Curriculum Planning Manual - Sciences

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Science

Curriculum Planning Manual

3LIT3331

http://www.amered.com/docs/A+LS/ALS_35_Web_based_ALS_Teachers.pdf

Table of Contents

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Sciences Curriculum Planning Manual Teachers' Guides and Scope & Sequences

Please note: Courses are listed in grade level sequence.

Sciences Overview .................................................. 1

The Sciences I-VIII ................................................. 5 The Sciences I..................................................... 9 The Sciences II ................................................. 15 The Sciences III ................................................ 21 The Sciences IV ................................................. 28 The Sciences V .................................................. 35 The Sciences VI ................................................. 43 The Sciences VII ............................................... 50 The Sciences VIII .............................................. 58

Earth and Space Science ........................................ 66

Physical Science ................................................... 77

Comprehensive Biology .......................................... 93

Chemistry IA ....................................................... 106

Chemistry II ........................................................ 123

Physics ............................................................... 130

Technical Requirements

For detailed workstation specifications, please visit the American Education Corporation’s web site:

www.amered.com/awl_requirements_wba.php

Additionally, some courses require Adobe® Acrobat Reader®, Adobe Flash®, and/or Adobe Shockwave® plug-ins for your browsers. These are available for free from http://www.adobe.com. The required software version numbers are listed on our website (see above).

For those using our Web-based A+LS (WBA+) product, the initial WBA+ screen offers links to download the necessary Adobe Acrobat and Flash files.

For detailed instructions for configuring your browsers to work with A+LS (such as Active X), please see Troubleshooting in the following document on our website:

A Teachers Guide to Web-based A+LS

To access Encyclopædia Britannica® and other Internet based resources found in some courses, a connection to the Internet is required. To view multimedia from these sites a fast connection is recommended.

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Copyright © 2013 K12 Inc. All rights reserved. K12 is a registered trademark of K12 Inc.

The K12 logo and other marks referenced herein are trademarks of K12 Inc. and its subsidiaries,

and other marks are owned by third parties.

Adobe, Acrobat Reader, and Flash are registered trademarks of the Adobe Systems Incorporated.

Encyclopædia Britannica is a registered trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

MetaMetrics, Lexile, and Quantile are registered trademarks of MetaMetrics, Inc.

A+nyWhere Learning System Teachers’ Guide

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Sciences Overview Grade Levels 1-12 A+LS™ Sciences are comprehensive courses for grade levels 1–12. Major themes of study include scientific inquiry, the history and nature of science, science in perspective, physical science, life science, earth science, and technology. The Sciences will educate students in a variety of topics within the major themes of study. Lessons are designed to take the student from basic knowledge into critical thinking and learning activities.

• The Sciences is a collection of semester- and year-long

courses.

• All lessons contain a study guide, practice and mastery tests, and a written essay, activity, or experiment.

• Lessons include a variety of essay types such as

descriptive, narrative, persuasive, compare and contrast, and letter writing. Additional activities include journals, short reports, summaries, and creating a collage, brochure, or graph. Directions for essays and rubrics for grading are provided for each of the writing assignments. Students will also complete a self-evaluation form to assess their performance.

• Some of the lessons contain images of the human body produced by A.D.A.M. Inc., an award-winning provider of medical images. The high quality and detailed anatomy images add visual reinforcement of lesson content, enhancing the students’ learning experience.

A+nyWhere Learning System Sciences Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 1–12

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• Most courses are certified by MetaMetrics® with a Lexile® score.

• Some courses are enriched by Encyclopædia Britannica® Online School Edition (EB) workspaces that contain learning materials. Learning materials may contain articles, games, images, maps, and/or videos.

• The content in these courses is designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the National Science Education

Standards (NSES). These requirements are identified in the following standards: Science Inquiry, Physical Science, Earth and Space Science, Life Science, Science and Technology, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives, and the History and Nature of Science.

• The Sciences focus on science facts, concepts, principles, and theories that are important for all students to know, understand, and use.

• Numerous lessons are associated with the process of design and primary understanding regarding science and its

various links with technology.

• Lessons examine personal and social perspectives of science and allow students to learn about the history and nature of science, as well as to learn about science itself.


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Third-Party Content in A+LS Lessons The Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition has teacher resources and student learning materials. The materials include a wide range of interactive lessons, research projects, animations, and worksheets that support many A+LS lessons. Each workspace may contain an article, diagram, study guide, video, or interactive media.

The launch icon for EB objects is located at the top of the A+LS screen in the study guide section.


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The Science courses each contain a variety of lessons and differ in length, grade level, and available features. Listed below are the courses found within the entire curriculum planning manual.

Course Name

Number of Lessons

Length of Course in Semesters

Grade Levels

Lexile Measure

The Sciences I 42 2 1 370L

The Sciences II 44 2 2 480L

The Sciences III 49 2 3 670L

The Sciences IV 49 2 4 770L

The Sciences V 48 2 5 880L

The Sciences VI 45 2 6 890L

The Sciences VII 47 2 7 910L

The Sciences VIII 46 2 8 940L

Earth and Space Science 32 2 9–11 1110L

Physical Science 31 1 9–10 840L

Comprehensive Biology 39 2 9–12 910L

Chemistry IA 53 1 10–12 1100L

Chemistry II 25 1 11–12 1010L

Physics 29 2 11–12


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The Sciences I-VIII Grade Levels 1-8 A+LS The Sciences I–VIII are comprehensive courses for grade levels 1–8. Major themes of study include scientific inquiry, the history and nature of science, science in perspective, physical science, life science, earth science, and technology. The Sciences will educate students in a variety of topics within the major themes of study. Lessons are designed to take the student from basic knowledge into critical thinking and learning activities.

• The Sciences is a collection of year-long courses.

• All lessons contain a study guide, practice and mastery

tests, and a written essay, activity, or experiment.

• Some of the lessons contain images of the human body produced by A.D.A.M. Inc., an award-winning provider of medical images. The high quality and detailed anatomy images add visual reinforcement of lesson content, enhancing the students’ learning experience.

• All eight courses are certified by MetaMetrics® with a

Lexile® score.

• Some courses are enriched by Encyclopædia Britannica® Online School Edition (EB) workspaces that contain learning materials. Learning materials may contain articles, games, images, maps, and/or videos.

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences I–VIII Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 1–8

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• The content in these courses is designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the National Science Education

Standards (NSES). These requirements are identified in the following standards: Science Inquiry, Physical Science, Earth and Space Science, Life Science, Science and Technology, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives, and the History and Nature of Science.

• The Sciences focus on science facts, concepts, principles, and theories that are important for all students to know, understand, and use.

• Numerous lessons are associated with the process of design and primary understanding regarding science and its

various links with technology.

• Lessons examine personal and social perspectives of science and allow students to learn about the history and nature of science, as well as to learn about science itself.


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Third-Party Content in A+LS Lessons The Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition has teacher resources and student learning materials. The materials include a wide range of interactive lessons, research projects, animations, and worksheets that support many A+LS lessons. Each workspace may contain an article, diagram, study guide, video, or interactive media. The launch icon for EB objects is located at the top of the A+LS

screen in the study guide section.


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Each science course is divided into seven units of study:

Unit 1: Science as Inquiry Unit 2: History and Nature of Science Unit 3: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Unit 4: Physical Science

Unit 5: Life Science Unit 6: Earth and Space Science Unit 7: Science and Technology


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The Sciences I Grade Level 1 The Sciences I sparks the natural curiosity of young learners. The lessons present basic scientific concepts and definitions related to physical science, earth and space science, and science and technology. Colorful images provide visual reinforcement to enhance learning. This course helps students discover how we learn by using our senses to observe things around us. The students gain knowledge in understanding matter and machines, living and nonliving things, plants and animals, day and night, our earth's weather, and how we can be like scientists in problem solving . The Sciences I course includes other topics such as:

• defining science and understanding why it is important

• discovering the needs of people

• using our senses to warn us of danger

• learning the difference between natural and human-made objects

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences I Scope & Sequence Grade Level 1

Lesson Title Lesson Content Activities

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Unit 1: Science as Inquiry

1 Observation Learn what observation is. Recognize that scientific knowledge is based on observation and that asking questions is one way people and scientists learn about the world around them.

Essay: Observation

2 Observing Through the Senses

Discover that science uses tools and observations through the senses to make decisions and answer questions about our world.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Observation

3 How Do Scientists Check and Share

Their Work?

Discover how and why scientists share their work and why it is important that scientists check each other's work. Essay: Written Response

Unit 2: History and Nature of Science

4 People and Science Learn what science is and why we study science. Discover how we find out about the world around us and who can be a scientist.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Illustration

5 Inventions Learn what an invention is and discover some important inventions used in daily life.


Unit 3: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives

6 Needs That All People Have

Discover some different groups that people live in and learn about the needs they have.


7 Safety Discover some things that are harmful to you and realize why it is important to have an adult help you use these things.


Unit 4: Physical Science

8 Matter Explore matter using the senses. Discover examples of living and nonliving matter.




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9 Dividing Matter Learn how matter is grouped according to taste, color, weight, and size. Essay: Activity

10 States of Matter Discover various properties of matter. Identify characteristics and examples of solids, liquids, and gaseous matter.


11 Changing Matter Learn how matter can change its state. Discover the process of changing matter from solid, liquid, or gas. Learn how recycling changes the states of matter.

Essay: Illustration

12 Machines Discover how machines help us do work through the concepts of forces, pushing and pulling, and energy sources used by machines.


13 Simple Machines Review six simple machines and discover how they make work faster and easier. Realize the concept of a force, such as a push or pull.


Unit 5: Life Science

14 Living and Nonliving Things

Discover the differences between living and nonliving things. Understand the importance of food and water for life. Learn how living things grow, move, and reproduce.


15 Needs of Living Things

Understand the growth of living things. Discover why living things need shelter, nourishment, air, and water to survive. Essay: Illustration

16 Living Things Discover where living things come from. Find out that families have both shared and unique characteristics. Learn that living things respond to stimuli, such as hunger and danger.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Activity

17 Seeds Learn about different types of seeds. Discover how plants grow from seeds. Identify the parts of a plant, including the roots, stem, and leaves.


18 Seeds and Plants Discover the needs of plants, such as sunlight, water, and nutrients. Understand the similarities and differences of plants. Learn how plants produce fruit. Learn the effects the four seasons have on plants.




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19 Plants Discover how plants grow. Learn the functions of various plant parts, such as roots, stems, leaves, seeds, and flowers.


20 People Need Plants Discover why people need plants. Learn how plants are used by people in everyday life for nutrition and as other useful products. Learn how farmers plant seeds to grow crops.


21 Animals Discover a variety of characteristics among animals. Learn how animals move and protect themselves from danger. Discover the purpose of different types of animal coverings.


22 Animal Growth Discover the growth habits of different animals. Learn how adult animals care for their young. Discover which animals hatch from eggs and which animals live in or near water.


23 People Need Animals

Discover the different ways that people need animals. Learn about the places animals can live, such as a zoo, a farm, and the homes of people. Find out the differences between wild animals and tame animals.


24 Sensing Your World Discover the world around us by using your senses to determine the shapes, sights, and sounds of your surroundings. Essay: Illustration

25 Using Your Senses Learn about the world around you by seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling. Learn about using more than one sense at a time.


26 Sensing Danger Learn various safety tips and discover how the senses alert us to danger. Discover the danger of fire and the usefulness of smoke and fire alarms, as well as other machines that help keep us safe.

Essay: Illustration

27 Growing and Changing

Learn how food gives us energy and helps us grow. Understand the process of human growth. Discover how germs can make us sick. Essay: Illustration

28 Growth and Health Understand the importance of eating a balanced diet and exercising daily. Learn the purpose of good hygiene and rest for a healthy lifestyle.




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29 Human Body Identify various parts of the human body, including bones, skin, hair, blood, stomach, and brain. Essay: Written Response

30 Recycling Learn what the environment is and why recycling is important for the environment.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Written Response

Unit 6: Earth and Space Science

31 The Seasons Discover the characteristics of each of the four seasons. Explore the differences in the weather conditions of each season and learn how the changes in the seasons affect plants and animals.

Essay: Illustration

32 Air Learn the properties of air and discover how temperature changes what air does.


33 The Uses of Air Explore the properties of air and learn how air is important to everyday life. Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Illustration

34 Weather Discover how clouds and rain are formed. Learn what causes the changes in the temperature and the weather. Essay: Illustration

35 Water Cycle Learn that the water cycle involves the oceans, moisture in the air, formation of clouds, and rain falling back into the ocean.


36 Rocks and Soil Learn how the earth has changed throughout time. Find out more about dinosaurs, volcanoes, rocks, and soil.


37 Oceans Discover the characteristics of the ocean. Learn about the temperature of ocean water and how the sun warms the water on the earth. Learn the effect of salt water on plants and discover what lives on the ocean floor.

Essay: Illustration

38 The Sun Discover the size, shape, and location of the sun. Learn how we get heat and light from the sun. Essay: Illustration



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39 Day and Night Discover what causes day and night. Learn about the earth's rotation and its relationship to the sun. Essay: Illustration

Unit 7: Science and Technology

40 Problem Solving Learn to identify a simple problem from a series of statements. Determine what technology can be used to solve a problem. Learn how to choose the most effective solution to a simple problem.

Essay: Activity

41 Tools That Scientists Use

Discover what tools are and what tools scientists use to solve problems. Learn to choose an appropriate tool for a specific task. Understand that sometimes scientists must make their own tools, so a problem can be solved.


42 Natural and Man-made Objects

Understand that people make some objects while others are found in nature. Determine the difference between natural and man-made objects and discover some examples of each.

Essay: Illustration


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The Sciences II Grade Level 2 The Sciences II course expands on the basic scientific concepts introduced in the Sciences I. Measurement, magnets, and forms of energy are introduced in this course. Students will study the effects of drugs and alcohol on people and understand how human activities such as burning the rainforests and clearing areas for development affect our environment. The moon, our earth's landforms, and the seasons are also studied. This course recognizes how technology has improved various inventions and methods of transportation. The Sciences II course includes other topics such as:

• recognizing how scientists check and share their work

• identifying different groups of people

• grouping and organizing matter by properties

• discovering the human growth process from infancy to adulthood

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences II Scope & Sequence Grade Level 2


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1 What Does a Scientist Do?

Discover that a scientist asks questions about the natural world and answers questions by making observations. Learn that scientists use special tools to help them see things and take measurements.


2 Observation Learn that scientists ask many kinds of questions and new observations can help us learn new things. Discover the steps used to answer a question and learn to ask questions from observations.


3 How do Scientists Check and Share

Their Work?

Recognize that scientists share what they learn. Scientists write down the steps they use to solve a problem. Scientists also check each other's work. Essay: Written Response


4 Early Tools Learn that the earliest humans invented simple tools. Discover examples of simple tools.


5 Science Jobs Learn that science is a kind of job that people can have. Recognize various types of scientists and learn that scientists are always learning more about the world around us.



6 Groups People Live In

Identify different groups of people. Learn why some groups are big and some are small, as well as what causes groups to be different sizes. Essay: Illustration


7 Matter Learn what matter is, what is made up of matter, and how to measure matter. Realize that matter can be living or nonliving. Discover how the senses can be used to explore matter.




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8 Grouping Matter Learn to group matter according to taste, color, weight, and size. Organize different objects by texture, hardness, length, and shape.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Experiment

9 States of Matter Learn three states of matter and how to identify solids, liquids, and gases. Discover some properties of matter, including shape, size, and volume.


10 Changing Matter Discover how matter can be changed from one state to another. Learn how recycling affects matter and the environment.


11 Measurement Learn to use nonstandard methods of measurement. Discover how rulers, thermometers, and scales are used to measure things.


12 Magnets Discover how magnets push or pull objects. Learn about magnetic poles and find out what types of objects are attracted to magnets.


13 Light Energy Recognize light as a form of energy and discover sources of light. Learn the speed of light and how light can do work and be changed into heat or electricity.


14 Heat Energy

Recognize heat as a form of energy and discover sources of heat, including the sun and fire. Find out how heat can change the states of matter and how heat is conducted through objects. Learn how to use a thermometer to measure heat.


15 Sound Energy Recognize sound as a form of energy and discover how sound waves move through objects. Learn the concept of a vacuum, sound waves, and the sense of hearing.


16 Machines Identify various energy sources, such as electricity, wind, sun, water, animals, and people. Learn about the use of force to make machines do work. Discover how food is a source of energy for people.


17 Work and Machines Define work and energy. Discover the uses of six simple machines, as well as how each machine works and performs.




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18 Seeds Identify the parts of a seed and learn how seeds grow. Experiment with different seeds. Discover different types of plants, flowers, and trees.


19 Seeds and Plants

Identify the needs of plants, including water, nutrients, and sunshine. Learn about the reproduction of plants. Discover how the changing seasons affect plants. Learn about plants that grow in different climates, such as the desert and the rainforest.


20 Animals Discover the characteristics of animals. Learn various ways animals are grouped, such as mammals, birds, fish, vertebrates, and invertebrates. Learn the purpose of animal coverings.


21 Animal Growth Discover how animals grow, develop, and reproduce. Recognize that animals need things such as food and water to survive.


22 People Need Animals

Identify different types of animals and become familiar with different places animals live, such as farms, zoos, homes of people, and nature. Recognize the different uses people have for animals, such as pets, working animals, and animal products.


23 Growing and Changing

Discover the process of human growth from infancy to adulthood. Learn the importance of a healthy lifestyle consisting of exercise, rest, and a nutritious diet.


