone, 729Discoaster brouweri Interval Zone, 732Discoaster brouweri Zone (NN 18), 158,187, 247,

•333, 732, 734, 739, 748, 850, 851Discoaster calcaris Zone (NN 10), 249, 730, 738Discoaster druggii Zone, 77, 727, 995Discoaster exilis Zone (NN 6), 77, 728, 734, 744Discoaster hamatus Zone (NN 9), 729Discoaster kugleri Zone (NN 7), 77, 249, 728, 734,

744Discoaster pentaradiatus Interval Zone, 730Discoaster pentaradiatus Subzone, 732Discoaster pentaradiatus Zone, 730, 732, 733Discoaster phyllodus Zone, 730Discoaster quinqueramus Zone (NN 11), 76, 248,

730,733,738,739,744,748,995,1024Discoaster surculus Zone (NN 16), 41, 76, 158, 187,

190,247,333,440,732,748Discoaster surculus/Discoaster pentaradiatus Zone

(NN 16/17), 735, 747, 849, 850Discoaster tamalis Subzone, 732Emiliania annula Subzone, 733Emiliania huxleyi Zone (NN 21), 41,158, 186, 247,

733Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica Subzone, 733Gephyrocapsa oceanica Zone (NN 20), 186, 247, 437,

733Helicosphaera ampliaperta Zone (NN 4), 77, 728,

734,742Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Zone (N 19), 41, 76, 158,

186,247,332,439,733, 735, 750Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica Interval Zone, 732Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica Zone (NN 15), 41,

76, 187, 248, 333, 732, 733, 747Sphenolithus belemnos Zone (NN 3), 77, 249, 728,

734Sphenolithus heteromorphus Zone (NN 5), 77, 249,

310,728,734,739,742Sphenolithus neoabies Subzone, 732Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Zone (NN 1), 77, 727,

734,741Nappe sliding, 305Nappes, 966, 974, 975, 977Natural remanent magnetization, basalt, 881Neogene basins, 904Neogene evolution of sediments, Sites 375 and 376, 921Neogene formations of Cyprus and the Florence Rise, 906Neogene history, evidence from ostracodes, Mediterranean

basins, 782Neogene orogeny, 1031Neogene paleobathymetry, Mediterranean Sea, 837Neogene sedimentary history, 411Neogene sedimentation rates, Mediterranean Sea, 991Neogene sediments, heavy mineral composition of, 401Neomorphic clinoptilolite, 1081Nepheline-normative basalts, 518New species,

Dictyocha aegea, silicoflagellates, 805Globorotalia magnifica forams, 693

Nicosia Formation, 903, 908, 917Nile Delta,

development of, 969Mediterranean ridge sediments derived from, 312

Nile detritus, 411M e Cone, 312

1238

Nodular,anhydrite, 46, 1068, 1087chemical composition of, anhydrite, 195, 574gypsum, 588, 932,1068

Nontronite, 157Normal marine conditions, re-establishment at Pliocene,

377Normative mineralogy, basalt, 512, 519, 533North African margin, 969

seismicity, 966North Balearic-Provencal Basin, 1042

age of drifting, 1047age of opening, 961age of rifting, 958halokinesis, 965structural history of, 956

North Levantine Basin, 904Northern Active Alpine margins, 969Northern Cyprus, Kythrea group, 1084Northern Cyprus and Site 375, Davlos sandstones, 912Northern Hemisphere, Arctic glaciation, 441Numidian flysch, 966NRM intensities, paleomagnetism, 877Obduction,979

of ophiolites,955,969Ocean basins,

origin and evolution of, 151salt genesis in, 1054

Ocean floor, metamorphism, 521Oceanic spreading centers, abyssal basalt at, 515Oceanic tholeiites, 947, 1139

affinities to basalts in Tyrrhenian Basin, 541Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 1139underlying seamount, 5

Oceanization, Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 947, 1139Offlap movements, 921Offshore magmatism, 979Olduvai Event, 765, 851, 876Oligocene-Aquitanian rifting phase, age of, 961Oligohaline alkali lake environment, 253Oligohaline environment, 1025Oligohaline facies, 1017Olistoliths, 903, 969, 977, 981Olistostromes, 305, 903, 969, 974, 977, 981Olivene tholeiite, basalt, 512, 519, 533, 889Oman, Ophiolite troughs, 946Omission surfaces, 228, 251, 260, 1091Opal, 396Opal-CT, 361,365,1081Opaque minerals in basalt, petrographic description of, 882Operations,

Site 371,32Site 372, 62Site 373, 152Site 374, 178Site 377, 306Sites 375 and 376, 222

Ophilites, Troodos, 1092Ophiolite melanges, 956Ophiolite nappes, 945Ophiolite troughs, Oman, 946Ophiolites, 219, 373, 377, 407, 906, 955, 975, 1084

Alpine-Himalaya trend, 948Anatolia, 945Cyprus Arc, 906Dinarides, 945Eastern Mediterranean area, 945Hellenides, 945

Liguria-Pennine trough, 945Ligurian Piedmont, 944Obduction, 969Obduction of, 955Troodos, 974Turkey, 906

Ophiolitic basement, 5Ophiolitic melanges, 968Ophiolitic suture, 979Ophiolitic terraces, 911Orbulinico Rosso facies, 239Organic carbon,

Carbon-13 content, 486mineralogical analyses, 483Site 374, diagenesis, 487stable isotope analyses of, 483

Organic carbon analyses of sapropels, 433Organic carbon diagenesis, effects of stagnant environment,

