CPCCCM2008B Erect & dismantle restricted height scaffolding LR

CPCCCM2008B

Erect & dismantle restricted height scaffolding

Student Learning Resource

Student Name ________________________________________________

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date SAP CPCCCM2008B NVR Standard 15.5 1 004 Erect & dismantle restricted height scaffolding 29/04/2014

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Student Information Please read the following

Purpose: The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and theoretical knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package contains a number of learning and associated documents for this unit of competency. Please read all parts of this package to ensure that you complete and manage the process correctly. These assessment tools address the mandatory requirements of the unit of competency including, evidence requirements, range statements and the required skills and knowledge to achieve the learning outcomes indicated in the document. Performance criteria are described below. The contents of this unit will contain some or all of the following as required: Unit outlines / Performance Criteria Self-Checks are self-tests for the student. These have in general been extracted from this learning resource.

ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1.Plan and prepare

1.1. Work instructions and operational details are obtained using relevant information, confirmed and applied for planning and preparation purposes.

1.2. Safety (OHS) requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies. 1.3. Signage and barricade requirements are identified and implemented. 1.4. Tools and equipment are selected to carry out tasks are consistent with the requirements of the job,

checked for serviceability and any faults are rectified or reported prior to commencement. 1.5. Materials quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans, specifications and quality

requirements. 1.6. Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and located

ready for use. 1.7. Environmental requirements are identified for the project in accordance with environmental plans and

regulatory obligations and applied.

2.Erect scaffolding.

2.1. Purpose for scaffolding is confirmed and associated work tasks are identified. 2.2. Expected loading on scaffold and supporting structure is determined using load tables. 2.3. Site access and egress routes are identified. 2.4. Scaffolding and components are selected and inspected with damaged components labelled and rejected or

repaired. 2.5. Adequate footing is established in accordance with Australian standard for scaffolding. 2.6. Scaffolding is erected in accordance with regulations, planned hazard prevention and control measures,

acceptable safe work practices and manufacturer requirements.

3.Inspect, repair and alter scaffolding.

3.1. Critical structural and safety areas of scaffolding are inspected for damage, corrosion and wear. 3.2. Current use of scaffolding is checked for compliance with type of scaffolding equipment. 3.3. Inspection log and handover are completed. 3.4. Scaffolding is reviewed to determine if changes or modifications were scheduled as per original planning. 3.5. Alteration or repair is carried out where specified..

4.Dismantle scaffolding.

4.1. Scaffolding is dismantled using reverse procedure as for erection.

5.Clean up. 5.1. Work area is cleared and materials disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with legislation, regulations, codes of practice and job specification.

5.2. Plant, tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and standard work practices.

UNIT DESCRIPTOR CPCCCM2008A Erect and dismantle restricted height scaffolding This unit of competency specifies the outcomes required to erect and dismantle restricted height scaffolding to provide work platforms for various occupational applications. It includes placement of safety barriers and only involves modular scaffolding restricted to a height of 4 metres.


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ASSESSMENT Overall Assessment Requirements The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for each form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes of competent, for this assessment you will be required to re sit a supplementary examination within a reasonable time of the original examination date. To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used. 1. Written Assessment 2. Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor) 3. Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”) 4. Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit) Theory Examination During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory examination to establish the level of understanding of technical content. Self Checks Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer. These exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall assessment if deemed necessary by your Trainer. Verbal Questions Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the competencies of this learning package. Practical Observation / Assessment Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: -

1. Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes the student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the observation checklist.

2. Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this Student Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s performances.

Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be present the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The student and employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with an explanation of the task undertaken. The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student about the activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this contact will be recorded in the Practical Assessment.


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Log Book or Training Record Book It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record based on the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or Supervising Registered Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan, which may be produced to the employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more than 3 months. Log Book evidence from your employer and other forms of evidence relating to this unit of competency will contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If the required activity is not part of your employer’s scope of activity you will be required to complete the skill learning process within a simulated environment. Logbook evidence must reflect the “Elements” shown for this unit. Results A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed. RPL and Acceleration Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for being credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the allocated learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this process. Methodology This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience. Due care Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct, but trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their own training package. Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is prohibited without prior written permission. Pre-requisites Pre-requisite units CPCCOHS2001A Apply OHS requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry Feedback to the learner The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment

This learning package is intended for use, by those completing the Competency Unit - CPCCCM2008A Erect and dismantle restricted height scaffolding as part of Basic Stream Skills within the Building Construction Skills Stream of the National Competency Framework.


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SECTION 1: ERECT AND DISMANTLE RESTRICTED SCAFFOLDING

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS

1. INTERPRETATION

Scaffolder Means a person who is responsible for the erection or dismantling of scaffolding.

Scaffolding Means any equipment or material used for the temporary support of materials and/or workers for the erection of any building or structure or any part of any building or structure or of any excavation or trench.

2. SCAFFOLDING At a workplace, scaffolding shall be designed, supplied, erected, used and dismantled in accordance with the requirements of:

(a) AS1575 Tubes, couplers and accessories used in metal scaffolding.

