De Cuong on Tap Hoa 11CB Hoc Ky I2011

8/3/2019 De Cuong on Tap Hoa 11CB Hoc Ky I2011

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HO 11 CNG N THI HC K I

HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 1


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NI DUNG N TP

CHNG 1. S IN LIA. KIN THC C BN

1. Cc khi nim:

- S in li- Cht in li ( mnh , yu)

Loi Cht in li mnh Cht in li yuAxit HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HBr, HClO4 HNO2, HF, HClO, HClO2, H2S, H2SiO3, H2CO3,

H3PO4, CH3COOH, H2SO3.Baz NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 M(OH)n (M l kim loi , c ha tr n )Mui a s cc mui tan Cc mui t tan

- Nguyn nhn tnh dn in ca dung dch cc cht in li- Axit , baz , hiroxit lng tnh, mui ( phn loi mui)+ Axit khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H+. + Baz khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion OH.+ Hidroxit lng tnh khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn li nh baz. + Hu ht cc mui khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton ra cation kim loi ( hoc cation NH4

+) v anion gc axit.Nu gcaxit cn cha hidro c tnh axit, th gc tip tc phn li yu ra cation H+ v anion gc axit .

- Tch s ion ca nc OHK 2 = [H+].[OH] = 1,0.1014 ( 25oC)

- ngha tch s ion ca nc2. S thay i mu sc ca cc cht ch th axit-baz

a. nh gi axit v kim ca dung dch,ngi ta d ng pH vi quy c:[H+] = 1,0.10-pH M pH = -lg[H+]

Mi trng [H+] pHAxit [H+] > 1,0.10-7 M pH < 7

Trung tnh [H+] = 1,0.10-7 M pH = 7

Baz [H+] < 1,0.10-7 M pH > 7b.Mu ca qu, phenolphthalein v cht ch th vn nng trong dung dch cc gi tr pH khc nhau :

Qu pH 6

TmpH = 7,0

XanhpH 8

Phenolphtalein Khng mu pH< 8,3 Hng pH 8,3

3. iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li l ?- Phn ng trao i trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp c vi nhau to th nh t nht 1 trong

cc cht sau : * cht kt ta, * cht in li yu , * cht kh4. Cc k nng vit:

* Phng trnh in li+ Cn nh cht no in li mnh , in li yu+ S in li ca cc mui c gc axit vn cn nguyn t H+ Nh s in li ca nhng hiroxit lng tnh* Phng trnh phn ng di dng phn t , dng ion y , dng ion rt gn .+ Ch : T phng trnh dng phn t=> phng trnh dng ion rt gn ( v ngc li)

5.Nh cc cng thc dng tnh ton khi lm bi tp:

- CM=

dd

n

V=> n = CM . Vdd( Vi Vddn v l lit ) - n =

m

M=> m = n . M

- ( )22,4khi dktc

khi

Vn ( Vi Vkhi n v l lit ) -

dd

% .100ctm

Cm

-

mdd = Vdd . D ( Vi D l khi lng ring ca dung dch, n v g/ml th Vddn v l ml)

- [H+] = 1,0. 10-a M => pH = a - [H+]. [OH-] = 1,0 . 10-14


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* BI TP VN DNGDng 1: Xc nh cht in li mnh, yu, khng in li; vit phng trnh in li.Bi 1: Cho cc cht: KCl, KClO3, BaSO4, Cu(OH)2, H2O, Glixerol, CaCO3, glucoz. Cht in li mnh, cht no in li yu,cht no khng in li? Vit phng trnh in li.Bi 2: Vit phng trnh in li ca nhng cht din li mnh sau: HClO, KClO3, (NH4)2SO4, NaHCO3, Na3PO4

Bi 3: Vit phng trnh in li ca H2CO3, H2S, H2SO3, H3PO4 (cc cht ny ch phn li mt phn v theo tng nc).Dng 2: Tnh nng ca cc ion trong dung dch cht in li.Bi 1: Tnh nng mol/lit ca cc ion K+, SO4

2- c trong 2 lit dung dch cha 17,4g K2SO4 tan trong nc.Bi 2: Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion c trong dung dch HNO3 10% (Bit D = 1,054 g/ml).Bi 3: Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M c cha s mol H+ bng s mol H+ c trong 0,3 lt dung dch HNO3 0,2M.Bi 4: Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong cc trng hp sau:

a. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,01M, in li = 4,25%b. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, in li = 1,34%

Bi 5: Trn ln 100ml dung dch AlCl3 1M vi 200ml dung dch BaCl2 2M v 300ml dung dch KNO3 0,5M.Tnh nng mol/l cc ion c trong dung dch thu c sau khi trn.

Dng 3: Tnh nng H+, OH-, pH ca dung dch.

Bi 1: Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau:a. 100ml dung dch X c ha tan 2,24 lt kh HCl (KTC) b. Dung dch HNO3 0,001Mc. Dung dch H2SO4 0,0005M d. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,01M ( in li = 4,25%)Bi 2: Trn ln 200ml dung dch H2SO4 0,05M vi 300ml dung dch HCl 0,1M ta c dung dch D.

a. Tnh nng mol/l ca H2SO4, HCl v ion H+ trong dung dch D.b. Tnh pH ca dung dch D.c. Ly 150ml dung dch D trung ha bi 50ml dung dch KOH. Tnh nng dung dch KOH em dng.

Bi 3: Tnh nng mol/l ca cc dung dch:a. Dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 4. b. Dung dch KOH c pH = 11.

Bi 4: Dung dch Ba(OH)2 c pH = 13 (dd A); Dung dch HCl c pH = 1 (dd B).a. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch A v B.b. Trn 2,75 lit dung dch A vi 2,25 lit dung dch B. Tnh pH ca dung dch. (th tch thay i khng ng k).

Bi 5 : trung ho hon ton 600ml dung dch hn hp HCl 2M v H2SO4 1,5M cn bao nhiu mililit dung dch hn hpBa(OH)2 1 M v KOH 1M.

Bi 6: Ho tan m gam kim loi Ba vo nc thu c 2,0 lit dung dch X c pH =13. Tnh m. Bi 7: .Cho 220ml dd HCl c pH = 5 tc dng vi 180ml dd NaOH c pH = 9 th thu c dd A. Tnh pH ca dd A.

Dng 4: Bi tp v Hirxit lng tnh.Bi 1: Chia 19,8 gam Zn(OH)2 thnh 2 phn bng nhau.

- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi 150ml dung dch H2SO4 1M. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.- Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 150ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.

Bi 2: Chia 15,6 gam Al(OH)3 lm 2 phn bng nhau:Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch H2SO4 1M. Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 50ml dung dch NaOH 1M.

Tnh khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng mi phn.Bi 3: Cho 300ml dung dch NaOH 1,2 M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M.

a. Tnh nng cc cht trong dung dch thu c.b. Tnh khi lng kt ta sau phn ng.

Dng 5: Nhn bit cc ion da vo phn ng trao i.Bi 1: Bng phng php ha hc hy nhn bit:

a. Cc dung dch Na2CO3; MgCl2; NaCl; Na2SO4. b. Cc dung dch Pb(NO3)2, Na2S, Na2CO3, NaCl.c. Cc cht rn Na2CO3, MgCO3, BaCO3 v CaCl2. d. Cc dung dch BaCl2, HCl, K2SO4 v Na3PO4.

Bi 2: Ch dng qu tm lm thuc th hy phn bit cc l mt nhn cha cc cht sau: H2SO2, HCl, NaOH, KCl, BaCl2.Bi 3: Ch dng mt ha cht lm thuc th hy phn bit cc dung dch cha trong cc l mt nhn sau: H2SO4, NaOH,BaCl2, Na2CO3, Al2(SO4)3.

Bi 4: Khng dng thm thuc th bn ngoi, hy phn bit cc l mt nhn cha cc dung dch sau: NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2,Na2CO3, CaCl2.