487Organic matter,

geochemistry, 465origin of in late Neogene sediments, eastern Mediterra-

nean, 465Site 374, 4711

Ostracodes,as indicators of past oceanographic events, 778indicators of paleotemperatures, 490paleoecolgy of, 777Site 371, 781Site 372,778,781,782Site 373, 782Site 374, 782Site 376, 781Site 378, 436, 782Sites 375 and 376, 782

Overthrusting in Balearic Islands, 966Ovgos fault, 904Ovgos Formation, 913Oxygen isotope analyses, interstitial water, 562Oxygen isotope data, interstitial water, 567Oxygen isotope enrichment, Lake Tchad, 1023Oxygen minimum model, 441Oxygen-18 values of, limestones, 551Pakhna Formation, 908Palaeodictyon, 910,915Palagonite, 396Palagonitization, 543, 557Paleobathymetric analyses,

Pliocene sediments, 1075Site 372, 1056Site 375, 1057Site 377, 1058

Paleobathymetric evidence, Mediterranean basins at onsetof salinity crisis, 1139

Paleobathymetry, 837, 936Miocene Mediterranean area, 398

Paleoclimates,Cretan Basin, 335evidence from clay mineral association, 493palynological evidence, 789, 792

Paleocurrents, 910, 913, 921Paleoecology,

Ostracodes, 777Silicoflagellates, 808

Paleoenvironment, 621, 635, 641, 653, 911,917, 920carbonates, 483diatom evidence, 1016Ionian Sea, 583, 936

1239

isotopic evidence, 1009isotopic studies, 651Mediterranean during Messinian, 938Mediterranean during Pliocene-Quaternary, 939paleontological evidence, 1009,1021palynological evidence, 792,1017redox conditions, 652redox potential, 637, 641, 649salinity, 641, 649, 652, 654temperature, 640, 654Tortonian, 1084Tortonian Sea, 938

Paleogeography of Paratethys, 985Paleomagnetic calibration,

Cenozoic biostratigraphic zonations, 873Cenozoic sediments, 873

Paleomagnetic evidence, micropiate rotation, 955Paleomagnetics,

Site 374, 875Site 376, 877Western Mediterranean Basin, 874

Paleomagnetism,Leg 42A basalts, 881NRM intensities, 877post-evaporitic sediments, 873pre-evaporitic sediments, 874Site 376, post-evaporites, 877

Paleosalinity, 485, 504, 583, 619, 651, 750, 835, 918, 935,1071

Antalya Basin, 659correlation with sill distance, 659diatom floral evidence, 767faunal evidence ,1021Ionian Basin, 658isotopic evidence, 635, 648, 651, 654, 834,1022, 1023,

1140Mediterranean basins, 382Mediterranean Basin, 939paleontological evidence, 1007Paratethyan Sea in Middle Miocene, 989

Paleotectonics and paleogeography, Pliocene-Pleistocene,920

Paleotemperatures,Aegean Sea, 808Balearic Basin, isotopic evidence, 1056inferred from silicoflagellates, 436isoleucine racemization estimate of, 489isotopic evidence, 833isotopic studies of, 829Miocene, Mediterranean, 829Tyrrhenian Basin, isotopic evidence, 1056

Paleotethys, 944, 945, 948tectonic history of, 943

Palinspastic reconstructions, Africa, Europe, Asia duringMesozoic and Cenozoic, 1004

Palynological evidence,paleoclimates, 789, 792, 1140paleoenvironment, 792, 1017

Palynological studies,Leg 42A, 789sapropelitic samples Site 374, 790Site 132,789Site 374, 789

Palynomorphs, transport of, 436Palynomorphs in sapropels, 435Pamphylian Basin, Mesozoic oceanic basin, 906Pamphylian Gulf, 956

Panagra Marls, 239,914Pangea, 943, 948

fragmentation of, 944Pannonian Basin, 987

distension of, 956Miocene salts in, 1061

Panthalassa, 948Paratethyan shorelines, magnitude of eustatic sea level

changes along, 1031Paratethyan Sea in Middle Miocene, paleosalinity, 989Paratethys, 742, 767, 777,782, 985, 989,1017, 1021,

1031,1040,1060,1066,1072,1074,1139paleography of, 985regression of, 1072

Paris Basin, Cretaceous chalks from, 937Passarello/Stretto Vanelle, 934Penecontemporaneous slumping, 909Pentadaktylos Range, 903, 908, 912,914,915, 920, 921,

1084Pentadaktylos-Misis thrust belt, 920Peri-Alpine depression, 1061Periadriatic trough, 1026

Messinian sediments in, 1005,1024Peridotite, 519,947Permian flexure at Djeffara, 968Petrogenesis of smectite, 396Petrographic analysis,

basalt, 516, 531,537gypsum, laminated, 577

Petrographic and paleomagnetic evidence, submarine envi-ronment, 883

Petrographic description of opaque minerals in basalt, 882Petroleum potential for oil, Kerogen type, 468Phenocrysts,

plagioclase, 509, 516, 531, 537, 541spinel, 537

Phillipsite, 155, 370, 478, 549Phosphorus, enrichment of, 663Physical properties,

Leg 42A, 17porosity, 562resistivity, 562Site 371, 38Site 372, 71Site 373, 157Site 374, 184Sites 375 and 376, 242Site 377, 309Site 378, 329water content, 562

Piedmont Basin, Messinian sediments, 1024Pissouri Formation, 908Plagioclase,

electron microprobe analysis, 517phenocrysts, 509, 516, 531, 537, 541zoning of, 510

