i

Bo co nh gi mi trng BN CHNH THC

3/5/2016 Ti liu ny c son tho trnh C quan Pht trin Quc t Hoa K ph duyt. n v thc hin: CDM International, Inc. v Hatfield Consultants.

Sng lc phng n

Thp

NH GI MI TRNG - NHIM IXIN TI SN BAY BIN HA

nh gi mi trng: nhim ixin ti sn bay Bin Ha

Bo co nh gi Mi trng, theo quy nh 22 CFR 216 BN CHNH THC

Ngi np bo co: Peter Chenevey, Trng Nhm cng tc CDM International, Inc. 75 State Street, Suite 701 Boston, Massachusetts 02109 T: +1 617 452 6000 Email: cheneveypm@cdmsmith.com

Bo co np cho: Maura Patterson, i din ca Cn b Qun l Hp ng C quan Pht trin Quc t Hoa K ti Vit Nam

Hp ng USAID s: AID-EDH-1-00-08-00023 Ch th cng tc USAID: AID-486-TO-13-00009 Ngy bo co: 3/5/2016

MC LC TNG QUAN ................................................................................................................................ 1

MC 1 TM TT ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Mc ch, quy trnh ................................................................................................ 6 1.2 a bn d n ........................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Tnh hnh s dng Cht Da cam v cc loi cht dit c khc ti khu vc sn

bay Bin Ha trc y ........................................................................................ 9 1.4 Cc con ng phi nhim tim nng; m hnh nh gi s b khu vc ............ 9 1.5 nhim ixin ti khu vc sn bay Bin Ha ..................................................... 10 1.6 Cc bin php gim thiu nguy c ...................................................................... 13 1.7 Phng n x l v lu di ................................................................................. 14

1.7.1 Phng n 1: Khng can thip ................................................................ 15 1.7.2 Phng n 2: C lp ton b .................................................................. 15

1.7.2.1 Phng n 2A: Bi chn lp ..................................................... 16 1.7.2.2 Phng n 2B: Ha rn/n nh vt liu .................................. 16 1.7.2.3 So snh gia cc phng n c lp ......................................... 16

1.7.3 Phng n 5: X l ton b .................................................................... 17 1.7.3.1 Phng n 5A: L t/X l nhit ngoi hin trng ............... 17 1.7.3.2 Phng n 5B: X l TCH ngoi hin trng .......................... 17 1.7.3.3 Phng n 5C: MCD ................................................................ 17 1.7.3.4 So snh cc phng n x l ................................................... 18

1.7.4 Phng n 3: Bi chn lp cho vt liu < 2.500 ppt, X l TCH ngoi hin trng cho vt liu > 2.500 ppt ................................................................ 18

1.7.5 Phng n 4: Bi chn lp cho vt liu < 1.200 ppt, X l TCH ngoi hin trng cho vt liu > 1.200 ppt ................................................................ 19

1.8 nh gi phng n theo bo co GMT, kt qu ............................................ 19 1.8.1 Hiu qu .................................................................................................. 19 1.8.2 Tnh kh thi .............................................................................................. 19 1.8.3 Chi ph ..................................................................................................... 20 1.8.4 H qu mi trng, x hi ....................................................................... 20

1.9 Tham vn bn lin quan, hi p ........................................................................ 22 1.10 Cc yu t khc cn xem xt .............................................................................. 23

MC 2 THNG TIN CHUNG .................................................................................................. 38 2.1 Yu cu xy dng cc phng n x l ............................................................. 38 2.2 Xc nh cc ngng p dng; mc ch ca Nghin cu ................................. 39 2.3 Bo co Xc nh Pham v Mi trng ................................................................ 40 2.4 Tham vn bn lin quan; tham vn vi chnh ph nc s ti ........................... 41 2.5 Cc vn php l, php quy ............................................................................. 43

2.5.1 Vit Nam .................................................................................................. 43 2.5.2 Hoa K ..................................................................................................... 43

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2.5.3 Xem xt quy nh ca hai nc ............................................................... 44

2.5.3.1 Cc lut nh lin quan ............................................................. 44 2.5.3.2 Hng dn ................................................................................ 45

2.6 Ngha v theo cc cng c, hip nh quc t v mi trng .......................... 46

MC 3 TM TT THC TRNG ........................................................................................... 53 3.1 Khu vc sn bay Bin Ha v cc cng ng xung quanh ................................. 53 3.2 nhim ixin ti khu vc sn bay Bin Ha ..................................................... 54

3.2.1 Tm tt cc nghin cu trc y ti sn bay Bin Ha ........................ 55 3.2.2 Cng tc ly v phn tch mu ca USAID ti sn bay Bin Ha ........... 61 3.2.3 Cc con ng phi nhim; m hnh nh gi s b khu vc ............... 68 3.2.4 Quy hoch s dng t ti sn bay Bin Ha ......................................... 74 3.2.5 Khi lng vt liu nhim cn x l ..................................................... 75

3.3 Cc bin php gim thiu nguy c ...................................................................... 76 3.3.1 Bin php c ....................................................................................... 77 3.3.2 Khuyn ngh tng cng cc bin php tm thi .................................... 78

MC 4 NH GI CC PHNG N ................................................................................ 106 4.1 Cc cng ngh/gii php c th p dng .......................................................... 106 4.2 Sng lc cng ngh; ni dung cc phng n .................................................. 106

4.2.1 Cc cng ngh, gii php ...................................................................... 106 4.2.2 Cc phng n ...................................................................................... 107

4.3 Ni dung cc tiu ch nh gi .......................................................................... 108 4.3.1 Hiu qu ................................................................................................ 108 4.3.2 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................................ 109 4.3.3 Chi ph ................................................................................................... 109 4.3.4 H qu mi trng, x hi ..................................................................... 111

4.4 nh gi cc phng n; kt qu ..................................................................... 111 4.4.1 Phng n 1: Khng can thip .............................................................. 115

4.4.1.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 116 4.4.1.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 116 4.4.1.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 116 4.4.1.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 116 4.4.1.5 Tc ng mi trng, x hi ................................................... 116

4.4.2 Phng n 2A: Bi chn lp ................................................................. 117 4.4.2.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 119 4.4.2.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 122 4.4.2.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 122 4.4.2.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 124 4.4.2.5 H qu mi trng, x hi ...................................................... 124 4.4.2.6 Bi chn lp ch ng ............................................................ 125

4.4.3 Phng n 2B: Ha rn/n nh vt liu ............................................... 127 4.4.3.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 127

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4.4.3.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 130 4.4.3.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 131 4.4.3.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 132 4.4.3.5 H qu mi trng, x hi ...................................................... 132

4.4.4 So snh gia cc phng n c lp nhim ........................................ 133 4.4.5 Phng n 5A: L t/X l nhit ngoi hin trng ............................ 133

4.4.5.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 134 4.4.5.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 137 4.4.5.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 137 4.4.5.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 139 4.4.5.5 H qu mi trng, x hi ...................................................... 139

4.4.6 Phng n 5B: X l TCH ngoi hin trng ....................................... 140 4.4.6.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 140 4.4.6.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 145 4.4.6.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 146 4.4.6.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 147 4.4.6.5 H qu mi trng, x hi ...................................................... 147

4.4.7 Phng n 5C: MCD ............................................................................. 148 4.4.7.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 149 4.4.7.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 152 4.4.7.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 152 4.4.7.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 154 4.4.7.5 H qu mi trng, x hi ...................................................... 154

4.4.8 So snh cc phng n x l ............................................................... 155 4.4.9 Phng n 3: C lp vt liu di 2.500 ppt TEQ, X l vt liu trn

2.500 ppt ................................................................................................ 155 4.4.9.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 155 4.4.9.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 156 4.4.9.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 156 4.4.9.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 157 4.4.9.5 H qu mi trng, x hi ...................................................... 157

4.4.10 Phng n 4: C lp vt liu di 1.200 ppt TEQ, X l vt liu trn 1.200 ppt ................................................................................................ 158 4.4.10.1 tng thit k ...................................................................... 158 4.4.10.2 Hiu qu .................................................................................. 159 4.4.10.3 Tnh kh thi ............................................................................. 159 4.4.10.4 Chi ph ..................................................................................... 160 4.4.10.5 H qu mi trng, x hi ...................................................... 160

4.4.11 Tm tt kt qu nh gi ....................................................................... 161 4.5 Bi hc kinh nghim .......................................................................................... 162

MC 5 NHNG MI TRNG B NH HNG ............................................................... 227 5.1 Cc thnh phn mi trng thc th ................................................................ 227

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5.1.1 Kh hu .................................................................................................. 227 5.1.2 c im a hnh, thy vn nc mt .................................................. 228 5.1.3 t, trm tch ......................................................................................... 228 5.1.4 Nc ngm ............................................................................................ 229 5.1.5 Cht lng nc ngm ......................................................................... 229 5.1.6 Cht lng nc mt ............................................................................ 230 5.1.7 Cht lng khng kh ............................................................................ 230

5.2 Cc thnh phn t nhin, sinh thi ................................................................... 231 5.2.1 H sinh thi trn cn, a dng sinh hc ................................................ 231 5.2.2 t m ly, h mi sinh nc, a dng sinh hc ................................ 231 5.2.3 Cc loi nguy cp .................................................................................. 233

MC 6 THNG TIN NN V VN GII ........................................................................ 237 6.1 Quy nh lin quan n vn gii ................................................................... 237 6.2 Vai tr, v th ca ph n ti Vit Nam .............................................................. 240 6.3 Thc trng vn gii ti sn bay Bin Ha v thnh ph Bin Ha .............. 242

6.3.1 Ngi dn sinh sng ti TP. Bin Ha .................................................. 242 6.3.2 Qun nhn, cng nhn vin sn bay ..................................................... 243 6.3.3 Cng nhn xy dng ............................................................................. 244

MC 7 NH HNG MI TRNG .................................................................................. 248 7.1 nh gi tc ng ............................................................................................. 249

7.1.1 Nhng nh hng mi trng khng cn xem xt ............................... 249 7.1.2 nh hng tim n n hnh thi s dng t; xo trn t ................. 249

7.1.2.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 249 7.1.2.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 250 7.1.2.3 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 250

7.1.3 nh hng tim n n mi trng, sc khe lin quan n cng tc r ph bom mn .......................................................................................... 250 7.1.3.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 250 7.1.3.2 xut bin php x l, quan trc; phn tch tc ng ......... 250 7.1.3.3 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 251

7.1.4 nh hng n iu kin thy vn nc mt v cht lng nc mt 251 7.1.4.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 251 7.1.4.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 252 7.1.4.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 254 7.1.4.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 254

7.1.5 nh hng n nc ngm .................................................................. 254 7.1.5.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 254 7.1.5.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 254 7.1.5.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 255 7.1.5.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 255

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7.1.6 nh hng tim n ca vt liu nhim ixin, cc COPC khc v bi i

vi cht lng khng kh ....................................................................... 255 7.1.6.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 255 7.1.6.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 255 7.1.6.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 257 7.1.6.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 258

7.1.7 nh hng tim n ca pht thi kh nh knh ...................................... 258 7.1.7.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 258 7.1.7.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 258 7.1.7.3 xut Bin php Gim thiu, Quan trc Mi trng ........... 260 7.1.7.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 261

7.1.8 nh hng tim n i vi cc h sinh thi trn cn, a dng sinh hc261 7.1.8.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 261 7.1.8.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 261 7.1.8.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 262 7.1.8.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 262

7.1.9 nh hng tim n i vi t m ly, h sinh thi di nc, a dng sinh hc mi trng nc ..................................................................... 262 7.1.9.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 262 7.1.9.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 262 7.1.9.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 263 7.1.9.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 263

7.1.10 nh hng tim n v n ................................................................. 263 7.1.10.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 263 7.1.10.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 263 7.1.10.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 263 7.1.10.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 263

7.1.11 nh hng tim n i vi cc yu cu v ti nguyn thin nhin hay ti nguyn cn kit...................................................................................... 264 7.1.11.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 264 7.1.11.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 264 7.1.11.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 264 7.1.11.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 265

7.1.12 Nguy c mi trng tim n lu di lin quan n vic thc hin phng n x l c chn ................................................................................ 265 7.1.12.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 265 7.1.12.2 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc; phn tch tc ng . 265 7.1.12.3 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 265

7.1.13 Nguy c ti nhim ti cc ao h qua x l .................................... 265 7.1.13.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 265 7.1.13.2 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ; phn tch tc ng 266 7.1.13.3 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 266

7.1.14 Yu cu ti nh c ................................................................................ 266

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7.1.14.1 M t nh hng .................................................................... 266 7.1.14.2 Phn tch tc ng .................................................................. 266 7.1.14.3 xut bin php gim thiu, quan trc ................................ 267 7.1.14.4 Xc nh nh hng ............................................................... 267

7.1.15 nh hng t bin i kh hu .............................................................. 267 7.2 Cc vn gii lin quan n cc Phng n x l ........................................ 268