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Dng 6: nh giiu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch, vit phng trnh ion rt gn.Bi 1: Trn ln cc dung dch nhng cp cht sau, cp cht no c xy ra phn ng ? Vit phng trnh phn ng dng phnt v dng ion rt gn.a. CaCl2 v AgNO3 b. KNO3 v Ba(OH)2 c. Fe2(SO4)3 v KOH d. Na2SO3 v HClBi 2: Vit phng trnh phn t v phng trnh ion rt gn ca cc phn ng theo s di y:

a. MgCl2 + ? ----> MgCO3 + ? b. Ca3(PO4)2 + ? ----> ? + CaSO4c. ? + KOH ----> ? + Fe(OH)3 d. ? + H2SO4 ----> ? + CO2 + H2OBi 3: C th tn ti cc dung dch c cha ng thi cc ion sau c hay khng? Gii thch (b qua s in li ca cht inli yu v cht t tan).a. NO3

-, SO42-, NH4

+, Pb2+ b. Cl-, HS-,Na+, Fe3+ c. OH-, HCO3-, Na+, Ba2+ d. HCO3

-, H+, K+, Ca2+

V d 4: C 4 cation K+, Ag+, Ba2+, Cu2+ v 4 anion Cl-, NO3-, SO4

2-, CO32-. C th hnh thnh bn dung dch no t cc ion

trn? nu mi dung dch ch cha 1 cation v 1 anion (khng trng lp).

* BI TP TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN THAM KHOCu 1. Theo Ahreniut th kt lun no sau y l ng?

A.Baz l cht nhn proton. B.

Axit l cht nhng proton.C. Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+ .D. Baz l hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c mt hay nhiu nhm OH.

Cu 2. Chn cc cht l hiroxit lng tnh trong s cc hiroxit sau:A. Zn(OH)2. B. Sn(OH)2. C. Fe(OH)3. D. C A, B

Cu 3. Ch ra cu tr lisaiv pH:A. pH = - lg[H+] B. [H+] = 10a th pH = a C. pH + pOH = 14 D. [H+].[OH-] = 10-14

Cu 4. Chn cu tr li ng, khi ni v mui axit: A. Dung dch mui c pH < 7.B. Mui c kh nng phn ng vi baz.C. Mui vn cn hiro trong phn t.

D. Mui vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li to proton trong nc.Cu 5. Chn cu tr li ng v mui trung ho:

A. Mui c pH = 7.B. Mui to bi axit mnh v baz mnh .C. Mui khng cn c hiro trong phn t .D. Mui khng cn hiro c kh nng phn li to proton trong nc.

Cu 6. Hy chn cu tr li ng: Phn ng trao i trong dung dch cc cht in li ch c th xy ra khi c t nht mt trongcc iu kin sau:

A. to thnh cht kt ta. B. to thnh cht kh .C. to thnh cht in li yu. D. hoc A, hoc B, hoc C.

Cu 7. Trong cc cht sau cht no l cht t in li?

A. H2O B. HCl C. NaOH D. NaClCu 8.Nc ng vai tr g trong qu trnh in li cc cht trong nc?

A. Mi trng in li. B. Dung mi khng phn cc.C. Dung mi phn cc. D. To lin kt hiro vi cc cht tan.

Cu 9. Chn nhng cht in li mnh trong s cc cht sau:a. NaCl b. Ba(OH)2 c. HNO3d. AgCl e. Cu(OH)2 f. HCl

A. a, b, c, f. B. a, d, e, f. C. b, c, d, e. D. a, b, c.Cu 10. Hy chn cu tr li ng trong s cc cu sau:

A. axit l mt phn t phn li nhiu H+ l axit nhiu nc. C. H3PO4 l axit ba nc .B. axit m phn t c bao nhiu nguyn t H th phn li ra by nhiu H+. D. A v C ng.

Cu 11. Chn cu tr li ng nht, khi xt v Zn(OH)2 l:A. cht lng tnh. B. hiroxit lng tnh. C. baz lng tnh. D. hiroxit trung ha.


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Cu 12. Dy cc cht no sau y va tc dng vi dung dch HCl va tc dng vi dung dch NaOH? A. Pb(OH)2, ZnO, Fe2O3 B. Al(OH)3, Al2O3, NaHCO3C. Na2SO4, HNO3, Al2O3 D. NaCl, ZnO, Zn(OH)2

Cu 13.Cho phng trnh ion thu gn: H+ + OH- H2O. Phng trnh ion thu gn cho biu din bn cht ca cc phnng ho hc no sau y?

A. HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl B. NaOH + NaHCO3 H2O + Na2CO3C. H2SO4 + BaCl2 2HCl + BaSO4 D. A v B ng.

Cu 14. Cu no sau y ng khi ni v s in ly?A. S in ly l s ho tan mt cht vo nc thnh dung dch.B. S in ly l s phn ly mt cht di tc dng ca dng in.C. S in ly l s phn ly mt cht thnh ion dng v ion m khi cht tan trong nc hay trng thi nng chy. D. S in ly thc cht l qu trnh oxi ho kh.

Cu 15. Cho 10,6g Na2CO3 vo 12g dung dch H2SO4 98%, s thu c bao nhiu gam dung dch? Nu c cn dung dch sauphn ng s thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn?

A. 18,2g v 14,2g B. 18,2g v 16,16g C. 22,6g v 16,16g D. 7,1g v 9,1gCu 16. Trong dung dch Al2(SO4)3 long c cha 0,6 mol SO4

2-, th trong dung dch c cha:

A. 0,2 mol Al2(SO4)3. B. 0,4 mol Al3+. C. 1,8 mol Al2(SO4)3. D. C A v B u ng.Cu 17. Trong cc cp cht sau y, cp cht no cng tn ti trong dung dch?

A. AlCl3 v Na2CO3. B. HNO3 v NaHCO3. C. NaAlO2 v KOH. D. NaCl v AgNO3.Cu 18. C bn l ng bn dung dch mt nhn l: AlCl3, NaNO3, K2CO3, NH4NO3. Nu ch c php dng mt cht lmthuc th th c th chn cht no trong cc cht sau?

A. Dung dch NaOH B. Dung dch H2SO4 C. Dung dch Ba(OH)2 D. Dung dch AgNO3Cu 19. Cc cht no trong dy sau y va tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh, va tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh?

A. Al(OH)3, (NH2)2CO, NH4Cl. B. NaHCO3, Zn(OH)2, CH3COONH4.C. Ba(OH)2, AlCl3, ZnO. D. Mg(HCO3)2, FeO, KOH.

Cu 20. Cho cc cht rn sau: Al2O3 ZnO, NaOH, Al, Zn, Na2O, Pb(OH)2, K2O, CaO, Be, Ba. Dy cht rn c th tan httrong dung dch KOH d l:

A. Al, Zn, Be. B. Al2O3, ZnO. C. ZnO, Pb(OH)2, Al2O3. D. Al, Zn, Be, Al2O3, ZnO.Cu 21. Cho 200 ml dd KOH vo 200 ml dung dch AlCl31M thu c 7,8g kt ta keo. Nng mol ca dd KOH l:

A. 1,5 mol/l. B. 3,5 mol/l. C. 1,5 mol/l v 3,5 mol/l. D. 2 mol/l v 3 mol/l.Cu 22. Trn ln 100 ml dung dch KOH 1M vi 50 ml dd H3PO4 1M th nng mol ca mui trong dd thu c l:

A. 0,33M. B. 0,66M. C. 0,44M. D. 1,1M.Cu 23.Lng SO3 cn thm vo dung dch H2SO410% c 100g dung dch H2SO4 20% l:

A. 2,5g B. 8,88g C. 6,66g D. 24,5gCu 24. Khi lng dung dch KOH 8% cn ly cho tc dng vi 47g K2O thu c dung dch KOH 21% l:

A. 354,85g B. 250 g C. 320g D. 400gCu 25. Cho 10 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,5M. Th tch dd NaOH 1M cn trung ho dd axit cho l:

A. 10ml. B. 15ml. C. 20ml. D. 25ml.

Cu 26. Cho H2SO4c tc dng vi 58,5g NaCl v dn ht kh sinh ra vo 146g H2O. Nng % ca axit thu c l:A. 30 B. 20 C. 50 D. 25

Cu 27. Trn 200ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 2M. Nu s pha trn khng lm co gin th tch th dungdch mi c nng mol l:

A. 1,5M B. 1,2M C. 1,6M D. 0,15MCu 28. Trn 20ml dung dch HCl 0,05M vi 20ml dung dch H2SO4 0,075M. Nu coi th tch sau khi pha trn bng tng thtch ca hai dung dch u th pH ca dung dch thu c l:

A 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 1,5Cu 29. C 10ml dd axit HCl c pH = 3. Cn thm bao nhiu ml nc ct thu c dung dch axit c pH = 4?