Planktonic foraminifera see Foraminifera, planktonicPlanolites, 237, 328, 430, 822, 911, 912, 921,1081Plant debris, role in sapropel formation, 455Platani trough, 938Plate subduction, 944Plate tectonics, 985Pleistocene/Pliocene boundary, 335Pliocene,

foraminifera, 43, 77, 160,190,191, 255foundering hypothesis, 998nannofossils,41,76, 158, 187,333

1240

sapropel stratigraphy, Leg 42 A, 440vertical faulting, 965

Pliocene flooding, Mediterranean Sea, 1075Pliocene formations, Cyprus and the Florence Rise, 908Pliocene sediments,

mineralogy of, 382paleobathymetric analyses, 1075

Pliocene transgression, 322, 377, 382, 1026Pliocene-Pleistocene, paleotectonics and paleogeography,

920Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, foraminifera, 334Pliocene-Pleistocene discontinuities, 1090Pliocene-Quaternary,

basalt, 981prograding deposits, 1047

Pliocene-Quaternary history, 1140Pliocene-Quaternary section, salinity values, 377Pliocene-Quaternary stratigraphic distribution of turbidites,

398Pliocene-Quaternary subsidence, Cretan Basin, 1139Pliocene/Miocene unconformable contact, 335Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 44,161, 192, 400, 994

foraminifera, 42, 43, 77, 190, 250Leg 42A material, 750Mediterranean, 847nannofossils, 186, 733, 748Site 125,849,850Site 132,849Site 371, 847, 849Site 372, 849Site 374, 850Site 376,-850Site 378, 850

Pliocene/Quaternary, foraminifera, 916Poikilitic gypsum, 587, 591, 600Polarity change,

Site 372, 874Site 374, 876Site 376, 877

Polyhalite,594Polyhalite, rubidium content of, 616Polyhalite interbeds, 182Ponded facies, 336Pontids, 955Pore water, isotopic composition at Site 372,476Porosity, physical properties, 562Porphyritic, basalt, 531Posidonia, 1017Positioning-anomaly, Site 374, 5Post evaporite turbidites, salinity values, 377Post-evaporitic sediments, paleomagnetism, 873, 877Post-Messinian sediments, 1090Potash salts, 1064, 1066, 1071, 1139

chemical analyses of, 613Potassium-argon age determinations, basalt, 531, 537Potassium-argon dates, basalt, 534, 541Potassium-argon dating, geochronology, 510Praeorbulina glomerosa Zone, 21, 79, 81, 256, 919Pre-evaporitic sediments,

diagenesis, 1084paleomagnetism, 874Site 377, 1081

Pre-evaporitic setting, Messinian environments, 1004Pre-Mesozoic Mediterranean basins, 952Pre-Messinian turbidites, 1085

Pre-Messinian sedimentation, Florence Rise, 380Pre-Messinian sediments,

Leg 42A, 1080mineralogy of, Mediterranean, 380

Pre-Messinian sequence,Site 372, 1056Site 375, 1057Site 377, 1058

Prograding deposits, Pliocene-Quaternary, 1047Progressive-desiccation model, 1066Proto-Tyrrhenian intra-sutural basin, 977Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Zone (N 19), 41, 76,158,186,

247,332,439,733, 735,750, 850Pseudohexagonal dolomite, 621, 622, 625Pteropods in sapropels, Pleistocene, 436Puigde Santa Gloria series, Mallorca Island, 898Purbeckian evaporites, diagenetic stages, 588Purbeckian facies, Spain, 955Pychnodonta, 1017Pyrite,640, 882, 1015

Framboidal, 625Site 371, 406

Pyrite crystals, Site 124, 1011Pyrite nodules, 919Pyritization, 453Pyrrohotite,882Quartz crystals, formation of idiomorphic, 592Quartz pseudomorphs, 589Quaternary,

foraminifera, 80, 160,191Mediterranean, sedimentation rates, 1000Mediterranean Ridge Cleft, valley-fill, 310nannofossils, 41, 76, 158, 186, 309sapropel stratigraphy, Leg 42A, 439

Quaternary deformation, Site 378,1139Quaternary lithofacies, Cyprus, 906Quaternary sediments, mineralogy of, 382Quaternary subsidence, seismic evidence, 1075Quaternary/Pliocene boundary, 876Racemization of isoleucine in foraminifer tests, Sites 372

and 376, 489Radiolaria,

Leg42A,753Site 372, 753Site 374,753Site 376, 753Site 378, 759Stratigraphic correlations, 759Systematics,759Zonation,

Cannartus petterssoni Zone, 759Stichocorys peregrina Zone, 192, 995

Radiometric ages,Site 373, basalt, 863Tyrrhenian basalts, 1056Tyrrhenian Basin, 1139

Rare earth elements,analysis, 517basalt, 511,519Eu anomalies, 519

Recrystallization of, gypsum, 586, 587, 648Red Sea, 175

Messinian cycles, 577Redox conditions, paleoenvironment, 652Redox potential, paleoenvironment, 637, 641, 649

1241

Reflection profiles correlated with drilling, 311Site 371, 44Site 372, 82Site 373, 161Site 374, 193Sites 375 and 376, 257Site 378, 336

Regional syntheses, Mediterranean, 1140Relic faunas, 1073

of Lake Ohrid, 1073Remanence directions, basalt, 883Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica Zone (NN 15), 41, 76,

187, 248, 333, 732, 733, 735, 747Reverse graded layering, 581Reversed faults, Southern boundary Florence Rise, 257Reykjanes Ridge, Tholeiites, 513Phizosolenia praebergonii Partial Range Zone, 767Rifting, 1055

Western Mediterranean, 889Rip-up breccias, 582Ripple marks in Gypsum, 582Rock salt, 908Rubidium content of,