7.2.1 nh gi cc nh hng lin quan n vn gii .............................. 268 7.2.1.1 Cng nhn xy dng .............................................................. 269 7.2.1.2 Qun nhn, cng nhn vin sn bay ...................................... 270 7.2.1.3 Dn c ti ch ......................................................................... 270

7.2.2 i tng th hng ca d n ............................................................ 271 7.3 Gim thiu, quan trc mi trng ..................................................................... 271

7.3.1 Khi qut vn .................................................................................... 271 7.3.2 Ci to mi trng ................................................................................. 271 7.3.3 Quan trc mi trng ............................................................................ 271 7.3.4 Vn gii trong thit k, thc hin k hoch EMMP .......................... 272 7.3.5 Ni dung v ti nh c trong thit k, thc hin k hoch EMMP ........ 274

7.4 Tm tt cc tc ng mi trng ...................................................................... 274 7.4.1 Phng n Khng can thip .................................................................. 274 7.4.2 Cc Phng n x l ............................................................................ 275

MC 8 TM TT CHUNG NHNG XUT B SUNG ................................................ 287 8.1 Tm tt chung ................................................................................................... 287 8.2 Mt s xut v ly mu nh gi thm khu vc D n ................................ 289 8.3 Cc vn trc trin khai ............................................................................... 290 8.4 Mt s vn v nh gi cng ngh .............................................................. 293

MC 9 TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................ 299

MC 10 NHM THC HIN BO CO ................................................................................ 309

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BNG Bng 1-1 Tiu chun v ixin ca Vit Nam/Ngng ixin theo Quy chun k thut quc

gia Vit Nam v ngng ixin cho php trong t (QCVN 45:2012/BTNMT) ...... 25 Bng 1-2 Tm tt kt qu nh gi cc phng n .............................................................. 26 Bng 1-3 Tm tt kin ca cc c quan Vit Nam v bo co GMT ............................... 29 Bng 2-1 Tiu chun v ixin ca Vit Nam/Ngng ixin theo Quy chun k thut quc

gia Vit Nam v ngng ixin cho php trong t (QCVN 45:2012/BTNMT) ...... 47 Bng 2-2 Mt s quy nh, tiu chun quc t v PCDD v PCDF TEQ ............................... 48 Bng 2-3 Mt s quy nh, tiu chun quc t v nng ixin trong m c ..................... 49 Bng 2-4 Mt s cng c, hip nh quc t Vit Nam k kt c lin quan n Nghin

cu ny .................................................................................................................. 50 Bng 3-1 Cc nghin cu c t tnh trng nhim ixin ti sn bay Bin Ha ................. 81 Bng 3-2 Tm tt kt qu ly mu ti cc khu vc nguy c ixin sn bay Bin Ha, 1990-

2013 ....................................................................................................................... 82 Bng 3-3 Tm tt cc mu thu thp c trong chng trnh GMT 2014/2015 ................. 84 Bng 3-4 Tm tt cc mu phn tch ..................................................................................... 85 Bng 3-5 Cc im ly mu trong chng trnh GMT 2014/2015 v cc nhn nh quan

trng i vi tng im .......................................................................................... 86 Bng 3-6 Din tch c tnh t v trm tch b nhim ti sn bay Bin Ha ..................... 89 Bng 3-7 Cc ngng nng ixin cho php ca BQP p dng cho cc im ly mu c

lp ........................................................................................................................... 90 Bng 3-8 Khi lng c tnh t v trm tch b nhim ti sn bay Bin Ha .................. 93 Bng 3-9 c tnh phn b khi lng b nhim theo su ............................................ 94 Bng 4-1 Cc cng ngh xc nh c; Kt qu sng lc ................................................ 164 Bng 4-2 Tm tt tnh ton c ly vn chuyn t im nhim n im c lp/x l ........ 168 Bng 4-3 Tm tt khi lng xc o c tnh ca cc Phng n t 1 n 5 ................. 169 Bng 4-4 Phng n 2A: Bi chn lp th ng Tng d ton s b ............................. 170 Bng 4-5 Phng n 2B: Ha rn/n nh vt liu Tng d ton s b .......................... 172 Bng 4-6 Phng n 5A: X l bng l t Tng d ton s b ..................................... 174 Bng 4-7 Phng n 5B: X l TCH ngoi hin trng Tng d ton s b .................. 176 Bng 4-8 Phng n 5C: X l MCD Tng d ton s b .............................................. 178 Bng 4-9 Phng n 3 v 4: Kt hp c lp/x l Tm tt khi lng ............................ 180 Bng 4-10 Phng n 3: Kt hp c lp/x l (2.500 ppt) Tng d ton s b ................ 181 Bng 4-11 Phng n 4: Kt hp c lp/x l (1.200 ppt) Tng d ton s b ................ 183 Bng 4-12 So snh kt qu nh gi hiu qu gia cc phng n x l ........................... 185 Bng 4-13 So snh kt qu nh gi tnh kh thi gia cc phng n x l ........................ 187 Bng 4-14 So snh kt qu nh gi chi ph thc hin gia cc phng n x l ............... 190 Bng 4-15 So snh kt qu nh gi v tc ng mi trng gia cc phng n x l .... 192 Bng 6-1 Ch s GGI ca Vit Nam nm 2014 .................................................................... 245 Bng 6-2 Ch s pht trin con ngi (HDI) ca Vit Nam nm 2013 ................................. 246 Bng 6-3 Cc ch s pht trin lin quan n gii tnh ca Vit Nam.................................. 247 Bng 7-1 So snh din tch b xo trn trong cc phng n x l .................................... 277 Bng 7-2 c tnh khi lng nc thi nhim trong cc phng n x l .................... 278

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Bng 7-3 So snh cc mc KNK pht thi tnh ton trong cc phng n x l ................ 279 Bng 7-4 Chi ph tham chiu mua cc tn ch ccbon cn thit ca tng phng n x l

c nh gi trong bo co GMT ny ............................................................. 280 Bng 7-5 So snh nh hng v ting n trong cc phng n x l ................................ 281 Bng 7-6 So snh yu cu vt liu lp sch trong cc phng n x l ............................ 282 Bng 7-7 Cc vn mi trng chnh; hng dn bin php gim thiu ......................... 283 Bng 8-1 Tm tt cc Phng n khc phc ...................................................................... 295

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HNH/BIU Hnh 1-1 Bn ton b khu vc sn bay Bin Ha, Vit Nam ........................................... 35 Hnh 1-2 Bn ton b khu vc c cc im ly mu c lp, sn bay Bin Ha, Vit Nam36 Hnh 1-3 Nhm cc phng n khc phc c xem xt cho bo co GMT khu vc sn

bay Bin Ha .......................................................................................................... 37 Hnh 2-1 Bn v tr sn bay Bin Ha v nhng im bit hay c kh nng nhim

ixin ...................................................................................................................... 52 Hnh 3-1 Bn ton khu km cc im ly mu c lp, sn bay Bin Ha, Vit Nam ..... 95 Hnh 3-2 Kt qu ly mu t v trm tch 2014/2015 Khu Z1 .......................................... 96 Hnh 3-3 Kt qu ly mu t 2014/2015 Khu ZT .............................................................. 97 Hnh 3-4 Kt qu ly mu t 2014/2015 Khu Ty nam .................................................... 98 Hnh 3-5 Kt qu ly mu t v trm tch 2014/2015 Khu Pacer Ivy ............................... 99 Hnh 3-6 Kt qu ly mu t v trm tch 2014/2015 Khu Ty bc ............................... 100 Hnh 3-7 Kt qu ly mu t 2014/2015 Khu rng cy pha bc ................................... 101 Hnh 3-8 Kt qu ly mu t v trm tch 2014/2015 Khu ng bc ............................. 102 Hnh 3-9 Kt qu ly mu t 2014/2015 Khu ng nam ............................................... 103 Hnh 3-10 Kt qu ly mu trm tch 2014/2015 Khu vc bn ngoi sn bay ................... 104 Hnh 3-11 M hnh tng v s dch chuyn v con ng phi nhim i vi ngi v

cc i tng thuc h sinh thi t cc ngun nhim ...................................... 105 Hnh 4-1 Nhm cc phng n khc phc c xem xt cho bo co GMT khu vc sn

bay Bin Ha ........................................................................................................ 195 Hnh 4-2 Cc con ng vn chuyn chnh bng xe ti ..................................................... 196 Hnh 4-3 S b mt bng Phng n 2A ti khu Pacer Ivy ................................................ 197 Hnh 4-4 S b mt bng Phng n 2A ti khu Z1 .......................................................... 198 Hnh 4-5 Phc ha s trc ngang bi chn lp .............................................................. 199 Hnh 4-6 Phng n 2A: Bi chn lp Thi gian ............................................................. 200 Hnh 4-7 S b mt bng Phng n 2B ti khu Pacer Ivy ................................................ 201 Hnh 4-8 S b mt bng Phng n 2B ti khu Z1 .......................................................... 202 Hnh 4-9 Phng n 2B: Ha rn/n nh vt liu Thi gian ........................................... 203 Hnh 4-10 S b mt bng Phng n 5A ti khu Pacer Ivy ................................................ 204 Hnh 4-11 S b mt bng Phng n 5A ti khu Z1 .......................................................... 205 Hnh 4-12 Phc ha Lu quy trnh x l bng l t ....................................................... 206 Hnh 4-13 Phng n 5A: L t Thi gian ....................................................................... 207 Hnh 4-14 S b mt bng Phng n 5B ti khu Pacer Ivy ................................................ 208 Hnh 4-15 S b mt bng Phng n 5B ti khu Z1 .......................................................... 209 Hnh 4-16 Phc ha S trc ngang phng php TCH ngoi hin trng ..................... 210 Hnh 4-17 Lu quy trnh h thng x l TCH ngoi hin trng ...................................... 211 Hnh 4-18 Phng n 5B: X l TCH ngoi hin trng Thi gian ................................... 212 Hnh 4-19 S b mt bng Phng n 5C ti khu Pacer Ivy ............................................... 215 Hnh 4-20 S b mt bng Phng n 5C ti khu Z1 .......................................................... 216 Hnh 4-21 Phc ha Lu quy trnh x l MCD ................................................................. 217 Hnh 4-22 Phng n 5C: MCD Thi gian ........................................................................ 218 Hnh 4-23 S b mt bng Phng n 3 ti khu Pacer Ivy .................................................. 219

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Hnh 4-24 S b mt bng Phng n 3 ti khu Z1 ............................................................. 220 Hnh 4-25 Phng n 3: Kt hp c lp/x l (2.500 ppt) Thi gian ................................. 221 Hnh 4-26 S b mt bng Phng n 4 ti khu Pacer Ivy .................................................. 223 Hnh 4-27 S b mt bng Phng n 4 ti khu Z1 ............................................................. 224 Hnh 4-28 Phng n 4: Kt hp c lp/x l (1.200 ppt) Thi gian ................................. 225 Hnh 5-1 Tm tt iu kin kh hu ti TP. Bin Ha .......................................................... 234 Hnh 5-2 M hnh chung dng chy nc mt v nc ngm gn khu vc sn bay Bin

Ha ....................................................................................................................... 236

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Mc lc nh gi mi trng

PH LC A Tm tt v tnh trng nhim ixin ti sn bay Bin Ha B Khi lng c tnh C M t cc Cng ngh/Gii php c th p dng D Tng d ton s b cc phng n E Thng tin mi trng nn F Cc phn tch b sung cho Bo co nh gi mi trng G Kt qu chn mu b sung ca VKHCNQS thc hin t thng 12/2015 n thng

1/2016

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Mc lc nh gi mi trng

CC T VIT TT C C F F g/L microgram/lt 2,4,5-T cht 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (cht dit c) 2,4-D cht 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ACC Hi Ha cht M ADB Ngn hng Pht trin chu ADS H thng Quy nh Bt buc ASEAN Hip hi cc Quc gia ng Nam ASTM Hi Kim nh Vt liu M ATSDR Cc Qun l ng k cc Cht c hi v Bnh tt Hoa K AXYS Cng ty AXYS Analytical Services Ltd. ATSK An ton sc khe Ban 10-80 Ban 10-80, B Y t BTLPKKQ B t lnh Qun chng Phng khng qun BEM Cng ty BEM Systems, Inc. BEO Trng ban Mi trng BMP thng l qun l ti u BTCNN btng cch nhit nh BTLHH B t lnh Ha hc BQP B Quc phng (Vit Nam) BYT B Y t BLTBXH B Lao ng, Thng binh, X hi BTNMT B Ti nguyn Mi trng CDCS Chin lc Pht trin Hp tc Quc gia CDM Smith Cng ty CDM International, Inc. CEDAW Cng c ca Lin hp quc v Xa b mi hnh thc phn bit i x i

vi ph n CERCLA Lut ng ph, Bi thng, Chu trch nhim Mi trng Ton din ca

Hoa K CFIA Cc Gim nh Thc phm Canaa CFR B php in cc Quy phm lp quy ca Lin bang Hoa K CIA Cc tnh bo Trung ng Hoa K CKHQS Cc Khoa hc Qun s cm xentimt CO2 ixit ccbon CO2e ixit ccbon tng ng COPC cht gy nhim ng quan ngi