(b) AS4576 Code of Practice for metal scaffolding (SAA Metal Scaffolding Code). (Subject to the modification that in clause 4.5 (a) omit the expression 2m and substitute the expression 2.4m). The designer and manufacturer of scaffolding shall ensure that the provisions of subsection (1) relating to the design of scaffolding are compiled with or, as the case may be, not contravened.

3. WORK ON EXTERNAL FACES

In the erection of walls, columns, piers, beams, floor edges or other work:

(a) On the perimeter of a building or structure.

(b) Around light wells or like areas of a building. Scaffolding shall be erected so that the work may be performed safely and competently wherever a person can fall 2.4m or more.

NOTE: The national standard states, that handrails shall be erected on scaffolding wherever

a person can fall 2m or more.

4. WORKING PLATFORMS A working platform used on a project shall be designed to carry safely all imposed loads and shall be constructed of scaffold planks. A working platform used on a project shall:


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(a) If used solely by a scaffolder or rigger for the purpose of erecting or dismantling scaffolding or rigging, be not less than 225mm in width.

(b) If used by a painter working with trestles, be not less than 225mm in width. (c) In any other case, be not less than 450mm in width. Where materials or tools are to be placed on a working platform, the platform shall be planked to the full width of the scaffold. A working platform shall be secured to prevent dislodgment and a scaffold plank shall overhang a putlog or other support by not less than 150mm nor more than 300mm, except that where a scaffold plank is lapped, the maximum overhang may exceed 300mm. A working platform shall not be set at a greater slope than 1 vertical to 6 horizontal. A working platform shall be erected for working on a ceiling and shall have the scaffold planks: (a) Spaced no more than 225mm apart where the height from the floor to the ceiling is less than 3m or

(b) Close-laid where the height from the floor to the ceiling exceeds 3m.

5. GUARDRAILS, MIDRAILS AND EDGE PROTECTION In this section: Toe Board – means a vertical barrier to prevent the fall of tools or materials. On a project, guardrails, midrails and edge protection shall be provided so as to guard the edge of any area where persons or materials are likely to fall. A guardrail, midrail and the supporting members of a guardrail or midrail shall be capable of resisting which ever of the following live loads produces the most adverse effect: (a) A force of 550N acting outwards or downwards at any point, or (b) A force of 330N per linear metre uniformly distributed load acting outwards or downwards.

A guardrail and midrail shall be erected:

(a) To the exposed edges of stairs and ramps.

(b) To the exposed edges of working platforms or any other place where a person can fall 2.4m or more: NOTE: The National Standard states, (where a person can fall 2m or more)

(c) Where a person could fall onto or into any substance likely to cause injury or be harmful to

that person. A toe board shall be erected to the exposed edges of a working platform or any other place where tools or material can fall 2.4m or more.


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NOTE: The National Standard states, (where tools or material can fall 2m). Subsections (4) and (5) do not apply to a working platform referred to in section 110 (2) (a) or (b). A guardrail shall be positioned no less than 900mm or more than 1100mm above the edge being protected. A midrail shall be positioned not less than 450mm or more than 600mm above the edge being protected. The exposed edge being protected by a guardrail or midrail shall not extend beyond the vertical line drawn from the inner face of the guardrail by more than 200mm. A toe board shall be not less than 225mm high and extend to a height equal to or greater than the height of the tools or materials being stored. NOTE: The National Standard states the minimum height is 150mm. A toe board shall be capable of containing tools and materials at all times. Where formwork and falsework is erected or dismantled on any floor of a building or structure, the scaffolding required under section 102 shall: (a) Extend the full length and height of the formwork and falsework. (b) Be of a heavy-duty type.

(c) Extend to at least 1m above the proposed finished floor level of the uppermost floor being worked upon.

(d) Be sheeted on the outside with welded fabric 50mm by 25mm by 3.15mm diameter. Where an object may pass through the mesh of the welded fabric, sheet metal not less than 0.5mm thick or other material capable of retaining the object shall be fixed to the scaffolding and so arranged that all objects will be contained on the scaffolding or deflected into the building.

6. OBLIGATIONS OF ERECTORS AND INSTALLERS OF PLANT OR SPECIFIED HIGH RISK PLANT

An erector or installer of plant or specified high-risk plant at a relevant place has an obligation: (a) To erect or install the plant in a way that is safe without risk to health (b) To ensure that nothing about the way the plant was erected or installed makes it unsafe and a risk to health when used properly.


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7. OBLIGATIONS OF WORKERS AND OTHER PERSONS AT A WORKKPLACE A worker or anyone else at a workplace has the following obligations at a workplace:

(a) To comply with the instructions given for workplace health and safety at the workplace by

the employer at the workplace and, if the workplace is a construction workplace, the principal contractor for Workplace Health and Safety at the workplace.

(b) For a worker – to use personal protective equipment if the equipment is provided by the

worker’s employer and the worker is properly instructed in its use.

(c) Not to wilfully or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided for Workplace Health and Safety at the workplace.

(d) Not to wilfully place at risk the Workplace Health and Safety of any person at the

workplace.

(e) Not to wilfully injure himself or herself.