A. 90ml B. 100ml C. 10ml D. 40mlCu 30. Th tch dd HCl 0,3M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M l:

A. 100ml. B. 150ml C. 200ml D. 250ml


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t0 , p , xt

CHNG II: NIT PHOTPHO

I. KIN THC CN NM VNG:- Cc em cn xem k li tnh cht ca cc n cht nit , photpho v ca cc hp cht ca chng

I. NIT1. Cu to phn t: cha lin kt 3 ( rt bn nit tr nhit thng ) 2. Cc s oxi ha ca nit

-3 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5NH3 N2 N2O NO N2O3 NO2 N2O5NH4

+ HNO3NO3

-3. Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca N2

a. Tnh Oxi ha* Tc dng vi kim loi: Mg , Al , Ca , * Tc dng vi H2

b. Tnh kh* Tc dng vi O2

4. iu ch - Sn xut

a. PTN : NH4NO20t

N2 + 2H2O hoc NH4Cl + NaNO20t

NaCl + N2 + 2H2Ob. Cng nghip: Ha lng khng khchng ct phn on

II. AMONIAC MUI AMONI* AMONIAC

1. Tnh baz yua. Tc dng vi nc ( phn ng thun nghch )b. Tc dng vi dung dch mui ca cc kim loi c hiroxit khng tan: AlCl3 , MgSO4 , Fe(NO3)3 . .c. Tc dng vi axit : HCl , HNO3 , H2SO4 to ra mui amoni tng ng Phn bn m

2.Tnh kha. Tc dng vi O2b. Tc dng vi Cl2( Lu hin tng xut hin khi trng NH4Cl rn )

3. iu ch- Sn xut

a. PTN: 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)20t CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

( Dng vi sng CaO lm kh kh NH3 )b. Cng nghip

N2 + 3H2 2NH3* MUI AMONI Tt c cc mui amoni u tan1. Tc dng vi dung dch kim: NaOH , KOH , Ca(OH)2 , Ba(OH)22. Phn ng nhit phn

a. Mui amoni cha gc axit khng c tnh oxi ha : NH4Cl , (NH4)2CO3 , NH4HCO3b. Mui amoni cha gc axit c tnh oxi ha : NH4NO2 , NH4 NO3

3. iu ch- Sn xut: NH3 + axit Mui amoni tng ngVd: NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3

III. AXIT NITRIC ( HNO3 )1. Tnh axit mnh :

* S in li : phn li hon ton trong nc : HNO3 H

+ + NO3-

* Tc dng vi Oxit baz , baz :CaO + 2HNO3 = Ca(NO3)2 + H2O.NaOH + HNO3 = NaNO3 + H2O.

* Tc dng vi mui :2HNO3 + CaCO3 = Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O.


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2. Tnh OXH mnh :a . Tc dng kim loi :

- Gi n l ho tr cao nht ca kim loi RR + HNO3 R(NO3)n + sp kh ca N

+5 + H2O.

- Ty theo [HNO3] v tnh cht kh ca kim loi m sp kh thu c khc nhau.Ch :

HNO3 khng tc dng vi Pt, Au. Al, Fe , Cr , Ni : b th ng ha trong dd HNO3c , ngui. HNO3c NO2 ( mu nu ) HNO3 long NO ( khng mu , ha nu trong khng kh )

b. Tc dng vi phi kim :- a phi kim ln mc OXH cao nht.

C CO2

6HNO3(c) + S H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O.

P H3PO4( Vi HNO3 long th kh NO )

c. Tc dng vi hp cht c tnh cht kh :3FeO + 10HNO3 = 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

3. iu ch-Sn xut

a. PTN : NaNO3 + H2SO4c0t HNO3 + NaHSO4

b. Cng nghip

2NH3 +

5

2 O2

0 ,t Pt

2NO + 3H2O NO + O2 NO2 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

IV.MUI NITRAT ( Tt c cc mui nitrat u d tan trong nc )a. Nhit phn mui nitrat (NO3

-):- Tt c cc mui nitrat u d b nhit phn.- Sn phm ca qu trnh nhit phnph thuc vo kh nng hot ng ca kim loi c trong mui.C 3 trng hp:

TH1: TH2 TH3K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Co Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

Mui nitrit + O2 Oxit + NO2 + O2 Kim loi + NO2 + O2

2NaNO3

0t

2NaNO2 + O2 2Cu(NO3)2

0t

2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 2AgNO3

0t

2Ag + 2NO2 + O2* Lu :

+ Ba(NO3)2 thuc TH2 : 2Ba(NO3)20

t 2BaO + 4NO2 + O2+ Tt c cc phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat u thuc phn ng oxi ho - kh.

+ Khi nhit phn NH4NO3: NH4NO30t

N2O + 2H2O+ Khi nhit phn mui Fe(NO3)2 trong mi trng khng c khng kh: C phn ng:

2Fe(NO3)20t 2FeO + 4NO2 + O2 (1) 4FeO + O2

0t 2Fe2O3 (2)+ Nu phn ng hon ton th cht rn trong bnh sau phn ng l Fe2O3.

b. Nhn bit ion NO3-

- Dng bt Cu , H2SO4 long

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 0t 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O NO + O2 NO2

NO2NON2ON2

NH4NO3


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IV.PHOTPHODng th hnh quan trng: P trng v P 1. Cc s oxi ha

-3 0 +3 +5Ca3P2 P P2O3 P2O5

PH3 PCl3 PCl52. Tnh cht ha hca.Tnh oxi ha

Tc dng vi kim loi : Ca , Mg , Na . . .b.Tnh kh

Tc dng vi O2 Tc dng vi Cl2

3. Sn xut Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C0t 2P + 3CaSiO3 + 5CO

VI . AXIT PHOTPHORIC V MUI PHOTPHATA. Axit H3PO41.Axit 3 nc , mnh trung bnh2.Tc dng vi kim

T le:

143

POH

NaOH

n

n San pham la muoi NaH2PO4

243

POH

NaOH

n

n San pham la muoi Na2HPO4

343

POH

NaOH

n

n San pham la muoi Na3PO4

143

POH

NaOH

n

n San pham gom NaH2PO4 va H3PO4 d

2143

POH

NaOH

n

n San pham gom NaH2PO4 va Na2HPO4

3243

POH

NaOH

n

n San pham gom Na2HPO4 va Na3PO4

343

POH

NaOH

n

n San pham gom Na3PO4 va NaOH d

NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2O 2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + 2H2O3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O

Ty thuc vo t l ca NaOH v H3PO4 m ta c th c c nhng sn phm khc nhau.

B. Mui photphat1.Tnh tan

- Tt c cc mui H2PO4-u tan- Tt c cc mui ca Na+ , K+ , NH4

+ u tan- Mui ca HPO4

2- , PO43- vi kim loi khc u tan ( tr Na , K , NH4

+ )1.Nhn bit ion PO43-

- Dng dd AgNO3 : Ag+ + PO4

3- Ag3PO4( mu vng )

VII. PHN BN HA HC1.Phn m (Phn ny gim ti cc em ch c tham kho)

- m amoni : NH4Cl , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3( m 2 l ) Khng nn bn m amoni cho vng t chua , v NH4+ NH3 + H+

- m nitrat : NaNO3 , Ca(NO3)2

- m ure : (NH2)2CO Khng nn bn ure cho vng t c tnh kim , v NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O


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2.Phn ln- Supephotphat

Supephotphat n: Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4 ( cha 14-20% P2O5 )- Sn xut: Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 (c ) Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4

Supephotphat kp: Ca(H2PO4)2 ( cha 40-50% P2O5 )- Sn xut: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 (c ) 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4

Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 (c ) Ca(H2PO4)2- Phn ln nung chy ( cha 12-14% P2O5 ): thch hp cho vng t chua

3.Phn kali : KCl , K2SO4 , K2CO34.Phn hn hp : nitrophotka (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO35.Phn phc hp : amophot NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO46.Phn vi lng : cung cp cc nguyn t vi lng: bo , km , mangan, ng, molipen . . .