24 Growth and Health Learn the importance of nutrition, rest, exercise, and hygiene. Discover how these things affect human growth.


25 Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs

Learn how medications can help people when used properly. Discover the dangers of alcohol and tobacco use. Essay: Activity

26 Using Your Senses Discover how our five senses help us understand our environment. Realize that the body communicates with the brain by using the senses.




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27 Sensing the World Discover the environment through the senses. Learn the functions of the eyes and the taste buds.


28 Our World Realize how living things react to changes in the environment, such as cutting down forests, building roads, factories, and homes, pollution, and draining wetlands.



29 Air Learn why life on earth needs air. Study the effects of moving air on objects. Explore the properties of air.


30 Air and Weather Identify the characteristics of air and how to measure air pressure. Discover the meaning of low pressure and high pressure. Learn about the different forms of precipitation, as well as different cloud types.


31 Clouds Identify clouds and cloud formations. Learn about precipitation. Define meteorologist.


32 Changes in Weather Identify the characteristics of warm and cold air. Learn about clouds, thunderstorms, wind, rain, and lightning.


33 The Seasons Identify the four seasons and discover various natural events that are associated with each season. Explore seasonal temperature and precipitation.


34 Landforms Study the changing earth and learn about landforms, such as plains, hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, and glaciers.


35 Fresh Water Identify sources of fresh water, such as rain, melting snow, and ice. Discover the importance of dams, ground water, and wells. Learn about water pollution.




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36 Oceans Recognize the difference between ocean water and fresh water. Learn why the human body needs fresh water. Learn about plants and animals that live in the oceans. Discover how the sun warms the oceans.


37 The Sun Identify the characteristics of the sun and how it is used as a source of light and heat. Learn what effect the sun has on plants. Experiment with shadows. Study the concept of daytime and nighttime.


38 The Sun as a

Source of Heat and Light

Learn about the sun as a source of heat and light. Discover how the sun warms the earth and the air.


39 Day and Night Recognize the results of the earth's tilt on its axis. Understand rotation, revolution, and the orbit of the earth. Learn how the sun creates daylight and darkness.


40 The Moon Discover the size of the moon in relation to the earth. Learn how the moon was formed. Identify the characteristics of the moon's surface and the moon's atmosphere.



41 Solving Problems with Technology

Recognize the steps needed to solve a problem using technology: identifying the problem, proposing a solution, implementing a solution, and evaluating the product or design.

Essay: Activity

42 Tools That Scientists Use

Discover various tools scientists use to do science. Realize that sometimes scientists are unable to solve problems. Essay: Illustration

43 Natural and Man-made Objects

Discover the difference between natural and man-made objects. Identify examples of each. Essay: Activity

44 Uses of Technology Recognize how technology has influenced the invention of various useful products and how it has improved methods of transportation. Essay: Written Response


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The Sciences III Grade Level 3 In this course, more emphasis is given to understanding how scientists solve problems and organize observations and data. Students learn about science fair projects and the process of the scientific method. The differences between simple, compound, and complex machines are discussed at this level. Animal populations, habitats, and the food chain are explored by the students, showing the interconnection between all organisms and their environments. Students also study about our earth and the solar system. The Sciences III course includes other topics such as:

• discovering science as a career

• understanding that scientists use the scientific method

• learning about electricity, heat, light, and sound

• identifying the characteristics of living things

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences III Scope & Sequence Grade Level 3


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1 Asking Questions about Science

Realize we learn by asking questions and that questions come from things we notice about the world. Determine what information is needed to answer a question and discover there are many ways to make observations.

Essay: Written Response

2 Tools for Observation

Recognize that scientists use many different tools to measure and observe things. Understand that scientists ask questions and find answers based on what they observe.


3 Scientific Observation

Discover that science is a way to gain knowledge by making observations and that some scientific observations are made through measurement. Essay: Written Response

4 How do Scientists Perform Their Jobs?

Discover that scientists explain the methods used to answer a question. Scientists check and repeat the work of others to make sure results are accurate.


5 Science Fair Project Learn the steps to develop a science fair project. Study topic selection, the scientific method, procedures to follow, and how to display your project. Essay: Written Response


6 People and Science Learn that the purpose of science is to learn more about the world around you. Discover some of the reasons people pursue science as a career.


7 Inventions Recognize some important inventions that have been developed throughout time. Learn about some notable inventors from the past.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Research


8 Groups People Live In

Identify groups of people. Explore why groups change in size. Discover the meaning of community, population, and rural.




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9 Human Needs Understand that all humans have basic needs, such as food, water, and shelter. Discover that we get the things we need from the environment.



10 All about Matter Identify three states of matter and some properties of matter. Learn that atoms make up matter.


11 States of Matter Discover how matter changes states. Explore how mass and matter can be measured. Find out how water evaporates into a gas.


12 Electricity Learn about electricity. Discover electrical charges, circuits, currents, and the flow of electricity. Explore conductors and nonconductors, static electricity, batteries, and lightning.


13 Heat Recognize heat as an energy source. Determine sources and uses of heat. Define conductors and insulators. Learn about the use of a thermometer to measure heat with Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.


14 Light Learn about light as a form of energy and discover sources of light. Determine how light affects objects. Explore the speed of light.


15 Sound Identify what causes sound. Understand the meanings of vibration, pitch, and sound waves. Learn how sound travels through matter.


16 Position, Motion, and Magnetism

Learn to describe the position of an object in relation to yourself. Understand that motion is a change of position. Discover how magnets can change the position of some objects.


17 Force and Friction Explore forces and friction. Learn that a force is a push or a pull. Determine how work is done when an object is moved. Understand the concept of resistance on machines.




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18 Simple Machines Identify and understand the types of simple machines, including the wheel and axle, lever, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, and screw.


19 Compound and Complex Machines

Understand the difference between compound and complex machines and identify examples of each.



20 Cells Discover what a cell is. Explore the properties and functions of cells. Learn how cells grow, divide, and reproduce.


21 Plants Learn important facts about plants. Recognize that plants get water and nutrients from the soil. Identify the functions of various plant parts. Define embryo, seed plants, non-seed plants, and photosynthesis.


22 Seeds Discover how seeds are scattered and transported by water, wind, and animals. Learn the basic needs that seeds have for their survival.


23 Animal Populations Identify animal populations and communities. Learn the difference between herds, flocks, schools, and prides. Identify various endangered species.


24 Animals Habitats Define habitat. Discover the importance of protecting animal habitats. Explore the eating habits of various animals and recognize the differences between herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.


25 Insects Identify the parts and features of insects. Study ladybugs, spiders, and butterflies. Learn the meanings of social insects, colonies, and metamorphosis.


26 The Food Chain

Discover the steps of a food chain on both land and water. Understand the difference between predators and prey. Learn about the eating habits of various animals. Determine the differences between decomposers, producers, and consumers.

Study: CV Video EB Learning Material




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27 Life Cycles Explore the life cycles of living things including humans, butterflies, mealworms, and frogs. Discover how different animals are born. Learn the meanings of decomposition, biosphere, and metamorphosis.


28 Stimuli Recognize that stimuli can be internal or external and that people react to stimuli. Discover the difference between internal and external stimuli. Understand what behavior, response, and reaction are.


29 Bones and Muscles Discover how bones help move and support the body and protect internal organs. Learn that bones are living tissue. Learn what bone marrow is.


30 The Brain Learn about the function and composition of the human brain and the nervous system. Discover the differences between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Understand long-term and short-term memory.


31 A Healthy Body Discover what is necessary to have a healthy body. Learn the importance of nutrition, exercise, and personal hygiene. Learn how to prevent illness. Identify the differences between germs, viruses, and bacteria.


32 Conservation Understand the importance of preservation and conservation of animal and plant habitats. Discover the effect of pollution and acid rain on the environment. Realize the importance of recycling.


33 The Environment Recognize that people affect the environment in many ways. Learn about air pollution, water pollution, and littering. Discover the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling.




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34 The Atmosphere Identify atmospheric layers, including the troposphere, ionosphere, and stratosphere. Determine how the atmosphere relates to life on earth. Learn about the formation of weather in the atmosphere.



35 Water in the Air Discover the process of the water cycle. Learn how frost forms. Learn about water vapor, precipitation, humidity, dew, and dew point.



36 Water

Discover where salt water and fresh water are found. Identify the kind of water that is in the oceans, glaciers, lakes, rivers, ponds, and in the ground. Learn the process of the water cycle and the meanings of evaporation and condensation.


37 Inside Our Earth Discover the appearance of earth from space and understand the earth is a sphere. Identify the layers of the earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. Define and recognize landforms, such as islands, valleys, and mountains.


Essay: Illustration

38 The Changing Earth Discover how weathering and erosion affect the earth. Learn about soil and rocks and how wind, water, and glaciers cause erosion.


39 Rocks and Minerals

Learn about rocks and minerals. Explore the properties of minerals, including color, weight, and hardness. Recognize the differences between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Define magnetic minerals, sediments, and mineralogists.


Essay: Activity

40 Oceans Identify the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, Arctic, and Southern oceans. Learn how the oceans affect weather and produce food. Define ocean waves, crest, trough, wavelength, tsunamis, ocean currents, and tides.


41 The Seasons Review the four seasons and understand how the tilt of the earth causes the seasons to occur. Learn about the temperatures and events that are associated with the seasons.




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42 Planetary Orbits Discover the effects of gravity. Learn about the orbits of the earth and the moon. Find out what an eclipse is. Explore the rotation of the earth.


Essay: Activity

43 The Moon Learn about the moon. Examine the orbit and phases of the moon and the moon's surface and atmosphere. Discover the relationship between the earth and the moon.


Essay: Interview

44 The Sun

Discover the composition of the sun. Learn how the sun affects life on earth and the growth of living things. Learn about the sun as a star. Compare the temperature of the sun and the planets. Realize the elliptical orbits of the planets.


45 The Solar System Explore the solar system, including galaxies, the Milky Way, the asteroid belt, and the identification of the inner and outer planets.



46 How Tools Are Invented

Discover why tools were invented and some of the ways people use tools. Identify some of the tools that people use.



Recognize the steps to solving problems with technology. Understand the meanings of technology, problem, solution, and evaluation. Essay: Presentation

48 Computers

Learn about the development of the computer as well as terminology associated with the computer, such as memory, bytes, output, input, and data. Discover more about the modern computer and find out what an abacus is.


49 Natural and Man-made Tools Identify objects used as tools as natural or man-made. Study: EB Learning Material

Essay: Illustration


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The Sciences IV Grade Level 4 The explanation of science fair projects and the scientific method is continued in the Sciences IV. The students expand their knowledge of inventions that have changed the world and explore careers in science. Investigations into magnetism and motion are also presented. Students explore the cell and its parts and learn about cell division. Lessons examine the changing earth including the rock cycle, earthquakes, and volcanoes. A distinction is made between inner planets, outer planets, and beyond the solar system. Included at this level is a discussion of computer terms, parts, and uses. The Sciences IV course includes other topics such as:

• studying different types of populations and how they increase and decrease

• learning the importance of maintaining a healthy body

• determining the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources and methods of conserving these resources

• recognizing how science and technology have changed the world

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences IV Scope & Sequence Grade Level 4


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1 Inquiry Discover how scientists develop questions based on observations, how they share their work with other scientists, and how they check the work done by other scientists.


2 Data Collection Learn how scientists use reasoning, observation, and prior knowledge to answer questions about the world around them. Learn about the tools that scientists use to collect data.

Essay: Activity

3 Science Fair Project Explore the development of science fair projects. Identify the steps of the scientific method.

Study: Essay: Written Response


4 Inventions Examine some inventions that have changed the world. Find out how new inventions affect all parts of the world differently. Recognize how the products of technology can harm people, animals, or plants.

Essay: Activity

5 Careers in Science Explore some careers in science. Learn about some important scientists who have made a difference in the world because of their work.



6 Populations Study different types of populations and how populations can increase and decrease. Recognize the method for counting people and learn about population density.



7 Matter Explore the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter. Identify physical and chemical properties of matter. Discover how matter is measured.




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8 Electricity Discover what causes electric currents. Learn about different types of circuits, conductors, and insulators. Understand ways to stay safe around electricity.


9 Magnetism Examine magnetic forces. Learn how magnets work and what objects attract magnets. Discover that the earth is a magnet and how compasses use the earth’s magnetic force.


10 Heat Identify heat as a source of energy. Discover sources and uses of heat. Find out how heat is transferred from one object to another as well as how heat is measured.


11 Light Identify light as a form of energy. Examine sources of light, uses of light, and the measurement of the speed of light. Recognize how light affects objects and how objects affect light.


12 Sound Learn what causes sound and how it is measured. Define and identify examples of vibrations, pitch, and sound waves. Discover how sound is reflected and absorbed by different objects.


13 Motion Describe the position of one object in relation to another. Understand Isaac Newton's three laws of motion. Learn how to use reference points to determine if an object is in motion and how to calculate the speed of motion.



14 Cells Identify the parts of cells. Determine why cells are important. Learn about cell division in plants and animals.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Diagram

15 Living Things Identify five groups of living things: bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Discover the characteristics and functions of each group.


16 Flowering Plants

Identify the parts of a flower and the function of each part. Identify the parts of a plant cell. Examine how plants make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Learn how plants reproduce through pollination and fertilization.




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17 Insects Study insect features, helpful and harmful insects, and insect adaptations. Examine traits and habits of the butterfly and ladybug. Discover how many insects grow and change through the process of metamorphosis.


18 Animal Life Cycles Examine animal life cycles. Recognize the difference between live birth and animals that hatch from eggs. Understand how animals grow and mature differently though each animal follows the stages of birth, growth, and death.


19 Food Chains Discover how food chains operate on land and in the oceans. Learn about ecological dangers that interfere with food chains.


20 Animal Behavior Explore the behavior of animals and the stimuli that affect behavior. Learn about different animals' instincts and how those instincts are important for survival.


21 Animal Populations

Examine populations of different kinds of animals. Recognize how animals depend on the environment and each other for survival. Study animals that have become endangered or extinct. Discover how animal populations can be controlled.


22 Animal Habitats Explore the habitats in which animals live. Find out how habitats meet the needs of the animals. Learn about various eating habits and adaptations of animals. Recognize how people can change animal habitats.


23 Plant and Animal Adaptations

Explore various plant and animal adaptations used for survival. Define adaptation and instinct.


24 The Basic Needs Discover the things that all people must have in order to survive. Examine the importance of good nutrition, exercise, and following rules and laws.


25 A Healthy Body Learn to maintain a healthy body by practicing good hygiene and by avoiding toxins, such as alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.


26 Our Senses Discover how the human body uses senses to make observations. Identify the senses of sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing.




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27 Resources Define natural and man-made resources as well as renewable and nonrenewable resources. Learn ways to use the earth's resources wisely and conserve them for the future.


28 Environmental Changes

Determine environmental resources that are important to everyday life. Understand how people affect the environment in positive and negative ways.

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29 Conservation Recognize the importance of conservation and the preservation of the earth's resources.



30 The Water Cycle Examine the water cycle. Discover how the earth's water is continually recycled by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Identify different types of precipitation and how they are formed.


31 Clouds Identify various types of clouds. Determine how clouds are formed, where they are located in the sky, and how they are classified. Learn how to predict the weather by knowing what kind of weather each type of cloud brings.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Journal Writing

32 Weather Identify the different layers of the earth's atmosphere. Discover what causes changes in the weather. Learn about the formation of wind, water vapor, humidity, precipitation, dew, and frost.


33 Weather Prediction Discover how weather predictions are made and how predictions help people. Learn about the tools used to predict weather and weather patterns.


34 Inside Our Earth Explore what the earth looks like from space. Identify the earth's different layers. Learn about the natural resources that are provided by the earth and its atmosphere. Understand how people use these resources for survival.


35 The Changing Earth Discover how the crust of the earth can be changed by weathering and erosion. Learn what these forces are and how they affect the earth.




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36 Rocks, Minerals, and Soil

Examine mineral features and characteristics. Find out how rocks are formed and changed through the rock cycle. Learn how rocks turn to soil. Discover how the soils of the earth vary in their physical properties.


37 Earthquakes Study the causes of earthquakes. Define terms associated with earthquakes. Identify where faults are located. Find out how earthquakes are measured.


38 Volcanoes Understand volcanoes. Define terms associated with volcanoes. Identify different types of volcanoes and eruptions. Find out what the Ring of Fire is and where it is located.


39 The Earth Examine the earth from space. Learn how gravitational force keeps the earth in its orbit around the sun. Discover how the earth's rotation on its axis affects the earth. Learn about the earth's moon.


40 The Moon

Explore the surface of the moon. Learn about its composition and atmosphere. Find out how the moon's orbit causes the different phases of the moon. Learn about solar and lunar eclipses. Identify who first walked on the moon.


41 The Solar System Explore the solar system. Identify the inner and outer planets. Describe asteroids, meteors, and comets.


42 The Inner Planets Examine the features of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Identify the asteroid belt. Study how space probes have been used to learn about space.


43 The Outer Planets Learn about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Examine the orbits and features of each.


44 The Sun Study the characteristics of the sun. Learn about the sun's size, temperature, and composition. Learn about the sun's gravitational pull on the planets. Recognize how the sun benefits the earth.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Letter Writing



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45 Beyond the Solar System

Explore the Milky Way Galaxy and examine the stars and constellations within it. Identify instruments used to explore the solar system. Discuss how distance is measured in space and how stars have been used for navigation.