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Mc lc nh gi mi trng

CP Chnh ph Vit Nam CSF h s an ton ha rn DE hiu qu phn hy CS ng Cng sn Vit Nam ixin cht 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin DOD B Quc phng Hoa K DQO Mc tiu bo m cht lng d liu DU n v quyt nh nh gi nh gi mi trng ti sn bay Bin Ha GMT nh gi mi trng GTMT nh gi tc ng mi trng EDL Cng ty Environmental Decontamination, Ltd. EMMP K hoch Gim thiu v Quan trc mi trng ESS Bo co xc nh phm vi mi trng EU Lin minh chu u FAA Lut Vin tr Nc ngoi FAR Quy ch u thu Lin bang ca Hoa K FDA Cc qun l Thc phm Dc phm Hoa K GAC than hot tnh th ht GCL thm st a k thut GDP Tng sn phm quc ni GEF Qu Mi trng Ton cu GFH hyrxit st dng ht GGI Ch s cch bit v gii GII Ch s bt bnh ng gii GIS h thng thng tin a l GNI Tng thu nhp quc dn GPS H thng nh v ton cu ha hcta Hatfield Lin danh t vn Hatfield Consultants HDI Ch s pht trin con ngi HDPE plytylen c cao hp m lc h gi HR-GCMS k sc kh-khi ph phn gii cao VCNSH Vin Cng ngh sinh hc ICEM Trung tm Quc t v Qun l Mi trng IEE Gim nh mi trng ban u ILO T chc Lao ng Quc t

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Mc lc nh gi mi trng

IPTD Kh hp thu nhit trong m KQTG kt qu trung gian ITRC Ban Cng ngh Lp quy Lin tiu bang JAC Hi ng T vn Hn hp KNK kh nh knh KTTTH kin thc, thi , thc hnh kg bw/d kilgram cn nng c th / ngy km kilmt km2 kilmt vung kWh kilot gi L lt LLDPE plytylen c thp tuyn tnh LVTP trm x l hi/cht lng m mt tr. triu m2 mt vung m3 mt khi masl mt trn mc nc bin MCD phn hy ha c MCL mc nhim ti a MCS B phn tch phn t ma trn mg/kg milligram/kilgram MIS Phng php ly mu a im mm milimt MMBTU triu n v nhit Anh MPPE chit tch polymer xp th ln NAPL cht lng ngoi pha nc NCFAW y ban Quc gia v s tin b ca ph n Vit Nam NCKT nghin cu kh thi KHTKQG K hoch trin khai quc gia NOx nitrous oxide (kh gy ci) OSHA Cc qun l An ton Sc khe Ngh nghip PAH hyr ccbon thm a vng ngng t TCAH i tng chu nh hng ca d n QND Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam PCB polychlorinated biphenyl PCDD polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin PCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuran pg picogram

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Mc lc nh gi mi trng

pg/g picogram/gram pg/L picogram/lt POP cht nhim hu c kh phn hy DCBH dng c bo h ppm phn triu PPP tng ng sc mua ppq phn triu t ppt phn nghn t QA/QC bo m cht lng/kim sot cht lng RAP K hoch ti nh c RCE Yu cu nhm khng c tc ng RCRA Lut Bo tn Khi phc Ti nguyn RPD chnh lch phn trm tng i sn bay BH sn bay Bin Ha SAP k hoch chn mu, phn tch SARA Lut Sa i Ti y quyn qu Superfund 1986 SCM M hnh nh gi s b khu vc SEP k hoch huy ng bn lin quan tham gia SITE nh gi Cng ngh mi trong qu Superfund SPLP Quy trnh r chit kt ta tng hp MTT Mc tiu c th SRB t s gii tnh khi sinh STNMT S Ti nguyn v Mi trng (Vit Nam) SVOC hp cht hu c bn n nh t tn TCDD cht tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin TCH Gia nhit truyn dn TCLP Quy trnh r chit c tnh c trng TCTK Tng cc Thng k TCCMT Tng cc Mi trng (Vit Nam) TDI lng dung np hng ngy cho php TEQ c tnh tng ng TOC tng ccbon hu c tph tn/h US Hoa K UCL ngng tin cy trn UNDP Chng trnh Pht trin Lin hp quc UNESCAP y ban Kinh t X hi Chu Thi bnh dng ca Lin hp quc UNESCO T chc Gio dc, Khoa hc, Vn ha ca Lin hp quc

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Mc lc nh gi mi trng

UNPF Qu Dn s Lin hp quc UNVN Vn phng Lin hp quc ti Vit Nam USAID C quan Pht trin Quc t Hoa k USD la M USEPA Cc Bo v Mi trng Hoa K CPHK Chnh ph Hoa K BMCSL bom mn cn st li VH&BD vn hnh, bo dng VP33 Vn phng 33 Ban ch o Trung ng VKHCNQS Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Qun s VKHCNVN Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam VOC cht hu c bay hi VPHA Ban Y t cng Vit Nam VRTC Trung tm Nhit i Vit-Nga WHO T chc Y t Th gii ZT ng ln khu Z1

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Tng quan

Ngy 29/9/2013, C quan Pht trin Quc t Hoa k (USAID) k hp ng vi cng ty CDM International, Inc. (CDM Smith) thc hin d n nh gi mi trng v tnh trng nhim ixin ti sn bay Bin Ha. Mc ch ca d n l thc hin nh gi mi trng (GMT) ti Sn bay (Cn c khng qun) Bin Ha (sau y gi tt l sn bay BH) theo quy nh ti Quyn 22, B php in cc Quy phm lp quy ca Lin bang (CFR) Hoa K (US), Phn 216. sn bay BH l mt im nng v nhim ixin do tng l ni s dng, ct tr, x l, vn chuyn Cht Da cam v cc loi cht dit c khc trong chin tranh. Mc tiu chung ca GMT ny ti sn bay Bin Ha (gi tt l Nghin cu) l cung cp thng tin nn cho cc gii php c th c p dng sau ny x l tnh trng nhim ixin ti sn bay BH.

Bo co Xc nh phm vi nh gi mi trng (ESS) c lp l phn u tin xy dng bo co GMT ny, v c Gim c Mi trng (BEO) Vn phng Chu ca USAID ph duyt t thng 10/2014, trong xc nh phm vi thc hin nghin cu GMT. Phm vi thc hin nghin cu GMT ti sn bay BH bao gm nh gi cc vn ng k c th c v tc hi i vi sc khe, mi trng, x hi lin quan n vic thc hin cc hot ng khc phc tnh trng nhim ixin trong t v trm tch theo tiu chun ca Vit Nam, cng nh nng cao gi tr s dng cho khu vc sn bay. ESS xc nh bo co GMT cn tng hp cc ni dung tho lun, tham vn vi cc bn, cc tiu chun lin quan ca Vit Nam v ci to mi trng, ly mu kim tra, phn tch b sung, m hnh nh gi s b khu vc, kt qu nh gi cc phng n khc phc, mi trng b nh hng v cc h qu mi trng khi tin hnh ci to mi trng, h qu i vi cc yu t x hi nu b nh hng gin tip t nhng thay i ca mi trng thc th, t nhin khi tin hnh cng tc ci to mi trng, cc phng thc x l, quan trc mi trng, vn ti nh c.

nhim ixin ti khu vc sn bay Bin Ha Trc Nghin cu ny c t nht 11 nghin cu khc thc hin xc nh tnh trng nhim ixin ti khu vc sn bay BH k t nm 1990. By nghin cu trong s ny c thu thp nhng ch c 5 nghin cu cho php s dng s liu. Trn a bn sn bay BH c nhiu khu vc khng nh hay nghi nhim ixin (Khu Z1, khu Ty nam, khu Pacer Ivy, khu ng bc, khu Ty bc) v mt s khu vc bn ngoi Sn bay (pha ty khu Pacer Ivy, h Cng 2, h Bin Hng nm pha nam Sn bay). V tr ca nhng khu vc ny trnh by trong Hnh 2-1.

Da trn kt qu chn mu trc y c th thy t v trm tch nhim ixin c s hin din do hu qu ca cc hot ng vn chuyn, ct tr, tiu hy Cht Da cam v cc loi cht dit c khc trc y. Khi b pht tn, nhng loi cht c bit k nc/khng ha tan trong nc ny s kt hp vi cc thnh phn hu c c trong t v trm tch ti khu vc Sn bay. Phn t mt v trm tch b nhim ha cht lan rng t im ct tr, x l ban u, b ri rt thng qua mt s c ch vn chuyn, pht tn chnh l: ra tri khi c ma; cc hot ng xc o, vn chuyn vt liu t nhim ha cht ti Sn bay nh hot ng xy dng, sn xut nng nghip; v do hin tng st l do gi gy ra.

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Tng quan

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Nhng d cc s liu c c t trc y cho thng tin hu ch v thc trng nhim th vn cn mt s sai lch c th c trong cc s liu c v vn c mt s a im cn c tip tc nghin cu k lng hn xc nh y phm vi nhim, tnh ton chnh xc khi lng t, bn (trm tch) b nhim ixin. b p nhng thiu ht v s liu ny v p ng cc yu cu v s liu, mt t chn mu c xy dng, thc hin vi s hp tc cht ch cng n v i tc tham gia nghin cu bn pha Vit Nam l Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Qun s thuc B Quc phng Vit Nam. Nghin cu thc hin ly mu ti khu vc sn bay t 76 a im khc nhau gi l cc n v quyt nh trong hai t iu ng thc a vo cc nm 2014 v 2015. Cc mu ny c thu thp theo mt phng php ly mu tng hp gi l ly mu a im (MIS), mt phng php c xy dng vi mc ch gim thiu tnh thiu ng nht ca t, cho ra kt qu vi sai lch thp hn ng k v tin cy thng k hp l cao hn so vi phng php ly mu n im hay cc phng php ly mu tng hp km tin cy khc. Tng cng qua t ly mu ny thu thp c hn 1.400 mu, trong c hn 1.300 mu t v trm tch tng hp c th phn tch ixin v 100 mu t, trm tch, nc ngm, qun th sinh vt phn tch c im ha hc v/hoc l tnh. S mu c thu thp v phn tch trong Nghin cu ny l mt con s ln, cha tng c tin l ti Vit Nam, v y cng l chng trnh ly mu ixin ln nht c thc hin cho n nay ti Vit Nam.

Khong 550 mu ixin t v trm tch hn hp c phn tch v i chiu vi cc ngng ixin theo hnh thi s dng t c ph duyt ca B Quc phng (BQP) cho khu vc sn bay BH. Cc ngng ixin ca BQP trn u ph hp vi cc tiu chun theo hnh thi s dng t ca Vit Nam v ngng ixin cho php trong t (QCVN 45:2012/BTNMT) v trm tch (TCVN 8183:2009), ng thi c p dng da trn hnh thc s dng t hin ti v sp ti. Da trn kt qu phn tch, xc nh c tnh trng nhim ixin ti cc im nhim ixin bit (cc khu Z1, Ty nam, Pacer Ivy), nhng a im t nhim hn bit khc (khu ng bc v Ty bc, cc im v pha ty khu Pacer Ivy, h Cng 2), ng thi cng pht hin c ti mt s a im mi (c trong v ngoi sn bay, nh khu ng ln Z1, mt s a im khc ti khu Ty nam v Pacer Ivy). Tng lng t v trm tch nhim ixin pht hin c trong Nghin cu ny vo khong 408.500 495.300 mt khi (m3), trong c khong 315.700 377.700 m3 t nhim ixin v 92.800 117.600 m3 trm tch nhim ixin, pht hin c c trong v ngoi khu vc sn bay.

Vi tnh trng nhim ixin phn b nh trn trong t v trm tch ti khu vc sn bay BH, cng nh mt s im trm tch v qun th c bn ngoi khu vc sn bay, c th thy l vn cn nguy c phi nhim c trong v ngoi sn bay. Mt s nghin cu trc y (Hatfield v Vn phng 33 2011; Durant v ng nghip 2014) xc nh c con ng phi nhim ixin chnh ti khu vc ny l do n c v cc loi ng vt thy sinh khc. Tt c cc mu c ch tr mt mu duy nht em phn tch trong t chn mu 2014/2015 u nhim ixin, trong khi lnh cm nh bt cho n nay vn cha c hiu qu (Thanh 2015). V th, cc hot ng nui trng, nh bt, vn chuyn c b nhim ixin v cc loi ng vt thy sinh khc n tay ngi tiu dng c trong v ngoi khu vc sn bay u ko theo nguy c nhim ixin cao trong cng ng dn c ti Bin Ha. Tuy vn c mt s con ng phi nhim khc nhng vic s dng c, v cc ng vt thy sinh khc vn l yu t c kh nng gy nguy c ln nht cho sc khe ngi.