* BI TP VN DNG

Bi 1: Hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau:

a. NH3 (1)(2 ) N2 (3) Mg3N2 (4 )NH3 (5)NH4NO3 (6)N2O

(7 ) HCl (8)NH4Cl

(9 )NH4NO3

(10)NH3

(11)NO (12)NO2(13) HNO3

(14) Cu(NO3)2(15) CuO (16)N2

b. NH4NO2 N2 NO NO2 NaNO3 O2d. N2 NH3 NH4Cl NH3 NH4NO3 N2O

NO NO2 HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 KNO3 KNO2Fe(OH)2 Fe(NO3)3 Fe2O3 Fe(NO3)3

e. (NH4)2CO3 NH3 Cu NO NO2 HNO3 Al(NO3)3HCl NH4Cl NH3 NH4HSO4

f. Ca3(PO4)2 P Ca3P2 PH3 P2O5 H3PO4 Na3PO4 Ag3PO4Bi 2: Nhn bit cc cht trong cc l mt nhnBng phng php ho hc hy nhn bit cc dung dch sau ng trong cc l mt nhn :

a, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3 b, NaCl, NaNO3, Na3PO4c, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 , K2SO4 (ch dng 1 kim loi )

Bi 3: Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh bng phng php thng bng electron

a. Fe + HNO3 o

t NO2 + ... b. Fe3O4 + HNO3l NO + ...

c. Fe2O3 + HNO3l ... d. Fe(OH)2 + HNO3l NO + ...

e. Fe(OH)3 + HNO3l ... f. Zn + HNO3 NH4NO3 + Bi 4: iu ch 68g NH3 cn ly bao nhiu lit N2 , v H2 ktc.Bit hiu sut phn ng t 20%?

Bi 5: Cn ly bao nhiu gam N2 v H2 iu ch c 51 gam NH3. Bit hiu sut phn ng t 25 % ?Bi 6: Trn 560 lit kh N2 vi 1680 lit H2 v mt t bt Fe trong bnh kn ri un nng nhit v p sut thch hp Tnhth tch kh NH3 to thnh. Bit th tch cc kh o cng iu kin v hiu sut phn ng t 20 % ?Bi 7: Trn 168 g N2 , vi 36 g H2 v mt t bt Fe trong bnh kn ri un nng nhit v p sut thch hp Tnh th tchkh NH3 to thnh ktc. Bit hiu sut phn ng t 25 % ?Bi 8: Cho 4,48 lt NH3 vo bnh cha 8,96 lt kh Cl2.

a.Tnh thnh phn % v th tch hn hp kh thu c (Th tch cc kh u o ktc)b.Nu th tch ban u ca NH3 l 8,96 lt. Tnh khi lng sn phm thu c bit H= 80%.

Bi 9: Cho 22,15 g hn hp KCl, NH4Cl v NH4NO3 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Mtkhc ly 44,3 g hn hp ni trn tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 86,1g kt ta trng.

a. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.

b. Tnh khi lng ca cc mui trong hn hp u.c. Bng phng php ha hc hy nhn bit 3 dung dch trn mt nhn.


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Bi 10: Cho 3,52g hn hp Cu v CuO tc dng va vi dd HNO3 long thu c 448ml kh (ktc) v dung dch A.a. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u.b.Tnh khi lng dung dch HNO3 5% cn dng.c. Tnh th tch dung dch KOH 0,5M cn dng lm kt ta ht dung dch A.

Bi 11: Cho 2,14 g hn hp gm Cu v Al vo HNO3 c, ngui thu c 11,12lit kh (ktc)

a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.b. Cho 1.07 g hn hp trn phn ng vi dung dch HCl 2M .Tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn dng phn ng xy ra

hon ton ?Bi 12: Cho 1,86 g hn hp Mg v Al vo dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c 560 ml kh N2O (ktc).

a. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 cn dng bit dng d 5%.

Bi 13: Ha tan 60g hn hp gm Cu v CuO vo 3 lt dung dch HNO3 1M cho 13,44 lt NO (ktc).a. Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng ca Cu v CuO trong hn hp.b. Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong dd thu c. Bit s thay i th tch dung dch l khng ng k.

Bi 14: Nhit phn 13,24g mui nitrat ca mt kim loi A c ha tr (II) thu c 1 oxit kim loi v 2,24 lt hn hp kh O2v NO2 (ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca mui.

Bi 15: Nhit phn hon ton 9,4g mui nitrat ca kim loi B ha tr (II) th thu c 4g oxit kim loi. Tm tn kim loi vcng thc mui.Bi 16: Nung nng 66,2 g Pb(NO3)2 thu c 55,4g cht rn.

a. Tnh hiu sut phn ng phn hy. b. Tnh s mol cc cht kh thot ra.Bi 17: Nung mt lng mui Pb(NO3)2 sau mt thi gian dng li ngui em cn thy khi lng gim i 10,8 g.

a. Tnh khi lng mui nhit phn v s mol kh thot ra.b. Cho kh thot ra hp th hon ton vo 4 lt nc. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.

Bi 18: Cho 39,2 g H3PO4 vo dung dch cha 44g NaOH. Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi lm bay hi dung dch.Bi 19: Cho 42,6g P2O5 vo dung dch c cha 32g NaOH, thm nc vo cho va 600 ml. Tnh nng mol mi muitrong dung dch thu c.Bi 20: Tnh khi lng mui to thnh khi cho 11,2g KOH vo 150 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,5M.

Bi 21: Khi cho 3,00 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO3c d, un nng sinh ra 4,48 lt kh duy nhtNO2(ktc). Xc nh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.Bi 22: Cho 17,6 gam hn hp Fe v Cu tan hon ton trong dd HNO3c, nng thu c 17,92 lt kh NO2(ktc) v dd X

a. Tnh khi lng ca mi kim loib. Cho dung dch X tc dng vi dd NH3d, sau phn ng hon ton tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.

Bi 23: Ho tan 3 gam hn hp Cu v Ag trong dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c V (lt) kh NO (ktc). C cn dung dchthu oc 7,34 gam hn hp 2 mui khan

a. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi. b. Tnh V.Bi 24: Ha tan 12g kim loi X ( ha tr 2) trong dung dch HNO3d thu c 2,24 lit kh N2 (ktc). Hy xc nh kim loiX ? ( Bit Al=27 ; Cu=64 ; Mg=24 ; Zn=65 ; Fe=56 ; Ca=40)Bi 25: Ha tan 1,2g kim loi X ( ha tr 2) trong dung dch HNO3d thu c 0,224 lit kh N2 (ktc). Hy xc nh kim loi

X ? ( Bit Al=27 ; Cu=64 ; Mg=24 ; Zn=65 ; Fe=56 ; Ca=40)Bi 26: Ha tan hon ton 69 g mt kim loi Y trong dung dch HNO3d thu c 6,72 lit kh N2( ktc). Kim loi Y l kimloi no ? ( Bit Al=27 ; Cu=64 ; Mg=24 ; Zn=65 ; Fe=56 ; Ca=40 ; Ba=137 ; Na=23 ; K=39 )Bi 27: Ha tan hon ton 7,1 g mt kim loi X trong dung dch HNO3d thu c 6,72 lit khNO( ktc). Kim loi X l kim loi no ? ( Bit Al=27 ; Cu=64 ; Mg=24 ; Zn=65 ; Fe=56 ; Ca=40 ; Ba=137 ; Na=23 ; K=39 ) Bi 28: Ha tan hon ton 9,6 g mt kim loi Z trong dung dch HNO3d thu c 2,24 lit kh N2O( ktc). Kim loi Z l kim loi no ? ( Bit Al=27 ; Cu=64 ; Mg=24 ; Zn=65 ; Fe=56 ; Ca=40 ; Ba=137 ; Na=23 ; K=39 ) Bi 29: Chia hn hp gm Al v Cu lm hai phn bng nhau. Mt phn cho vo dung dch HNO3c ngui th c 8,96 ltkh mu nu bay ra (kc). Mt phn cho vo dung dch HCl th c 6,72 lt kh bay ra (kc).

a. Tnh % khi lng hn hp.b. Cho ton b lng kim loi trn tc dng vi HNO3 long va th thu c V lt k NO v dung dch A. Tnh V (kc)

Bi 30: Sau khi nung nng 9,4 g Cu(NO3)2 sau phn ng thu c 6,16 g cht rn. Tnh th tch kh thu c sau phn ng kc ?