46 Changes in Science Recognize how science and technology have changed the world. Identify some scientists whose inventions have improved technology. Discuss how science and technology are constantly improving.


47 Technology Explore how technology can be used to solve problems. Learn to recognize, carry out, and evaluate a technological solution to a simple problem. Essay: Written Response

48 Tools Examine why and how scientists invent tools. Identify examples of tools that science has helped develop. Discuss natural and man-made tools. Explore what it takes to become a scientist.


49 Computers Learn about the development of technology. Identify computer terms, parts, features, and uses. Essay: Research


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The Sciences V Grade Level 5 Students gain understanding of the importance of research, observation, data collection, hypothesizing, and analyzing as used in the scientific method. Students discover the makeup of atoms and the composition of molecules, elements, and compounds. This course explores the relationship between magnetism and electricity and the various types of electric circuits. A study of the major human body systems and their functions is also included. An investigation is made of plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis and how they affect land formation. Students study climatic and geological natural disasters and how scientists monitor and prepare for them. The Sciences V course includes other topics such as:

• reviewing guidelines for safety in the laboratory

• studying diseases, bacteria, and viruses

• investigating characteristics and phases of the moon and the Apollo space program

• understanding ecosystems, consumers, producers, and decomposers

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences V Scope & Sequence Grade Level 5


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1 Inquiry Explore how scientific knowledge grows and how scientists work together and collect data.


2 Data Collection Explain how scientists collect data. Recognize the variety of tools used to gather this information. Essay: Experiment

3 The Scientific Method

Review skills necessary to complete the process of the scientific method. Learn to develop a hypothesis, use a logbook, analyze data, and form a conclusion.


4 Science Fair Project Learn to use the scientific method for a science fair project. Discover research strategies. Learn to organize and present a project using visual aids, a display board, and a logbook. Identify the components of a logbook.

Essay: Activity


5 The Process of Science

Examine the process scientists use while doing research, including observation, reasoning, sharing, testing, and evaluation. Essay: Written Response

6 Contributions Made by Scientists

Identify three important scientists and the contributions they have made to society. Recognize that new ideas are sometimes hard for society to accept. Understand how knowledge is valued by different cultures.


7 Inventions Understand that inventions are made to meet the needs of people. Identify some inventors of the past, including Galileo and Newton. Realize inventions meet a need, make life easier, and provide entertainment.


8 Careers in Science Explore some careers in science, including chemist, biologist, and astronaut. Learn the difference between career and job.




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9 Hazards Recognize hazards in the environment. Examine hazards associated with chemicals, electricity, and natural gas.


10 Personal Safety Learn the importance of safe practices during play. Examine specific safety tips when swimming and cycling. Realize the dangers of animals. Essay: Written Response

11 Safety in the Science Lab

Review safety rules for a science lab. Review general guidelines for laboratory behavior, clothing guidelines, and what to do in case of an accident. Essay: Activity


12 All About Atoms Discover that matter is made up of atoms. Discover that atoms are made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons. Learn about elements, molecules, and compounds.


13 Matter and Elements

Discuss mass and the states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. Identify the differences between atoms, elements, molecules, and compounds.


14 Electricity Understand what electricity is and how it travels. Compare different types of electricity and electric currents. Study magnets and the relationship of electricity and magnetism.


15 Electric Circuits Recognize different types of electric circuits. Explore how electrons move to create electricity. Identify electronics, transmitters, transistors, microprocessors, and types of integrated circuits.




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16 Cells and Needs of Living Things

Identify the needs of living things. Explore single-celled organisms. Recognize cells as the building blocks of life. Define metabolism, oxidation, cell, mitosis, amoeba, and protoplasm.


17 Living Things Discover how organisms inherit genes and traits. Learn about the male and female parts of a flower and the functions of each part. Understand how form is related to function with regard to living systems.


18 Animal Adaptations

Discover a variety of adaptations used by animals for survival in their environment. Find out how animal body parts, structure, and teeth aid in survival. Describe camouflage, mimicry, warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals, and hibernation.


19 Body Systems Recognize the major systems of the human body and their functions. Identify the major components of each system and determine how the various parts work.

Study: A.D.A.M. Images EB Learning Material


20 The Digestive System

Explore the function of the digestive system. Identify the salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and intestines. Explore what happens to food after it is eaten and how it is changed into a form usable to the body.


Essay: Narrative Writing

21 Comparing Digestive Systems

Compare the digestive systems of humans and other animals. Focus on differences between the digestive systems of herbivores and carnivores. Distinguish which system is most similar to the human digestive system.



22 Alcohol, Drugs, and Tobacco

Learn the dangers associated with tobacco, drug, and alcohol use. Discover the harmful effects they can have on your body.


23 Sex and Reproduction

Understand that sex is a normal biological function in adult animals. Discuss how the human body changes as it grows from childhood to adulthood. Understand how reproduction occurs.




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24 Nutrition Discover how to maintain a healthy body by eating the correct foods. Understand the food pyramid and learn what makes food healthy. Learn about sugars, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, fiber, and carbohydrates.


25 Diseases Learn about bacteria and viruses. Discuss the immune system and how the immune system works to protect the body from disease. Identify the lymph system, antibodies, antigens, antibiotics, and vaccines.


26 Climate and Life Examine six major biomes on earth: deciduous forests, tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, and taiga. Understand tropical, temperate, and polar climate zones.


27 Ecology

Examine ecology and the differences between a community, population, ecosystem, and habitat. Determine what organisms are producers, consumers, and decomposers. Learn how a food chain functions. Determine some causes of population changes.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Narrative Writing

28 Energy and Conservation

Learn the difference between renewable and nonrenewable energy. Discover a variety of ways to recycle products and conserve energy.


29 Environmental Resources

Explore various environmental resources available on earth. Recognize what humans are doing to affect those resources.




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30 Atmosphere and Climate

Identify the layers of the atmosphere. Discuss how changes in the atmosphere can affect global climate. Understand the greenhouse effect. Learn the difference between weather and climate. Discuss factors that affect the climate for a given area.


31 Air Examine air pressure, air density, and how air pressure is measured. Study the cause of wind, the jet stream, and global wind patterns.


32 Water in the Air

Learn the difference between humidity and relative humidity. Discover the process of the water cycle. Define evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Understand the uses of weather tools, such as the psychrometer and the barometer.


33 Air Masses and Fronts

Examine air pressure and air masses. Identify the four different types of fronts: cold, warm, stationary, and occluded. Discuss how weather changes as fronts move through an area.


34 Types of Storms Discover an explanation for storms. Explore tornadoes, hurricanes, and other large storm systems. Describe wind shear, vortex, funnel clouds, and weather watches and warnings. Discuss Doppler and NEXRAD radar.


35 The Earth’s Layers Examine the three major layers of the earth and the components of each layer. Learn about continental drift and plate tectonics. Describe spreading, fracture, and colliding boundaries.


36 Geologic Processes Understand the geologic processes of erosion, volcanism, and uplift. Discuss the differences in chemical and physical weathering. Explain how acid rain increases the rate of chemical weathering.


37 Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes

Examine plate tectonics and how it affects land formation. Discover what causes earthquakes and tsunamis. Understand how earthquakes are measured. Learn about mid-ocean ridges.




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38 Volcanoes Discuss three different types of volcanoes: shield, composite, and cinder. Identify two types of igneous rock: basalt and granite. Understand the difference between lava and magma.


39 Natural Hazards Identify types of natural hazards, climatic and geological. Recognize scientists and agencies that monitor and prepare for natural hazards.


40 The Moon Study the characteristics and phases of the moon. Discuss eclipses, waxing, and waning. Understand that the moon is a natural satellite of the earth. Review the Apollo space program.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Written response

41 Planetary Orbits Discover how inertia and gravity keep planets in their orbits. Define orbital velocity, aphelion, and perihelion. Distinguish between a planet's rotation and revolution.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Calculation

42 The Inner Planets Identify features of the inner planets. Discuss the rotation and revolution of each planet. Determine the differences between meteors, meteoroids, and meteorites, as well as asteroids and comets.


43 The Outer Planets Identify features of the outer planets. Discuss how technology increases man's ability to understand the solar system.


44 Stars Learn about galaxies and stars. Examine the life stages of stars, including nova, supernovas, white dwarfs, and black holes. Describe quasars.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Narrative Writing


45 Uses of Technology Discover the relationship between science and technology. Discuss examples of technology in science, including various telescopes, the use of DNA, nuclear energy, and radioactivity.



Discuss how technology can be used to solve problems. Evaluate the outcome of technical solutions. Essay: Written Response



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47 Science and Technology

Examine how science and technology depend on each other. Identify the six basic types of technology: communication, transportation, construction, energy and power, manufacturing, and biological and chemical.


48 The Effects of Technology

Recognize how the knowledge of science impacts our lives. Explain how technology influences society. Define assembly line, microchip, and electronic-mail.



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The Sciences VI Grade Level 6 In the Sciences VI, students continue to investigate the process of scientific inquiry through experimentation. Exploration is made into various forms of energy including nuclear, geothermal, and solar. This course offers a study of the characteristics of light and how force affects motion. Students explore the phases of the moon, the characteristics and properties of the sun, the life cycle of stars, black holes, and quasars. Communicable and noncommunicable diseases are also reviewed. The Sciences VI course includes other topics such as:

• discovering the difference between basic science and applied science

• exploring atoms and the periodic table

• explaining the cell theory and how living things grow and reproduce

• investigating extinction and theories of planet change

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences VI Scope & Sequence Grade Level 6


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1 Inquiry Explore how and why scientists conduct experiments, what variables are measured, and how they draw conclusions from their results. Recognize the importance of using correct tools and standards in measurement.


2 Data Collection Examine how and why scientists collect data. Identify a variety of tools scientists use to gather data. Discuss how technology affects the ways in which scientists collect data.


3 Scientific Method Describe the steps of the scientific method. Review topic identification, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusions. Describe the application of the scientific method in making a science fair project.




Discover processes used during scientific research. Learn that science is based on rigorous and repeated testing and that some scientific ideas are disputed due to a lack of supporting evidence. Understand what ethical obligations scientists have.



Examine significant contributions made by several important scientists: Marie Curie, Lewis Latimer, and Thomas Edison. Recognize that some scientific ideas that were once rejected are now accepted.


6 Inventions and Society

Explain how the needs of society have impacted what new technology we have. Recognize how technology has improved the quality of life all over the world. Examine plastics, prostheses, and electricity.


7 Careers in Science Recognize some exciting careers in science, including engineer, marine biologist, ecologist, and astronomer.




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8 How We Think about Science

Discover how scientific knowledge changes the way people think. Define risks and benefits. Understand how critical thinking is used in decision making.


9 Safety in the Science Lab

Review the basic safety procedures and science laboratory rules. Recognize science safety symbols. Essay: Activity


10 Atoms Identify the states of matter and what makes up matter. Explain atoms, protons, neutrons, electrons, molecules, elements, compounds, and the periodic table.


11 Matter Explore the various states of matter and how matter changes form. Discuss how temperature affects atoms and the molecules that make up matter.


12 Compounds and Molecules

Define and give examples of mixtures, compounds, molecules, elements, and solutions. Essay: Activity

13 Forms of Energy Define energy as the ability to do work. Explore sources of energy, including fossil fuels, nuclear, geothermal, and solar energy. Discover how energy is in a continual cycle of change between potential and kinetic forms.


14 Electricity

Determine the difference between kinetic and potential energy. Discover how electrical energy is generated and how it flows from one object to another. Learn about amperes, voltage, conductors, insulators, and alternating and direct currents.


15 Chemical and Nuclear Energy

Understand some various forms of energy: potential energy, kinetic energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy. Learn about sources of energy, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and radiation.




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16 Characteristics of Light

Define light, light frequencies, light spectrum, and spectral lines. Discuss different types of lenses. Understand the makeup of the human eye.


17 Images and Refraction

Explore how light rays travel and are absorbed, reflected, or transmitted by objects. Understand reflection and refraction of light. Discover how light affects what we see.


18 Using Forces Determine how force affects motion. Learn about Newton's laws of inertia, gravitational forces, matched forces, newtons, joules, and the effects of friction.



19 Cells Explore the cell theory, the parts of the cell, and how cells grow and reproduce.


20 Characteristics of Living Things

Learn the differences between living and nonliving things. Define metabolism, respiration, elimination, reproduction, cell, amoeba, protoplasm, oxidation, and the cell theory.


21 Comparing Sexual

and Asexual Reproduction

Discover the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. Learn that DNA traits and chromosomes are inherited from parents. Explore the process of meiosis. Describe how single-celled organisms reproduce.


22 Adaptation Explain that similar species in different environments can adapt differently. Review various theories on how organisms adapt. Define overproduction, natural selection, genetic traits, species, and mutations.


23 Extinction Understand that many species have become extinct since life on earth began. Explain theories of planet change that may be reasons why species become extinct.




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24 The Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Discover how flowering plants reproduce. Learn about the different parts of the plant, including the male and female parts of a flower. Define pollination, fertilization, organism, cell, and species.


25 Plant Growth Learn about stimuli and responses. Find out why plants react the way they do in certain environmental conditions. Discover the meaning of tropism and learn what causes this to occur.


26 The Nervous System

Examine the nervous system. Identify the parts and their functions. Define spinal cord, brain, neurons, and reflexes.


27 Exercise and Nutrition

Explain the benefits of exercise and proper nutrition in achieving and maintaining good health.


28 Alcohol, Drugs, and Tobacco

Understand that tobacco, drug, and alcohol use can harm a person's health. Identify diseases associated with the use of tobacco, drug, and alcohol abuse, including emphysema, alcoholism, cirrhosis, and fetal alcohol syndrome.


29 Personal Safety Recognize the importance of personal safety in a science lab, on the school bus, and as a pedestrian. Understand that pregnancy is a risky situation. Explain how to protect oneself from pregnancy.


30 Diseases Discuss communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Describe AIDS and sickle-cell anemia. Define microbes, pathogens, viruses, and bacteria.


31 The Environment

Discuss the differences between ecosystems, populations, and communities. Discover various biomes, such as deciduous forests, taiga, grasslands, tundra, and rainforests. Learn about environmental change, climate zones, temperature, and precipitation.


32 Environmental Resources

Explain the need for more environmental resources as populations grow. Explore renewable and nonrenewable resources. Understand environmental pollution and the actions needed to correct it.




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33 Climate and Atmosphere

Identify various weather terms. Describe the five layers of the atmosphere. Understand the difference between weather and climate. Explain the greenhouse effect and global warming.


34 Water in the Air Discuss how air pressure and relative humidity can be used to forecast the weather. Describe how to measure air pressure and relative humidity. Understand the difference between relative humidity and dew point.


35 Natural Hazards Examine different kinds of hazards that occur in the environment, including floods, thunderstorms, tornadoes, droughts, wildfires, and landslides. Identify unseen hazards, such as carbon monoxide and radon gases.


36 Erosion and Weathering

Learn how physical and chemical weathering affect changes on the earth's surface. Discuss how erosion occurs. Describe how pollution causes acid rain.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Letter Writing

37 Minerals Discuss how minerals are formed. Examine ways minerals can be identified by color, luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, and density. Define rocks, gems, ores, and dietary minerals.


38 The Moon Discover the phases of the moon, characteristics of the moon, and the effects of the moon on the earth. Describe solar and lunar eclipses. Discuss the Apollo space program.


39 The Planets Explain planetary days and years. Describe the eight planets and their locations in the solar system. Define planet and dwarf planet.


40 Planets and Their Orbits

Distinguish the orbits of the planets. Discuss orbital velocity, inertia, gravity, and friction as they relate to orbits. Understand planetary days and years. Discover how the tilt of a planet's axis affects seasons.




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41 The Sun Discuss the sun and its properties. Learn about nuclear fusion. Understand that the sun is the center of the solar system.


42 Layers of the Sun Identify the six layers of the sun. Discuss solar winds, solar prominences, and solar flares.


43 Beyond the Solar System

Explore space beyond the solar system. Explain the life cycle of a star. Understand temperature determines star color. Define thermonuclear fusion, nebulae, nova, pulsar, black hole, and quasars.



44 Using Technology in Science

Discuss how science and technology work together. Discover the difference between basic science and applied science. Understand how technology and tools advance scientific knowledge.


45 The Effects of Technology

Understand many problems in society can be solved using technology. Examine the process of finding technological solutions. Recognize positive and negative effects of these solutions, including cost, practicality, and impact on society.



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The Sciences VII Grade Level 7 This course reviews the ethical and moral obligations of scientists regarding scientific research. Students identify the five oceans and study the composition of ocean water, the various depths and the living organisms present, and the ocean food chain. A discussion is presented of natural selection, Darwin's theory of evolution, adaptations, and mutations. Students investigate how plants use the sun's energy during the process of photosynthesis. A study of the constellations and how they were named is presented. The development and use of technology including robots, artificial skin, and genetic engineering is discussed. The Sciences VII course includes other topics such as:

• examining the process of mitosis

• understanding binomial nomenclature

• reviewing human body systems

• studying the earth's rotation and revolution

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences VII Scope & Sequence Grade Level 7


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1 Inquiry Explore scientific theory as the basis for new knowledge, the evaluation of scientific work, and how new scientific methods and technologies are developed.

Study: EB Learning Material


2 Data Collection Learn how and why scientists collect data and the role mathematics plays in data collection. Discover how technology affects the way scientists collect data.


