2. The principal goal of education is to create men and women .
. .who have minds which can be critical, can verify, and not accept
everything they are offered. -Jean Piaget drjma 2/4/2014
3. drjma 2/4/2014
4. ongoing activity for nb professional nurses. is the process
that allows nurses to see the big picture (envision the overall
perspective) instead of focusing only on details. Ennis(1987)
classic description, reasonable reflective thinking that is focused
on deciding what to believe or do. Every day, nurses make decisions
that are derived through critical thinking. Making clinical
judgments relies on critical thinking. Critical thinking is
identified as an essential nursing competency by the National
League for Nurses (1997). drjma 2/4/2014
6. - Activities such as decision-making and reasoning that are
used to find or create meaning. result of these mental operations
is creative, appropriate problem solving. Other cognitive
operations involved in critical thinking are; strategizing
(planning) and evaluating ones thinking drjma 2/4/2014
7. knowledge base that includes 1. declarative knowledge,
(specific facts or information) 2. operative knowledge (an
understanding of the nature of that knowledge). Nursing curricula
assist the student in learning specific facts about nursing and the
delivery of quality care. drjma 2/4/2014
8. In order to think critically, to solve problems, and to make
decisions, nurses must develop a broad base of knowledge. It
includes; from other disciplines such as science (anatomy,
physiology,biology), psychology, and philosophy (logic). Nurses
apply this knowledge to specific client situations through critical
thinking. drjma 2/4/2014
9. ATTITUDES OF CRITICAL THINKERS Tolerance, open-mindedness,
nonjudgmental mind-set Curiosity, proactive, flexible, organized
Persistence, intellectual courage Respect for others perspectives
Comfort dealing with ambiguity, uncertainty Intellectual humility
(knowing that one does not have all the answers) Self-confidence
(belief in own ability to think things through and make appropriate
decisions) (Data from: Beyer [1987]; Ennis [1987]; Krathwohl,
Bloom, & Masia [1964]; Paul, [1993]; and Rubenfeld &
Scheffer [1999].) drjma 2/4/2014
10. 1. Trigger event: A problem that is reframed as an
opportunity for improvement 2. Appraisal of the situation:
Selfexamination of ones underlying assumptions 3. Exploration:
Searching for new ideas, solutions, and/or approaches 4.
Integration: Incorporating new information and new ways of thinking
drjma 2/4/2014
11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identify goals. Determine what knowledge
is required. Assess the margin for error. Determine the amount of
time available for decision making. Identify available resources.
Recognize factors (i.e., biases, fatigue) that may influence
decision making (Alfaro-LeFevre, 1998). drjma 2/4/2014
12. drjma 2/4/2014
13. Critical thinkers are also creative thinkers. Both types of
thinking require assessment and result in new discoveries (Paul
& Ballin, 1988). creative problem solving is goal-directed
thinking that leads to achievement by using new ideas or methods.
Creativity is the basic building block of invention and thus
innovation" drjma 2/4/2014
14. Creative thinking is the foundation for individualizing
client care, in that the nurse identifies unique needs of each
client and develops interventions specific to those needs. Without
creative thinking, nursing care would become routine, that is, the
same for every client. drjma 2/4/2014
15. Critical Thinkers Creative Thinkers Defines the parameters
of a problem Defines the existing problem Sets reasonable criteria
for assessing the Delays judgment or suspends criticism of
alternatives appropriateness of an action Adapts ones behavior as
needs Exercises judgment in selecting the best alternative and/or
norms change Transfers learning from one situation to another
Learns from mistakes Pays attention to the problem at hand Breaks
away from usual problem-solving methods to develop creative
responses drjma 2/4/2014
16. Detects ambiguity or false inferences Analyzes
interrelationships of ideas from several perspectives Tests out
inferences by considering opposing viewpoints Creates innovative
solutions to complex problems Ref:(Data from Gilmartin [1999] and
Paul [1993].) drjma 2/4/2014
17. When making a clinical decision, the nurse determines
action that will help move the client toward achievement of the
expected outcomes. Thus, decision making is defined as considering
and selecting interventions from a repertoire of actions that
facilitate the achievement of a desired outcome (Pesut, 1999).
drjma 2/4/2014