Tng quan

Nghin cu cng tin hnh phn tch mt tiu h cc mu t v trm tch tm hiu nh hng v mt l tnh v/hoc cc nh hng tim tng ca t s c mt ca cc loi hp cht, cht gy nhim ng quan ngi (COPC) khc i vi d n ci to mi trng sau ny. Cc phn tch ny cho thy khi xy dng cc phng n x l cn xem xt nh hng tim tng i vi sc khe ngi ca cht Axen c trong t v trm tch, nhng khng pht hin thy c cht COPC no khc ti nhng im pht hin b nhim ixin, hay pht hin thy mc nng cao hn ngng chun ca Vit Nam hay ngng tm sot theo mc nguy c ca Cc Bo v Mi trng Hoa K (USEPA).

Cc mu nc n v nc ngm nng cng c thu thp tm hiu cc con ng phi nhim hin ti cng nh nhng con ng khc c th pht sinh trong qu trnh x l sau ny. Mt s mu c v hai mu mi ly t ngun nc ngm nng (khng phi ngun nc n) thu c ti khu vc sn bay gn vi nhng im gc nhim xc nh c nng ixin vt ngng chun nc thi ca Vit Nam l 10 phn triu t (ppq) cng nh tiu chun nc n ung ca USEPA (30 ppq) i vi nc cha qua lc. Trong hai mu mi thu c c vt ngng, mu nc qua lc ch cao hn tiu chun nc thi ca Vit Nam nhng khng cao hn tiu chun ca USEPA. Cc mu ly t cc ngun nc n ti ch v cc ging nc ngm bn ngoi khng cho thy nng ixin vt ngng cho php ca USEPA hay Vit Nam.

Gii php x l Cc s liu, thng tin thu thp c trong qu trnh GMT c s dng xy dng mt s phng n x l c th cn nhc, t khng can thip, n c lp ton b, n x l ton b. Cc phng n c xy dng da trn nhng cng ngh xc nh thng qua qu trnh tng quan nghin cu, p ng cc tiu ch sng lc v mc hon thin, cnh tranh v chi ph, v phi c CP Vit Nam chp thun. Sau y l nhng phng n c xem xt trong chng trnh GMT ny:

Phng n 1: Khng can thip (lm u vo; i chiu). Phng n 2: C lp ton b t, trm tch vt ngng ixin ca BQP quy nh cho cc

khu vc trong sn bay: Phng n 2A: C lp bng Bi chn lp th ng hay ch ng. Phng n 2B: C lp bng phng php ha rn/n nh vt liu.

Phng n 3: X l ton b t v trm tch trn ngng 2.500 ppt; c lp t, trm tch nm khong gia, t ngng ixin ca BQP v 2.500 ppt.

Phng n 4: X l ton b t v trm tch trn ngng 1.200 ppt; c lp t, trm tch nm khong gia, t ngng ixin ca BQP n 1.200 ppt.

Phng n 5: X l ton b t, trm tch vt ngng ixin ca BQP quy nh cho cc khu vc trong Sn bay: Phng n 5A: X l bng phng php l t/x l nhit ngoi hin trng. Phng n 5B: X l bng phng php Gia nhit truyn dn (TCH) ngoi hin trng. Phng n 5C: X l bng Phn hy ha c (MCD).

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tng thit k ca cc phng n trn c xy dng, nh gi cn c trn hiu qu, tnh kh thi, chi ph, tc ng mi trng, x hi. Tt c cc phng n (tr Phng n Khng can thip, Phng n 1) u bo m tun th ng lut nh ca Vit Nam v cc mc ngng ixin ca BQP i vi khu vc sn bay BH, cng nh bo m cc mc tc ng mi trng, x hi ph hp, trong c bin php tiu hy ton b tm, c ti tt c cc ao h. Theo , tt c cc phng n kh thi u s gim c nguy c phi nhim ixin cho ngi. V vy, mi phng n kh thi (t Phng n 2 n 5) trnh by trn u c th c u tin la chn hn phng n Khng can thip.

Cn c trn hnh thi s dng t hin nay v d kin i vi phn ln cc khu vc b nhim ti mt sn bay qun s, gii php s dng kt hp phng n x l phn vt liu c nguy c cao nht v c lp ton b cc vt liu xc o khc s l mt gii php hp l, c kh nng cn i gia cc u tin qun l ca c chnh ph M (CPM) v chnh ph Vit Nam v x l, vi nhng phng n thc t, chi ph thp p dng cho phn vt liu c nguy c thp. Gia hai cng ngh c lp c gii thiu, phng n ha rn/n nh vt liu c u tin hn so vi cng ngh bi chn lp v t phi bo dng hn v c th coi l mt gii php lu di cho php ti s dng t mc no , trong khi bi chn lp i hi phi bo dng, quan trc trong sut vng i d tnh ca cng trnh (thng l 50 nm, sau cht lng ca cng trnh c th s khng cn bo m), cng nh khng th ti s dng t trong phm vi cng trnh. Trong s cc cng ngh x l, phng php l t v x l TCH ngoi hin trng c u tin hn cng ngh MCD, v l t v TCH ngoi hin trng c chng minh kh nng x l ixin trn thc t, v c th trin khai cng vi bin php x l hiu qu kh thi nhng mc nng nh ca Bin Ha. trong khi , cng ngh MCD tuy c chng minh lhiu qu i vi nhng mc nng nhim o c sn bay BH nhng cha tin hnh th nghim trn thc t (mi th nghim trn l 6 kg), ngoi ra cn cn nng cp x l mt s vn lin quan n x l bi pht tn, kh thi, hn na vn cn kim tra kh nng kim sot pht thi ra khng kh bng cc th nghim kh thi ng khi k lng. Phng n l t tuy c gi thnh ban u cao nhng li c li th l khng cn giy php s dng cng ngh, v l mt phng n c th s dng lu di cho Vit Nam, c th a vo sau khi x l ixin x l cc cht nhim hu c kh phn hy khc. Mt khc, cng ngh TCH ngoi hin trng l cng ngh phi c trin khai bi nh cung cp c giy php, v d cc kt qu tt khi p dng cng ngh ny trong d n ci to mi trng ti sn bay Nng to s yn tm khi trin khai nhng y khng phi l mt cng ngh c th s c " li cho Vit Nam s dng vo vic x l nhng cht nhim khc v/hoc cc im nng ixin c mc nhim thp.

Bo co lp d ton s b cho tng phng n (tr Phng n 1 Khng can thip) cn c trn tng thit k trnh by trong bo co GMT ny. giai on nh gi phng n ny, thit k ca cc phng n khc phc vn cn dng tng, cha i vo chi tit, v th s liu d ton s b c trnh by di dng ly tha 10. Tng d ton s b ca phng n khc phc c xy dng trong bo co GMT ch yu nhm phc v vic so snh gia cc phng n trong qu trnh xt chn phng n, ch khng phi lp ngn sch d n. Chi ph ca cc phng n khc phc ch t chnh xc t -40% n +75% so vi chi ph thc, cn c vo phm vi nghin cu trnh by.

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Tng quan

Phng n 2A l phng n t tn km nht, trong khi Phng n 5A l phng n c chi ph cao nht. Cn c vo khi lng nhim c tnh l 495.300 m3, tng d ton s b ca gii php bi chn lp th ng trong Phng n 2A l 137 triu $ (con s d ton dao ng t 82 n 239 triu $), thc hin trong 5-6 nm, cn gii php l t trong Phng n 5A c tng d ton s b l 794 triu $ (dao ng t 476 triu n 1,4 t $), thc hin trong 8-10 nm. i vi Phng n 1 Khng can thip s khng c chi ph trin khai hay chi ph vn hnh, bo dng (VH&BD) lu di. Tuy nhin s c nhng chi ph ngoi sinh ng k, nh chi ph do bnh tt pht sinh t vic b phi nhim vi ixin nng cao. Nhng chi ph ny tuy khng th lng ha c nhng vn cn lu v c th s rt ng k.

Tt c cc phng n x l u c mt s tc ng mi trng tch cc nh loi b c cc con ng phi nhim ixin v gim nguy c phi nhim ixin, cng nh loi b cc im c nng ixin cao ti khu vc sn bay, hin ang gy kh khn cho vic chuyn i hnh thi s dng t hay u t xy dng. Nhn chung, cc nh hng mi trng, nh hng x hi, vn gii lin quan ni chung ca tt c cc phng n x l u mc tng i ng k. Tuy nhin d n cn c cc gii php gim thiu, gim st/quan trc x l mi nh hng mi trng, nh hng x hi, vn gii lin quan, vi chi ph rt thp so vi chi ph thc hin i vitt c cc phng n ny.

Nhng yu t cn xem xt thm trong thi gian ti Tt c cc phng n khc phc u cn qua khu quy hoch, thit k k thut, ph duyt d n ca pha Vit Nam v u thu/mua sm. D kin cng on ny s cn 3-5 nm thc hin trc khi trin khai phng n c chn. Nhn chung, sau khi chn c phng n v cng ngh p dng, cng nh k hp ng vi nh thu thit k (bc ny c th mt 1-2 nm), d n s cn khong 2-3 nm lp thit k trin khai hon chnh, thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng theo quy nh ca Vit Nam v tt c cc quy trnh ph duyt cn thit.

Trong thi gian ti, cc bn lin quan trong d n cn xem xt mt s vn , gii php cn thit xy dng n ci to da trn tng thit k cp n trong nghin cu GMT ny. Theo trnh t thi gian tng i trong chu trnh d n in hnh loi n (t khu nghin cu n khi trin khai), cc bn tham gia trong d n cn xem xt thc hin thm mt s hot ng c t khu vc v thu thp s liu nn theo trng im h tr cng tc thit k, quy hoch sau ny. Cc cng vic cn thit gm: nh gi nguy c; tip tc nh gi mt s cng ngh gim thiu nh hng xc nh c trong qu trnh GMT; tham vn vi pha Vit Nam v cc i tc trin khai tim nng khc chn ra gii php chung v ci to mi trng, vi nhng ni dung nh chc nng, nhim v ca cc bn, ng thi xy dng cc gi thit k y cho gii php c chn, cng nh vn dng cc bi hc kinh nghim thu c t qu trnh thc hin cc bin php khc phc ti sn bay Nng. Cc bn lin quan cng cn xem xt thc hin mt s bin php trung gian b sung nhm gim nguy c phi nhim thng xuyn cho ngi dn a phng c trong v ngoi khu vc sn bay, c bit do n tm, c, qun th sinh vt b nhim c, bt k qu trnh trin khai c thc hin nh th no hay khi no.

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Mc 1 Tm tt

1.1 Mc ch, quy trnh Ti liu ny l bo co nh gi mi trng (GMT), son tho theo Ch th cng tc s AID-486-13-00009, nh gi mi trng ti sn bay Bin Ha (gi tt l Nghin cu), vi s ti tr ca C quan Pht trin Quc t Hoa k (USAID). Ti liu do cng ty CDM International, Inc. (CDM Smith) v Hatfield Consultants (Hatfield) thc hin, theo quy nh ti Quyn 22, B php in cc Quy phm lp quy Lin bang (CFR) ca Hoa K, Phn 216.

Sn bay Bin Ha (sau y gi tt l sn bay BH) l mt im nng v tnh trng nhim ixin do tng l ni s dng, ct tr, x l, vn chuyn Cht Da cam v cc loi cht dit c khc trong chin tranh. Mc tiu chung ca bo co GMT ny l cung cp thng tin nn vo cho nhng bin php khc phc tnh trng nhim Cht Da cam c th p dng sau ny ti khu vc sn bay BH. C th, mc ch ca bo co GMT ny l :

Tm hiu y tnh cht, mc nhim ixin ti khu vc sn bay BH. Xc nh cc con ng phi nhim ixin. nh gi cc bin php kh thi nhm gim thiu v quan trc mi trng ngn hn/bin

php tm thi. nh gi cc phng n x l di hn c th p dng.

Ngoi ra, mt hot ng nh gi v vn gii cng c thc hin, a vo ni dung bo co GMT ny nhm:

Xc nh xem c tnh trng mt cn bng gii lin quan n phi nhim ixin nh hay ni lm vic t cc con ng phi nhim hin nay hay khng, hay mt cn bng pht sinh t cc bin php c lp ixin, ci to mi trng xut ti khu vc sn bay.

Xy dng gii php gim thiu tnh trng mt cn bng gii v lng ghp vo thit k ca cc bin php c lp, gim nh, nu cn.

Bo co GMT ti sn bay Bin Ha c thc hin theo cc quy trnh mi trng ti Quyn 22, CFR ca Hoa K, Chng 216 (22 CFR 216) v Yu cu Nhm khng c tc ng (RCE) trong khun kh quy trnh nh gi mi trng ban u (IEE), ph duyt ngy 6/9/2012, v bn sa i IEE trong RCE, ph duyt ngy 2/3/2015, trong iu chnh phn nhm GMT sang Nhm m km iu kin. Mc ch ca bo co GMT ny l nhm p ng cc quy nh v ci to mi trng ti khu vc sn bay BH theo quy nh 22 CFR 216.6(A), nh sau:

Mc ch ca bo co nh gi mi trng l nhm cung cp cho C quan v cc cp lnh o ca nc s ti nhng thng tin trao i y v nhng tc ng mi trng ng k ca gii php xut. Gii php ny s bao gm nhng phng n nhm trnh hay gim thiu cc nh hng xu, hay nng cao cht lng mi trng t cn nhc gia nhng li ch d kin ca cc mc tiu pht trin v cc tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng sng ca con ngi hay nhng hnh thc khai thc ti nguyn dn n cn kit vnh vin/khng c kh nng phc hi.