3 Science Skills Discuss the scientific method and other skills useful in the study of science. Explore how experiments can be controlled. Learn to use deductive and inductive reasoning to draw conclusions.


Essay: Activity

4 Science Fair Project Review the scientific method and discover tips for completing a science fair project. Learn research techniques, preparation of the bibliography, and presentation skills.


Essay: Activity



Explain what science is. Review the scientific method. Know the ethical obligations of scientists when they conduct research on human subjects. Understand that scientists evaluate each other's work and not all scientists interpret data the same way.




Recognize two important scientists, Charles Drew and Lise Meitner, and the contributions they have made to society. Understand that ideas introduced by scientists are sometimes hard for society to accept.


Essay: Research

7 Careers in Science Discover some of the exciting careers in engineering. Identify characteristics and traits common to most scientists.


Essay: Research




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8 Hazards Discover the difference between natural hazards and non-natural hazards. Examine safety tips for dealing with hazards. Discuss terrorism as a social hazard.


Essay: Activity


9 Atoms Identify parts of an atom, including electron, neutron, and proton. Examine models of the atom, including the electron cloud and Bohr models. Discuss the characteristics of elements.


Essay: Diagram

10 Matter Identify the states of matter, including solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Discuss sublimation, evaporation, condensation, physical changes, chemical changes, viscosity, compounds, mixtures, and solutions.


Essay: Experiment

11 Chemical Reactions Review atoms and matter. Explain physical and chemical changes to matter. Learn about compounds, molecules, chemical reactions, and ionic and covalent bonds.


Essay: Experiment

12 Energy and Simple Machines

Discuss potential and kinetic energy. Explain forms of energy, including nuclear, electrical, chemical, mechanical, and radiant. Learn the definition and formula for work. Explore examples of simple machines.



13 Electricity Discover facts about electrical charges, static electricity, currents, series and parallel circuits, fuses, and circuit breakers.



14 Motion Learn about motion, distance, time, speed, and the formula for determining distance. Recognize the difference between mass and weight. Examine velocity and inertia as they relate to motion.






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15 Cells

Explore the history of the microscope and the discovery of cells. Acknowledge the contributions of Janssen, Van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. Compare plant cells and animal cells. Discuss the three components of the cell theory.


Essay: Diagram

16 Cells: Mitosis Discover how cells divide. Examine interphase and the four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Discuss DNA, chromosomes, genes, and traits.



17 Classification of Organisms

Discuss the three criteria for classifying organisms. Identify classification categories. Recognize the five kingdoms of organisms. Understand binomial nomenclature.



18 Simple Forms of Life

Study facts and characteristics of bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses. Explain how each organism functions.



19 Ocean Life

Discover the composition of ocean water. Identify the five oceans and ocean characteristics. Examine the depths of the ocean and discuss various sea creatures that inhabit each area. Study the ocean food chain and the water cycle.

Study: Essay: Written Response

20 Living Things

Discuss behavioral adaptations, instincts, and control systems that increase an organism's chance for survival. Discover living things often respond to stimuli by changing their behavioral patterns. Define migration, mimicry, hibernation, and camouflage.



21 Evolution

Examine how organisms have adapted over time. Understand that the earth is the result of billions of years of evolution and that fossils reveal these changes. Discuss natural selection, Darwin's theory of evolution, adaptations, variations, and mutations.



22 Extinction Recognize that many species have become extinct due to environmental changes. Examine the five major causes of extinction. Discuss the Endangered Species Act.


Essay: Research



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23 Green Plants Discuss how plants use the sun's energy. Understand how the processes of photosynthesis, plant respiration, and transpiration work.



24 Types of Green Plants

Discover the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants. Recognize the difference between xylem and phloem tissue and the various root systems of plants. Discuss herbaceous stems, annual growth rings, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.



25 Systems of the Human Body

Review major systems of the human body, their functions, and how they interact with each other. Discuss the skeletal, muscular, nervous, skin, reproductive, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems.



26 The Respiratory System

Study the parts and functions of the human respiratory system. Examine the process of inhaling and exhaling and the exchange of gases. Recognize the effects smoking has on this system.




Discover the importance of exercise and nutrition. Recognize how exercise influences your mental and physical health. Describe how food provides your body with energy.


Essay: Activity

28 Tobacco, Alcohol, and Prescription

Drugs

Learn the dangers associated with tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drug use. Discuss various health problems related to the use of these products.



29 Personal Safety Discover the importance of personal safety in different situations. Understand how sex can lead to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.



30 Ecology

Discover the difference between biosphere, ecosystems, populations, communities, and habitats. Learn how organisms interact with one another. Explore how food chains function. Define producers, consumers, and decomposers.





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31 Biomes Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors within a biome. Study the process of symbiosis. Identify seven major biomes and their climates. Identify plants and animals associated with each biome.


Essay: Research

32 Environmental Hazards

Learn about hazardous substances in the soil, water, and air. Discuss the importance of detecting these substances. Terminology includes acid rain, pollutants, dermal exposure, global warming, and ozone depletion.


Essay: Experiment


33 Air Pressure and Wind

Discuss air pressure, local and global winds, and pressure gradients. Identify instruments used to measure atmospheric conditions. Explain an anemometer and how it is used.


Essay: Activity

34 Water in the Air Study the states of water and associated terms, including evaporation, transpiration, and condensation. Investigate types of precipitation and the water cycle process.


Essay: Experiment

35 Air Masses and Fronts

Examine air masses and how they create weather changes. Identify cloud types. Discuss prevailing winds and fronts.



36 The Forces of Weather

Explain the formation of tornadoes, hurricanes, and thunderstorms. Examine instruments used to detect and measure storm conditions, including barometers, weather balloons, weather satellites, and Doppler radar. Discuss high and low air pressure systems.


Essay: Activity

37 Weathering Uncover facts about weathering and how weathering occurs. Study examples of physical and chemical weathering. Understand the rock cycle and how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are formed.



38 Layers of the Earth and Volcanoes

Identify the earth's layers. Discover how seismic waves are used to help scientists determine the makeup of each layer. Describe how volcanoes form, where they form, and the different types of volcanoes.


Essay: Letter Writing



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39 Plate Tectonics Understand the theory of plate tectonics. Examine how the continents moved to their present locations from one giant land mass. Describe the three types of plate boundaries and the geologic processes associated with each.



40 Earthquakes Explore plate tectonics. Explain how the movement of the plates can cause earthquakes. Discover the different types of faults and plate boundaries. Discuss different types of seismic waves.


Essay: Diagram

41 The Earth’s Rotation

Study the earth's rotation and its effect on time. Discover facts about latitude and longitude, the prime meridian, the international date line, and time zones.


Essay: Activity

42 The Earth’s Revolution

Discuss the earth's orbit, orbital velocity, perihelion, and aphelion. Discover why the seasons change. Explain solstices and equinoxes.



43 The Moon

Discover characteristics of the moon, including surface features and phases of the moon. Discuss theories of how the moon was formed. Describe apogee and perigee. Explain eclipses. Explain how the moon affects tides on the earth.


Essay: Research

44 Constellations Examine facts about constellations and how many of the constellations were named. Describe the celestial sphere. Explain how constellations divide the night sky.


Essay: Research



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45 Advances in Technology

Explore the development and use of technology in science. Discuss robots, alloys, artificial skin, computer athletics, radio telescopes, arthroscopic knee surgery, and genetic engineering.




Discuss what perfect vision is. Study the history and development of eyeglasses. Learn how to design, evaluate, and implement a technology through use of criteria. Examine benefits versus cost of technology. Explain possible consequences of technology.


47 Technology Study the similarities and differences between science and technology. Understand how people contribute to scientific and technological advancements. Discover tools scientists use to develop technology.




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The Sciences VIII Grade Level 8 The Sciences VIII presents lessons that continue to build on previous scientific concepts. Students study types of chemical bonds and chemical reactions. They learn to read chemical formulas and balance chemical equations. The topic of waves is discussed including wavelength, crest, trough, amplitude, and frequency. Students study the cell processes of meiosis and mitosis and investigate DNA bonding. A study is made of Mendel and inherited traits. Students learn about the science and technology involved in constructing and maintaining the International Space Station. The Sciences VIII course includes other topics such as:

• discussing contributions made by scientists to society

• describing simple life forms such as monera, protozoa, algae, and fungi

• studying HIV and the human immune system

• examining the costs and benefits of technology including financial and environmental

A+nyWhere Learning System The Sciences VIII Scope & Sequence Grade Level 8


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1 Data Collection Discuss how and why scientists collect data. Describe how data is evaluated. Discover how technology affects the way data is collected. Learn the role mathematics plays in data collection.



Review the steps of the scientific method. Discuss inductive and deductive reasoning. Recognize the difference between pure and applied scientists.


3 Science Fair Project Understand the steps for developing a science fair project. Discuss topic selection, developing a hypothesis, and writing a bibliography. Discover tips on effective presentations.




Understand the process that researchers follow to make scientific advancements. Discuss which qualities are necessary for scientists to have.



Discover contributions that scientists have made to society. Examine contributions made by scientists including Banneker, Einstein, Alvarez, Darwin, and Wegener. Realize that some scientists have had their work questioned, rejected, and later accepted.


6 Careers in Science Describe various science and engineering careers in the medical field, including research scientists, medical physicists, epidemiologists, genetic engineers, and biomedical engineers.




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7 Hazards Describe natural hazards which include hurricanes, fires, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Recognize how people can cause hazards and how these hazards can be prevented.


8 Risks and Benefits Identify risks associated with various natural hazards in the environment. Discuss how to reduce these risks. Understand the costs and benefits associated with risk reduction.


9 Laboratory Safety

Symbols and Procedures

Discuss safety rules for the laboratory, cleanup instructions, and first aid measures. Identify safety symbols in the laboratory and discuss their meanings and importance.



10 Atoms Identify the parts of an atom. Discuss the electron cloud model, quarks, leptons, elements, and isotopes. Examine the periodic table and learn about atomic numbers and atomic mass.


11 Chemical Bonds Identify three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Discuss energy levels, electron dot diagrams, and polyatomic ions.


12 Chemical Equations

Understand different types of chemical reactions, including exothermic, endothermic, synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, and double-replacement reactions. Learn to read a chemical formula and balance chemical equations.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Formula Equations

13 Energy Review different types of energy, including radiant, potential, kinetic, nuclear, thermal, chemical, and mechanical energy. Study the formulas for kinetic and potential energy. Review the law of conservation of energy.




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14 Heat Energy

Explain the difference between heat and temperature. Understand heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. Explore convection currents and how they affect the atmosphere. Discuss radiation and the greenhouse effect.


15 Electricity an Magnetism

Examine the relationship between electrical and magnetic energy. Learn about electromagnets. Study the parts of an electric motor and how each part works.


16 Motion Describe Newton's three laws of motion. Define acceleration, velocity, force, friction, and other motion related terms.


17 Waves

Learn about all aspects of waves including wavelength, crest, trough, amplitude, and frequency. Compare and contrast transverse and longitudinal waves and discover Maxwell's electromagnetic spectrum and the various types of waves included on the spectrum.


18 Machines

Understand how machines make work easier. Learn to calculate mechanical advantage. Identify examples of simple machines, including wheel and axle, screw, lever, pulley, wedge, and inclined plane. Describe compound machines.



19 Cells: Mitosis

Discover three ways cells divide. Describe what happens during interphase and the four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Understand DNA bonding, DNA code replication, chromosomes, genes, and hereditary traits.


20 Cells: Meiosis Describe the process of meiosis and discover the difference between mitosis and meiosis. Define gamete, zygote, haploid cell, synapsis, tetrad, and crossing over.




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21 Traits Recognize Mendel and the study of inherited traits. Distinguish between x and y chromosomes. Describe dominant and recessive alleles. Explain phenotypes, genotypes, and Punnett squares.


22 Living Things Discuss the variety of organisms that exist on earth. Identify the different kingdoms of living things. Recognize how organisms respond to external and internal stimuli.


23 Simple Forms of Life

Describe microscopic organisms, including monera, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses. Examine the functions of these groups.


24 Organisms Discover the contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus in classifying organisms. Learn about binomial nomenclature and the three methods of classification.


25 Evolution Explain how organisms have adapted over time. Discuss that earth today is the result of billions of years of evolution. Understand that most organisms that lived on earth billions of years ago have become extinct.


26 Green Plants Discover the life processes of plants. Determine the differences between herbaceous and woody stems and perennials, biennials, and annuals. Examine different types of root systems. Compare the different types of tropism.


27 Systems of the Human Body

Review the major systems of the human body, including the skeletal, muscular, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, integumentary, reproductive, immune, excretory, and endocrine systems.


Essay: Activity

28 The Immune System

Explore the immune system. Describe the body's lines of defense against disease. Define lymphocytes, virus, interferon, and macrophages.



29 HIV and the Immune System

Describe HIV. Discuss how it is spread, how it affects the immune system, the prevention, and the treatment.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Sequencing



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30 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Review the functions of the skeletal and muscular systems. Identify bone parts and functions, cartilage, joint types and functions, flexors and extensors. Describe ossification and sprains.


Essay: Activity


Study the importance of exercise and nutrition in maintaining good health and proper development. Understand the redesigned food pyramid. Define endorphins, osteoporosis, aerobic exercise, and MyPyramid.


32 Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs

Describe addiction to tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. Discover how these substances can affect the body. Discuss social consequences associated with addiction.


33 Personal Safety Explain the importance of personal safety. Recognize environmental hazards and how to avoid them. Understand the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases.


34 Environmental Quality

Discuss hazardous substances, including lead, radon, asbestos, and mercury. Recognize government agencies that monitor these substances. Discover how population can influence the quality of life. Define population density and carrying capacity.


35 Water Biomes Identify water biomes of the earth. Examine the aquatic zones in the ocean, including the littoral, sublittoral, and phalagic zones. Discuss freshwater biomes and estuaries and the organisms that inhabit these areas.



36 Air Pressure and Wind

Discuss global wind belts, prevailing winds, and the Coriolis effect. Study air pressure, what affects air pressure, and how air pressure is measured. Describe how differences in air pressure from convection cells.




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37 The Hydrologic Cycle

Explain the hydrologic cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. Discuss different types of cloud formation and forms of precipitation.


38 Weathering Understand the rock cycle and the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Discuss chemical and physical weathering. Explain sand and soil formation.


39 Layers of the Earth and Volcanoes

Understand how seismic waves are used to distinguish the earth's layers. Explain how movement of lithospheric plates allows for the formation of volcanoes. Discuss characteristics of shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and stratovolcanoes. Discuss the Ring of Fire.


40 Seismic Waves and Earthquakes

Discuss the lithosphere and asthenosphere and explain how their interaction causes continental drift and earthquakes. Describe the different types of seismic waves and faults associated with earthquakes and tsunamis.


41 The Solar System Recognize the contributions of Aristotle, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Einstein. Discuss the laws of planetary motion, inertia, and the nebular theory. Identify the layers of the sun and solar phenomenon.


42 The Earth’s Revolution

Examine the earth's orbit and how the inclination of the earth causes the seasons. Discuss the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Explain solstices and equinoxes.


43 Astronomy Understand basic astronomy, including star formation, constellations, and locating a star by using azimuth and altitude. Discuss measuring astronomical distances using light-years, astronomical units, and parallax.

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Speech Writing



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44 International Space Station

Learn about the science and technology involved in constructing and running the International Space Station. Discover how technology developed on the space station affects our society.


45 Technological Design

Learn the steps involved in technological design, and how technological design is used to solve problems. Essay: Written Response

46 Costs and Benefits of Technology

Describe the uses, benefits, and limitations of technology. Discuss the costs of technology, including financial, environmental, and safety.



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Earth and Space Science Grade Levels 9–12 A+LS Earth and Space Science introduces students to a variety of topics, including:

• Skill development using diagrams, charts, mass, volume, measurements, etc.

• Properties of energy, such as energy from the Sun

• Basics of Earth chemistry, including review of periodic table of the elements

• Weather and climate

• Major landforms, including tectonic plate movement and volcanic development

• Oceans and their features, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

• Fossils and dinosaurs

• The layers of the Earth, including the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere

• The formation of the solar system, stars, galaxies, and constellations

• The layers of the Sun and the propagation of solar wind

• The history of flight

• The history of spacecraft and space flight

A+nyWhere Learning System Earth & Space Science Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 9–12

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A+LS Earth and Space Science is a comprehensive, completely integrated course for grade levels 9–12. This course provides the basic foundations of scientific measurement skills, a comprehensive look at the way the Earth and all its layers are formed, and a complete overview of the solar system and its major components. Each lesson is designed to be the foundation for the next lesson in the course so that students are provided the best reinforcement of key terminology throughout their studies. Interactive media has been included to help engage the student in the visual learning process.

• Earth and Space Science is presented as a year-long course.

• All thirty-two lessons contain a study guide, a practice and

mastery test, and a written essay or activity.

• This course is certified with a Lexile® measure of 1110L.

• Lessons and readings include a variety of essay types such as descriptive, persuasive, expository, and letter writing. Additional activities include creating a collage, brochure, poster, or chart. Directions for essays and rubrics for grading are provided for each of the writing assignments. Students will also complete a self-evaluation form to assess their performance.

• Earth and Space Science lessons are enriched by Encyclopædia Britannica® Online School Edition (EB) workspaces that contain learning materials. Learning materials may contain articles, games, images, maps, and/or videos.


