Customer Loyalty and Service Quality

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    I N T E R N A T I O N E L L A H A N D E L S H G S K O L A N HGSKOLAN I JNKPING

    Service Tangibi l i t y andCustomer Loyalty:

    Is there a relat ionship?

    !""#

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    J N K P I N G I N T E R N A T I O N A L B U S I N E S S S C H O O L $%

    Service Tangibi l i t y andCustomer Loyalty:

    Is there a relat ionship?

    !""#

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    Masters Thesis within Business Administration

    Title: Service Tangibility and Customer Loyalty: Is there arelationship?

    Author: Joanna Magnusson & Elin Sundin

    Tutor: Karl Erik Gustafsson

    Date

    Subject terms: Service marketing, tangibility, customer loyalty.

    Abstract

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    Table of Content

    1 Introduction .......................................................................... 41.1 Background................................................................................... 41.2

    Problem discussion ....................................................................... 5

    1.3 Purpose......................................................................................... 51.4 Previous Research........................................................................ 51.5 Definition of a Service Firm ........................................................... 61.6 Delimitations.................................................................................. 71.7 Disposition..................................................................................... 8

    2 Frame of Reference .............................................................. 92.1 Service Definition .......................................................................... 9

    2.1.1 Service Classification.......................................................... 92.1.2 Service Characteristics ..................................................... 10

    2.2 The Tangibility Continuum........................................................... 112.3 Tangibility of Services ................................................................. 122.4 Service Quality ............................................................................ 132.5 Service Quality Model ................................................................. 142.6 Customer Loyalty ........................................................................ 15

    2.6.1 The Service Profit Chain................................................... 162.6.2 Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty................... 172.6.3 Customer Loyalty and Profitability .................................... 18

    2.7 Theory Summary......................................................................... 183 Methodology ....................................................................... 20

    3.1 Positivism and Interpretivism....................................................... 203.2 Method for data gathering ........................................................... 21

    3.2.1 Survey Method.................................................................. 213.2.2 Questionnaire Design ....................................................... 22

    3.3 Sampling ..................................................................................... 233.4 Non Response ............................................................................ 253.5 Data handling .............................................................................. 263.6 Validity and Reliability ................................................................. 273.7 Criticism against used method .................................................... 28

    4 Empirical Findings and Analysis....................................... 294.1 Method of Analysis...................................................................... 294.2 Restaurants................................................................................. 30

    4.2.1 Tangibility ......................................................................... 304.2.2 Loyalty .............................................................................. 31

    4.3 Hairdressers................................................................................ 334.3.1 Tangibility ......................................................................... 334.3.2 Loyalty .............................................................................. 34

    4.4 Travel Agencies........................................................................... 354.4.1 Tangibility ......................................................................... 354.4.2 Loyalty .............................................................................. 36

    4.5 Dentistry ...................................................................................... 374.5.1 Tangibility ......................................................................... 374.5.2 Loyalty .............................................................................. 38

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    4.6 Banks .......................................................................................... 404.6.1 Tangibility ......................................................................... 404.6.2 Loyalty .............................................................................. 41

    4.7 The Swedish Employment Agency.............................................. 434.7.1 Tangibility ......................................................................... 434.7.2 Loyalty .............................................................................. 444.8 Overall Service Analysis.............................................................. 464.8.1 Loyalty and Intangibility Graph ......................................... 464.8.2 Tangibility Continuum ....................................................... 48

    5 Conclusions and Final Discussion.................................... 505.1 Conclusions................................................................................. 505.2 Final Discussion .......................................................................... 505.3 Suggestions for further studies.................................................... 51

    6 List of references................................................................ 53Appendices .............................................................................. 57

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    FiguresFigure 1-1 Disposition. ................................................................................... 8Figure 2-1 The tangibility continuum and customer evaluation (Rushton &

    Carson, 1989).................................................................................. 12Figure 2-2 Total perceived quality (Grnroos, 2000).................................... 14Figure 2-3 A remodelled service-profit chain (Heskett et al., 1994).............. 16Figure 4-1 Restaurants loyalty and intangibility rate.................................... 30Figure 4-2 Hairdressers loyalty and intangibility rate................................... 33Figure 4-3 Travel agencies loyalty and intangibility rate.............................. 35Figure 4-4 Dentists loyalty and intangibility rate. ......................................... 37Figure 4-5 Banks loyalty and intangibility rate. ............................................ 40Figure 4-6 The Swedish Employment agencys loyalty and intangibility rate.43Figure 4-7 Loyalty and Intangibility Graph.................................................... 46Figure 4-8 Tangibility Continuum. ................................................................ 48

    AppendicesAppendix 1 Survey Swedish version ......................................................... 57Appendix 2 Survey English version........................................................... 59Appendix 3 Correlation Outputs ................................................................... 61

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    4.3 Hairdressers

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    Loyalty

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    Loyalty

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    Loyalty

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    -!