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Mc 1 Tm tt

Qu trnh nghin cu GMT ti sn bay Bin Ha khi u bng giai on xc nh phm vi nghin cu, bao gm cng vic thu thp thng tin v cc s liu mi trng trc y cng thc trng c th ti a bn hin nay. Cng on xc nh phm vi nghin cu ny c trnh by c th trong Bo co Xc nh phm vi nghin cu nh gi mi trng (ESS) theo quy nh 22 CFR 216, v c Gim c Mi trng (BEO) vn phng Chu ca USAID ph duyt t thng 10/2014. Trong ESS xc nh phm vi, tm quan trng ca mt s vn cn phn tch trong bo co GMT, cng nh xc nh, loi tr khi ni dung nghin cu chi tit nhng vn khng quan trng hay c cp n trong cc nghin cu mi trng trc y, t m xc nh c phm vi ca nghin cu GMT ny. Phm vi nghin cu GMT ti Sn bay BH bao gm x l nhng vn ng k c th c v tc hi i vi sc khe, mi trng, x hi lin quan n vic thc hin cc hot ng ci to tnh trng nhim ixin trong t v trm tch theo tiu chun ca Vit Nam cng nh nng cao gi tr s dng cho khu vc sn bay. Trong ESS xc nh bo co GMT cn tng hp cc ni dung tho lun, tham vn vi cc bn, cc tiu chun lin quan ca Vit Nam v ci to mi trng, ly mu kim tra, phn tch b sung, m hnh nh gi s b khu vc, kt qu nh gi cc phng n khc phc, mi trng b nh hng v cc h qu mi trng khi tin hnh ci to mi trng, h qu i vi cc yu t x hi nu b nh hng gin tip t nhng thay i ca mi trng thc th, t nhin khi tin hnh cng tc ci to mi trng, cc phng thc x l, quan trc mi trng, vn ti nh c. Nhng nhn nh, khuyn ngh chnh ny ca ESS c xem xt, nh gi li khi c thng tin mi pht sinh trong qu trnh lp bo co GMT lin quan n cc ngun ti nguyn, yu t mi trng, x hi hin c cng nh chi tit ca cc phng n c xem xt.

Sau khi lp ESS, mt k hoch chn mu ton din c xy dng, thc hin vi s hp tc ca cc c quan Vit Nam, c bit l B Quc phng (BQP), thi gian t thng 11/2014 n thng 4/2015 nhm xc nh thc trng, mc nhim ixin ti sn bay BH. Cn c vo cc s liu thu c v cc ngng ixin ca BQP p dng cho sn bay BH, nghin cu tnh ton khi lng nhim ixin v ln tng cho cc phng n khc phc. ng thi, nghin cu cng tin hnh xc nh s liu nn v mi trng, x hi, vn gii cho khu vc sn bay v cc cng ng gn k bng cc thng tin hin c. Sau tng phng n khc phc c nh gi xc nh cc nh hng mi trng, x hi, gii tim tng, chi ph, tnh kh thi, hiu qu thc hin, ng thi nghin cu cng tin hnh lp K hoch X l, Quan trc Mi trng (EMMP).

V th, bo co GMT ny s l c s la chn (cc) phng n u tin ca d n v khc phc tnh trng nhim ixin ti sn bay BH. Lut nh v mi trng ca Vit Nam quy nh phi thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng (GTMT) i vi cc hot ng ci to nhim ixin sau khi chn c phng n x l u tin cng nh xc nh c d n c th. V vy, bo co GMT ny cng s l bc u tin trong quy trnh GTMT ca Vit Nam v s c gii trnh chi tit sau khi chn c phng n x l c th cng nh khi c cc thit k, d ton lin quan. Nu pht hin thy cc tc ng mi trng ng k, tim tng khc trong qu trnh thit k phng n c chn th bo co GMT ny s c sa i, b sung theo nhng ni dung . Ni dung chi tit khc v mc ch, khung quy ch, phi hp vi cc c quan ca CP Vit Nam nu ti Mc 2.

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Mc 1 Tm tt

1.2 a bn d n Sn bay BH nm trn a bn thnh ph Bin Ha (Hnh 1-1), tnh ng Nai, cch TP. H Ch Minh khong 30 kilmet (km) v pha ng bc. TP. Bin Ha c mt dn s trung bnh khong 3.400 ngi/kilmet vung (km2) (theo Cc thng k ng Nai, 2013). sn bay BH c chung ranh gii vi cc phng Trung Dng, Quang Vinh, Bu Long, v nm trn a bn phng Tn Phong. Khu vc xung quanh sn bay c dn c ng c, trong phn ln din tch t c s dng lm nh , c s sn xut cng nghip, ng giao thng v cc cng trnh h tng lin quan. Nm 2013, TP. Bin Ha c khong 885.000 ngi sinh sng (Cc thng k ng Nai, 2013). Nm 2012 c khong 111.000 ngi sinh sng cc phng nm xung quanh sn bay v khong 1.200 ngi sng ngay trong khu vc sn bay (Canh 2012b). Tnh ton hin nay ca B t lnh binh chng Phng khng Khng qun (BTLPKKQ) cho bit ti khu vc sn bay BH lc cao im c khong 2.200 ngi lm vic. Theo cc tnh ton mi y v tc tng dn s ca tnh ng Nai (Cc thng k ng Nai, 2013), c tnh dn s hin ang sinh sng ti cc phng nm xung quanh khu vc sn bay v trong sn bay l khong 120.000 ngi1.

Bn thn sn bay BH l mt cn c khng qun ang hot ng, c tng din tch khong 1.000 hecta (ha). Nm ti khu vc ng bng tip gip vi sng ng Nai v pha ng v ng bc, khu vc sn bay BH cng c s dng cho cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip, nui th ng vt thy sinh, nht l mn bc sn bay. T nm 2007 n 2009, Hi Y t cng Vit Nam (VPHA) v nm 2013 l Vn phng Ban ch o trung ng v Khc phc hu qu ca cc loi ha cht c hi M s dng trong chin tranh (Vn phng 33) trin khai cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc v cc gii php tm thi nhm gim thiu phi nhim ixin i vi nhng ngi lm vic ti sn bay v cc cng ng a phng (V-Anh v ng nghip 2010; Hatfield v Vn phng 33 2011). Ngi dn c tuyn truyn v nhng nguy c do phi nhim ixin gy ra, cng vi hot ng dng cc bin bo cnh bo ngi dn khng nh bt c mt s ao h. Nm 2010, Ban qun l sn bay ra lnh cm nui trng, nh bt ng vt thy sinh theo khuyn co ca Vn phng 33. Hng ro c xy dng xung quanh cc khu vc c ao h chnh hn ch nh bt. D vy, cc hot ng ng nghip vn tip din ti cc ao h trong khu vc sn bay, v ngay theo quan st mi y vo thng 12/2015 vn ang tip tc (Thin-L Qun 2015).

V tnh hnh s dng t ti khu vc sn bay: 1. C khong 1.200 ngi sinh sng ti khu vc sn bay (Canh 2012b), cng khong 2.200

ngi lm vic ti sn bay lc cao im. 2. C 20 n v qun i ng ti sn bay, trong cc doanh tri c tng ro. 3. C nhiu hot ng hun luyn ca lc lng khng qun, ch yu din ra pha ng

khu hu cn. 4. v pha ng nam ng bng c mt khu vc nh xng din tch 50 ha.

1 Nm 2012 c khong 111.000 ngi sinh sng ti cc phng ca thnh ph Bin Ha xung quanh khu vc sn bay, trong c khong 1.200 ngi sng ngay trong khu vc sn bay (Canh 2012b). Trong thi gian lp bo co GMT c tnh c khong 120.000 ngi sng gn k v trong khu vc sn bay, trong tm tnh c 1.200 ngi sng trong khu vc sn bay. Cc s liu ny da trn cc tnh ton mi y v tc tng dn s ca tnh ng Nai theo bo co ca Cc thng k ng Nai (2013) v Hatfield (2015).

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5. Mt phn khu vc sn bay c s dng lm kho bi. 6. Pha bc khu vc sn bay s dng cho mc ch sn xut nng nghip (gm rung vn,

khu chn nui, nh cp gn y vo thng 4/2015) v mt s din tch trng cy cao su.

7. C mt s h ao nui c trong khu vc sn bay (ch yu nui th c r, r phi, ngoi ra cn c vt v cc loi ng vt thy sinh khc); nm 2010, sn bay chnh thc cm nui th c ti nhng ao h ny (theo khuyn co ca Vn phng 33). Tuy nhin, vic thc thi lnh cm ny vn gp nhiu kh khn. Theo li ca ngi dn a phng, phn ln cc hot ng nui th, nh bt ng vt thy sinh vn din ra sau khi c lnh cm l ca ngi di c t cc a phng khc n, trong khi nhng ngi ny khng thuc i tng tuyn truyn theo chng trnh ca Vn phng 33 (Thin L Qun 2015).

1.3 Tnh hnh s dng Cht Da cam v cc loi cht dit c khc ti khu vc sn bay Bin Ha trc y

Trong khng chin chng M, hn 80 triu lt cht dit c c ri xung min Nam Vit Nam trong mt chin dch c mt danh l Chin dch Ranch Hand (Cecil 1986). Sn bay Bin Ha l a bn rng ln nht v trng im nht ca chin dch Ranch Hand ti Vit Nam. Nhng loi ha cht dit c ny vn ch yu c s dng lm rng l cy ti cc cnh rng v ng rung, trong nhiu cht c cha 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) mt loi ph phm gy nhim. Sn bay BH c coi l mt khu vc im nng v nhim ixin do c nng cht TCDD cao cn st li ti hng chc nm sau khi lng ln Cht Da cam v cc loi cht dit c khc c ct tr, x l hay b chy trn ti khu vc sn bay BH trong chin tranh (Dwernychuk v ng nghip 2002; Dwernychuk 2005).

C 3 bn cha ln c s dng tr cht dit c ti khu vc sn bay, mi bn cha ring Cht Da cam, Cht Trng v Cht Xanh. Theo s liu ca qun i Hoa K, sn bay BH c s dng ct tr, x l, vn chuyn 98.000 thng c 45 gallon (170 lt) Cht Da cam, 45.000 thng Ha cht trng v 16.000 thng Ha cht xanh (B Quc phng M [DOD] 2007). Trong Cht Xanh tuy khng c ixin nhng c cht Axen hu c. Cc loi ha cht dit c khc cng c s dng ti sn bay BH, nh Ha cht mu tm, hng, lc v.v. Chin dch Pacer Ivy c pht ng ngy 15/9/1971 vi mc ch tp hp, ng gi li v di chuyn ton b s cht dit c mu da cam v cc loi cht dit c thuc chin dch Ranch Hand ti min nam Vit Nam sang cn c Johnston Atoll khu vc trung Thi bnh dng.

1.4 Cc con ng phi nhim tim nng; m hnh nh gi s b khu vc

M hnh nh gi s b khu vc (SCM) l tp hp cc s liu hin c v a bn, v l mt cng c c bit quan trng l gii, tm hiu v nhng s liu , pht hin nhng l hng trong s liu v a bn, m t cc con ng phi nhim, xy dng cc bin php khc phc ngn hn, xy dng, nh gi cc phng n x l v lu di, t trin khai hiu qu cc bin php khc phc. SCM c xy dng vi thng tin nn l thng tin v tnh hnh s dng t trc y, c im ca cc cht gy nhim ti a bn, c im bit ca khu vc, nh dng chy ca nc mt. SCM ban u c xy dng phc v cho bo co ESS.

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Mc 1 Tm tt

T kt qu ca cc cng tc ly mu trc y, r rng c th thy s tn ti ca t v trm tch nhim ha cht do cc hot ng vn chuyn, ct tr, phn hy Cht Da cam v cc loi cht dit c khc trc y. Khi b pht tn, nhng loi cht c bit k nc ny s kt hp vi cc thnh phn hu c c trong t v trm tch ti khu vc sn bay. Phn t mt v trm tch b nhim ha cht lan rng t im ct tr, x l ban u, ri rt thng qua 4 c ch vn chuyn, pht tn chnh l: ra tri khi c ma; cc hot ng xc o, vn chuyn vt liu t nhim ti sn bay, hot ng xy dng, sn xut nng nghip; v do hin tng st l do gi gy ra. Vic nui th, nh bt, vn chuyn c v cc loi ng vt thy sinh khc b nhim n tay ngi tiu dng c trong v ngoi khu vc Sn bay s ko theo nguy c nhim ixin cao cho cng ng.