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• The content in this course is designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the National Science Education Standards

(NSES). Students will learn about:

• Earth’s formations, including plate tectonics, mountains and plains, volcanoes, oceans, surface water, and ground water.

• Earth’s basic chemical properties.

• Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.

• Earth’s climate and weather patterns, including their effect on our daily lives.

• Basic tools of scientific measurement.

• The history of flight and space flight.

• The basic principles of the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy, constellations, the manner in which celestial objects are formed, and the formation of galaxies.


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Third-Party Content in A+LS Lessons The Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition (EB) has teacher resources and student learning materials. The materials include a wide range of interactive lessons, research projects, animations, and worksheets that support many A+LS lessons. Each workspace may contain an article, diagram, study guide, video, or interactive media.

The launch icon for EB objects is located at the top of the A+LS screen on the launch page of the study guide section.


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Course Name Number of

Lessons


Grade Levels

Lexile Measure

Earth and Space Science 32 2 9–12 1110L

A+nyWhere Learning System Earth and Space Science Scope & Sequence Grade Levels 9–11


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All Lessons Media that is common to all lessons in this subject

Study: Glossary Essay: 2 .PDFs, Directions

& Self-Evaluation Matrix

1 Experiments,

Reasoning, and Metrics

Scientific method; inductive versus deductive reasoning; controlled experiments; common metric measurements

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Paragraph/

Reasoning

2 Maps, Diagrams, and Measurements

Globes and map types: projection, Mercator, conic projection, polar projection, topographic; gravity and mass; Celestial measurements: astronomical unit, light-year; charts, diagrams, and graphs

Study: Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Poster

3 Intro to Earth Science Description of the primary branches of Earth Science: oceanography, hydrology, hydrogeology, meteorology, climatology, paleontology, and geography; biosphere layers: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere

Study: EB Learning Material Interactive Map Essay: Paragraph

4 The Planet Earth Hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere; Earth’s orbit around the sun, perihelion and aphelion; Earth’s seasons, equinoxes and solstices; time zones, meridians, prime meridian, international date line; Earth’s gravity

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Paragraph

5 Earth Chemistry Composition of the atom; periodic table of the elements; atomic number/atomic mass; ionic and covalent bonds; organic molecules; radioactive elements

Study: Animation (6) Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Multiple Paragraph

Responses

6 Energy Energy types: solar, water, geothermal, petroleum, coal, natural gas, nuclear, waste; greenhouse effect

Study: Animation (2) EB Learning Material Essay: Expository Essay



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7 Formation of Winds 1 Radiation, conduction, and convection; Infrared rays, solar energy; Humidity, relative humidity vs. specific humidity, barometers and psychrometers

Study: Animation (2) EB Learning Material Essay: Paragraph

8 Formation of Winds 2

Low pressure and high pressure areas; Global winds: coriolis effect, doldrums, trade winds, horse latitudes, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies, jet stream; Local winds: sea breeze, land breeze, monsoons; Tools: anemometer, weather vane, weather satellite

Study: Animation (3) Coach Quotes (2) EB Learning Material Essay: Narrative Essay

9 Clouds & Fronts

Water cycle, evaporation, condensation, and dew point; Precipitation: fog, mist, drizzle, rain, sleet, hail, snow; Clouds: high-level, mid-level, and low-level; Air masses: maritime tropical, continental tropical, continental polar, maritime polar; Fronts: warm, cold, occluded, stationary

Study: Animation EB Learning Material Essay: Paragraph

10 Storms Lightning: fulminology, lightning types, lightning appearance and formations, lightning safety; Thunder, thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes; Tornado safety; Blizzards

Study: Coach Quotes (2) EB Learning Material Essay: Narrative Essay

11 Climate

Continental drift and ice ages; Temperature affected by latitude, altitude, ocean currents; Precipitation and rain shadow; Climate zones: polar ice cap, tundra, taiga, alpine, humid continental, humid subtropical, steppe, desert, Mediterranean, marine, tropical rainforest, marine; El Niño and La Niña

Study: EB Learning Material Interactive Graphic Interaction Tool Map Coloring Essay: Narrative Essay

12 Rocks & Minerals

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks; Mineral classifications: hardness, color, streak, luster, crystal formation, fracture, cleavage, magnetism, density, acid reaction; Mineral groups: silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides, carbonates, elements; Gems, ores, metals, nonmetals

Study: Animation (5) Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Poster



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13 Fossils and Dinosaurs Fossil formations: molds, casts, permineralization, petrifaction, freezing, amber, tar pits, trace fossils; Law of superposition; Major geological eras and periods; Commonly known dinosaur species;

Study: Animation EB Learning Material Essay: Compare and Contrast Essay

14 Mountains and Plains

Mountain formations: compression, tension, shearing, syncline, anticline; Fault types: normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip; Mountain ranges and belts; Mountain formations: folded, fault-block, rift valley, dome, volcanic; Major mountain systems, famous mountains; Plains: coastal, flood, alluvial, lacustrine, lava, abyssal

Study: Animation Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Short Report

15 Ocean Features Continental margin: shelf, rise, and slope; Ocean floor features: submarine canyons, abyssal plains, sea knolls, seamounts, guyots, reefs, ridges, trenches; Ocean exploration and tools; Tides, currents, waves, upwelling

Study: Animation (2) Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Website Evaluation

16 The Oceans

Five major oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic; History of ocean exploration; Notable ocean features: Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Gulf Stream, Labrador Current, Suez Canal; Ocean water purification and desalinization, ocean as source of transportation, hydroelectric dams, submarine communication cables

Study: EB Learning Material Interactive Graphic Essay: Collage

17 Surface Water Water cycle, ground water, moving surface water, standing surface water; Wetlands: marshes, swamps, and bogs; Water purification; Glacier development and icebergs

Study: Animation (9) EB Learning Material Interactive Graphic Essay: Brochure

18 Underground Water Ground water formations: aquifers, wells, artesian wells, springs, hot springs, oases, geysers, fumaroles, caverns, stalactites, stalagmites, and sinkholes;

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Website Evaluation



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19 Plate Tectonics

Seven major tectonic plates: North American, South American, Eurasian, Pacific, African, Antarctic, and Indo-Australian; Seven minor plates: Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Caribbean, Scotia, Arabian, and Philippine; Plate movement: convergent, divergent, and transform; Circum-Pacific Belt, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, earthquakes, earthquake wave forms

Study: EB Learning Material Interactive Graphic (4) Essay: Narrative Essay

20 Volcanoes Asthensophere and magma formation; Types of magma: felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic; Volcano formations, volcanic life stages, volcanic islands

Study: Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Website Evaluation

21 Weathering and Erosion

Mechanical weathering: temperature changes, ice wedges, frost action, vegetation; Chemical weathering: oxidation, hydrolysis, acid precipitation; Soil, humus, soil texture; Erosion: glacial, wind, gravitational, ocean wave, moving water; River stages, oxbows, oxbow lakes, deltas, alluvial fans

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Paragraph

22 The Atmosphere Atmosphere layers: troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere, stratopause, ozone layer, mesosphere, mesopause, thermosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, exosphere; Van Allen Belts, auroras, air pressure

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Poster

23 The Hydrosphere Amount of water on Earth, amount of usable water, water cycle, hydroelectric dams, water shortages; Water necessity for humans and animals, accessibility to potable water

Study: Animation (3) EB Learning Material Essay: Paragraph

24 The Lithosphere Lithosphere and asthenosphere; Continental drift and Pangaea concept; Earth’s layers: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core; Lines of discontinuity in Earth’s interior

Study: Animation EB Learning Material Interactive Graphic Essay: Narrative Essay



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25 Intro to Space Science

Ancient solar calendars; Ancient astronomers: Pythagoras, Aristotle, Copernicus, Galileo; Modern physics: Kepler, Newton; Telescopes: optical, refracting, reflecting, radio, x-ray, gamma-ray, infrared

Study: Animation Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Expository Essay

26 The Sun

Lifecycle of stars: nebulae, nuclear fusion, protostar, main sequence, red giant, white dwarf, supernovas, neutron stars, black holes; Structure of the Sun: sunspots, solar flares, solar prominences, spicules, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromospheres, corona; Stellar wind/solar wind; Eclipses of the Sun

Study: Animation (6) EB Learning Material Interactive Graphics (5) Essay: Narrative Essay

27 The Earth’s Moon Moon’s orbit and distance; Moon phases; Moon’s appearance; craters, lunar rays, regolith, maria, terrae; Gravity and tides, tidal force; Moon exploration, historic dates, first walk on the Moon

Study: Animation (3) Coach Quote EB Learning Material Interactive Graphic Essay: Narrative Essay

28 The Solar System Milky Way Galaxy and its eight planets; Nebulae, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, meteors, meteorites, the asteroid belt

Study: Coach Quotes (6) EB Learning Material Interactive Graphic Essay: Letter Writing

29 Constellations History of astronomy, International Astronomical Union; Description of 15 constellations with history of the name as well as scientific facts

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Website Evaluation



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30 Galaxies & Stars

Absolute and apparent magnitude of stars, variable stars, Hertsprung-Russell diagram, luminosity; Open clusters, globular clusters, binary pairs; Comets and quasars; Galaxy shapes, Milky Way facts, Local Group, redshift, Big Bang theory

Study: Animation EB Learning Material

Essay: Website Evaluation

31 History of Flight

Timeline of flight history: Greek mythology, kites, ornithopters, hot air balloons, gliders, airships, Hindenburg, aerodromes, Wright Brothers, World War I, post-World War I, World War II; Famous pilots; Rocket engines; Supersonic flight; Commercial aircraft

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Narrative Essay

32 History of Space Flight Rocket engines; Historical spacecrafts: Sputnik, Explorer, Luna, Pioneer, Ranger, Mariner, lunar landers, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Shuttles; Space flight terminology; Creation of NASA; History of people in space flight

Study: Coach Quote EB Learning Material Essay: Poster


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Physical Science Grade Levels 9–10 A+LS Physical Science introduces students to a variety of topics including:

• scientific method • experiments and data collection • chemical reactions • forces and laws of motion • temperature and heat • kinetic energy • electricity, currents, and circuitry • magnetism • sound, resonance, and frequency • light, vision, and technology • scientific careers • natural hazards e.g., volcanoes, tsunamis • astronomy • nebulas, black holes and quarks • mixtures and solutions • exothermic and endothermic reactions • atoms • elements • subatomic particles

A+nyWhere Learning System Physical Science Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 9–10

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A+LS Physical Science is a comprehensive course that invites students to explore the universe of nonliving matter. This course offers several distinctive components: an in-depth examination of the biological functions of vision and sound in relation to physical laws; the impact of scientific discoveries on technology and society; and an overview of natural hazards, including the impact of humans on the environment. The Physical Science course covers the fundamentals of chemistry, matter, energy, and various scientific fields. The lessons are designed to move the student beyond the level of basic knowledge into critical thinking and learning activities.

• Physical Science is presented as a semester-long high

school elective science course. • All thirty-one lessons contain a study guide, a practice

and mastery test, and an essay or other constructed response.

• Lessons include a variety of essay types such as

descriptive, narrative, persuasive, compare and contrast, and letter writing. Additional activities include journals, short reports, summaries, and creating a collage, brochure, or graph. Directions for essays and rubrics for grading are provided for each of the writing assignments. Students will also complete a self-evaluation form to assess their performance.

• This course is certified by MetaMetrics® with a Lexile® score of 840L.


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• This course is enriched by Encyclopædia Britannica® Online School Edition (EB) workspaces that contain learning materials. Learning materials may contain articles, games, images, maps, and/or videos.

• The content in this course is based on specific standards

developed by the National Science Education Standards (NSES).

• Requirements identified in the following standards under the Course Content section are: Science Inquiry, Physical Science, Earth and Space Science, Science and Technology, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives, and History and Nature of Science.

• Students learn the basics of chemistry and acquire the

ability to understand and perform methods of scientific inquiry.

• Personal, social, and historical perspectives of science

are observed in the areas of community, environment, and technology.

• Lessons explore the nature of scientific knowledge and elements of earth and space science, including the origin and

evolution of the universe and earth system.


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The lessons in the Physical Science course are divided into ten domains of study.

• Unit 1: Introduction to Physical Science • Unit 2: Science Applications • Unit 3: Matter's Building Blocks • Unit 4: Structure and Properties of Matter • Unit 5: Matter and Motion

• Unit 6: Energy and Work • Unit 7: Electricity and Magnetism • Unit 8: Waves, Sound, and Light • Unit 9: Physical Science and Society • Unit 10: The Physical Universe


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The lessons in the A+LS Physical Science course will enable the student to evaluate, describe, summarize, define, characterize, or demonstrate an understanding of the NSES standards listed below: Science As Inquiry Standards

Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry Understandings about scientific inquiry

Science and Technology Standards

Technological design Science and technology

History and Nature of Science Standards Science as a human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge Historical perspectives

Earth and Space Science Standards Energy in the earth system Geochemical cycles Origin and evolution of the earth system Origin and evolution of the universe

Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Standards

Personal and community health Population growth Natural and human-induced hazards Environmental quality Natural resources Science and technology in local, national, and global challenges

A+LS Physical Science Lesson Scientific Method

A+LS Physical Science Lessons

Experiments and Data Collection Interpreting and Presenting Data Physical Science and Technology


What Is Physical Science? History of Physical Science


Earth Science Climate and Weather Astronomy Basics


Careers in Physical Sciences Natural Hazards


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Physical Science Standards

Structure of atoms Structure and properties of matter Chemical reactions Motions and forces Conservation of energy and increase in disorder Interactions of energy and matter


Atoms Elements Chemical Compounds, Mixtures, and Solutions Chemical Reactions Properties and States of Matter Introduction to Motion and Forces Forces and Laws of Motion Forces in Materials Math in Forces and Motion Energy Heat Work and Simple Machines Electricity Electric Current and Circuits Magnetism Electronics Waves Sound Light and the EM Spectrum Vision and Light Technology

A+nyWhere Learning System Physical Science Scope & Sequence Grade Levels 9–10


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All Lessons Media common to all lessons in this subject Essay: 2 .PDFs, directions

& self-evaluation matrix

Unit 1: Introduction to Physical Science

1 What Is Physical Science?

Definition of science; scientific knowledge; observation and evidence; pseudoscience; matter and energy; chemistry; forces and motion; basic and applied science; natural universe; scientific method; physical universe; forms of matter and energy; metaphysics; chemistry; forms of energy; astronomy; applied science; technology; fields of science; scientific discoveries

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Expository

2 History of Physical Science

Nicolaus Copernicus; Copernican revolution; Galileo Galilei; Sir Isaac Newton; Albert Einstein; theory of relativity; quantum theory; nuclear physics; subatomic particles; geologic time scale; plate tectonics; big bang theory; Johannes Kepler; atomic theory; electrons; protons; Max Planck; Niels Bohr; radioactivity; Marie Curie; geology; Charles Darwin; Georges Lemaitre; Edwin Hubble; George Gamow

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Expository

Unit 2: Science Applications

3 Scientific Method Scientific method; hypotheses; inductive and deductive reasoning; experiments; models; data analysis; drawing conclusions; scientific reporting; peer review; theories and laws; technology

Study: EB Learning Material .PDF Scientific Method

Essay: Descriptive



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4 Experiments and Data Collection

Experimental design; variables: independent and dependent; experimental control; hypothesis; data collection; models; science and technology; science safety

Study: EB Learning Material Web link to National Institute of Standards and Technology .PDF Laboratory Safety Rules

Essay: Research Plan

5 Interpreting and Presenting Data

Statistics and data analysis; data presentation: graphs and data tables, x-axis, y-axis, statistics, legends, error bars, mean, line graphs, variables, pie charts, diagrams; research presentations: research poster, research papers; abstract; application; using data to design a graph, chart, or table

Study: EB Learning Material PDF Comparison of Paintball marker Types

Essay: Graph

Unit 3: Matter's Building Blocks

6 Atoms

Atoms; elements; subatomic particles; atomic structure: nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons; atomic mass unit (amu); scientific notation; density; orbiting electrons; cathode ray tube (CRT); Niels Bohr; electron clouds; atomic nucleus; force; isotopes; radioactive decay; Marie Curie; types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma; radiation; half-life; carbon atoms; nuclear technology; tracers; nuclear fission and fusion


Essay: Descriptive

7 Elements

Elements; physical properties; Dmitri Mendeleev; Henry Moseley; periodic table: periodic law, atomic mass, chemical symbols, period, columns and groups, families, and element classes: metals, nonmetals, metalloids; malleable and ductile metals; valence shell; valence electrons; molecule; chemical bond; metals: reactive, alkali, alkaline earth, and transition; groups: boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen; nonmetals: halogens, and noble gases; isotopes; ions; compounds; natural and artificial elements; promethium

Study: EB Learning Material .PDF Periodic Table

Essay: Descriptive



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Unit 4: Structure and Properties of Matter

8

Chemical Compounds, Mixtures, and

Solutions

Compounds; molecules; mixtures; elements; homogeneous; solvent; solute; soluble; insoluble; gases; liquids; alloys; solutions; saturated and unsaturated solutions; solubility; suspensions; heterogeneous mixtures; colloid; particles; chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic; crystalline lattice; diatomic molecules; hydrocarbons; biochemicals: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; carbon compounds

Study: EB Learning Material .PDF Periodic Table

A+VLabs: Solubility of Salts Essay: Expository

9 Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, and single and double replacement; reactants and products; chemical formula; law of conservation of mass; exothermic and endothermic reactions; law of conservation of energy; activation energy; chemical equations and formulas; symbols; subscript; coefficients; binary compounds; polyatomic ions; rates of reactions; catalysts; inhibitor; hydrogen; pH scale; acid; base; salt


A+VLabs: Reaction and Rates Essay: Paragraph

10 Properties and States of Matter

Description of matter including mass and weight; states of matter: liquid, solid, gas, and plasma; changes in the state of matter: melting, vaporization, freezing, condensation, and sublimation; gravity as a force; electromagnetism; measurements; newton; volume measurement; meniscus; physical properties; chemical properties; density; crystalline solids; amorphous solids; surface tension; viscosity; pressure; Boyle's law; Charles's law; ideal gas law; gas constant; compressed gases; plasmas; boiling point; temperature as a measure of energy in matterTypeequationhere.