Kainite, 616, 619Polyhalite, 616

Sabkha cycles, 575Sabkha environments, 594, 761, 909, 932Sabkhas, 46, 236, 262, 362, 574, 583, 586, 593, 596, 602,

603,648, 1068, 1140Saccharoidal Gypsum, 909Saline minerals,

bull's eye zonation of, 613, 1066distribution below Messinian Abyssal Plain, 5tear-drop pattern of zonation, 1066

Salinity, 641,649, 652, 654Salinity and Chlorinity, Interstitial water, 626Salinity crisis, 188, 671, 777, 906, 927, 999, 1011, 1023,

1084deep-sea record, 1005events leading to, 1059Late Miocene, 782onset of, 1005, 1070

Salinity gradient, Interstitial water, 195, 387, 625, 1139Salinity values,

Pliocene-Quaternary section, 377post evaporite turbidites, 377

Salonika Basin, 1042Salt diapirs,

effect on heat-flow, 868thermal effect on, 869

Salt extraction, Related to climate, 1031Salt genesis, 1054Salt genesis in Ocean basins, 1054Salt layer,

Balearic-Provencal Abyssal Plain, 891Messinian evaporites, 1043

Salt tectonics, 975Salts, Origin of, 1069San Vari d Aix liumachor, Outcrop, 899Sand laminae, 68Santa Barbara basin, Carbonate dissolution in, 454Saponite, 396

Sapropel formation, Theories of formation, 445Sapropel sequences, Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental

significance, 421Sapropel stratigraphy, Leg 42A,

Miocene, 440Pliocene, 440Quaternary, 439

Sapropelic layers, 162, 247, 249, 321, 327, 333, 334, 446,483,621,749,913, 1092

Defined, 15,422,446Sapropels, 157, 180, 186, 188, 190, 191, 194, 227, 254,

278, 308, 312, 483, 653, 676, 911, 1027, 1140classification of, 428composition of, 430Cretan basin, Diatom blooms found in, 435current-deposited, 429current-laminated, 430defined, 15,422,446fossil content of, 433Leg 42A, bulk mineralogy, 447

Carbonate mineralogy, 447color, 447Early Pleistocene and late Pleistocene interval, 441

organic carbon analyses of, 433origin of organic material in, 487palynomorphs in, 435sedimentology and environmental conditions of, 445stratigraphic position, 437terminology, 422transitional minerals, 460turbidity current origin of, 429

Sapropels as basis of Isochronous chronologies, 437Sardinia, 947, 961,965Sarmation transgression, 989Scaglia facies, 998Scanning electron microscope studies,

carbonate minerals, 623Dolomite, 485Forams, 688Gypsum, laminated, 580Spherulites, 817

Scientific objectives, Leg 42A, 3Sea level change, 363, 368, 377Sea level changes, Glacio-eustatic, 441Sea level lowering, Messinian, 1005Sea of Azov, Cyprideis in sediments, 1022Seamount, Tyrrhenian Basin, 478Seamounts, Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 511, 515Sediment classification, special uses on Leg 42A, 14Sediment thicknesses, Mediterranean basins, 868Sediment transport during basin desiccation, 1007Sedimentary facies and paleobathymetry, Tortonian/

Messinian boundary, 936Sedimentary intraformational Breccia, 585Sedimentary petrology and structures of Messinian

evaporites, 571Sedimentary slump, 229, 917Sedimentary slump conglomerates, 327Sedimentary structures, Biogenic, 821Sedimentation rates, 1140

Alborαn Sea, 44

1242

Aquitanian age, 890as tectonic indicators, 998Early Pliocene, 998Mediterranean Neogene Deep-sea sediments, 991Mediterranean Ridge, 399, 1001Mediterranean Sea, 867Messinian sediments, 658Paleomagnetically determined, 878Quaternary, Mediterranean, 1000results of for interstitial water chemistry, 562Site 121,995Site 130,998Site 371, 43Site 372, 82, 995Site 373, 161Site 374, 190, 192, 372, 399, 876Site 375, 995Site 376, 997Site 377, 311Site 378, 335Sites 375 and 376, 257South Balearic Basin, 44

Sedimenti-Tripolacei, Sicily, 937Seismic reflection profiles, 966

Black Sea, 1040Site 372, 890

Seismic velocities correlated with core sonic velocities,Site 373, 893

Seismicity, North African margin, 966Selenite dissolution breccias, Diagenesis, 606Selenites, 641,929

Hypersaline environments, 605origin of, 605

Selenitic gypsum, 595, 598, 603, 909Site 374, 588

Separation-basins model, 1066Serpentine, 373, 380Serravallian facies, 373, 899Seyhan River, 911Shallow basin, defined, 927Shallow-basin model, 400, 935Shallow-water deposition environmental model,

Mediterranean Messinian, 666Shelf sediments,

Apulia, 398Calabria, 398

Sicilian, Early Pliocene, uplifting phases, 372Sicilian halite body, 1031Sicilian salt formation, 196Sicily, 592, 933, 938

Cattolica Basin, 1071Cyprideis fauna, 1074Evaporitic rocks on, 928Flysch sequence of, 945outcrop at, Falconara, 777Sedimenti-Tripolacei, 937Tortonian sediments, 937Trubi formation, 779, 1030

Sicily channel, 1025Sicily salt basins, 1064Siculo-North African orogenic belt, 937

Siculo-Tunisian threshold,Faults, 969Grabens, 969

Silicoflagellates, New species,Dictyocha aegea, 805Paleoecology, 808Site 378, 805Systematics, 805Zonation,