1.5 nhim ixin ti khu vc sn bay Bin Ha Mt s t ly mu c thc hin c trong v xung quanh khu vc sn bay BH t nm 1990 nhm xc nh nng ixin vt ngng quc gia v quc t (Mc 3.2.1). Cc a im chnh c nhim ixin bit ti sn bay BH c xc nh nh sau:

Khu Z1: Nm pha nam sn bay, khu Z1 l ni ct tr chnh Cht Da cam, Cht Trng, cc loi cht dit c trng ti sn bay BH, ban u ct tr ch yu cc loi cht c mc gy nhim cao ti sn bay. Nm 2009, mt bi chn lp (gi l Bi chn lp Z1) c xy dng ti khu vc sn bay cha t nhim ly t im t cc bn cha.

Khu ty nam: Nm pha ty khu Z1, dc theo cc khu vc dn sinh tip gip vi sn bay, tnh trng nhim ixin c pht hin khu vc ny trong cc nghin cu nm 2008 v 2010. Khu vc ny cng b nghi c s dng lm ni ct tr cht dit c trong chin dch Pacer Ivy ti cn c (Hatfield v Trung tm Nhit i Vit-Nga [VRTC] 2009; Hatfield v Vn phng 33 2011).

Khu Pacer Ivy: Nm pha ty sn bay, khu Pacer Ivy gip vi khu ng bng hin nay. Trong chin dch Pacer Ivy, khu vc ny c s dng ct tr, ng thng, ng gi 11.000 thng cha Cht Da cam chuyn n cn c Johnston Atoll trung Thi bnh dng. Trong khun kh D n ixin ca Qu Mi trng Ton cu (GEF), Chng trnh Pht trin Lin hp quc (UNDP) nm 2013, mt lot cc rnh thot nc c xy dng xung quanh khu Pacer Ivy nhm hn ch nc trn vo trong khu vc ny v chy ra ngoi khu vc sn bay. Ngoi ra cng c mt lnh cm nui th, nh bt c c ban b trong khu vc ny.

Ngoi nhng im c nhim chnh bit, nng ixin cao cng c pht hin trong trm tch ti ao h cc khu Ty bc, ng bc v bn ngoi cn c (H Cng 2, H Bin Hng, knh thot nc pha ty khu Pacer Ivy). Cc mu c nguyn con, cng nh m c, m c c c phn tch ly t cc ao h, ng nc c trong v ngoi Sn bay u vt ngng cho php (Hatfield v Vn phng 33 2009, 2011). Cht ixin cng ghi nhn c trong huyt thanh v sa m ca nhng ngi dn sng ti Bin Ha, trong nng cao nht c ghi nhn nhng ngi thng xuyn n c r phi v cc loi c khc c ngun gc t sn bay BH (Hatfield v Vn phng 33 2009, 2011; Nguyn v ng nghip 2011). Nhng nghin cu ny xc nh nguy c nhim ha cht cho ngi dn a phng ti Bin Ha, ng thi khng nh con ng phi nhim chnh l do n c v cc loi thy sinh khc c ngun gc t sn bay BH (Durant v ng nghip 2014).

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tp hp y tnh cht v mc nhim ixin ti khu vc sn bay, mt chng trnh ly mu phm vi rng c USAID thc hin vo thng 11-12/2014 v thng 3-4/2015 trong khun kh hot ng GMT ny (Mc 3.2.2). a im ly mu c chn cn c trn nh gi chuyn mn, cc t ly mu trc y, nhng l hng kin thc bit, v ng gp ca BQP nhm bo m ly mu t khu vc bao quanh sn bay. Vic ly mu c thc hin ti 9 a im chung ti khu vc sn bay (khu Z1, khu ng ln Z1 [ZT], khu ty nam, khu Pacer Ivy, khu Ty bc, khu rng cy pha bc, khu ng bc, khu ng nam v cc ao h bn ngoi sn bay). C 9 a im ly mu chung ny c chia ra thnh nhiu cc n v quyt nh (DU) c cn nhc theo din tch phi nhim ixin hp l nhm xc nh nng ixin bnh qun. Hnh 1-2 cho bit v tr ca nhng a im ly mu ny cng nh v tr c th ca cc DU c chn ly mu trong chng trnh ly mu 2014/2015. Mi DU li c chia nh thnh 3 tiu n v quyt nh ly mu sng lc (DU ph) xc nh chnh xc hn khi lng nhim. Nng ixin pht hin c trong mu c i chiu vi Tiu chun quc gia Vit Nam v ngng ixin cho php trong t (QCVN 45:2012/BTNMT) v ngng ixin ca BQP i vi tng im ly mu (Mc 3.2.4). Ngng ixin cho php (phn nghn t) [ppt] c tnh tng ng [TEQ] tnh theo trng lng kh) c xc nh cn c vo hnh thi s dng t (Bng 1-1).

Sau y l mt s kt qu chnh ca chng trnh ly mu GMT nm 2014/2015 ca USAID (kt qu phn tch biu din theo n v ppt trn trng lng (picogram/gram [pg/g]) TEQ:

1. Khu vc ly mu chung: Kt qu ca chng trnh ly mu 2014/2015 cho thy phm vi t nhim ixin ti khu Pacer Ivy rng hn cc khu khc, tip n l khu Ty nam v khu Z1. Tuy nhin, nng ixin cao nht ti cc DU ph c ghi nhn ti khu Ty nam. Cn c trn kt qu ly mu v ngng ixin ca BQP i vi tng im ly mu, tng lng t v trm tch nhim ixin c tnh l khong 408.500 495.300 mt khi (m3). Cc con s ny tnh ton n dung sai do iu kin a bn thay i trong qu trnh thao tc v c trnh by chi tit ti Mc 3.2.5. Tng khi lng nhim gm khong 315.700 377.700 m3 t nhim v 92.800 117.600 m3 trm tch nhim. Din tch nhim c tnh l khong 522.400 mt vung (m2), trong c khong 369.600 m2 din tch t v 152.800 m2 din tch trm tch. Trong s 408.500 m3 khi lng nhim ixin, c 42 % nm khu Pacer Ivy, 24% khu Z1 (bao gm c Bi chn lp Z1), v 15% khu Ty nam. Phn 19% cn li nm cc khu ZT, Ty bc v ng bc. Khong 5% tng khi lng nhim ixin nm ngoi khu vc sn bay.

2. Khu Z1: Tr khu vc bi chn lp v trm tch ao h ti khu Z1 (ti a 1.578 ppt trm tch ti im Z1-10, su 15-30 xentimet [cm]), nhn chung nng ixin l tng i thp (nht l trong t). Vic xc o, di chuyn t nhim v xy dng bi chn lp vo nm 2009 c th ni t hiu qu khi gim c ng k nng ixin ni chung khu Z1 (cng theo bo co ca Hatfield v Vn phng 33 2011). Nng ixin ti a trong t ghi nhn c, tr ti bi chn lp, ti im Z1-16B (901 ppt). Mu c r ly ti im Z1-9 c nng ixin vt cc ngng an ton cho ngi s dng nh ngng 3,5 ppt ca Lin minh chu u (EU) v ngng 20 ppt ca Cc Kim nh Thc phm Canaa [CFIA] (68,3 ppt trong mu c nguyn con).

3. Bi chn lp Z1: Nng ixin ti khu vc bi chn lp (1.510 ppt) l thp hn d kin, so vi lng t nhim cha ti h v nng cao ti khu vc ny theo bo co ca Hatfield v VRTC (2009; ti a l 262.000 ppt). Cn c trn nhng hiu bit v quy trnh

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xy dng Bi chn lp Z1, trong dy lp cht thi l khong 1,5 mt (m) trn din tch o c c khong 4,0 ha, c tnh bi ny cha khong 60.000 m3 t nhim. Nh nu ti Mc 3.2.1, cc c tnh trc y cho khi lng l 94.000 m3 (Hatfield 2013).

4. Khu ZT: Nm pha bc khu Z1, khu vc ny trc y l khu vc t ng ln my bay vn chuyn cht dit c, bc/d hng ln xung my bay, vn chuyn kh ti trong chin tranh, nhng cha tng c kho st cho n trc Nghin cu GMT 2014/2015. Nng ixin bo co theo Nghin cu ny ca khu vc t kh thp (di ngng ixin ca BQP), tr mt v tr ti im ZT-2B (3.440 ppt).

5. Khu ty nam: Khu vc ny c nng ixin cao nht so vi tt c cc DU ph ly mu ti sn bay BH (110.000 ppt ti im SW-1A, su 30-60 cm). Nng ti khu Ty nam ch yu tp trung ti cc DU SW-1, SW-2A v B, SW-3A v B. Tuy nhin, nng ixin vt ngng ixin ca BQP cng c ghi nhn ti cc im SW-7A (674 ppt) v SW-7B (311 ppt).

6. Khu Pacer Ivy: Mt s DU ti khu Pacer Ivy c nng ixin vt ngng ixin ca BQP, nht l khu vc dc theo ra ty cn c (PI-2, PI-8, PI-10, PI-17, PI-18, PI-20); nng ixin trong t cao nht ghi nhn ti im PI-2 (11.400 ppt, su 30-60 cm). Phm vi nhim m rng ra c ngoi sn bay n cc im PI-12, PI-15, PI-16, c bit l dc theo knh thot nc pha ty khu Pacer Ivy (ti a 3.370 ppt ti im PI-15). Ngun gy nhim ixin l do t/trm tch nhim di chuyn trn tuyn knh mng t khu Pacer Ivy chy v pha ty qua mt lot cc knh rch ra sng ng Nai. Tuy nhin, trong mu trm tch ti sng ng Nai pha h ngun cc knh trn khng pht hin nhim (ti a 69,1 ppt ti im PI-21). Mu c da trn ti im PI-20 c nng ixin cao (57,7 ppt trong m c; 3.550 ppt trong m; 69,5 ppt trong mu c nguyn con); khu vc ny trc y cng c s dng nhiu cho nui th c r phi, nui vt v cc loi ng vt thy sinh khc, sau cc hot ng ny ngng t nm 2015.

7. Khu ty bc: Nng ixin trong trm tch cao hn ngng ixin ca BQP ti im NW-4A (477 ppt, su 0-15 cm; 262 ppt, su 15-30 cm) v im NW-3C (385 ppt, su 0-15 cm; 587 ppt, su 15-30 cm). C hai ao ny u c s dng nui th c ti thi im tin hnh chng trnh ly mu GMT vo thng 3/2015; mu c r phi thu c ti im NW-4 c nng ixin cao nht trong tt c cc mu c thu c, trn ngng ixin (49,9 ppt trong m c, 760 ppt trong trng, 3.780 ppt trong m).

8. Khu rng cy pha bc: Nng ixin o c trong mu ly t khu vc ny t di ngng ixin ca BQP, tr ti im NF-4A v B (cao nht 465 ppt).

9. Khu ng bc: Mu trm tch ti mt s ao h ti khu vc ny c nng ixin trn ngng ixin ca BQP. Cc mc nng ixin trong trm tch cao nht o c c ti im NE-7 (1.300 ppt, su 0-15 cm; 765 ppt, su 30-45 cm). Mu m c r phi ly t ao ny cng c nng ixin (837 ppt) trn ngng ixin. Mu c trm ti im NE-15 cng c nng ixin, nht l trong m, vt ngng ixin (1.440 ppt trong m; 33,9 ppt trong m c). y chnh l khu vc c nhiu hot ng nui th c nht ti sn bay BH, trong c mt s ao h ln cho sn lng c ng k bn ra cho dn s dng c trong v ngoi khu vc sn bay.

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10. Khu ng nam: Khu vc ny cha tng c kho st trc Nghin cu GMT

2014/2015. Mu t ti khu vc ny ch o c nng ixin thp (cao nht l 64,5 ppt ti im SE-2), di ngng ixin ca BQP.

11. Bn ngoi khu vc sn bay (cc ao h bn ngoi): Trm tch mt ti h Cng 2 (166 ppt) cao hn tiu chun v nhim ixin ca Vit Nam i vi trm tch (150 ppt); trm tch ti h Bin Hng (83 ppt) thp hn tiu chun v nhim ixin ca Vit Nam. Cng tc no vt hay lm sch trm tch ti h Bin Hng thc hin nm 1995 (Nguyn v ng nghip 2005), v c th ni l mt bin php rt hiu qu trong gim nng ixin trong trm tch. Tuy nhin, mu c ly t h Bin Hng vn c mc ixin cao hn ngng ixin i vi m (40,6 ppt), nhng vn di mc cho php i vi m c (0,8 ppt trong m c; 9,4 ppt trong trng). Nghin cu khng ly mu c t h Cng 2 nhng cc kt qu ly mu trc y ti a im ny cho thy nng ixin cao vt ngng ixin i vi mu c r phi nguyn con (Hatfield v Vn phng 33 2009; 2011).

12. Nc n: Cc mu ly t ging nc ngm bn ngoi v cc ngun nc n ti ch khng cho thy nng ixin vt ngng cho php ca Cc Bo v Mi trng Hoa K (USEPA) hay ca Vit Nam i vi nc n ung.

