Dec Forest Day COP14Poznan Faizal Parish GEC

8/4/2019 Dec Forest Day COP14Poznan Faizal Parish GEC

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Peatland Forest Degradation and

Emissions in South East Asia

Faizal Parish

Global Environment Centre

Marcel Silvius, Wetlands International

Forest Day

6th December, Poznan, Poland

Integrated Management of Peatlands for Biodiversity and Climate Change

Integrated Management of Peatlands for Biodiversity and Climate Change



Presentation

Peatlands in Se asia – characteristics and values

Peatland degradation and carbon emissions

Significance of peat emissions Regional policy framework and action (ASEAN

Peatland Management Initiative and Strategy

(APMS) Next steps



Peatlands in Se Asia are naturally forested

Borneo



Peatlands are wetlands where :

a) waterlogging delays decay ;

b) dead plants form peat

Colchis,Georgia



Lesotho

Peat accumulates for thousands of yearsstoring concentrated Carbon in thick layers

peat from2 m deep



Peatlands globally are the most important carbon(C) stocks of all terrestrial ecosystems and store

Kyrgystan

Peatlands and carbon



All Coal and lignite and part of the “mineral” oil

and natural gas originated from peat deposits ofprevious geological periods.



Peatlands cover 25 million ha in Se Asia

This represents about 25% of the forest area



Peat accumulates in thick layersover thousands of years under the forest canopy

Distance

Thickness

Mineral Soil

Organic matter

River River

< 1m < 1m> 3m

Peat layer up to 20 m thick

Source Nyoman Suriadiputra, Wetlands International Indonesia

Peatland Forests store up to 3000 tonnes/ha

compared to 250tC/ha for other tropical forests



Importance of peatland forest carbon

stocks

Peatland forest carbon stocks in Se Asia aremore than 60 billion tonnes of Carbon or c 200billion tonnes of Carbon dioxide

Non-peatland forests in Se Asia approx 20-25billion tonnes of carbon.

Peatland forests store up to 20 times morecarbon per ha com



Peatlands provide water and prevent floods



Peatland Biodiversity has high value



People in Peat swamp Forest in PahangPeatlands Feed communities

Fishing, Pahang, MalaysiaSource: UNDP-GEF PSF Pro ect



Peatlands support communities

Jelutong - Chewing Gum tree, Indonesia



Peatland drainage and fires are currently thelargest single source of carbon released to theatmosphere from the land use sector.



Drained peat releases carbon

• Drainage to 1 meter = emission of 90 ton CO2/ha/yr intropics - 30 ton CO2/ha/yr in temperate region

• SE Asia: Agriculture & agro-forestry on 12 million hacontributes around 600 MtCO2/yr (drainage only)

Relation between CO2 emission and watertable depth

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

average watertable depth (m)

C O 2 e m i s s i o n ( t / h a / y r ) Tropics

TemperateBoreal

Source: Alterra



Root Cause: Linkage between Drainage and Fires



Water Level from Ground (cm)

0

50

100

150

200

250

- 1 0

0 0

- 9 0

0

- 8 0

0

- 7 0

0

- 6 0

0

- 5 0

0

- 4 0

0

- 3 0

0

- 2 0

0

- 1 0

0

0 1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

8 0 0

9 0 0

1 km Transect at Drain

Source: DANIDA/UNDP-GEF PSF Project



Peatland Fires


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dec-forest-day-cop14poznan-faizal-parish-gec 20/32Source: DANIDA/UNDP-GEF PSF Pro ect

B i t l b



Burning peat releases more carbon

• > 60,000 fires in 3 out of 10 years(1997, 1998, 2002)

• In 2006: > 40,000 fires

• Tentative average annualemissions estimate:1400 to 4300 Mt CO2/y

Tentative estimate of CO2 emissions from fires in Indonesia

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

C e m i s s i o n f r o m p

e a t

f i r e s

( C O 2 ,

M t / y )

Minimum estimate

(1.42 Gt/y average)

Maximum estimate

(4.32 Gt/y average)



South East Asia - Local Impacts



Fires on peat swamp forest

Severe fires on

(converted) peatlandsin Riau occur yearly,result in smoke andhaze endangeringtraffic on one ofworld’s key sea lanes

and causing major airpollution in Malaysia

MODIS image June2005 -

Red dots: firesCourtesy MODIS Rapid ResponseTeam



© NASA TOMS1000 km

Smoke Haze spreads across the region



Peat Fires in Plantations

Riau province, Sumatera - 24th Jan 2005PKPS , Batang Berjuntai - 2002

South Selangor - 1997



Uncontrolled drainage leads to peat fires

Naturalcondition

Plantation adjacentto peat causingwater outflow

Draw down of water table

and drying of peat soil

Dry peat veryvulnerable to fire,

besides threatfrom burning in

plantation



Peatland cleared andConverted to oil palm – butflooded due to subsidence

Source: DANIDA/UNDP-GEF PSF Project



Regional Action –

ASEAN Government response

ASEAN Peatland Management Initiativeestablished by 10 ASEAN countriesFebruary 2003

ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy(2006-2020) endorsed by 10 ASEANMinisters in November 2006

National Action Plans in preparation Funds being raised to support action for

the first implementation period 2007-2011



APMI - Objectives1. To enhance understanding and build capacity on

peatland management issues in the region

2. To reduce the incidence of peatland fires andassociated haze in the region

3. To support national and local level implementationactivities on peatland management and fireprevention

4. To develop a regional strategy and cooperationmechanisms to promote sustainable peatlandmanagement



ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy 2006-2020 (APMS)

13 Focal Areas and 25 Operational Objectives

1. Inventory and assessment

2. Research

3. Capacity building and awareness

4. Information sharing

5. Policies and legislation

6. Fire prevention, control and monitoring

7. Conservation of peatland biodiversity

8. Integrated management of peatlands

9. Establishment of best managed peatlanddemonstration sites

10. Restoration and rehabilitation

11. Peatlands and Climate

12. Regional cooperation

13. Financing of the Initiative



Next steps

Strengthen joint action at the regional level through ASEAN ( IFAD-GEF project on rehabilitation and sustainable use of peatlands in Se Asia 2009-2012)

ASEAN Coordination and cooperation on REDD (supported by

GTZ). Pilot level activities in several countries with support from

multiple partners.

Establishment of clear methodologies and approaches forprotection, rehabilitation and management to reduce GHGemissions and provide sustainable benefits to local stakeholders.

Establish climate change related financing and incentive systems.



Thank you

Documents

Dec Forest Day COP14Poznan Faizal Parish GEC