11/18



BI TP TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN THAM KHOCu 1. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t nhm VA c biu din tng qut l:

A. ns2np3 B. ns2np4 C. (n -1)d10 ns2np3 D. ns2np5Cu 2. Trong s cc nhn nh sau v cc nguyn t nhm VA, nhn nh nosai? T nit n bitmut:

A. tnh phi kim gim dn. B. m in gim dn.

C. nhit si ca cc n cht tng dn. D. tnh axit ca cc hiroxit tng dn.Cu 3.Ngi ta sn xut kh nit trong cng nghip bng cch no sau y?

A. Chng ct phn on khng kh lng. B. Nhit phn dung dch NH4NO2 bo ho.C. Dng photpho t chy ht oxi khng kh. D. Cho khng kh i qua bt ng nung nng.

Cu 4. Phn ng ca NH3 vi Cl2 to ra khi trng, cht ny c cng thc ho hc l:A. HCl. B. N2. C. NH4Cl. D. NH3.

Cu 5. iu ch HNO3 trong phng th nghim, cc ho cht cn s dng l:A. Dung dch NaNO3 v dung dch H2SO4c. B. NaNO3 tinh th v dung dch H2SO4c.C. Dung dch NaNO3 v dung dch HCl c. D. NaNO3 tinh th v dung dch HCl c.

Cu 6. tch ring NH3 ra khi hn hp gm N2, H2 v NH3 trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng phng php no sauy?

A. Cho hn hp i qua dung dch nc vi trong. B. Cho hn hp i qua CuO nung nng.C. Cho hn hp i qua dung dch H2SO4c. D. Nn v lm lnh hn hp, NH3 ho lng.

Cu 7. Nh t t dung dch NH3 vo dung dch CuSO4 cho ti d. Hin tng quan st c l:A. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht.B. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht, lng kt ta tng dn. C. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht, lng kt ta tng dn n khng i. Sau lng kt ta gim dn cho ti khi tan ht

thnh dung dch mu xanh m.D. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht, lng kt ta tng n khng i.

Cu 8. Cho hn hp gm N2, H2 v NH3 c t khi so vi hiro l 8. Dn hn hp i qua dung dch H2SO4c, d th thtch kh cn li mt na. Thnh phn phn trm (%) theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ln lt l:

A. 25% N2, 25% H2 v 50% NH3. B. 25% NH3, 25% H2 v 50% N2.

C. 25% N2, 25% NH3v 50% H2. D. Kt qu khc.Cu 9. Khi nhit phn mui KNO3thu c cc cht sau:

A. KNO2, N2 v O2. B. KNO2 v O2. C. KNO2 v NO2. D. KNO2, N2 v CO2.Cu 10. Khi nhit phn Cu(NO3)2 s thu c cc ho cht sau:

A. CuO, NO2 v O2. B. Cu, NO2 v O2. C. CuO v NO2. D. Cu v NO2.Cu 11. Khi nhit phn, hoc a mui AgNO3 ra ngoi nh sng s to thnh cc ho cht sau:

A. Ag2O, NO2 v O2. B. Ag, NO2 v O2. C. Ag2O v NO2. D. Ag v NO2.Cu 12. Thuc n en l hn hp ca cc cht no sau y?

A. KNO3 v S. B. KNO3, C v S. C. KClO3, C v S. D. KClO3 v C.Cu 13. V sao cn phi s dng phn bn trong nng nghip? Phn bn dng

A. b sung cc nguyn t dinh dng cho t. B. lm cho t ti xp.

C. gi m cho t.D. b p cc nguyn t dinh dng v vi lng b cy trng ly i.

Cu 14. Amoniac c kh nng phn ng vi nhiu cht, bi v:A. nguyn t N trong amoniac c mt i electron t do. B. nguyn t N trong amoniac mc oxi ho -3, c tnh kh mnh.C. amoniac l mt baz.D. A, B, C ng.

Cu 15. Phn ng ho hc no sau y chng t amoniac l mt cht kh mnh?A. NH3 + HCl NH4Cl B. 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

C. 2NH3 + 3CuOot

N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O D. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Cu 16. Dung dch HNO3c, khng mu, ngoi nh sng lu ngy s chuyn thnh:A. mu en sm. B. mu nu. C. mu vng. D. mu trng sa.


12/18



Cu 17.Kh nit (N2) tng i tr v mt ho hc nhit thng l do nguyn nhn no sau y? A. Phn t N2 c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc. B. Phn t N2 c lin kt ion.C. Phn t N2 c lin kt ba rt bn vng. D. Nit c m in ln nht trong nhm VA.

Cu 18. tch Al2O3 nhanh ra khi hn hp vi CuO m khng lm thay i khi lng ca n, c th d ng dung dchno sau y?

A. Dung dch amoniac. B. Dung dch natri hiroxit.C. Dung dch axit clohiric. D. Dung dch axit sunfuric long.

Cu 19. Dung dch no sau y khng ho tan c ng kim loi (Cu)?A. Dung dch FeCl3. B. Dung dch HCl.C. Dung dch hn hp NaNO3 v HCl. D. Dung dch axit HNO3.

Cu 20. Cho 1,32g (NH4)2SO4 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, un nng thu c mt sn phm khi. Hp th hon tonlng kh trn vo dung dch cha 3,92g H3PO4. Mui thu c l:

A. NH4H2PO4. B. (NH4)2HPO4 C. (NH4)3PO4 D. NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4Cu 21. Khi lm th nghim vi photpho trng, cn c ch no sau y?

A. Cm P trngbng tay c eo gng.B. Dng cp gp nhanh mu P trng ra khi l v ngm ngay vo chu ng y nc khi cha dng n.

C. Trnh cho P trng tip xc vi nc.D. C th P trng ngoi khng kh.

Cu 22. Sau lm th nghim vi P trng, cc dng c tip xc vi ho cht ny cn c ngm trong ddno kh c?A. Dung dch axit HCl. B. Dung dch kim NaOH.C. Dung dch mui CuSO4. D. Dung dch mui Na2CO3.

Cu 23. Cng thc ho hc ca supephotphat kp l:A. Ca3(PO4)2. B. Ca(H2PO4)2. C. CaHPO4. D. Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4.

Cu 24.em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO3)2 sau mt thi gian dng li, lm ngui, ri cn thy khi lng gim 0,54g. Vykhi lng mui Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn l:

A. 0,5g. B. 0,49g. C. 9,4g D. 0,94gCu 25. nhn bit ion PO

4

3-thng dng thuc th AgNO3, bi v:

A. To ra kh c mu nu. B. To ra dung dch c mu vng.C. To ra kt ta c mu vng. D. To ra kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh.

Cu 26. nhn bit ion NO3-ngi ta thng dng Cu v dung dch H2SO4 long v un nng, bi v:

A. To ra kh c mu nu. B. To ra dung dch c mu vng.C. To ra kt ta c mu vng. D. To ra kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh.

Cu 27. Cho 11,0g hn hp hai kim loi Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long d, thu c 6,72lit kh NO (ktc) duy nht.Khi lng (g) ca Al v Fe trong hn hp u l:

A. 5,4 v 5,6. B. 5,6 v 5,4. C. 4,4 v 6,6. D. 4,6 v 6,4.Cu 28. Trong cng nghip sn xut axit nitric, nguyn liu l hn hp khng kh d trn amoniac. Trc phn ng, hn hpcn c lm kh, lm sch bi v cc tp cht :

A. tng hiu sut ca phn ng. B. trnh ng c xc tc (Pt - Rh).C. tng nng cht phn ng. D. v mt l do khc.

Cu 29. Phn ng ho hc no sau y xy ra trong thp tip xc ca nh my sn xut axit nitric?