13. Cc ngun nc ngm ti ch khc: Ngoi cc mu nc n ni trn, nghin cu cng tin hnh ly mu nc qua lc v cha qua lc t cc ging quan trc nc ngm ti sn bay. Tng cng c 5 ging quan trc nc ngm c kim tra ti su ngm 3 15 m v mt ging ti su 2 6 m, tt c cc ging ny u khng su c th coi l cc ngun nc n ph hp. Cc mu ny c nng ixin vt ngng nhim ti a (MCL) ca USEPA v tiu chun x thi ca Vit Nam i vi nc cha qua lc, cng nh c lng kim loi ch vt ngng MCL ca ESEPA. Cht picloram c pht hin trong cc mu mi nht nm 2015 vi hm lng di ngng MCL ca USEPA, nhng cng c nhng trng hp vt ngng MCL quan st c trong cc nghin cu trc (Dekonta 2014). Trong cc mu nc ging c qua lc, nng ixin t di ngng MCL ca USEPA, nhng vn cao hn tiu chun x thi ca Vit Nam l 10 phn triu t (ppq). Nc ngm nhng a im ny khng c s dng lm nc n. Nng ixin trong cc mu qua lc d kin gim do ixin rt d tan trong nc v cng d phn hy thnh cc cht rn hu c l lng.

1.6 Cc bin php gim thiu nguy c Mt s bin php (Mc 3.3.1) c BQP, Vn phng 33, D n ixin ca GEF UNDP trin khai ti sn bay BH nhm gim thiu nguy c phi nhim vi ixin mc cao. Bi chn lp Z1 c BQP xy dng nm 2009 ti khu Z1, c sc cha khong 50.000 60.000 m3 t nhim thu hi trong khu vc. Nh trnh by chi tit ti Mc 3.2.1, cc nghin cu trc y cho bit khi lng t x l bng bi chn lp l 94.000 m3. Nm 2015, BQP bt u thi cng Bi chn lp XD-2 (nm v mn ng Bi chn lp Z1) tp kt t nhim a v t khu Ty nam. Nm 2013 v u 2014, mt s bin php kim sot nc mt c Vn phng 33 thc hin ti khu Pacer Ivy, khu Ty bc, khu ng bc, vi kinh ph ca GEF thng qua UNDP, nhm x l nc ma xi tip xc vi t hay trm tch nhim. Ngoi ra, cc cng trnh tng ro v/hoc bin bo c dng gn mt s ao h nhm ngn chn ngi ra vo, nui th, nh bt c; lnh cm nui, nh bt c c ban b; Vn phng 33 trin khai cc chng trnh tuyn truyn v ixin. Nu nhng bin php ny t kt qu ra th coi nh c bin php c trin khai gim ng k nguy c phi nhim ixin.

13

Mc 1 Tm tt

Ngoi ra cn c mt s bin php khc cn cn nhc p dng tip tc hn ch nguy c phi nhim (Mc 3.3.2), nh: kim sot hay phn hy nhim ngoi khu vc; phn hy tt c cc loi c, qun th sinh vt trong cc ao h ti sn bay, h Cng 2, h Bin Hng; dng hng ro, bin bo, cc bin php hn ch ra vo khc nhm hn ch hot ng nui, nh bt c; tip tc trin khai cc chng trnh tuyn truyn ca Vn phng 33.

1.7 Phng n x l v lu di Nghin cu xy dng mt danh mc cc cng ngh c th p dng sau khi nghin cu cc nh gi cng ngh v cc nghin cu khoa hc trc y (Mc 4.2.1 v Ph lc C). Cng tc sng lc cng ngh s b c thc hin nhm loi ra nhng cng ngh khng p ng c 3 tiu chun sau (trnh by chi tit ti Mc 4.2.2):

Cng ngh hay gii php c bo m phn hy hay c lp ixin trn phm vi rng hn so vi nghin cu ti phng lab, t t cc mc nng o c c trong t v trm tch ti sn bay BH n di cc ngng ixin theo hnh thi s dng t yu cu hay khng? Nu cng ngh khng chng t c kh nng x l hay c lp cc vt cht nhim v h xung di ngng ixin theo hnh thi s dng t th s khng c xem xt ngang hng vi cc cng ngh hay gii php chng t c mc hon thin, kh nng p dng.

Tng chi ph c qu cao hay khng cnh tranh bng nhng cng ngh tng ng khc khng? Nhng cng ngh c s liu c th v chi ph, k c s liu khi ton s c em ra so snh. Nhng cng ngh khng c thng tin v chi ph hay ch c thng tin hn ch v chi ph s c nh gi theo kin chuyn mn da trn nhng ch tiu chi ph d kin.

Cng ngh hay gii php c th c chp nhn bi cc i tc Vit Nam khng? Tiu ch ny da trn kin ca cc i tc pha Vit Nam trong nhng phin tho lun ban u v nh gi cng ngh, hay cc cuc tho lun trc y.

Trong Ph lc C trnh by chi tit tt c cc cng ngh v quy trnh sng lc. Cc phng n x l sau s c xy dng vi nhng cng ngh, gii php c chn ra t qu trnh sng lc. Tt c cc phng n (tr Phng n Khng can thip, Phng n 1) u c xy dng bo m tun th ng lut nh ca Vit Nam (Mc 2.5.1) v cc mc ngng ixin theo hnh thi s dng t ca BQP (Mc 3.2.4), cng nh bo m cc mc tc ng mi trng, x hi ph hp. Theo , tt c cc phng n kh thi u s gim c nguy c phi nhim ixin cho ngi. V vy, mi phng n kh thi (t Phng n 2 n 5) trnh by trn u c th c u tin la chn hn phng n Khng can thip. Mi phng n kh thi cng phi bao gm bin php tiu hy ton b cc loi c, ng vt thy sinh khc ti cc ao h (Mc 4.4). Cc phng n c xy dng cng tnh n cc con ng phi nhim c th c, xem xt xc nh cc DU, khi lng ly mu, yu t hu cn, tnh kh thi chung, u nhc im ca tng cng ngh v/hoc gii php.

Trong phm vi c th, cc phng n c xy dng vi mt lot cc bin php t khng can thip, n c lp ton b, n x l ton b nh minh ha ti Hnh 1-3 v tm tt di y:

Phng n 1: Khng can thip (lm u vo; i chiu).

14

Mc 1 Tm tt

Phng n 2: C lp ton b t, trm tch vt ngng ixin ca BQP quy nh cho cc

khu vc trong sn bay: Phng n 2A: C lp bng Bi chn lp th ng hay ch ng. Phng n 2B: C lp bng phng php ha rn/n nh vt liu.

Phng n 3: X l ton b t v trm tch trn ngng 2.500 ppt; c lp t, trm tch nm gia khong t ngng ixin ca BQP n 2.500 ppt.

Phng n 4: X l ton b t v trm tch trn ngng 1.200 ppt; c lp t, trm tch nm gia khong t ngng ixin ca BQP n 1.200 ppt.

Phng n 5: X l ton b t, trm tch vt ngng ixin ca BQP quy nh cho cc khu vc trong sn bay: Phng n 5A: X l bng phng php l t/x l nhit ngoi hin trng. Phng n 5B: X l bng phng php Gia nhit truyn dn (TCH) ngoi hin trng. Phng n 5C: X l bng Phn hy ha c (MCD).

Trong cc Phng n t 2 n 5, tt c trm tch vt ngng cho php ca Vit Nam v ixin s c t chc xc o. S khng thc hin bin php ha rn/n nh trm tch ti ch. Ngng nng 2.500 ppt c chn cho Phng n 3 cn c trn im phn gii s liu t nhin, c s dng phn tch gia khi lng c tnh t, trm tch nhim thnh nhm c lp 75% v nhm x l 25%. Ngng nng ixin 1.200 ppt c chn cho Phng n 4, ng vi tiu chun Vit Nam l 1.200 ppt v s dng t cng nghip.

Hai Phng n 2A v 2B u ch yu tp trung vo c lp ixin, trong khi cc Phng n 5A, 5B, 5C c xy dng thc hin duy nht bin php phn hy ixin thng qua x l. Cc Phng n 3 v 4 c xy dng di dng gii php khc phc kp, va x l vt liu c nng nhim cao, va c lp vt liu c nng nhim thp. Do vy, trong phn nh gi sau y, trc tin chng ti s trnh by v cc phng n c lp (Phng n 2), sau n cc cng ngh x l (Phng n 5), tip n s chn ra mt phng n c lp v mt phng n x l s dng trong m hnh hn hp (Phng n 3 v 4). Vic chn ra mt s cng ngh c lp v x l cho cc Phng n 3 v 4 khng c ngha l nhng cng ngh ny c u tin hay c ch nh. Thay vo , cc Phng n 3 v 4 c xy dng, nh gi so vi cc phng n khc nhm xem xt nhiu cp kt hp gia gii php c lp v x l, do c s chnh lch ln v chi ph gia cc cng ngh c lp, x l (x l c th c chi ph cao gp 4 6 ln c lp).

1.7.1 Phng n 1: Khng can thip Phng n Khng can thip xem xt cc tc ng mi trng tim tng ca vic khng thc hin bin php khc phc tnh trng nhim ixin ti sn bay BH (Mc 4.4.1). Phng n ny a ra cc thng tin, c tnh nn v s tn ti ca cc con ng phi nhim trong mt s nm/chc nm nu khng c hnh ng g. Phng n ny l c s u vo, da vo i chiu vi cc phng n khc.

1.7.2 Phng n 2: C lp ton b C 2 phng n c xy dng sau khi thc hin bc sng lc cng ngh ban u nhm mc ch c lp t v trm tch nhim ixin gim nguy c phi nhim, trnh tnh trng

15

Mc 1 Tm tt

cht gy nhim di chuyn trong mi trng khu vc. Trong tt c cc phng n c lp 100%, ton b cc DU ly t thi s c hon th bng t sch mang t ngoi vo, cn cc DU trm tch s khng cn hon th.

1.7.2.1 Phng n 2A: Bi chn lp Trong phng n ny (Mc 4.4.2), ton b t v trm tch vt ngng ixin ca BQP ti mt s im trong sn bay BH (tr Bi chn lp Z1 s gi nguyn) s c xc o, vn chuyn n 1 trong 2 bi chn lp mi c xy dng ti sn bay tiu hy, c lp. Mt bi chn lp s t ti khu Pacer Ivy, mt ti khu Z1.

S c 2 loi bi chn lp c th chn thi cng: bi chn lp th ng v ch ng. Hai loi bi chn lp ny v c bn c cc c im thit k, thi cng chnh ging nhau, nhng ch khc bit ch bi chn lp ch ng s tch hp thm phng php x l sinh hc vi mc tiu phn hy ixin ngay trong lng bi chn lp. Trong qu trnh GMT s nh gi bi chn lp th ng theo phng n c th ci hon thnh bi chn lp ch ng sau khi c kt qu v hiu qu x l trong phn hy ixin thng qua cc bin php x l sinh hc.

1.7.2.2 Phng n 2B: Ha rn/n nh vt liu Ha rn, n nh t v trm tch nhim l qu trnh c s dng ngn nga cc cht gy nhim di chuyn ra ngoi t vt liu nhim, t ngn nga phi nhim (Mc 4.4.3). n nh vt liu l qu trnh ha hc c s dng c nh cht gy nhim, gim tnh ha tan, kh nng thm thu ca cht gy nhim t vt liu cn x l.

Trong phng php ha rn/n nh, ngi ta cho thm cc cht kt dnh, vt liu trn vo t v trm tch trn ln vi nhau, hoc ti ch bng my khoan hay thit b c gii khc, hoc ngoi hin trng bng cc my trn nh trm trn. Nhng vt liu trn ph bin thng c s dng trong qu trnh ha rn, n nh gm cc cht kt dnh v c nh xi mng, tro bi, vi cng nh cc cht kt dnh, n nh hu c nh than hot tnh, nha ng hay st chng thm. Phng php cho thm cht n nh ccbon hu c s em li nhiu li ch trong qu trnh ha rn/n nh t, trm tch c ixin, v ixin s kt dnh cht vi ccbon. D cha c nhiu s liu v phng php ha rn/n nh lu di cc vt liu c ixin (tnh trng r r nc r n 10 nm sau khi ha rn/n nh), nhng cc thng tin hin c t cc khu vc x l cht thi c hi M cho thy mc thm thu ixin t t c ha rn/n nh gim xung di ngng MCL ca USEPA p dng cho nc n (30 ppq, tng ng pictogram/lt [pg/L]).

1.7.2.3 So snh gia cc phng n c lp C hai phng n c lp nu trn (chn lp v ha rn/n nh vt liu) u kh thi v c th trin khai c ngay ti a bn. C hai cng ngh u hiu qu trong c lp vt liu nhim ixin, trong phng php ha rn/n nh c th c hiu qu hn trong gim thiu kh nng ixin di chuyn. Tuy nhin, chi ph trin khai phng php chn lp li thp hn phng php ha rn/n nh t.