Distephanus boliviensis Zone, 809Distephanus octogonus Zone, 809

Sill, 1028, 1071Gibraltar, 837separating eastern and western Mediterranian in earliest

Pliocene, 175separating the eastern and western Mediterranean, 842separating western Mediterranean from the Atlantic, 176Straits of Sicily, 176

Siltites, 910Site 121,

Sedimentation rates, 995Site 124,

Balearic rise, 767clay mineralogy, 392Diatoms, 761Messinian laminites, 1010Pyrite crystals, 1011

Site 125,Forams, Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 850Nannos, Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 849

Site 125 A,clay mineralogy, 389

Site 130,sedimentation rates, 998

Site 132,clay mineralogy, 392Forams, Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 849Messinian cycles described in, 592Nannos, Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 849Palynological studies, 789, 1017

Site 133,clay mineralogy, 392

Site 134,clay mineralogy, 392

Site 371,background and objectives, 29barite, 406benthic forams, 43, 841biostratigraphy, 39bulk x-ray mineralogy, 362clay mineralogy, 362cruise narrative, 4drilling program, 32Forams, Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 849geochemical measurements, 38heavy minerals in sediments from, 403interstitial water, 38, 565lithology, 34Messinian sediments, 573Nannos, 41, 733Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 847

1243

operations, 32origin of the evaporites, 46ostracodes, 781physical properties, 38Planktonic Foraminifers (Cita), 41pyrite, 406reflection profiles correlated with drilling, 44sedimentation rates, 43South Balearic Basin, 29summary and conclusions, 45

Site 372,absolute age, 874background and objectives, 59benthic forams, 81, 841, 1015biostratigraphy, 74, 671, 672bulk geochemical data, 493bulk x-ray mineralogy, 365chronostratigraphy, 676clay minerals determination, 362, 392, 493clinoptilolite, 504cruise narrative, 5current deposition, 1087dwarfed foraminiferal assemblages, 78, 1014evaporite dissolution, 565evaporites/pre-evaporites passage at, 1005fades and general lithology, 1081foraminiferal assemblages, 1013forams,

Isotopic composition, 833Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 849

fungii in Messinian marls, 817geochemical measurements, 68geological and geophysical setting, 889geological framework, 889gypsum, laminated, 577, 582heat flow, 87, 860, 862heavy minerals in sediments from, 406interstitial water, 68, 565, 1139interstitial waters, salinity gradient, 1139laminated marls, 583lithology, 67magnetic stratigraphy, 874Menorca rise, 59Nannos, 76, 733, 849operations, 62Ostracodes, 778, 781,782Paleobathymetric analysis, 1056physical properties, 71Planktonic Foraminifers (Cita), 77polarity change, 874radiolaria, 753reflection profiles correlated with drilling, 82sedimentary cover, 890sedimentation rates, 82, 995seismic reflection profiles, 890stratigraphic hiatus, 734stratigraphy, 961summary and conclusions, 84tectonic setting of pre-evaporitic sediments, 1080thermal gradient in sediment, 861upper evaporite unit, 1064x-ray mineralogy studies, 493

Site 372 formations,compared with formations drilled in the Gulf of Lion,

899compared with formations in southern Spain, 899compared with piston core FOM 69, 901compared with series cropping out on land, 897compared with Mallorca Island equivalents, 898compared with Menorca Island equivalents, 897compared with Sardinian Monte Santo section, 899

Site 373,background and objectives, 151basalt, radiometric ages, 537, 863benthic forams, 161, 841biostratigraphy, 157clay mineralogy, 362cruise narrative, 5heat-flow measurements at, 862heat-flow values, 863heavy minerals in sediments from, 406lithology, 155Nannos, 158,734operations, 152ostracodes, 782physical properties, 157reflection profiles correlated with drilling, 161sedimentation rates, 161seismic velocities correlated with core sonic velocities,

893summary and conclusions, 161thermal gradient in sediment, 862Tyrrhenian Basin, 151volcanism, 1056

Site 374,background and objectives, 175biostratigraphy, 184bulk geochemical data, 493, 505bulk x-ray mineralogy studies, 370clay mineralogy, 362, 389

sapropels, 447, 449climatic interpretation, palynological data, 789compared with Circum-Ionian land sections, 927cruise narrative, 5diagenesis, organic carbon, 487Diatoms, 763dolomitization, lowermost Pliocene sediments, 1027forams,

Isotopic composition, 836Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 850

geochemical measurements, 182heat flow, 196,863,864heavy minerals in sediments from, 406interstitial water, 182, 566lithology, 180luneburgite, 1024magnetic stratigraphy, 875Messina Abyssal Plain, 175Messinian evaporite sequence, 471, 485, 595Messinian salinity crisis, 1025Messinian sediments, 583, 1024Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 191Nannos, 186,735,850operations, 178

1244

organic carbon content, 468organic matter, 471ostracodes, 782paleomagnetics, 875palynological studies, 789, 790physical properties, 184Planktonic Foraminifers (Bizon), 191Pleistocene, sedimentation rates, 399polarity change, 876positioning-anomaly, 5radiolaria, 753reflection profiles correlated with drilling, 193sedimentation rates, 190, 192, 372, 876selenitic gypsum, 588summary and conclusions, 194thermal gradient in sediment, 864turbidites, 397, 749upper evaporite unit, 1064

Site 375,biostratigraphy, 671, 674bulk geochemical data, 505, 506chronostratigraphy, 677clay mineralogy, 362

sapropels, 448correlation with land sections on Cyprus, 1057cruise narrative, 5distal turbidites, 1082facies and general lithology, 1082Flamoudhi sandstones, 915heat-flow values, 1057interpretation of Messinian succession, 597Messinian sediments, 595Nannos, 738organic carbon content, 468paleobathymetric analysis, 1057positioning anomaly, 5pre-Messinian sequence, 1057sedimentation rates, 995Trapeza marls, 912turbiditic transport, 1020upper evaporite unit, 1064