    &&) ' ' ' ( % & & %& ( ) & ' && ' & ( ''& %& & %

    & '(

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    4.7 The Swedish Employment Agency

    Intangibility rate

    6543210

    Loyalty

    12

    10

    8

    6

    4

    2

    H -CF & ' (

    %& % '& ( ) % * ( +

    ) %% & %& %( A%) E' & % % & &( ) '& ) % & && &( B & % %& ) % %& & ' '' (

    & % % C"("!-:( % && % % ) "(

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    --

    + ' & & *& && , & ' &0) !""!4( % ) & ' && '' ' & && , & % %& ' &( . ' %% %&( +

    % E' %& &) & & %&G / ) & %& ' % E') ' '' ' & & ' % &' ( / ) %& & & %&) '' & &%( ' %& ' & & % '& & & %& 0&B ? ) 233"4(

    0!""!4 %& ') &% % '( ) & &% , ' ( A%) ' & && %& %( & %& & &% , ( + '

    &&& %& ' ') ') ' &0) 233

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    -F

    4.8 Overall Service Analysis

    4.8.1 Loyalty and Intangibility Graph

    Loyalty-Intangibility graph

    5

    5,5

    6

    6,5

    7

    7,5

    8

    1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4

    Intangibility

    Loyalty

    Employment agency

    RestaurantsBanks

    Dentistries

    Travel agencies

    Hairdressers

    H -C: 1 +' (

    ' & ' % %& %) &&

    % ' & ( % 0 -C:4) & ' &% &*( A%) ' ' (

    1 & % ' & ' & & ' 0/%) 23334( && 0!"""4) & ' & % & ' & ( + %) % ' F(2 :(:( & &% ( A & :(!( ) % & & & & '& ' % (

    ) & ') & %& %% 0A () 233-= ) !""54( + &) >&0233:4 & *& ( & & & ' & %&%( A%) %& & ( & % % ) & ' & * ' ( + & ' ') ) % & % ' ' &% '

    %(

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    1 % &% ' & ' * ' && ' %& ,) & 0) !"""4( + % & %& , ' *& & 0) !"""4( 9 & &% , & & ( 6%)

    *& ) & ' *&( & && '&%( ) % ' '' % (

    %& ' &&& ' %&( ' & ' > ( 0233F4 .= ) &%& &( . & & & %&( + ) & && ' %&( +'L' % ' 2(: !(5) & ' '(

    & ' %& ' *& % & & ) & %& &( %& *& % & &% ' & % !(5( 2(< 2(3 & ' & ' % & % &(

    &B 0233"4 ' ' & &( &) & & E' ' ' & %&( %& & ' &( 1 * % &) &

    %& & ' E & &(

    &% && ' 'L' % %& %) & (

    %) & % ' ) & *( % & 0 -C:4( & ' %& % % & *& ( + &% E' & %&) % (

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    - 9 023

    2):A)

    %

    &

    2)() ? &) .(( 0!""#4( 0 2 - 1& A(

    ) (@() H) >(.() ? ) (( 0233-4( B% & %& ( , 7 , -)024) !2C-

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    1 &

    #-

    ) 1(() ? @C.) H( 023334(. ( BC (

    %EP) >( 0233F4( A ( 1 (

    ) .(6() ) () ? ) +( 0233#4( 2 - 0 B ? C6 X .& A(

    ) 9( 0233&B) (A(() ? ) B(@( 0233"4( ' %& &% &%( 7 - I0-4) !:C-"(

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    1 &

    ##

    ) X(1(> 0!""!4( & ' %&(7 - E8054)!#3C!:-(

    /%) >(1( 023354( && %& , %& &&' ) &&( . -

    -!) F#C(1( 023334( @& & G7 -& ) 55C-#(

    .) ( 023354( = - 1 .& A(

    .) 1( 0!""#) H' !F4( % C IQ* % C( 1 >% !F) !""#) LL(%(LL%LY3!!##""((

    >) (9() ) (B() ? &) ( 023354( 'D ' %& ( 7 - J054) 25C2:(

    >&) H( H( 0233:4( 1(= = EI0F4) 23(

    >&) H( H() ) >( () ? A) 9( 0!"""4( & Z ' ( = 0 7 E*054) 25-C253(

    >) (() ? 9) B( ( 023) () ? &) 6( 0233& >& .&(6 - 2B . , 7 E024) :C2-(

    ) ( 0!""!4( H ' ' %& , & & ' & %& % %&(- # E*0#4) !3!C5"!(

    ) () 1) .() ? ) ( 0!""54( 2 - 0 *. & 1(

    ) ( 0!""54( 1 " ( A' &(

    ) >() ? B) 9(1( 0233F4( 9 %& & &%( 7 - EK0F4) 55C--(

    () 0!""#4( ( >% !""#C"!C23 LL((LL&L&H&YYYY5:2"(*(

    ) 1( 0!""24(6 - 0 - D 6 X .%(

    ) ( 0!""24(=L( 1 (

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    1 &

    #F

    @) (9() ? ) (( 0!""24( 2 - /* /*$% .(

    M) I(() ) 1(1() ? .) ( 023

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    &

    #:

    Appendices

    Appendix 1 Survey Swedish version

    ! "# $ % %"&

    '# / ( / 2< Z 5!

    / % / 55 Z -:

    / -< Z F-

    / F# Z

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    &

    #