Phng n bi chn lp (2A) c chn lm gii php c lp phc v cng tc d ton cho Phng n 3 v 4. Vic chn phng php bi chn lp lm cng ngh c lp s dng trong

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Mc 1 Tm tt

Phng n 3 v 4 ch nhm mc ch tin i chiu gia mt s cp kt hp cc phng php x l v c lp v khng c ngha y l cng ngh c lp c chn.

1.7.3 Phng n 5: X l ton b C 3 phng n x l chng t hiu qu c chn trong bc sng lc cng ngh s b. Cc phn sau s trnh by v cc phng n c xy dng vi nhng cng ngh x l ny. Trong tt c cc phng n x l thun ty, vt liu qua x l s c s dng hon th cc DU ly t, tr phn t c x l cui cng trong d n. Trm tch v t qua x l khng c x dng lm t lp s c a vo im tp kt vt liu qua x l cui cng ti mt a im c sn bay v pha Vit Nam chp thun.

1.7.3.1 Phng n 5A: L t/X l nhit ngoi hin trng L t l mt cng ngh x l ixin c s dng t lu, vi mt s hnh thc ng dng ca cng ngh ny c trin khai x l t, trm tch nhim ixin. lm bay hi v phn hy ixin trong l t cn s dng nhit cao, khong 870 1.200 C (oC). Mt s loi l t c ng dng thnh cng trong thiu hy ixin (BEM Systems, Inc. [BEM] 2007), d loi l quay thng c s dng rng ri nht M x l t nhim ixin (USEPA 1998a, USEPA 1998b). Hiu qu x l (DE) bng l t c th t ti 99,9999% vi l quay. Hn na, cng sut ca cc l quay s dng s dng trn quy m ln trong x l t nhim ixin c bit c th ln n khong 25 30 tn/h (tph) (USEPA 1998a, USEPA 1998b). Cn c trn hiu qu quan st c v cc thng s k thut ca cc l t M, khong 8.100 m3 t nhim c th c x l trong mt thng. Ton b t v trm tch s c xc o, di chuyn n mt a im tp trung (ti khu Z1 hay Pacer Ivy) x l bng l t (Mc 4.4.5).

1.7.3.2 Phng n 5B: X l TCH ngoi hin trng TCH l mt cng ngh x l mi trng hon thin v c s dng ph bin (USEPA 2010), ng thi chng t c kh nng sinh nhit, phn phi nhit lng kh bm, phn hy ixin c trong t, trm tch (ENSR 2000, Baker v La Chance 2003, Baker v ng nghip 2007, Heron v ng nghip 2010, USAID 2015c). Cng ngh TCH c th trin khai ti ch hay ngoi hin trng, nhng cn c trn tnh trng ixin phn b ti sn bay BH vi din tch rng, su thp th x l ti ch v mt k thut s khng kh thi v s lng nhit tht thot s ln. Ngc li, nu t chc xc o, di chuyn a vt liu nhim vo mt kt cu ni, c cch nhit x l ngoi hin trng, nh vi phng php IPTD trong d n sn bay Nng, th s bo m qun l nhit tht thot tt hn cng nh to c mi trng gia nhit hiu qu hn. Theo , phng n TCH ngoi hin trng s bao gm cng vic xc o ton b t, trm tch nhim vt ngng ixin ca BQP ti tng DU vn chuyn n 1 trong 2 im x l (Mc 4.4.6). t v trm tch nhim s c a vo mt trong hai kt cu dng ng cch nhit, c nc (mt t ti khu Z1, mt ti khu Pacer Ivy) x l nhit ln n nhit ch nh l 335C. Phn ln ixin s b xy ha hay nhit phn trong m ny, phn cn li s ha hi v thi ra ngoi. ixin thi ra s c cho ht bm trong h thng x l th khi cho thi ra ngoi di dng kh hay hi nc qua x l.

1.7.3.3 Phng n 5C: MCD Cng ngh MCD s dng nng lng c hc kch thch cc phn ng ha hc dn n tiu hy cc phn t hu c cn st li. Nhng phn ng ha c ny rt phc tp v c lin quan

17

Mc 1 Tm tt

n mt lot cc c ch. Tuy nhin, ngi ta nhn chung tha nhn rng c ch phn hy chnh din ra nh vic to thnh cc gc t do hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn chia cc phn t t cha nhiu ixit silic, v sau l s tng tc vt l v ha cht gia cc cht xy ha cha nhiu nng lng ny vi cc hp cht hu c ch, sn sinh ra ccbon v nh hnh v mui v c (Heineke 1984). Cc l phn ng MCD c bng sng ch quc t thng s dng cc r-to c chuyn dng bn cao, thng xuyn tip xc vi hng ngn vin bi bng thp khng g to ra nhng va chm ht lin tc, lp i lp li. Nhng va chm ny s ko theo s to thnh cc gc t do ni trn, c kh nng chuyn ha v mt ha hc ixin sang ccbon v cc halide v c. Cng ngh MCD c ng dng di dng mt h thng khp kn, c quy m linh hot, v chng t c hiu qu x l ixin vi h s DE ln ti 99,99% trong iu kin phng th nghim v quy m th im.

Trong phng n MCD s thc hin xc o t, trm tch nhim, gim m nu m qu cao, vn chuyn vt liu n im tp kt t ti khu Z1 v Pacer Ivy, x l bng l phn ng MCD t ti cc im ny, ly mu gim nh, hon th bng vt liu qua x l v/hoc a vt liu qua x l cn li n mt im c sn bay v pha Vit Nam chp thun (Mc 4.4.7).

1.7.3.4 So snh cc phng n x l Tt c cc phng n x l nu trn d kin s u bo m tnh kh thi, thc tin ti sn bay BH, cng nh chng t c kh nng gim nng ixin trong t xung di ngng tiu chun ca Vit Nam (di tt c cc ngng i vi Phng n 5A v 5B, cng nh di ngng thng mi/cng nghip i vi Phng n 5C). Tuy nhin, chi ph lin quan n x l TCH ngoi hin trng li thp hn phng n l t hay MCD. V th, phng n x l TCH ngoi hin trng (5B) c chn lm gii php x l tnh ton chi ph trong cc Phng n 3 v 4, nh trnh by di y. Vic chn phng php x l TCH ngoi hin trng lm cng ngh x l s dng trong Phng n 3 v 4 ch nhm mc ch i chiu gia mt s cp kt hp cc phng php x l v c lp, v khng c ngha l y l cng ngh x l c chn.

1.7.4 Phng n 3: Bi chn lp cho vt liu < 2.500 ppt, X l TCH ngoi hin trng cho vt liu > 2.500 ppt

Phng n ny s dng kt hp gii php c lp (chn lp) v gii php x l (TCH ngoi hin trng) x l t, trm tch nhim ixin ti sn bay BH (Mc 4.4.9). Theo phng n ny, t v trm tch c nng ixin hn 2.500 ppt TEQ s c x l bng phng php TCH ngoi hin trng, cn t v trm tch c nng nm trong khong t ngng ixin ca BQP n 2.500 ppt s c a i chn lp, c lp. Bi chn lp Z1 s vn gi nguyn nh c v c nng ixin bnh qun di 2.500 ppt. Ngng nng 2.500 ppt c chn cho Phng n 3 cn c trn im phn gii s liu t nhin, c s dng phn tch gia khi lng c tnh t, trm tch nhim vt ngng ixin cho php ca Vit Nam thnh nhm c lp 75% v nhm x l 25%.

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Mc 1 Tm tt

1.7.5 Phng n 4: Bi chn lp cho vt liu < 1.200 ppt, X l TCH

ngoi hin trng cho vt liu > 1.200 ppt Phng n ny s dng cng phng php chung nh Phng n 3, trong kt hp gia gii php c lp (chn lp) v gii php x l (TCH ngoi hin trng) x l t, trm tch nhim ixin ti sn bay BH. Trong Phng n 4, t v trm tch c nng ixin trn 1.200 ppt TEQ (k c Bi chn lp Z1 hin nay) s c x l bng phng php TCH ngoi hin trng, cn t v trm tch c nng nhim nm trong khong t ngng ixin ca BQP n 1.200 ppt s c a i chn lp, c lp (Mc 4.4.10).

1.8 nh gi phng n theo bo co GMT, kt qu Trong bo co GMT c khon mc lp tng thit k cho tng phng n v nh gi cc phng n theo nhng tiu ch sau: 1) hiu qu ca phng n trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu v lm sch mi trng v/hoc c lp t, trm tch nhim ixin nhm gim thiu phi nhim; 2) tnh kh thi ca tng phng n ti Sn bay BH; 3) chi ph ca cc phng n; 4) tc ng mi trng tim tng ca tng phng n. Bng 1-2 cho bit tm tt kt qu nh gi cc phng n theo nhng tiu ch nu trn, cng nh tm tt lch trin khai d kin tng phng n. Cc mc di s i vo chi tit cc tiu ch nh gi.

1.8.1 Hiu qu Hiu qu ca phng n c nh gi da trn mt s yu t nh:

Hiu qu ngn hn: phng n phi bo m gim c mc phi nhim ixin trong ngn hn trong vt liu b nh hng, k c trong qu trnh thc hin phng n.

Hiu qu di hn: phng n phi bo m gim thiu c s tn ti hay kh nng phi nhim v lu di. C th cn cc quy nh v quan trc lu di nhm khng nh hiu qu i vi mt s phng n. Cc phng n phn hy ixin s hiu qu hn v lu di so vi nhng phng n c lp t, trm tch nhim ixin.

Hiu qu i vi mi cht liu: phng n phi bo m ng dng c trn mi loi i tng b nh hng ti sn bay BH, nht l t v trm tch vi nhng cht liu khc.

Hiu qu trong phm vi nng nht nh: phng n phi bo m hiu qu d t, trm tch nhim c nng ixin thp hay cao.

Hiu qu trong x l t nhim, a ch s xung di ngng tiu chun ca Vit Nam theo hnh thi s dng t: phng n phi bo m phn hy c ixin c trong t, trm tch nhim, t mc di ngng ixin tng ng.

1.8.2 Tnh kh thi Tnh kh thi ca phng n ph thuc vo mt s yu t nh:

Cng ngh kh dng: D n c gn mt s cng ngh, my mc, thit b, vt t, chuyn gia c th khng, hay phi nhp khu hoc tm ngun t nc ngoi? Ngoi ra, d n c tip cn c nhiu n v cung ng hay nh thu c kh nng trin khai mt cng ngh no khng? Cng ngh ng k sng ch cha?

Bo m quy m: vi khi lng t nhim tng i ln ti sn bay BH, cng ngh s dng cn kh nng trin khai hiu qu trn quy m ln.

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Mc 1 Tm tt

Cc hn ch ring ti a bn: nhng vn nh kh hu (ma ma, ma kh), cc hnh

thc s dng t sau ny, ngun cung in nc, nhng hn ch cng tc ti mt s a im ti sn bay c th khin cho mt s phng n gp kh khn trong trin khai.

Thi gian x l: cn nh gi thi gian cn thit trin khai y phng n, v nu thi gian trin khai di th s cn nhiu thi gian hn cho cng tc vn hnh, bo dng, cc bin php kim sot mi trng tm thi, bin php gim thiu tc ng (nh chn nc ma xi trong qu trnh thi cng), v th s t c cc i tc d n quan tm hn. Ngoi ra, nhng phng n c th trin khai nhanh cng gim c nguy c phi nhim cho dn c xung quanh mt cch nhanh chng hn.

Cc yu cu v x l vt liu: nhng phng n cn x l vt liu, ph phm tn d nhiu hn, hay to ra nhiu vt liu thi s kh thc hin hn.

Cc yu cu v quan trc lu di: yu cu quan trc hiu qu v lu di hay cn n cc bin php hnh chnh c th khin phng n kh thc hin hay duy tr hn v lu di.

1.8.3 Chi ph Tng d ton s b c lp cho tng phng n (tr Phng n 1 Khng can thip) cn c trn tng thit k trnh by trong bo co GMT, v nhn chung l theo Hng dn xy dng, lp d ton trong nghin cu kh thi, EPA 540-R-00-002 (USEPA 2000). Trong giai on nh gi phng n khc phc, thit k ca cc phng n x l vn dng tng, cha chi tit, v th d ton s c biu din di dng ly tha 10. Phng n khc phc tnh ton tng chi ph s b c xy dng trong GMT ch yu nhm phc v vic so snh gia cc phng n trong qu trnh xt chn phng n khc phc, ch khng phi lp ngn sch d n. Chi ph ca cc phng n ci to c chnh xc t -40% n +75% chi ph thc, cn c vo phm vi trnh by. Nhng yu t nh tng thi gian thc hin d n, phn on trin khai c th lm ko di thi gian trin khai thc a, dn n tng chi ph, d mc khng xc nh c trc. Mt yu t khc trong tnh ton chi ph ca tng phng n l mc ph thuc ca chi ph vi tin thc hin v khi lng vt liu cn x l trong phng n.

Phng n 2A l phng n t tn k