A. 4NH3 + 5O2900 ,o C Pt Rh 4NO + 6H2O B. 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O

C. 2NO + O2 2NO2 D. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3Cu 30.Photpho c la chn sn xut dim an ton thay cho photpho trng v l do no sau y?

A. Photpho khng c hi i vi con ngi. B. Photpho khng d gy ho hon nh photpho trng.C. Photpho trng l ho cht c, hi. D. A, B, C u ng.

Cu 31. Phn ng ho hc no sau y khng ng?

A. 2KNO3o

t 2KNO2 + O2 B. 2Cu(NO3)2o

t 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

C. 4AgNO3o

t 2Ag2O + 4NO2 + O2 D. 4Fe(NO3)3o

t 2Fe2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2


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Cu 32. Cng thc ho hc ca amophot, mt loi phn bn phc hp l:A. Ca(H2PO4)2. B. NH4H2PO4 v Ca(H2PO4)2.C. NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4. D. (NH4)2HPO4 v Ca(H2PO4)2.

Cu 33. Nhn nh no sau y v axit HNO3 lsai?A. Trong tt c cc phn ng axit -baz, HNO3u l axit mnh.

B. Axit HNO3 c th tc dng vi hu ht kim loi tr Au v Pt.C. Axit HNO3 c th tc dng vi mt s phi kim nh C, S.D. Axit HNO3 c th tc dng vi nhiu hp cht hu c.

Cu 34. Ho tan m gam Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long th thu c 0,448 lit kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l:A. 1,12 gam. B. 11,2 gam. C. 0,56 gam. D. 5,6 gam.

Cu 35. Ho tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO3 rt long th thu c hn hp gm 0,015mol kh N2O v0,01mol kh NO. Gi tr ca m l:

A. 13,5 gam. B. 1,35 gam. C. 8,10 gam. D. 10,80 gam.

CHNG 3. CACBON-SILIC

A. KIN THC C BNI. N CHT CACBON-SILIC1. Cacbon v Silic c nhng dng th hnh no ?2. Cc phn ng th hin tnh kh ca C v Si :

C + O2o

t CO2 CO2 + C

ot

2CO

C + 4HNO3o

t CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O 3C + 2KClO3

ot

2KCl + 3CO2

C + 2CuOot

2Cu + CO200 4

2 2tSi O Si O

0 4

2 2 3 22 2Si NaOH H O Na Si O H

Si + 2F2 SiF4

3. Cc phn ng th hin tnh oxi ha ca C v Si:

C + 2H2,ot xt CH4 3C + 4Al

ot Al4C3

Ca + 2Co

t CaC2 Si + 2Mg

ot Mg2Si

4. iu ch C v Si (SGK)II. TNH CHT CC HP CHT CA CACBON: CO , CO2 , AXIT CACBONIC , MUI CACBONAT1. CO( cacbonmonooxit)

a. Oxit khng to muib. Tnh kh (c trng): nhit cao

CO + Fe2O3ot

Fe + CO2c. iu ch

* Kh than t: C + H2O1050o C CO + H2 ( 44% CO )

* Kh than kh: C + O2o

t CO2

CO2 + Co

t 2CO ( 25% CO )2. CO2(cacbonioxit): L oxit axit

a. Tc dng vi H2O : CO2 + H2O H2CO3b. Tc dng vi dung dch kim, c th to hai loi mui:

CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

3. Axit cacbonic

- L axit rt yu , km bn d phn hy thnh CO2 v H2O- L axit hai nc, in li yu


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4. Mui cacbonata. Tnh tan(SGK)b. Tc dng vi axit

Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Khi cho mui cha hn hp 23 3; COHCO tc dng vi dung dch acid th cn ch v mt th t ca phn ng xy ra.

Cho t t acid vo dung dch 23 3; COHCO Cho dung dch mui vo t t dung dch acid

+ Ban u c phn ng: 23 3CO H HCO

+ Sau khi ht 23CO th mi c phn ng

3 2 2HCO H CO H O

ng thi xy ra c hai phn ng:

3 2 2HCO H CO H O

23 2 22CO H CO H O

c. Tc dng vi dung dch kimNaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + NaOH

d. Phn ng nhit phn-Mui cacbonat b nhit phn( tr cacbonat ca KLK khng b nhit phn)

Na2CO3

ot

CaCO3

ot

CaO + CO2-Tt c mui hirocacbonat u d b nhit phn

NaHCO3o

t Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2o

t CaCO3 + CO2 + H2OIII. HP CHT CA SILIC1. Silic ioxit

- SiO2 l cht dng tinh th.- Tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng, tan d trong kim nng chy.

SiO2 + 2NaOH0t

Na2SiO3 + H2O- Tan c trong axit HF

SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O

- Da vo tnh cht ny, ngi ta dng dung dch HF khc ch ln thy tinh.2. Axit silixic- H2SiO3 l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc. Khi mt mt phn nc to th nh vt liu xp lsilicagen. Dng ht

hi m trong cc thng ng hng ha.- Axit silixic l axit yu, yu hn c axit cacbinic nn b axit ny y ra khi dung dch mui.

Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SiO33. Mui silicat

- Dung dch m c ca Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3c gi l thy tinh lng.- Ch c mui Na2SiO3 , K2SiO3 l d tan

* BI TP VN DNG

Dng 1: Phng trnh phn ng- gii thch.Bi 1. Vit phng trnh theo chuyn ha sau:a. CO2 C CO CO2 CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 CO2b. CO2 CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 CO2 C CO CO2Bi 2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho C tc dng vi: Ca, Al, Al2O3, CaO.Bi 3. Vit phng trnh phn ng dng phn t v ion thu gn ca dung dch NaHCO3 vi tng dung dch H2SO4 long,KOH, Ba(OH)2 d.Bi 4: Vit cc phn ng ha hc c th xy ra khi cho CO2i qua dung dch NaOH.Bi 5. Trnh by hin tng xy ra khi sc kh CO2 qua ndung dch Ca(OH)2. Gii thch.Bi 6. Hon thnh cc phn ng sau:

a. Silic ioxit natri silicat axit silisic silic ioxit silic

b. Ct thch anh Na2SiO3 H2SiO3 SiO2c. Si Mg2Si SiH4 SiO2 Si


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Bi 7. T silic ioxit v cc cht cn thit vit phng trnh ho hc iu ch axit silixicBi 8. Vit phng trnh ha hc cu phn ng m t thy tinh b axit HF n mn. Bit rng thnh phn ch yu ca thy tinhl Na2SiO3( Na2O.SiO2) v CaSiO3(CaO.SiO2)Bi 9. Cho cc axit sau H2CO3(1), H2SiO3 v HCl, sp xp cc axit theo chiu tng dn tnh axit , vit PTPchng minh.

Dng 2: Nhn bit.

Bi 1: Bng phong php ha hc hy phn bit:a. Cc kh SO2, CO2, NH3 v N2 b. Cc kh CO2, SO2, N2, O2 v H2c. Cc kh CO, CO2, SO2 v SO3 (kh) d. Cc kh Cl2, NH3, CO, CO2

Bi 2: Nhn bit cc l mt nhn cha cc cht sau:a. Cht rn BaSO4, BaCO3, NaCl, Na2CO3 (Ch dng thm HCl long)b. Cht rn NaCl, Na2SO4, BaCO3,Na2CO3 (ch dng thm CO2 v nc)c. c dung dch NaOH, NH4Cl, Na2SO4, , Na2CO3.d. cht lng: H2O, HCl, Na2CO3, NaCl (khng dng thm ha cht no khc)

Bi 3.a. Phn bit mui Na2CO3 v Na2SO3?b. Phn bit SiO2, Al2O3 v Fe2O3

Bi 4. C mt hn hp kh gm cacbon monooxit, hiro clorua v lu hunh ioxit. Bng phng php ha hc hy chngminh s c mt ca cc kh trn trong hn hp.