Essay: Expository A+VLabs: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law



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Unit 5: Matter and Motion

11 Introduction to Motion and Forces

Measuring motion; speed; velocity; constant velocity; resultant velocity; acceleration; positive acceleration; negative acceleration; deceleration; projectile; circular motion; centripetal acceleration; centrifugal force; force; net force; friction types: sliding, rolling, fluid, and static; momentum


Essay: Compare and Contrast

A+VLabs: Distance- Time Graph

12 Forces and Laws of Motion

Forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetism, and strong and weak nuclear forces; law of universal gravitation; acceleration of gravity; gravitational constant; Newton's laws of motion; law of conservation of momentum; terminal velocity; air resistance; free fall; motion and inertia; unbalanced forces; two-way nature of forces


Essay: Expository

13 Forces in Materials

Fluids and forces; pressure; Pascal’s principle; atmospheric pressure; density; pressure in gases; buoyant force; Archimedes' principle; moving fluids; Bernoulli's principle; air pressure; lift; thrust; drag; turbulence; tension and compression; elastic forces


A+VLabs: Simple Harmonic Oscillator Essay: Expository

14 Math in Forces and Motion

Motion and speed; equations; velocity; constant velocity; resultant velocity; acceleration; force; net force; gravitational force; gravitational constant; pressure; pascal; Pascal's principle; buoyancy


Essay: Paragraph



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Unit 6: Energy and Work

15 Energy

Definition of energy; kinetic energy; potential energy; joule; mechanical energy; conservation of energy; energy transformation; types of energy: thermal, chemical, electrical, sound, light, and nuclear; transforming energy; law of entropy; energy sources: renewable and nonrenewable; fossil fuels; biomass; geothermal energy


Essay: Expository A+VLabs: Inclined Plane

16 Heat

Temperature; kinetic energy; liquid and digital thermometers; Fahrenheit scale; Celsius scale; Kelvin scale; heat; thermal energy; thermal equilibrium; conduction; conductors; insulator; convection; convection currents; radiation; thermal conductivity; specific heat; specific heat capacity; heat exchange; joule; calories; calorimeters


Essay: Descriptive

17 Work and Simple Machines

Work; force; direction of motion; calculating work; power; machines; work input; input force; work output; output force; joules; mechanical efficiency; mechanical efficiency calculation; simple machines: lever, inclined plane, wedge, screw, wheel and axle, and pulley; compound machines; lever and fulcrum; classes of levers

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Inclined Plane

Essay: Expository

Unit 7: Electricity and Magnetism

18 Electricity

Electricity as energy; electromagnetism; negative and positive charges; electric force; types of electric charges: friction, conduction, and induction; static electricity; conductors and insulators; electric field; conservation of charge; electroscope; lightning; heat lightning; lightning rods; electric currents; batteries; cells; electrolytes; electrodes; wet and dry cells; potential difference; volts; converting energy into electricity; thermocouple


Essay: Expository



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19 Electric Current and Circuits

Electric current; ampere; direct current (DC); alternating current (AC); voltage; resistance; ohms; super conductors; Ohm's law; electric power; wattages; kilowatts; loads; electric energy conversion; switches; circuits: series and parallel; circuit overloads; short circuits; fuses; circuit breakers; ground fault current interrupters (GFCI); power surges; surge protectors; ground wire

Study: Learning Material Essay: Expository A+VLabs: Circuit Builder

20 Magnetism

Magnets; magnetism; magnet domains; magnetic poles; magnetic fields; polarity; the earth and magnets; ferromagnetism; electromagnet; Hans Christian Oersted; temporary magnet; permanent magnet; electric motors; commutator; magnetic fields and motion; galvanometer; ammeter; voltmeter; electromagnetic induction; generators; transformers; electronic devices



A+VLabs: Electromagnetic Induction

21 Electronics

Electronics; circuits; circuit boards; light emitting diode (LED); semiconductors; doping; diodes; transistors; integrated circuits; telecommunications; electric signals; analog signals; vinyl records; tapes; digital signals; digital compact discs; pit; land; wire and wireless; electromagnetic energy; cathode ray tube (CRT); television; computer; computer components; microprocessors



Unit 8: Waves, Sound, and Light

22 Waves

Definition of a wave; types of waves: transverse, longitudinal, and combination; medium; electromagnetic waves; crests; troughs; rarefactions; compressions; sound waves; surface waves; amplitude; frequency; wavelength; hertz; wave speed; wave interaction: reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference; constructive interference; destructive interference; standing wave; resonance


A+VLabs: Interference of Light Waves

Essay: Expository



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23 Sound

Sound; sound movement; ears; eardrum; tympanic membrane; inner ear: hammer, anvil, and stirrup; cochlea; hearing; nerve deafness; tinnitus; sound properties; sound waves; decibels; frequency; hertz; infrasonic; ultrasonic; pitch; Doppler effect; oscilloscopes; echolocation; diffraction; interference; acoustics; sound barrier; sonic boom; standing waves; resonance frequency; octaves; sound quality; noise


A+VLabs: Interference of

Light Waves Essay: Expository

24 Light and the EM Spectrum

Light as an electromagnetic (EM) wave; electromagnetic spectrum; radiation; absorption; refraction prism; white light; sunlight; fusion reactions; speed of light; radio waves; amplitude modulation (AM); frequency modulation (FM); microwave; radar; infrared (IR) radiation; visible light; visible spectrum; rainbows and sunlight; ultraviolet (UV) light; ozone; UV radiation protection; EM radiation: x-rays and gamma rays; light waves; law of reflection incidence; reflected light; regular reflection; diffuse reflection; absorption; photons; light scattering; Raleigh effect; light refraction; light diffraction; constructive and destructive interference; transmission; transparent; translucent; opaque; pigment


Essay: Paragraph

25 Vision and Light Technology

Human eye: cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, rods and cones, nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, color blindness, color deficiency, and vision; luminous; illuminated; incandescent; types of lights: halogen, vapor, incandescent, fluorescent, and neon; light waves; ray; mirrors: plane, concave, and convex; virtual image; optical axis; focal point; focal length; real images; ray diagrams; lenses: convex and concave; ocular; eyepiece; objective lens; light technology; lasers; holographic images; fiber optics


A+VLabs: Investigating a Convex Lens Essay: Expository

Unit 9: Physical Science and Society

26 Physical Science and Technology

Interrelationship between basic and applied science (technology); chemical elements; chemistry; states of matter; forces and motion; fluids; energy and matter; thermodynamics; energy in technology; machines; electricity; magnetism; electronics; waves; light technology; technology solutions; nuclear technology


Essay: Expository



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27 Careers in Physical Sciences

Careers in physical science; engineers; aeronautical engineering; physical science branches; astronomy; earth sciences; astronomers; chemists; geographers; geographic information systems (GIS); hydrologists; meteorologists; physicists; engineers: electrical, computer, agricultural, environmental, biomedical, chemical, material, nuclear, design, and civil; research scientists

Study: EB Learning Material Web link to Bureau of Labor Statistics


Unit 10: The Physical Universe

28 Earth Science

Layers of the earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust; plates; plate tectonics; continental drift; earthquakes; earth spheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere; troposphere; stratosphere; mesosphere; exosphere; thermosphere; geochemical cyclings; soil; minerals; rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic; fossils; erosion: weathering, stream, glacial, and chemical; sedimentation; mountains; scarp; subduction; trenches; oceanic crust; continental crust; seafloor spreading; ocean ridges; ancient earth; strata; geologic time scale; Precambrian era; Paleozoic era; Mesozoic era; Cenozoic era


Essay: Expository

29 Climate and Weather

Climate and weather; seasons; equator; lines of latitude; tilt of the earth; summer solstice; winter solstice; equinoxes; night and day; temperature and pressure; cloud types: cirrus, stratus, and cumulus; atmosphere; Coriolis effect; Hadley cells; Polar cells; Ferrel cells; atmospheric circulation; doldrums; air masses; climate changes; greenhouse effect; global warming; chlorofluorocarbons; ozone layer

Study: EB Learning Material Web link to NASA

Essay: Expository

30 Natural Hazards

Magma; hotspots; mantle plumes; black smokers; Pacific Ring of Fire; lava; shield volcano; cinder cone volcano; stratovolcano; strata; supervolcano; caldera; active and dormant volcano; extinct volcano; tsunami; earthquake; fault line; stress; seismic waves; magnitude; Richter scale; hurricane; tropical cyclone; tornado; super cell; Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale; pollution; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)





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31 Astronomy Basics

Universe; big bang theory; astronomy; quarks; leptons; galaxies; stars; Milky Way; solar system; comets; ort cloud; planetesimals; planets; planetoids; asteroids; meteoroids; meteors; meteorites; moon; satellite; craters; astronomical units (AU); spectrometer; spectral analysis; characteristics of stars; apparent brightness; intrinsic brightness; main sequence; red giants; white dwarfs; Hertzsprung-Russell diagram; neutron stars; pulsars; black holes; galaxy movements; galactic nebulae; cosmic rays


Essay: Paragraph


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Comprehensive Biology Grade Levels 9–12

A+LS Comprehensive Biology introduces students to a variety of topics including:

• science as inquiry • the history and nature of science • science and technology • the structure and function of organisms • matter • energy • organization in living systems • the molecular basis of heredity • life cycle and reproduction • diversity • adaptations • life origins • the interdependence of organisms • the behavior of organisms • organisms in the environment • basic chemistry • molecular genetics • prokaryotes • protists • fungi • animal phyla • comparative morphology • homeostasis • population ecology • nonrenewable resources

A+nyWhere Learning System Comprehensive Biology Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 9–12

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A+LS Comprehensive Biology covers all aspects of the core high school science course. The objectives addressed are those that are tested on national and state achievement tests. Comprehensive Biology lessons are designed to move the student beyond the level of basic knowledge into critical thinking and learning activities. The instructional content reflects a major change from the prior A+LS biology title with significantly increased depth and complexity. A curriculum planning manual (CPM) is available for Comprehensive Biology in the A+nyWhere Learning System.

• Comprehensive Biology is presented as a year-long course.

• All thirty-nine lessons contain a study guide; a practice and

mastery test, and most have an essay or other constructed response.

• Lessons include a variety of essay types such as descriptive, narrative, persuasive, compare and contrast, and letter writing. Additional activities include journals, short reports, summaries, and creating a collage, brochure, or graph. Directions for essays and rubrics for grading are provided for each of the writing assignments. Students will also complete a self-evaluation form to assess their performance.

• This title is certified by MetaMetrics with a Lexile score of

910L.

• This course is enriched by Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition (EB) workspaces that contain learning materials. Learning materials may contain articles, games, images, maps, and/or videos.


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• The A+LS Comprehensive Biology course content is

based on the National Science Education Standards (NSES) and the standards of the states. These lessons are designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the National Science Education Standards. The requirements are identified in the following standards: Science Inquiry, Life Science, Science and Technology, Science in Personal and Social Perspectives, and the History and Nature of Science.

• Test questions reflect the full range of Bloom's Taxonomy from basic knowledge to application, analysis, and synthesis. The questions challenge the student to apply what they have learned in the study guide.

• The essay assignments require the student to expand upon the information from the lesson in a higher order thinking exercise. A scoring rubric is provided for both student and teacher.

• The Essential Content Essay guide is provided for teachers at the end of the Scope & Sequence. This guide will assist teachers in the grading of the essential content essays by providing an answer key for each of the essential content points.


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The lessons in the A+LS Comprehensive Biology title will empower the student to evaluate, describe, summarize, define, characterize, or demonstrate an understanding of the NSES standards listed below: Science as Inquiry Standards

Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry Understandings about scientific inquiry

Science and Technology Standards

Technological design Science and technology

Life Science Standards

The cell Molecular basis of heredity Biological evolution Interdependence of organisms Matter, energy, and organization in living systems Behavior of organisms

A+LS Biology Lessons The Scientific Method Designing Experiments

A+LS Biology Lessons

Collecting Data Interpreting and Presenting Data


Basic Chemistry The Chemistry of Life Cells and Cell Theory Types of Cells Cell Structure and Function Energy and Cells Cell Division Reproduction and Development DNA: Genes and Chromosomes Mendelian Genetics Patterns of Inheritance Molecular Genetics Overview of Evolution Natural Selection & Microevolution Extinction, Speciation, and Macroevolution Classification, Taxonomy, and Phylogeny Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Protists Fungi Human Biology 1 and 2


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History and Nature of Science Standards Science as a human endeavor Nature of scientific knowledge Historical perspectives

Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Content Standards

Personal and community health Population growth Natural resources

Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Content Standards

Environmental quality Natural and human-induced hazards Science and technology in local, national, and global challenges

A+LS Biology Lessons Biology Themes History of Biology

A+LS Biology Lessons Plant Diversity Plant Responses Animal Diversity: Invertebrates Animal Diversity: Vertebrates


Animal Form and Function Animal Behavior Ecology Overview Populations and Communities Energy, Matter, and Ecosystems Biomes and the Biosphere Humans and Environments

A+nyWhere Learning System Comprehensive Biology Scope & Sequence Grade Levels 9–12


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All Lessons Media common to all lessons in this subject Essay: 2 .PDFs, directions

& self-evaluation matrix

Lessons

1 Biology Themes

Characteristics of life: cells, heredity and DNA, energy requirement, homeostasis, response to stimuli and environment, growth and development, and organization; introduction to branches of biology; unifying themes; importance of biological sciences to human society


Essay: Descriptive

2 History of Biology

Major contributions and theoretical framework; development of cell theory; history of genetics and evolutionary theory; unification of the themes of the cellular basis of life; heredity and evolution by natural selection to explain the diversity and connectedness of life on earth today; introduction to current issues in biotechnology


Essay: Expository


Underlying steps and rationale of the scientific method; inductive and deductive reasoning; explanation of how the scientific method is used to gain knowledge; hypothesis formation and theory generation; examples of how the scientific method is used to answer questions about the natural world

Study: EB Learning Material 1 .PDF Experimental Research Site

Essay: Descriptive

4 Designing Experiments

Sources of information; experimental design; identification of dependent and independent variables; purpose of experimental controls; purpose of controlled experimental conditions; team and consensus building; suggested activities included

Study: EB Learning Material 3 .PDFs Germination Data Sheet, Fertilization Date Sheet, Arthropods Data Sheet

Essay: Descriptive



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5 Collecting Data Laboratory tools and procedures; data and measurements; non-experimental data; use of appropriate technologies; using spreadsheets to enter data; creating computer graphs

Study: EB Learning Material 2 .PDFs Lab Safety Rules, Natural Selection Model Web Link to Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University

Essay: Descriptive

6 Interpreting and Presenting Data

Processes of data interpretation; use and interpretation of tables, graphs, and diagrams; concept of statistical analysis; alternative explanations; communication and defense of results; team and consensus building; suggested activities included


Essay: Graph, Paragraph

7 Basic Chemistry Energy and matter; atoms; molecules and compounds; chemical bonds and chemical reactions; water and importance of water to life; pH, acids, bases, and buffers; chemical solutions

Study: EB Learning Material 2 .PDFs The Periodic Table, The pH Scale

A+VLabs: Reaction and Rates, Solubility of Salts Essay: Descriptive

8 The Chemistry of Life

Organic molecules in living things; structure and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); chemical reactions in cells; introduction to enzymes and ATP

Study: EB Learning Material 1 .PDF Periodic Chart of Elements

Essay: Expository



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9 Cells and Cell Theory

Characteristics of cells; cellular basis of life; cell theory; regulation of cellular activities; evolution of cells


Essay: Descriptive

10 Types of Cells Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; unicellular protists; fungal cells; plant and animal cells; cell differentiation in complex organisms


Essay: Compare/Contrast

11 Cell Structure and Function

Structure and function of cellular components, including the nucleus, organelles, cytoskeleton and ribosomes; the cell membrane and transport processes such as diffusion, osmosis, passive and active transport processes; endocytosis and exocytosis


Essay: Descriptive

12 Energy and Cells

Energy and energy transformations; the sun and life on earth; energy and organic molecules; cellular metabolism; enzymes; regulation of metabolism by enzymes, ATP; cellular respiration and photosynthesis; energy flows from the cell to ecosystem scales


Essay: Expository

13 Cell Division The cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis; regulation of the cell cycle; cancer and the cell cycle; unique characteristics of meiosis; meiosis and genetic variation; diploid and haploid cells


Essay: Narrative

14 Reproduction and Development

Modes of asexual and sexual reproduction; binary fission, budding, regeneration, and vegetative processes; life cycles in sexual reproduction; modes of sexual reproduction; cell differentiation, growth, and development; stem cells


Essay: Descriptive

15 DNA: Genes and Chromosomes

Introduction to inheritance and molecular genetics; sources of genetic variation; genetic terms; karyotype; genomes

Study: EB Learning Material Web Link to Human Genome Project

Essay: Expository



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16 Mendelian Genetics Classical genetics; Mendel’s experiments; Punnet squares; dihybrid crosses and independent assortment; pedigrees


Essay: Descriptive

17 Patterns of Inheritance

Non-Mendelian inheritance (polygenic traits, co-dominance, incomplete dominance); sex linked inheritance; genetic diseases; changes in chromosome number


Essay: Expository

18 Molecular Genetics DNA and RNA; introduction to gene expression and regulation; transcription and translation; mutation and disease; mutation and evolution; gene technology


Essay: Expository

19 Overview of Evolution

Overarching concepts of evolution; evidence that supports evolutionary theory including: fossils, biogeography, comparative anatomy, biochemistry, and molecular genetics; development of evolutionary theory; evolution and diversity


Essay: Descriptive

20 Natural Selection and Microevolution

Darwinian evolution; mechanisms of evolution; sources of genetic variation; adaptation and natural selection; examples of natural selection and microevolution


Essay: Narrative

21 Extinction,

Speciation, and Macroevolution

Biological species concept; development of new species; reproductive isolation; mass extinctions; molecular clocks; descent with modification; unity and diversity of life; human evolution


22 Classification,

Taxonomy, and Phylogeny

Basis for classification schemes; classification of living things; phylogeny and evolutionary relationships; cladograms; the tree of life


Essay: Expository

23 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

Structure, function, and importance of nonliving chemical infectious agents; importance of viruses to microevolution in bacteria and other organisms; kinds of viruses; prions and viroids; viral diseases





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24 The Prokaryotes:

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Basic biology; diversity, ecology, and medical significance of bacteria; unique characteristics of prokaryotes; Archaebacteria and Eubacteria; bacterial metabolism; nitrogen fixation and decomposition; bacterial diseases; use of bacteria in industry and biotechnology


Essay: Descriptive

25 The Protists Basic biology; diversity, ecology, and medical significance of protists; characteristics of protists; major phyla; protists as primary producers; use in industry; diseases caused by protists.