Site 376,bulk geochemical data, 506clay mineralogy, 362cruise narrative, 6downslope slumping, 225euryhaline environment, Faunal evidence for, 257Forams, Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 850heat-flow measurements at, 864heat-flow values, 865lago mare facies, 440magnetic stratigraphy, 877Messinian evaporites, 602Messinian sediments, 597Nannos, 738, 850ostracodes, 781paleomagnetics, 877polarity change, 877post-evaporites, paleomagnetism, 877radiolaria, 753sedimentation rates, 997

stable isotopes of sulfates, 659thermal gradient in sediments, 865turbidites, 937, 1001upper evaporite unit, 1064upper Messinian foraminifera, 1021zone of lost circulation, 6

Site 377,background and objectives, 305benthic forams, 311, 842biostratigraphy, 309bulk x-ray mineralogy, 378chlorite, 411clay mineralogy, 362

sapropels, 452cruise narrative, 8facies and general lithology, 1084geochemical measurements, 308heavy minerals in sediments from, 407Mediterranean Ridge Cleft, 305Nannos, 309, 739operations, 306paleobathymetric analysis, 1058physical properties, 309Planktonic Foraminifers (Bizon), 311Planktonic Foraminifers (Cita), 310pre-evaporitic sediments, 1081pre-Messinian sequence, 1058sediment lithology, 306sedimentation rates, 311summary and conclusions, 312

Site 378,background and objectives, 321benthic forams, 335, 842biostratigraphy, 331bulk x-ray mineralogy, 378burrows in sapropels, 428clay mineralogy, 362Cretan Basin, 321cruise narrative, 8densities and diversities, ostracodes, 436Diatoms, 765Dolomitic caliche breccia, 603ebridians, 805Forams, Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, 850geochemical measurements, 329heat flow, 338, 866heavy minerals in sediments from, 411interstitial water, 329Messinian sediments, 603Nannos, 332, 739, 850ostracodes, 782physical properties, 329Plankton Foraminifers (Cita), 333Planktonic Foraminifers (Bizon), 335Pleistocene/Pliocene boundary, 335Quaternary deformation, 1139radiolaria, 759reflection profiles correlated with drilling, 336sediment lithology, 326sedimentation rates, 335silicoflagellates, 805

1245

summary and conclusions, 336Sites 375 and 376,

background and objectives, 219benthic forams, 256, 842biostratigraphy, 245bulk x-ray mineralogy, 373clay mineralogy, 389Florence Rise, 219geochemical measurements, 242heat flow, 262heavy minerals in sediments from, 407interstitial water, 242late Messinian sediments, 1019Miocene/Pliocene boundary, 1020Nannos, 247neogene evolution of sediments, 921operations, 222ostracodes, 782physical properties, 242Planktonic Foraminifers (Bizon), 255Planktonic Foraminifers (Cita), 249reflection profiles correlated with drilling, 257sediment lithology, 225sedimentation rates, 257summary and conclusions, 260tectonic setting of evaporitic sediments, 1081turbidites, 975

Sliding Nappe, 305Slump breccia, recemented constituent of gypsum, 67Slump breccias, 312Slumping, Western Mediterranean Basin, 893Smectite, 365, 373, 378, 461, 516, 533

alteration products, 531evidence of transport from Cyprus, 377petrogenesis of, 396

Smectites, 373Solfifera series, 46South Balearic Basin, 5, 29, 30, 34, 333, 782, 966, 1027

sedimentation rates, 44Site 371, 29

South Balearic-Algerian Basin, structural history, 956, 965South Menorcan marginal plateau, 966Southern boundary Florence Rise, reversed faults, 257Southern Spain, Venta la Virgen section, 899Spadaite, 396Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens interval Zone, 334Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens interval Zone, 251Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens partial range Zone, 997Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens Zone, 43, 80, 192, 917,

335Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens-Globigerinoides elongatus

zonal boundary, 192Sphaeroidinellopsis-Globigerina druryi Zone (N 13),

forams, zonation, 688Sphenolithus belemnos Zone (NN 3), 77, 249, 728, 734Sphenolithus heteromorphus Zone (NN 5), 77, 249, 310,

728, 734, 739, 742Sphenolithus neoabies Subzone, 732Spherulites, Scanning electron microscope studies, 817Spilites, 517Spilitization, 519

Spinel, Phenocrysts, 537Stagnant episodes, 441Static model, defined, 928Stenohaline environment, 1032Stichocorys peregrina Zone, 192, 995Stoichiometric, Dolomite, 368, 380, 385, 485, 635Stoichiometric dolomite/calcium-rich dolomite ratio, 385Stoichiometric titanomagnetites in Basalt, 883Strabo trench, 312Strabo trench wall, 175Strait of Gibraltar, 1040Strait of Messina, 1025Straits of Sicily, sill, 176Stratigraphic correlations, radiolaria, 759Stratigraphic hiatus,

Messinian and pre-crisis intervals at Site 372, 995Messinian and pre-Messinian intervals at Site 372, 936,

1081Messinian and Pre-Messinian sediments, 76Messinian-Pliocene boundary, 1075Messinian/pre-Messinian interval, 676Site 372, 734tortonian, 78, 583, 693