Dng 4: Bi tp v mui cacbonat.C 2 dng thng gp: phn ng nhit phn v phn ng trao i (vi axit---> kh; vi mui ---> kt ta)Bi 1: Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2. Sau phn ng thu c 39,4 gam ktta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m gam mui clorua. Tnh m Bi 2: Ha tan 14 gam hn hp 2 mui MCO3 v N2CO3 bng dung dch HCl d, thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh(ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh m.Bi 3: Khi nung 30 gam hn hp CaCO3 v MgCO3 th khi lng cht rn thu c sau phn ng ch bng mt na khilng ban u. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht ban u.Bi 4: em nhit phn hon tan 15 gam mui cacbonat ca mt kim loi ha tr II. Dn ht kh sinh ra vo 200 gam dung

dch NaOH 4% (va ) th thu c dung dch mi c nng cc cht tan l 6,63%. Xc nh cng thc mui em nhitphn.Bi 5. Khi nung mt lng hirocacbonat ca kim loi ha tr 2 v ngui, thu c 17,92 lt(ktc) kh v 31,8g b rn.Xc nh tn v khi lng mui hirocacbonat trn.Bi 6. Khi nhit phn 0,5kg vi cha 92% CaCO3thu c bao nhiu ml kh CO2(ktc). cn dng ti thiu bao nhiu lmdung dch NaOH 20%(d=1,22g/ml) hp th ht lng kh CO2.Bi 7. C hn hp 3 mui NH4HCO3, NaHCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2. Khi nung 48,8 gam hn hp n khi lng khng i thuc 16,2 b rn. Ch ha b rn vi dung dch axt HCl thu c 2,24 lt(ktc) kh. Xc nh thnh phn phn trm cahn hp mui.Bi 8. Cho 3,8 gam hn hp Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 tc dng vi dd HCl sinh ra 896 ml kh. Hi dng bao nhiu ml dungdch axit HCl 20%( d=1,1). Xc nh thnh phn phn trm ca hn hp mui.

Dng 5: Bi tp v tnh kh ca CO; C.Lu : CO ch kh c cc oxit ca kim loi ng sau Al trong dy hot ng ha hc.Phng php: bo tan electron, bo ton nguyn t, bo tan khi lng gii nhanh.Bi 1. Dn kh CO d qua ng ngbt mt oxit st (FexOy) nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng kt thcthu c 0,84 gam stv dn kh sinh ra vo nc vi trong d th thu c 2 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca FexOy.Bi 2. Kh 16 gam hn hp cc oxit kim loi : FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CuO v PbO bng kh CO nhit cao, khi lng chtrn thu c l 11,2 gam. Tnh th tch kh CO tham gia phn ng (ktc).Bi 3. Dn kh CO qua ng s cha 15,2 gam hn hp CuO, FeO nung nng thu c 13,6 gam cht rn (A) v hn hpkh(B). Sc ht kh B vo dung dich nc vi trong d thu c a gam kt ta C.

a. Xc nh A, B, C.b. Tnh a

Bi 4.t chy hon ton 68g hn hp kh H2 v CO cn dng 89,6 ltkh O2(ktc). Xc nh phn trm v th tch v khilng ca hn hp kh trn.


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Bi 5.Khi t chy ht 3,6g C trong bnh kn cha 4,48 lt kh O2(ktc) sinh ra 1 hn hp gm hai kh. Xc nh thnh phnphn trm ca hn hp kh .Bi 6.Cho 5,6 lt (ktc) kh CO2i qua than t nng ri cho sn phm thu c i qua ng t nng ng 72g oxit camt kim loi ha tr 2. Hi mun ho tan sn phm rn thu c trong ng sau khi phn ng cn dng bao nhiu mldung dch HNO3 32%( d= 1,2), bit rng oxit ca kim loi cha 20% kh oxi?

Bi 7.Cho kh thu c khi kh 16g Fe2O3 bng CO i qua 99,12 ml dung dch KOH 15%( d= 1,13). Tnh lng kh CO kh st v lng mui to thnh trong dung dch.Bi 8.Khi cho 22,4 lt(ktc) hn hp hai kh CO v CO2i qua than nng ( khng c mt khng kh) th tch ca hn hpkh tng ln 5,6 lt (ktc). Khi cho hn hp kh sn phm ny qua dung dch Ca(OH)2thu c 20,25g Ca(HCO3)2. Xc nhthnh phn phn trm v hn hp kh ban u.

Dng 3: Bi tp v phn ng ca CO2 vi dung dch kim. :Khi NaOH hoc Ca(OH)2 tc dng vi oxit axittrung bnh, yu th ty theo tl mol cc cht tham gia phn ng msn phm c ththu c mui axit, mui trung ha hoc c hai mui.

Bi 1 Hp th hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO2(ktc) vo 500ml dung dch NaOH thu c 17,9 gam mui. Tnh nng mol/lca dung dch NaOH.Bi 2: Ha tan ht 2,8g CaO vo nc c dung dch A. Cho 1,68 lt kh CO 2(ktc) vo dung dch A. Hi c bao nhiumui c to thnh v khi lng l bao nhiu.Bi 3 Xc nh phn trm v th tch ca hn hp kh gm N2, CO v CO2 bit rng khi cho 10 lt(ktc) hn hp kh iqua mt lng nc vi trong, ri qua ng (II) oxit un nng, th thu c 10g kt ta v 6,35g ng. Nu cng ly10l(ktc) hn hp i qua ng ng ng (II) oxit t nng, ri i qua mt lng nc vi trong d, th thu c bao nhiugam kt ta.

Dng 6: Silic v hp cht ca SilicBi 1. Mt loi thy tinh chu lc c thanhphn theo khi lng ca cc oxit nh sau: 13% Na2O; 11,7%CaO v 75,3%SiO2. Thnh phn ca loi thy tinh ny c biu din di dng cng thc no?

Bi 2. Thnh phn chnh ca mt loi cao lanh (t st) cha Al 2O3, SiO2 v H2O vi t l khi lng 0,3953: 0,4651: 0,1395.Xc inh cng thc ha hc ng ca loi cao lanh ny.Bi 3. sn xut 100 Kg loi thy tinh c cng thc Na2O.CaO.6SiO2 cn phi dng bao nhiu Kg natri cacbonat, vi hiusut l 100%.Bi 4. Khi cho 14,9 gam hn hp Si, Zn v Fe tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c 6,72lt kh(ktc). Cng lng hn hp khi tc dng vi d dung dch HCl sinh ra 4,48 lt kh(ktc). Xc nh thnh phn ca hn hp trn.

BI TP TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN THAM KHOCu 1.Kim cng v than ch l cc dng th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon. Kim cng cng nht trong t nhin, trong khithan ch mm n mc c th dng sn xut li bt ch 6B, dng k mt. iu gii thch no sau y l ng?

A. Kim cng c cu trc tinh th dng t din u, than ch c cu trc lp, trong khong cch gia cc lp kh ln. B. Kim cng c lin kt cng ho tr bn, than ch th khng.

C. t chy kim cng hay than ch nhit cao u to thnh kh cacboniC.D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.

Th d 1: Cho CO2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH Th d 2: Cho CO2 tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2

T l mol : T l mol :

1 Sn phm l mui NaHCO3 22

( )Ca OH

CO 1 Sn phm l mui CaCO3

2 Sn phm l mui Na2CO3 22

( )Ca OH

CO 2 Sn phm l mui Ca(HCO3)2

1 < < 2 Sn phm l 2 mui 2 33Na CO

NaHCO 1 < 2

( )Ca OH

CO< 2 Sn phm l 2 mui 3 3 2( )

CaCO

Ca HCO


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Cu 2. Khi xt v kh cacbon ioxit, iu khng nh no sau y lsai?A. Cht kh khng mu, khng mi, nng hn khng kh.B. Cht kh ch yu gy ra hiu ng nh knh.C. Cht kh khng c, nhng khng duy tr s sng.D. Cht kh dng cha chy, nht l cc m chy kim loi.