Essay: Paragraph

26 Fungi Basic biology; diversity, ecology, and medical significance of fungi; characteristics of fungi; major phyla; fungi as symbionts and decomposers; use of fungi in industry; diseases caused by fungi


Essay: Paragraph

27 Plant Diversity

Characteristics of plants; nonvascular plants; seedless vascular plants; gymnosperms, angiosperms, monocots, and dicots; evolution of plants; anatomy; physiology; xylem and phloem; flowers and reproductions; seeds and fruit; plants and people


Essay: Paragraph

28 Plant Responses Plant responses to internal changes and environmental stimuli; plant hormones; plant growth and development


Essay: Descriptive

29 Animal Diversity: Invertebrates

Major animal phyla and their characteristics; evolutionary innovations of major phyla; major vertebrate groups and their characteristics; evolution of vertebrates


Essay: Descriptive

30 Animal Diversity: Vertebrates

Comparative morphology, anatomy, and physiology of animal phyla; comparative anatomy and physiology of vertebrates; evolution of nervous, respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems of animals


Essay: Descriptive

31 Animal Form and Function

Comparative morphology, anatomy, and physiology of animal phyla; comparative anatomy and physiology of vertebrates; evolution of nervous, respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems of animals


Essay: Expository



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32 Animal Behavior Animal responses to internal changes and environmental stimuli; coordination and control of animal responses (nervous and hormonal); behavior and evolution; instinctive and learned behavior; human behavior



33 Human Biology I Organization of the human body; tissue types and their functions; organs and organ systems; maintenance of homeostasis; integration and control Essay: Expository

34 Human Biology II General structure and function of human organ systems: integumentary, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, immune, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive

Essay: Expository

35 Ecology Overview

Definition of ecology; ecology subdisciplines; ecology and evolution; ecology and flows of energy and matter; ecology and distribution of organisms; organization in living systems; relationship between cellular activities; flows of matter and energy in ecosystems


Essay: Narrative

36 Populations and Communities

Population ecology, communities, trophic levels and energy flow; predation; competition; symbioses; succession; population dynamics and evolution


Essay: Poster

37 Energy, Matter, and Ecosystems

Energy flows and biogeochemical cycling of matter; organisms and environment; interdependence of living things; nonrenewable resources


Essay: Short Report

38 Biomes and the Biosphere

Climate and distribution of living things on earth; diversity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; interactions of sun, earth, atmosphere, water, and biosphere

Study: EB Learning Material Web Link to NASA Earth Observatory

Essay: Descriptive

39 Humans and Environments

Human population; human impacts on biosphere including: habitat destruction, pollution, and overuse of nonrenewable resources


Essay: Descriptive



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Chemistry IA Grade Levels 10-11 The Chemistry IA course includes topics such as:

• understanding why chemistry is called the central science

• chemical terminology • processes involved in chemical changes and

interactions • using the appropriate tools and knowing the units

of measure for mass, volume, and temperature • identifying basic atomic structure • understanding the organization of the periodic table • describing chemical bonding and molecular

structure • identifying characteristics of solids, liquids, and

gases • quantum numbers, including the Pauli exclusion

principle • physical states using kinetic-molecular theory • gas laws and Dalton’s, Boyle’s, and Charles’ laws • perceiving the conservation of matter and

Stoichiometry • types of chemical reactions including: synthesis and

decomposition, combustion and displacement, and oxidation-reduction

• balancing redox reactions

A+nyWhere Learning System Chemistry IA Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 10–11

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The A+LS Chemistry IA course is designed as a first semester general chemistry course. Students will learn basic chemistry concepts and develop skills relating to basic chemical calculations and mathematical principles. This course offers activities formulated to teach and engage students in problem-solving and critical-thinking skills related to chemistry learning. Divided into five units of study, each unit utilizes the scaffolded approach, enabling students to achieve foundational skill sets needed to progress to the next level of understanding. Every scientific discipline has its own unique language and symbols. Understanding chemistry depends on developing a knowledge of the chemical language and its symbols. In the Chemistry I A course, the chemical language and symbols are explored, as well as laboratory procedures and equipment. Based on problem solving, this course leads to a basic understanding of chemistry. Nearly every scientific discipline known, from astronomy to zoology, uses chemistry to achieve knowledge and understanding.

• Chemistry IA is presented as a semester-long high school

course.

• All fifty-three lessons contain a study guide, a practice and mastery test, and an essay or constructed response.

• Enriched interactive features include drag and drop activities, layered sequence activities, and animated experiments that allow the student to respond to the material in a variety of ways. Each feature is designed to fully engage the student with the course content and provide varied methods to help the student master the skills presented.

• This course includes an interactive tutorial to introduce and instruct students in the use of new features and animation.

• Study guides contain practice problems with immediate feedback and additional explanation of chemistry applications, allowing the students to self-correct their learning as the course progresses.


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• Lessons include a variety of essay types such as descriptive, persuasive, expository essays, and paragraph writing. Directions for essays and rubrics for grading are provided for each of the writing assignments. Students will also complete a self-evaluation form to assess their performance.

• Chemistry IA has a certified Lexile® measure of 1100L.

• The A+LS Chemistry IA course content is based on specific standards contained in the National Science Education Standards (NSES).

• Students learn the basics of chemistry and acquire the

ability to understand and perform methods of scientific inquiry.

• Interactive experiments and detailed animation enhance

the curriculum and provide students with hands-on experience in learning and applying chemical principles.


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The launch icon for EB objects is located at the top of the A+LS screen on the launch page of the study guide section.


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Some Chemistry I A lessons contain links to the A+VLabsTM. These virtual laboratories are interactive experiments in which students observe, record, and enter data using methods similar to live laboratories.

The icon for A+VLabs is found on the launch page of a lesson.


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The lessons in the Chemistry I A course are divided into six units of study: Chemistry the Central Science; Basic Atomic Structure; Periodic Table; Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure; Solids, Liquids, and Gases; and Conservation of Matter and Stoichiometry. These units are designed to offer the student a basic understanding of chemistry.

Units Lessons Unit 1: Chemistry the Central Science Lessons: 1–2 Unit 2: Basic Atomic Structure Lessons: 3–10 Unit 3: Periodic Table Lessons: 11–14 Unit 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Lessons: 15–23 Unit 5: Solids, Liquids, and Gases Lessons: 24–41 Unit 6: Conservation of Matter and Stoichiometry Lessons: 42–53

A+nyWhere Learning System Chemistry IA Scope & Sequence Grade Levels 10–11


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All Lessons Media common to all lessons in this subject. Essay: 2 .PDFs, Directions

& Self-Evaluation Matrix

Unit 1: Chemistry the Central Science

00 Tutorial In this brief introduction to Chemistry IA, learn how to use the special features and tools that are available throughout the course.

1 Introduction to Chemistry

Explain why chemistry is called a central science; identify common applications of chemistry; explain the benefits of understanding chemistry; history of chemistry; alchemy

Study: Interactive Demonstration Interactive Image

Essay: Expository Essay

2 Introduction to

Laboratory Procedures

Know the appropriate tools and units for measuring mass, volume, and temperature; Celsius; Kelvin; absolute zero; lab safety; lab equipment; meniscus

Study: Interactive Demonstration Interactive Experiment

PDF Essay: Paragraph

Unit 2: Basic Atomic Structure

3 Basic Atomic Structure

Identify the three main subatomic particles; discovery of subatomic particles; properties of subatomic particles; structure of an atom; Democritus; John Dalton; J.J. Thomson; Robert Millikan; Ernest Rutherford; James Chadwick; scientific notation

Study: Drag and Drop Activity

Interactive Demonstration (2)

Interactive Experiment (2)

PDF Essay: Create a Poster



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4 Elements, Atoms, and Isotopes

Describe an element; using and understanding a periodic table; describe isotopes; differentiate between atomic mass, atomic number, atomic mass number, and average atomic mass; calculating atomic mass; nuclide symbol

Study: Drag and Drop Activity (2)

PDF (3) Essay: Create Brochure

5 Representing Electrons

Describe the Bohr model of the atom; weaknesses of the Bohr model; quantum mechanical model of the atom; Einstein; de Broglie; Heisenberg; Schrödinger; wave-particle duality; principal number; azimuthal number; magnetic quantum number; position of electrons; electron shells; Heisenberg uncertainty principle


Essay: Paragraph

6 Quantum Numbers

meaning of and symbol for each of the four quantum numbers; range of possible values for the four quantum numbers; use the quantum numbers for an electron to compare it to other electrons in the atom; relate the quantum numbers for an electron to the electron's position in the atom; describe the order of filling of electron orbitals in an atom; Wolfgang Pauli; Pauli exclusion principle

Study: Check for Understanding

Essay: Paragraph

7 Electron Configurations

Aufbau principle; Hund's rule; orbital-filling diagrams; electron configurations; valence electrons; degenerate orbitals


Interactive Demonstration (4)

Essay: Paragraph

8 The

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Recognize and rank the various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum; calculate the wavelength or frequency of an electromagnetic wave; calculate the energy associated with an electromagnetic wave; determine what region of the electromagnetic spectrum is represented by a given wavelength or frequency; line spectrum; continuous spectrum; Max Planck; Planck's constant; photons


Coach Quotes (2) Essay: Expository Essay



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9 Absorption and Emission Spectra

Compare and contrast the Balmer, Lyman, and Paschen series of line spectra; explain why hydrogen emits a line spectrum; Bohr model; calculate the wavelengths of light emitted in the Balmer series; calculate the energy of a photon of light that is emitted when electrons transition between energy levels; describe the ionization process; use absorption and emission spectral data; describe the basis of laser operation; ground state


Essay: Paragraph

10 Representing Valence Electrons

Define valence electrons; determine the number of valence electrons in an atom; understand and draw Lewis structures; explain the octet rule

Study: Coach Quote Drag and Drop

Activity Interactive

Demonstration (5) Essay: Paragraph

Unit 3: Periodic Table

11

Organizing the Elements: A

Historical Perspective

Describe the historical development of the periodic table; Dmitri Mendeleev; Henry Moseley; Hennig Brand; Johann Döbereiner; A.E. Béguyer de Chancourtois; John Newlands; Julius Lothar Meyer; William Ramsay; Glenn Seaborg

Study: Animation Coach Quotes (9) Frequency Plot PDF Essay: Paragraph

12

The Modern Periodic Table: The Main Group

Elements

Identify the location of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids on the periodic table; metals; nonmetals; metalloids; trends of the periodic table; properties of main group elements; write outer-shell electron configurations for main group elements; predict how many electrons a main group element will gain or lose; chalcogens; halogens; noble gases; alkaline earth metals; alkali metals

Study: Coach Quotes (2) Drag and Drop


Demonstration Essay: Create a Brochure



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13

The Modern Periodic Table:

Transition metals,

Lanthanides, and Actinides

Explain why some transition metals can lose varying numbers of electrons; explain the uses of the lanthanides and actinides; understand the electron configurations of the transition metals and the inner transition metals and how these affect chemical properties; oxidation state; alkaline earth metals; transition metals; metalloids; nonmetals; halogens; noble gases

Study: Coach Quote (6) Interactive Graphic Essay: Paragraph

14 Trends in the Periodic Table

Describe the trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and ionic radius in the periodic table and understand why they occur; predict properties of elements based on their locations in the periodic table; first ionization energy; electron affinity; electronegativity

Study: Coach Quotes (13) Interactive

Demonstration Interactive Graphics (3)

Essay: Paragraph

Unit 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

15 The Mole

Describe the mole concept; identify who first postulated the mole concept and who determined the number of atoms or molecules in a mole; explain the importance of the mole concept to chemistry; determine molar mass for atoms and compounds; convert from moles to grams or from grams to moles; calculate the number of atoms or molecules of substance given its quantity in moles or grams; Avogadro's number


Coach Quotes (10) Fill in the Blank Essay: Create a Brochure

16 What is a Chemical Bond?

Describe how and why elements form covalent bonds; know common diatomic elements; describe how a polar bond is formed; compare and contrast covalent, polar covalent, and coordinate covalent bonds; exceptions to the octet rule; bond length; compound; molecule; formula unit


Coach Quotes (9) Essay: Paragraph

17 Naming Covalent Compounds

binary covalent compounds; formulas for binary covalent compounds; common acids; formulas for common acids; organic compounds; inorganic compounds; polyatomic ions; monatomic ions


Coach Quotes (4) Essay: Descriptive Essay



116

18 The Nature and Naming of Ionic

Compounds

Write the formula for an ionic compound from its name; write the name of an ionic compound from its formula; understand the bonding involved in ionic compounds; compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding; molecule; formula unit



19 Chemical Formulas

Use percent composition to determine the empirical formula of a substance; determine the molecular formula from the empirical formula; use the molecular formula to determine the mass of any element in a sample of a compound

Study: Coach Quotes (4) Essay: Paragraph

20 Drawing Lewis Structures

Draw Lewis structures for covalent compounds; draw Lewis structures for polyatomic ions


Activity (7) Interactive

Demonstration Essay: Paragraph

21 The Shapes of Molecules

Use chemical formulas to determine Lewis structures for multiatom molecules and ions; determine the molecular geometry of a molecule based on its formula; explain why some molecules appear to be a different shape than that predicted by their molecular geometry

Study: Coach Quotes (4) Essay: Create a Brochure

22 Hybrid Orbitals Determine the bond hybridization of the central atom in a molecule; describe hybrid bonding orbitals and how they overlap to form sigma and pi bonds; use the valence bond theory to determine the shapes of molecules


23 Intermolecular Forces

Describe various intermolecular forces; describe the relative strengths of intermolecular forces; determine which molecules will exhibit intermolecular forces; explain how intermolecular forces affect boiling point, vapor pressure, surface tension, and viscosity; explain the meaning of the expression “like dissolves like” and give examples of how intermolecular forces affect the solution process; dipole; dipole moment; bond dipole; hydrogen bonding; dipole-dipole interaction; London dispersion forces; van der Waals forces


Activity Essay: Paragraph



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Unit 5: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

24 The Many Phases of Water

Describe the properties of solids, liquids, and gases; relate the properties of water in each of its phases to changes taking place at the molecular level; describe what occurs at the molecular level during a phase change; interpret heating and cooling curves



25 Phase Diagrams

Interpret the phase diagram for water; compare points on a phase diagram with positions on a heating curve; describe what the phase boundaries represent; know the meanings of the triple and critical points; compare and contrast the phase diagram for water with that of carbon dioxide; normal boiling point; normal melting point


Activity Essay: Create a Poster

26 Energy Changes During a Phase

Change

Describe how energy is involved in state changes; perform calculations of energy changes as a substance goes from one state to another; evaporation; condensation; sublimation; deposition; freezing; melting; dynamic equilibrium; vapor pressure; heat of fusion


Demonstration (4) Essay: Create a Brochure

27 Specific Heat

Define specific heat; use specific heat to determine how much heat is required to raise the temperature of a substance by a given number of degrees Celsius; define calorimetry; use calorimetry to determine the specific heat capacity for a substance


Demonstration (2) Essay: Paragraph

28 Mixtures

Describe the different components of a solution; identify the solvent and solute in a solution; describe the interactions that take place when a solute dissolves in a solvent; calculate the energy change for a dissolution process; aqueous solutions; homogeneous mixtures; heterogeneous mixtures; saturated solutions; unsaturated solutions