Stratigraphic position, sapropels, 437Stratigraphy, Site 372, 961Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental significance, sapropel

sequences, 421Stratigraphy correlated with land sections, Mediterranean

basins, 1140Strike-slip faults, 966Strike-slip margins, 962Strike-slip movements, 956, 974Stromatolites, 46, 196, 576, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 596,

599,1069, 1088, 1140defined, 665Leg 42 A, 15

Stromatolitic laminae, 909Stromatolitic mudstones, 585Stromatolitic structure, detrital material, 36Strontium content of gypsum, 602, 615, 619Strontium isotope composition, Basalt, 513Structural history of,

Aegean Arc, 975Algero-Provencal Basin, 86Calabrian Arc, 977Cyprus Arc, 969Eastern Mediterranean Sea, 968Mediterranean basins, 951Menorca rise, 86North Balearic-Provencal Basin, 956South Balearic-Algerian Basin, 956, 965Syrte Basin, 968Valencia Trough, 962Western Mediterranean Basin, 956

Structure and evolution of Mediterranean basins, 951Structure grumeleuse, 545, 548Stylolites, 242, 592, 1085Styolitic seams, 592Subduction, 962, 979,981Subduction zone, 955, 966, 974

Accretions, 981

1246

Submarine alteration of, Basalt, 481, 557Submarine erosion, 378Subsidence, Isostatic, 948Subsidence during the Pliocene-Quaternary, Mediterranean,

948Subsidence during Pliocene-Pleistocene, Western

Mediterranean, 1046Subsidence of Ionian Basin, 382Sulfate diagenesis, 648Sulfate reduction, bacteria, 647Sulfates,

Oxygen-18 content, 637Oxygen-18 content, 643stable isotope geochemistry of, 657Sulfur-34 content, 643Sulfur-34 content, 637

Sulfide oxidization, 647Sulfoborite, 614, 663

Chemical composition, 615Sulfur, isotope fractionation, 647Sulfur isotopes, controlled by bacterial activity, 659Sulfur-34 content, 637, 643Survey and drilling data, 8Surveys, Leg 42A, 889Swallowtail type gypsum crystals, 328Swedish Deep Sea Expedition Cores, 445Sylvite, Bromine content, 615Syntheses of regional geological data, Alpine-Mediterranean

system, 1055Syrte basin, structural history of, 968Systematics,

benthic foraminifera, 709forams, 677, 693radiolaria, 759silicoflagellates, 805

Tangula Range, Melange zone with Paleotethys rocks, 944Tarkhanian facies, 987Taurides, 1060Taurus area, 921Taurus range, 975Tear-drop pattern, saline zonation, 1066Tectonic evidence, Mediterranean basins at onset of

salinity crisis, 1139Tectonic activity,

Basins, 948Circum-Mediterranean regions, 1075Circum-Pacific regions, 1075

Tectonic arguments, dynamic model, 938Tectonic closure rate, African and European plates, 1005Tectonic deformation,

Cyprus Arc, 1058Hellenic Arc, 1058Mediterranean Ridge, 1058

Tectonic history, Cyprus Arc, 903Tectonic history of

Mediterranean, 979Paleotethys, 943Tethys, 943, 979

Tectonic setting, Mediterranean basins, 1039Tectonic setting of evaporitic sediments, Sites 375 and 376,

1081

Tectonic setting of pre-evaporitic sediments, Site 372, 1080Tectonism,

Aegean Basin, 1059Maghrebian range, 966Mallorca Island, 898Miocene, 901

Teichichnus, 328Temperature, paleoenvironment, 640, 654Tephra, 226, 328, 991Tephra layers, 250, 312, 1092Termination of,

Betic range, 966Messinian salinity crisis, 1026

Termination of salinity crisis, Miocene/Pliocene boundary,995

Terminology, sapropels, 422Terrestrial heat-flow measurements on Cyprus, 858Terrigenous material transported from Cyprus, 380Tertiary sediments in the Mediterranean, geochemistry, 493Tertiary sediments in the Mediterranean Sea, geochemistry

of, 493Tethys, 782, 829, 906, 948, 955, 969, 1055, 1059Tethys,

consumption of, 974origin of name, 943Tectonic history of, 943, 979Western extent of Mediterranean basins, 952Western part consumed by Iberian plate, 977

Thermal conductivity, Leg 42A, 19Measurements in sediments, 859

Thermal effect on salt diapirs, 869Thermal energy, role of in the origin of small ocean basins,

857Thermal gradient, reversal at Site 376, 865Thermal gradient in sediment, seasonal changes in, 857

Site 372, 861Site 373, 862Site 374, 864Site 376, 865

Thermal refraction, heat-flow, 867Thermal swelling, 895

Gulf of Valencia, 889Thermoremanent magnetization, Basalt, 881Thessalonika, Messinian deposits of, 1073Thessalonika Basin, 338Tholeiites,

Abyssal, 521Iceland, 513Lau Basin, 513Mariana Trough, 513Oceanic, 1139Reykjanes Ridge, 513

Tholeiitic basalts, Chemistry, 163Tyrrhenian Basin, 1056

Thrust nappes, 903Titanomagnetite, carrier of remanent magnetism, 883

Curie temperature measurements, 883High temperature deuteric oxidation, 882Maghemitization of, 882Structure of, 883

1247

Tortonian, Coral reefs, 937Paleoenvironment, 1084Sediments, 254, 878, 890, 937Stratigraphic hiatus, 78, 583, 693

Tortonian Sea, paleoenvironment, 938Tortonian/Messinian boundary, 936, 938Trace element distribution, 493