Cu 3. Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau, phn ng no sai?A. 3CO + Fe2O3

ot 3CO2 + 2Fe B. CO + Cl2 COCl2

C. 3CO + Al2O3o

t 2Al + 3CO2 D. 2CO + O2o

t 2CO2Cu 4. Cng thc phn t CaCO3tng ng vi thnh phn ho hc chnh ca loi no sau y:

A. . B. vi. C. mi. D. t ong.Cu 5. Cht no sau y khng phi l nguyn liu ca cng nghip sn xut xi mng ?

A. t st. B. vi. C. Ct. D. Thch cao.Cu 6. Cng nghip silicat l ngnh cng nghip ch bin cc hp cht ca silic. Ngnh sn xut no sau y khng thucv cng nghip silicat?

A. Sn xut gm (gch, ngi, snh, s). B. Sn xut xi mng.

C. Sn xut thu tinh. D. Sn xut thu tinh hu c.Cu 7. Boxit nhm c thnh phn ch yu l Al2O3 ln cc tp cht l SiO2 v Fe2O3. lm sch Al2O3 trong cng nghipc th s dng cc ho cht no sau y:

A. Dung dch NaOH c v kh CO2. B. Dung dch NaOH c v axit HCl.C. Dung dch NaOH c v axit H2SO4 D. Dung dch NaOH c v axit CH3COOH.

Cu 8. Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau, phn ng no sai?A. SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O B. SiO2 + 4HCl SiCl4 + 2H2O

C. SiO2 + 2Cot

Si + 2CO D. SiO2 + 2Mgot

2MgO + SiCu 9. Natri silicat c th c to thnh bng cch no sau y:

A. un SiO2 vi NaOH nng chy B. Cho SiO2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH longC. Cho K2SiO3 tc dng vi NaHCO3 D. Cho Si tc dng vi dung dch NaCl

Cu 10. Silic phn ng vi dy cht no sau y:A. CuSO4, SiO2 H2SO4 (l) B. F2, Mg, NaOH C. HCl, Fe(NO3)2, CH3COOH D. Na2SiO3, Na3PO4, NaCl

Cu 11. Tnh oxi ha ca cacbon th hin phn ng no?A. C + O2 CO2 B. 3C + 4Al Al4C3 C. C + CuO Cu + CO2 D. C + H2O CO + H2

Cu 12. loi kh CO2 c ln trong hn hp CO ta dng phng php no sau y:A. Cho qua dung dch HCl B. Cho qua dung dch H2OC. Cho qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 D. Cho hn hp qua Na2CO3

Cu 13. Cacbon phn ng vi dy no sau y:A. Na2O, NaOH v HCl B. Al, HNO3 v KClO3 C. Ba(OH)2, Na2CO3 v CaCO3 D. NH4Cl, KOH v AgNO3

Cu 14. Kh CO khng kh c cht no sau y:A. CuO B. CaO C. Al2O3 D. c B v C

Cu 15. Thi kh CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2d th mui thu c l:A. Ca(HCO3)2 B. CaCO3 C. C A v B D. Khng xc nh.

Cu 16. loi b kh SO2 c ln kh CO2 c th dng ha cht no sau y:A. Dd Ca(OH)2 B. CuO C. dd Brom D. Dung dch NaOH

Cu 17. tch kh CO2 ra khi hn hp vi HCl v hi nc, c th cho hn hp ln lc qua cc b nh ng:A. NaOH v H2SO4 c B. Na2CO3 v P2O5 C. H2SO4c v KOH D. NaHCO3 v P2O5

Cu 18. Cho hn hp gm CuO, MgO, PbO v Al2O3qua than nung nng thu c hn hp rn A. Cht rn A gm:A. Cu, Al, MgO v Pb B. Pb, Cu, Al v AlC. Cu, Pb, MgO v Al2O3 D. Al, Pb, Mg v CuO

Cu 19. C hin tng g xy ra khi nh t t ti d dung dch NaOH vo dung dch Ba(HCO3)2?A. Khng c hin tng g B. C kt ta trng xut hin khng tan trong NaOH dC. C kt ta trng xut hin trong tan NaOH d D. C si bt kh khng mu thot ra.


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Cu 20. Thnh phn chnh ca qung lmit l:A. CaCO3.Na2CO3 B. MgCO3.Na2CO3 C. CaCO3.MgCO3 D. FeCO3.Na2CO3

Cu 21. Trong cc phn ng ha hc cacbon th hin tnh g:A. Tnh kh B. Tnh oxi haC. Va kh va oxi ha D. Khng th hin tnh kh v oxi ha.

Cu 22. trong phng th nghim CO2c iu ch bng cch:A. Nung CaCO3 B. Cho CaCO3 tc dng HClC. Cho C tc dng O2 D. A, B,C ng

Cu 33.Khi cho kh CO i qua hn hp CuO, FeO, Fe3O4, Al2O3 v MgO, sau phn ng cht rn thu c l:A. Al v Cu B. Cu, Al v Mg C. Cu, Fe, Al2O3 v MgO D. Cu, Fe, Al v MgO

Cu 24. S oxi ha cao nht ca Silic th hin hp cht no trong cc cht sau y:A. SiO B. SiO2 C. SiH4 D. Mg2Si

Cu 25. khc ch ln thy tinh ngi ta da vo phn ng no sau y:A. SiO2 + Mg 2MgO + Si B. SiO2 + 2MaOH Na2SiO3 + CO2C. SiO2 + HF SiF4 + 2H2O D. SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + CO2

Cu 26. Phn ng no dng iu ch silic trong cng nghip.

A. SiO2 + 2Mg Si + 2MgO B. SiO2 + 2C Si + 2COC. SiCl4 + 2Zn 2ZnCl2 + Si D. SiH4Si + 2H2

Cu 27. Hp th hon ton 2,24 lit CO2(ktc) vo dung dch nc vi trong c cha 0,075 mol Ca(OH)2. Sn phm thu csau phn ng gm:

A. Ch c CaCO3. B. Ch c Ca(HCO3)2C. C CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2 D. Khng c c hai cht CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2.

Cu 28. Cho 24,4g hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2 . Sau phn ng thu c 39,4g kt ta. Lctch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m(g) mui clorua. Vy m c gi tr l:

A. 2,66g B. 22,6g C. 26,6g D. 6,26gCu 29. Sc 1,12 lt kh CO2(ktc) va 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M. Khi lng kt ta thu c l:

A. 78,8g B. 98,5g C. 5,91g D. 19,7g

Cu 32. Cho 455g hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim hai chu k lin tip tc dng ht vi HCl 1M va to ra 1,12lt CO2(ktc)1. Hai kim loi trn l:

A. Li v Na B. Na v K C. K v Rb D. Rb v Cs2. Th tch HCl cn dng l:

A. 0,05lit B. 0,1lit C. 0,2 lit D. 0,15litCu 30. Sc 2,24lt CO2(ktc) vo 400ml dung dch A cha NaOH 1M v Ca(OH)20,01M thu c kt ta c khi lng l:

A. 10g B. 0,4g C. 4g D. 12,6gCu 31. Cho 115g hn hp ACO3, B2CO3 v R2CO3 tc dng ht HCl d th thu c 0,896 lt CO2(ktc). C cn dd sauphn ng thu c cht rn c khi lng l:

A. 120g B. 115,44g C. 110g D. 116,22g

Cu 32. T mt tn than cha 92% cacbon c th thu c 1460m3kh CO(ktc) theo s sau: 2C + O2 2CO . Hiusut phn ng l:

A. 80% B. 85% C. 70% D. 75%Cu 33. Cho 5,6 lt CO2(ktc) i qua 164ml dd NaOH 20%(d=1,22) thu c dd X. C cn dd X th thu c bao nhiu gammui:

A. 26,5g B. 15,5g C. 46,5g D. 31gCu 34. Kh hon ton 24g hn hp CuO v Fe2O3 c t l mol l 1:1 cn 8,96 lt CO(ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca CuOv Fe2O3 trong hn hp l:

A. 33,33% v 66,67% B. 66,67% v 33,33% C. 40,33% v 59,67% D. 59,67% v 40,33%Cu 35. Cho kh CO kh hon ton hn hp gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 thy c 4,48 lt kh CO2(ktc) thot ra. Th tch khCO(ktc) tham gia phn ng l:

A. 1,12lt B. 2,24 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 4,48

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De Cuong on Tap Hoa 11CB Hoc Ky I2011