Study: A+VLabs Solubility of Salts

Coach Quotes (5) Drag and Drop




118

29 Describing Concentration

Name different units of concentration used to describe a solution; calculate concentrations of solutions using various units; describe the process of making a solution in the lab; molarity; molality; mole fraction



Experiment Essay: Paragraph

30 Colligative Properties

Define colligative properties; calculate the change in freezing point, boiling point, and vapor pressure when a solute is dissolved in a solvent; determine the molar mass of a substance using the methods of freezing point depression and boiling point elevation; distillation


31 Solids

Explain the difference between an amorphous solid and a crystalline solid; identify examples of molecular, covalent-network, ionic, and metallic solids; predict properties of crystalline solids based on the type of bonding present within the solid; crystal lattice; formula unit; unit cell; lattice energy; metallic bond


Coach Quote Essay: Paragraph

32 Gases and the

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

Explain all three physical states (solid, liquid, and gas) using kinetic-molecular theory; state the postulates that form the kinetic-molecular theory; distinguish a real gas from an ideal gas

Study: Interactive Demonstration (7)

Essay: Paragraph

33 Describing and

Measuring Pressure

Describe how a gas produces pressure; describe how atmospheric pressure is measured; determine the pressure of a gas in a flask attached to an open-ended manometer; convert between units used to measure pressure; pascal; millimeters of mercury; barometer; manometer



34 Boyle's Law Boyle’s law; describe events at the molecular level that explain why Boyle’s law holds; solve problems using the mathematical representations of Boyle’s law; physical properties of gas

Study: A+VLabs Boyle’s Law




119

35 Charles's Law State Charles’s law in words; state Charles’s law mathematically; use Charles’s law to calculate temperature or volume changes in a gas; absolute temperature

Study: A+VLabs Charles’s Law

Coach Quote Interactive


36

The Law of Gay-Lussac and the Combined Gas

Law

Explain Gay-Lussac’s law; explain the combined gas law; explain Avogadro’s law; use the different gas laws to perform calculations


Activity Essay: Create a Poster

37 The Ideal Gas Law

State the ideal gas law; determine the value of any variable in the law provided you know the values of the remaining four variables; use the ideal gas law to determine both the density of a gas and its molar mass; determine the gas pressure of interstellar space



38 Real Gases

Describe the ways a real gas differs from an ideal gas; use the van der Waals equation to mathematically describe a real gas; explain how the van der Waals equation defines a real gas; explain how other gas laws are used to define real gases



39 Diffusion and Effusion

Describe the speeds of gas particles in a gas sample; calculate the root-mean-square (rms) speed of a gas particle in a sample of a gas; describe how to separate a mixture of gases using effusion; use Graham’s law to determine the relative rates of diffusion of various gases; kinetic molecular theory



40 Mixtures of Gases Explain Dalton’s law; use Dalton’s law to determine the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture; use Dalton’s law to determine the mole fraction of a gas in a mixture; use Dalton’s law to determine the total pressure of a gas mixture

Study: Animation (4) Coach Quotes (4) Essay: Create a Poster



120

41 The Atmosphere

Describe the four regions in the atmosphere; explain how temperature and pressure vary within these regions; explain the processes of photodissociation and photoionization; explain the importance of ozone in the stratosphere and why chlorofluorocarbons are a threat to its existence there; explain the greenhouse effect and provide examples of greenhouse gases

Study: Coach Quotes (4) Essay: Create a Poster

Unit 6: Conservation of Matter and Stoichiometry

42 Chemical Equations

Distinguish between physical and chemical changes; define chemical reaction; define chemical equation; identify the parts of a chemical equation; use a word equation to describe a chemical reaction; explain the law of conservation of mass and how it relates to chemical reactions; reactants; products; coefficients

Study: Fill in the Blank Check for

Understanding Coach Quotes (8) Essay: Create a Poster

43 Balancing Chemical Equations

Recognize chemical equations that are not balanced; correct an unbalanced equation to make it balanced; write balanced chemical equations from written descriptions of the reactants and products


Activity (8) Essay: Paragraph

44 Energy During

Chemical Reactions

Distinguish between physical or chemical changes that release energy and those that absorb energy; define enthalpy; define activation energy; explain how enthalpy changes in exothermic and endothermic reactions


Demonstration Drag and Drop


45 Stoichiometry: How Much Do

You Need?

Define stoichiometry; use balanced chemical equations to determine stoichiometric relationships; practice solving stoichiometric problems

Study: Coach Quotes (6) Fill in the Blank Check for

Understanding Essay: Paragraph



121

46 Stoichiometry: How Much Will

You Get?

Define limiting reactant; know how to identify whether a reactant is limiting or is present in excess; calculate the quantity of product generated when one reactant is limiting; calculate the quantity of excess reactant left over when another reactant is limiting



47 Actual Yield Study situations that reduce the product quantity expected; define theoretical yield; define actual yield; define percent yield; calculate theoretical and percent yield values for various situations

Study: Coach Quotes (3) Fill in the Blank Check for


48

Types of Chemical

Reactions: Synthesis and Decomposition

Define synthesis and decomposition reactions; combination reactions; study the characteristics of synthesis and decomposition reactions in order to make generalizations about these types of reactions; predict reactant and product identities as they relate to synthesis and decomposition reactions; monomer; polymer; polymerization


Demonstration Drag and Drop


49

Types of Chemical

Reactions: Combustion and Displacement

Define combustion, single displacement, and double displacement reactions; study the characteristics of combustion, single displacement, and double displacement reactions in order to make generalizations about these types of reactions; predict reactant and product identities as they relate to combustion, single displacement, and double displacement reactions; oxidant; double replacement reactions; precipitate




50

Types of Chemical

Reactions: Oxidation-Reduction

Define oxidation; define reduction; recognize oxidation-reduction reactions; determine the change in oxidation state of an element as a result of reaction; identify which reactant is oxidized and which is reduced in a reaction; half-reaction; oxidation states





122

51 Redox Reactions:

The Activity Series of Metals

Use experimental evidence to rank metals in order of their reactivity; explain what is meant by the activity series of metals; write and balance single displacement reactions as net ionic equations and as half-reaction equations; predict whether a single displacement reaction will occur between a metal and another metal cation



52 Balancing Redox

Reactions in Acidic Solutions

Identify the elements undergoing oxidation and reduction in a reaction involving oxidation-reduction processes; assign oxidation states to any element in a compound; balance oxidation-reduction reactions in acid solution using the method of half-reactions; acidic aqueous solution

Study: Coach Quotes (6) Check for


53 Balancing Redox

Reactions in Basic Solutions

Balance oxidation-reduction reactions in basic solutions using the method of half-reactions; identify a balanced redox equation as taking place in either acidic, basic, or neutral conditions




123

Chemistry II Grade Levels 10–12

A+LS Chemistry II introduces students to a variety of topics including:

• the first law of thermodynamics

• electromagnetic energy

• classifying subatomic particles and forces

• molecular geometry

• colligative properties

• rate of diffusion

• the pH scale

• spontaneous reactions

• Le Chatelier’s Principle

A+nyWhere Learning System Chemistry II Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 10–12

124

• A+LS Chemistry II is a comprehensive, completely integrated courses for grade levels 10–12. Major themes of study

include the fundamentals of chemistry, molecular geometry, the pH scale, and various scientific fields. Chemistry II will educate students in a variety of topics within the major themes of study. These lessons are designed to move the student beyond the level of basic knowledge into critical thinking and learning activities.

• Chemistry II is presented as a semester-long course.

• Most of the twenty-five lessons in Chemistry II contain a

study guide, a practice and mastery test, and a written essay, activity, or experiment.

• This title is certified by MetaMetrics® with a Lexile® score.

• This course is enriched by Encyclopædia Britannica® Online

School Edition (EB) workspaces that contain learning materials. Learning materials may contain articles, games, images, maps, and/or videos.


125


(NSES).

• Chemistry II focuses on science facts, concepts, principles, and theories that are important for all students to know, understand, and use. Lessons provide students a comprehensive study of critical and logical relationships of chemistry on the molecular level and convey the knowledge to recognize, analyze, construct, and review scientific methods, and properties. Students will gain the skill to apply logic and critical thinking to higher order applications.

• Chemistry II contains lessons pertaining to theories and calculations, chemical equations, kinetics and thermodynamics.




126

Course Name

Number of Lessons


Grade Levels

Lexile Measure

Chemistry II 25 1 11–12 1010L

A+nyWhere Learning System Chemistry II Scope & Sequence Grade Levels 10–12


127

1 Stoichiometry Review of empirical and molecular formulas; theoretical yield of precipitate and gaseous reactions; calculation of theoretical yield and percent yield of a reaction involving a limiting reactant


2 Thermochemistry Calculating heat capacity and specific heat; first law of thermodynamics; Hess’ Law; heat of reaction; enthalpy; heat of formation

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Written Activity A+VLabs: Reaction

and Rates

3 Modern Atomic Theory

Electromagnetic energy; wave nature of light; emission and absorption spectra; Bohr’s model of the atom; wave-particle duality; measuring light

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Compare and

Contrast

4 Quantum Mechanics Theory of quantum mechanics; writing orbital diagrams; assigning quantum numbers; writing electron configurations; atomic property prediction based on structure


5 Nuclear Chemistry 1

Completing and balancing nuclear equations; predicting stability of isotopes; calculating energy equivalents of given masses; identification of nuclear particles; leptons; mesons; hadrons

Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Written Activity

6 Nuclear Chemistry 2

Classifying subatomic particles and forces; nuclear equations; decay equations; bombardment equations; fission equations; half-life calculations Study: EB Learning Material

7 Periodic Properties Periodic properties of the elements; development of the periodic table; relating atomic structure and an element’s position on the chart; predicting atomic properties based on position on the chart


8 Ionic Bonding Predicting formation of ionic bonds; electron transfer equations; energies of ionic bond formations




128

9 Covalent Bonds Predicting non-polar and polar bonds; identification of types of covalent bonds; drawing Lewis structures


Contrast

10 Molecular Geometry 1

Valence Shell Electron Repulsion Theory and formula; using VSEPR to predict molecular geometry; identifying molecular bond properties by shape; Valence Bond Theory


Contrast

11 Molecular Geometry 2 Steps in writing ionic equations; prediction of molecular shapes Study: EB Learning Material

12 Chemical Equations 1

Review of four basic types of equations; review prediction of products of four types of equations; identification of symbols used in writing chemical reactions; the diatomic elements


13 Chemical Equations 2

Synthesis, analysis, single-replacement, and double-replacement reactions; predicting net ionic equations; solubility rules; metathesis equations; ionic equations; net ionic equations

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Solubility

of Salts

14 States of Matter-Gases

Review of gas laws; review of gas properties; kinetic molecular theory; compare and contrast ideal and real gases

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Boyle’s

Law, Charles’s Law

15 States of Matter-Liquids

Properties of liquids; condensed states of matter; boiling point; heat of vaporization; vapor pressure; intermolecular forces; surface tension


16 States of Matter-Solids Properties of solids; types of crystals; properties of crystals; compressibility Study: EB Learning Material

17 Solutions Types of solutions; miscible and immiscible solutions; precipitates; expressing solution concentration; factors that affect solubility and saturation; the solubility table

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Solubility

of Salts



129

18 Colligative Properties

How colligative properties affect vapor pressure, freezing point, and rate of diffusion; Raoult’s Law; freezing-point depression/boiling-point elevation; osmotic pressure


19 Kinetics Reaction rates; activation energy; rate laws; effect of concentration on rate; effect of temperature on rate; effect of catalysts on rate Study: EB Learning Material

20 Acids and Bases 1 Arrhenius definition; Bronstad/Lower definition; pH scale; calculating pH; electrolytes; dissociation; monoprotic, diprotic, and tripotic acids Study: EB Learning Material

21 Acids and Bases 2 Strong acids/ bases; prediction of acid strength; calculating pH of a weak acid/weak base; titration; the ionization constant Study: EB Learning Material

22 Equilibrium 1 Spontaneous reactions; reversible reactions; writing a mass action expression; evaluation of the equilibrium constant; heterogeneous equilibria; calculation and application of equilibrium constant; Le Chatelier’s principle


23 Equilibrium 2 Equilibrium constant equations; neutralization reactions; the role of solvents in ionization Study: EB Learning Material

24 Equilibrium 3 Buffers, buffer solutions, ionization of buffer solutions, carbonic acid-hydrogen carbonate buffers, and monohydrogen phosphate-dihydrogen buffers Study: EB Learning Material

25 Thermodynamics Conservation of energy; properties of heat and movement; heat of reaction; thermodynamic functions; Gibbs’ free energy; entropy; general observations about thermodynamics



130

Physics Grade Levels 11–12

A+LS Physics introduces students to a variety of topics including:

• mathematics as the language of physics • scalar and vector quantities • acceleration • Newton’s first law of motion • vectors • universal gravitation • mechanical advantage • thermal energy • types of waves • waves and wave energy • definition of sound • Snell’s Law • atoms • magnets • the unit of charge • Ohm’s Law • resistance • combined electrical circuits • how electricity is generated • a brief review of astronomy • gravity • momentum

A+nyWhere Learning System Physics Teachers’ Guide Grade Levels 11–12

131

A+LS Physics is a comprehensive, completely integrated course for grade levels 11–12. Physics will educate students in a variety of topics within the major themes of study. These lessons are designed to move the student beyond the level of basic knowledge into critical thinking and learning activities. Major themes of study include heat and thermodynamics, waves and wave energy, electricity and circuitry, mathematical principles of physics, and laws concerning gravity and gas properties. This course also offers several skills development lessons and section reviews to reinforce student learning of the various earth science topics.

• Physics is presented as a year-long course.

• All thirty lessons contain a study guide, a practice and

mastery test, and a written essay, activity or experiment.

• This course is enriched by Encyclopædia Britannica®

Online School Edition (EB) workspaces that contain learning materials. Learning materials may contain articles, games, images, maps, and/or videos.


132


(NSES).

• Students will gain knowledge in the fundamentals of physics, applying the principles of logic and theories to the dynamics of scientific methods and applications.

• Physics focuses on science facts, concepts, principles, and theories that are important for all students to know,

understand, and use.

• Numerous lessons are associated with motion and forces, including Newton's laws of motion. Included are the processes of thermal energy and wave energy.


133




134

Course Name

Number of Lessons


Grade Levels

Physics 29 2 11–12

A+nyWhere Learning System Physics Scope & Sequence Grade Levels 11–12


135

1 Introduction to Physics

Physics: the search for understanding; introduction to physics concepts and term; the scientific method


2 The Language of Physics

Mathematics as the language of physics; review of mathematical principles that apply to physics; review of algebra and trigonometry


3 Motion in a Straight Line Scalar and vector quantities; the formula for velocity Study: EB Learning Material


4 Acceleration The formulas for acceleration Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Problem Solving/

Computation

5 Acceleration from Gravity The effect of gravity on acceleration; calculating speed of acceleration Study: EB Learning Material


6 Review 1 Review of mathematical principles and acceleration Study: EB Learning Material

7 Forces The four forces in nature; Newton’s first law of motion; Newton’s second law of motion; mass versus weight; Newton’s third law of motion

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Inclined

Plane Essay: Written Response

8 Vectors Vector addition; finding the resultant mathematically Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Problem Solving

9 Motion in Two Dimensions

Difference of straight line and two-dimensional motion; factors that affect motion

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Distance-

Time Graph Essay: Problem Solving/

Written Response



136

10 Projectile Motion Motion in two dimensions; the horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion


11 Universal Gravitation Kepler’s laws of planetary motion; universal gravitation Study: EB Learning Material


12 Momentum Impulse and the change in momentum; conservation of momentum Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Written Response

13 Review 2 Review of motion, forces, and momentum Study: EB Learning Material

14 Work The definition of work; power; calculating work Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Inclined

Plane

15 Simple Machines The use of simple machines in the performance of work; mechanical advantage

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Inclined

Plane

16 Energy The meaning of potential energy and kinetic energy; the relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy, and the conservation of energy


17 Thermal Energy The kinetic theory; temperature and the temperature scales; the first law of thermodynamics; specific heat


18 Gas Laws Pressure; Boyle’s law; Charles’s law; combined gas law; the ideal gas law

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Boyle’s

Law, Charles’s Law Essay: Written Response

19 Review 3 Review of energy and machines Study: EB Learning Material



137

20 Waves and Wave Energy Types of waves; wave characteristics; measuring wave energy Study: EB Learning Material

21 Sound Definition of sound; an appreciation of hearing and music Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Activity

22 Light Definition of light; reflection and refraction; Snell’s law; the pinhole camera; ray diagrams for mirrors and lenses

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs:

Interference of Light waves


23 Review 4 Review of energy Study: EB Learning Material

24 Electricity The atom; static electricity; the magnet; the meaning of current; the unit of charge


Electromagnetic Induction, Circuit Builder


25 Series Circuits The flow of electrons; the units for electric current and power; Ohm’s law; current, voltage, and resistance

Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Circuit

Builder Essay: Written Response

26 Parallel Circuits Definition of parallel circuits and differences in circuits Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Circuit

Builder

27 Combined Circuits Identification of combined electrical circuits and how they work Study: EB Learning Material A+VLabs: Circuit

Builder



138

28 Transmission Description of how electricity is generated and how it is transported from point of generation to point of use


Electromagnetic Induction

Essay: Activity/Written Response

29 Astronomy A brief review of astronomy Study: EB Learning Material Essay: Written Response

Documents

Curriculum Planning Manual - Sciences