Basalt, 511,517, 519, 533Trace fossils, 821, 822

classification of, 822preservation by turbidites, 822

Tramuntana,age of tectonism, 897Menorcan geological province, 897

Transform faults, 962Transparent facies, 336Transylvanian Basin, 987

Miocene salts in, 1062Trapeza marls, 239, 909, 912Trasimeno Lake, isotopic values, 1023Triassic-Jurassic structural history, Eastern Mediterranean

basins, 968Triassic-Lias period, Mediterranean basins, 953Tripoli formation, 1071Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Zone (NN 1), 77, 727, 734,

741Troodos,

Cyprus, 974Ophiolites, 974, 1092

Troodos area, 920Troodos high, 1084Troodos Massif, 261, 373, 407, 411, 945, 947, 1057Trubi facies, 372, 392, 937Trubi limestones, 927, 937Trubi formation, Sicily, 779, 1030Tunisian-Sicilian-Calabrian barrier, 382Turbidite layers, effect of slumping on heat-flow values,

864Turbidite sedimentation, 41, 1140Turbidites, 180, 190, 219, 231, 234, 238, 250, 260, 308,

322, 363, 373, 399, 457, 486, 597, 675, 744, 870,908,910,921,961,997

Bioclastic, 915comprising ponded facies, 338distal terrigenous, 914fine-grained with bedding planes, 328interbeds derived from, 937Pliocene-Quaternary stratigraphic distribution of, 398Pre-Messinian, 1085Site 374, 397, 749, 939Site 376, 937, 1001Sites 375 and 376, 975upper Messinian, 373

Turbiditic events, 462Turbiditic transport, Site 375, 1020Turbidity current origin of sapropels, 429Turbidity current sedimentation, 378Turbidity currents, 36, 46, 194, 373, 380, 442, 920Turbidity layers, 919Turkey, Paleozoic in, 953Turkish plate, 906

Tuscany, Cyprideis fauna, 1074Tyrrhenian basalts, radiometric ages, 1056Tyrrhenian seamount, 5Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 4, 151, 368, 395, 513, 531, 862Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain,

age and composition, 509back-arc spreading, 947, 1139basalt, 509oceanic tholeiites occurring in, 1139oceanization, 947, 1139rate of basaltic crustseamounts, 511, 515

Tyrrhenian Basin, 3, 161, 190, 478, 515, 541, 947basalt, 515heat flow values, 515Isotopic evidence, paleotemperatures, 1056magnetic anomalies, 515origin of, 509, 1055parallelism of M-reflector to modern seafloor, 1064radiometric ages, 1139seamount, 478Site 373, 151tholeiitic basalts, 1056volcanic breccias, 1093

Tyrrhenian Basin basalts, Potassium-argon dating of, 541Tyrrhenian rise, 161Tyrrhenian Sea, 5, 151, 197, 262, 333, 393, 395, 869, 938,

979Tyrrhenian Sea,

formation of, 965heat-flow measurements in, 857, 863marginal-type basin, 977volcanic activity, 538

Tyrrhenian Sea as back-arc basin, 870Unconformity, Menorca Rise, 76Underlying seamount, oceanic tholeiites, 5Under thrusting, European plate by African plate in Aegean

Arc in Quaternary, 372Uniformitarianism, and the discovery of the Messinian Med-

iterranean evaporite, 1054Uplifting, Mediterranean landmasses, 382Upper evaporitic layer, Messinian evaporites, 1044Upper member of, Messinian evaporites, 365, 368Upper evaporite sequence, 1062Upper evaporite unit,

cyclic deposition, 1068Site 372, 1064Site 374, 1064Site 375,1064Site 376, 1064

Vadose zone, 235, 1005Valencia Trough, structural history of, 962Valenzuela Formation, 901Valles Penedes, Graben, 889Valley-fill, Quaternary, Mediterranean Ridge Cleft, 310Variolitic texture, 509Varve, defined, 68Varve-like structures, 385Varves, 84, 581,995Vena del Gesso Basin, 1071Venta la Virgen section, Southern Spain, 899Vera Basin, 745,937Vertical distribution of carbonates, 554Vertical faulting, Pliocene., 965

1248

Vertical zoning in mantle, 522Vindobonian molasses, 897, 898Volcanic activity,

Caucasus, 955land and sea areas surrounding, Tyrrhenian Sea, 538

Volcanic ash layers, composition and degree of sorting, 155,156

Volcanic breccias, Tyrrhenian Basin, 1093Volcanism,

Burdigalian, 368evidence of in Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain, 370Jurassic, 944Site 373, 1056Triassic, 944Westeπ Mediterranean, 979

Volcanogenic sediments,clay mineralogy, 395X-ray diffraction studies of, 395

Volterra Basin, 1072Vugs, 328

filled with anhydrite, 594filled with carbonates, 603

Water content,basalt, 511,534physical properties, 562

Waterfalls, eastern Mediterranean basins, 1025Weathering, clay minerals in sapropels, 459

Western extent of Mediterranean basins, Tethys, 952Western Mediterranean,

basement highs, 151basin subsidence, 1040heat-flow measurements in, 857subsidence during Pliocene-Pleistocene, 1046volcanism, 979

Western Mediterranean basins, 948heat flux, 868paleomagnetics, 874slumping, 893structural history of, 956

Western Mediterranean Sea, origin, 870X-ray diffraction analyses, 516, 542, 583

Luneburgite, 661volcanogenic sediments, 395

X-ray diffractograms, 622dolomite, 625

X-ray mineralogy studies,comparisons between sites, 380Site 372, 493

Zeolite-filled vesicles, basalt, 509Zeolites, 478

alteration products, 517, 549Zoophycos, 182,195, 237, 328, 430, 621, 822, 911, 912,

921,1081

1249