8. OBLIGATIONS OF PRINCIPAL CONTRACTORS A principal contractor has the following obligations for a construction workplace:

(a) To ensure the orderly conduct of all work at the construction workplace to the extent

necessary:

• To ensure Workplace Health and Safety at the workplace

• To assist the discharge of Workplace Health and Safety obligations of an employer or self-employed person

(b) To ensure that plant and substances at the workplace for which no other person is presently responsible are safe and without risk of disease or injury to persons at the workplace.

(c) To ensure that workplace activities at the workplace are safe and without risk of disease

or injury to members of the public at or near the workplace.

(d) To provide safeguards and take safety measures prescribed under a compliance standard made for principal contractors.

In addition, the principal contractor has the obligation mentioned in subsection 8.3 if the principal contractor reasonably believes, or should reasonably believe:

(a) An employer at the workplace is not discharging the employer’s Workplace Health and

Safety obligation, or

(b) A self-employed person at the workplace is not discharging the person’s Workplace Health and Safety obligation.


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The principle contractor must: (a) Direct the employer or self-employed person to comply with the employer’s or self-

employed person’s Workplace Health and Safety obligation.

(b) If the employer or self-employed person fails to comply with the direction: Direct the employer or self-employed person to stop work until the employer or self-employed person agrees to comply with the obligation. For subsection 8.1b, no other person is presently responsible for plant or a substance if the plant or substance has been provided for the general use of persons at the construction workplace.

9. OBLIGATIONS OF MANUFACTURERS, IMPORTERS AND SUPPLIERS OF SUBSTANCES FOR USE AT WORKPLACES

A manufacturer or importer of substance for use at a workplace has the following obligations:

(a) To ensure the substance is safe, and without risk to health, when used properly. (b) To ensure the substance undergoes appropriate levels of testing and examination to

comply with the obligation imposed by above paragraph (a). Also, a manufacturer, importer or supplier of a substance for use at a workplace has the following obligations: (a) To ensure the appropriate information about the safe use of the substance is available. (b) To take the action the chief executive reasonably requires to prevent the use of an unsafe

substance at a workplace.

Example of subsection 2b The chief executive may require a manufacturer, importer or supplier of a substance to recall the substance to prevent its use.

For subsection 9.2(a), information is appropriate if the information clearly identifies the substance and states: (a) The precautions (if any) to be taken for the safe use of the substance. (b) The health hazards (if any) associated with the substance. (c) The results of any tests carried out for the substance that are relevant to its safe use.


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10. DICTIONARY OF TERMS Personal protective equipment includes any clothing, equipment and substance designed: (a) To be worn by a person, and. (b) To protect the person from risks of injury or disease. Public place means a place the public is entitled to use, is open to the public or is used by the public, whether or not on payment of money.

Reasonably believes means believes on grounds that are reasonable in all the circumstances. Reasonably suspects means suspects on grounds that are reasonable in all the circumstances. Relevant place, in part 3, division 2 means:

(a) For plant other than specified high risk plant – a workplace or (b) For specified high-risk plant – any place, whether or not a workplace.

Risk means risk of injury or disease.

Serious bodily injury means an injury:

(a) That causes death, or

(b) Impairs a person to such an extent that as a consequence of the injury the person becomes an overnight or longer stay patient in a hospital.

Standard means a compliance or advisory standard. Substance means any natural or artificial substance, whether in solid or liquid form or in the form of a gas or vapour.

Undertaking includes business and work activity. Vehicle includes ship, boat and aircraft.

Work caused illness means:

(a) A disease that is contracted by an employer, self-employed person or worker (a person) in the course of doing work and to which the work was a contributing factor, or

(b) The recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration in a person of an existing disease in the course of doing work to which the work was a contributing factor to the recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation of deterioration.


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Work injury means:

(a) An injury to an employer, self-employed person or worker (a person) in the course of doing work that required first aid or medical treatment, or

(b) The recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration of any existing

injury in a person in the course of doing work:

• That requires first aid or medical treatment.

• To which the work was a contributing factor to the recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration.

Workplace activity includes:

(a) Work at a workplace. (b) Workplace operations.

Workplace Health and Safety obligation means an obligation imposed under the Act for Workers and other persons not a workplace.

Workplace Health and Safety Officer means a person who:

(a) Holds a current authority for appointment as a Workplace Health and Safety Officer. (b) Is appointed as a Workplace Health and Safety Officer by:

• An employer for the employer’s workplace, or

• A principal contractor.

Workplace incident means:

(a) An incident resulting in a person suffering serous bodily injury that must be notified to the chief executive under a regulation, or

(b) A work caused illness that must be notified to the chief executive under a regulation, or (c) A dangerous event that must be notified to the chief executive under a regulation, or (d) Another matter decided by the Minister to be a workplace incident.

11. INJURIES, ILLNESSES AND DANGEROUS EVENTS

RECORD OF WORK INJURY, WORK CAUSED ILLNESS OR DANGEROUS EVENT TO BE MADE AND KEPT This section applied if any of the following events (the recordable event) happen at a workplace: (a) A work injury. (b) A work caused illness. (c) A dangerous event.

If the recordable event is a dangerous event, the principal contractor (if the workplace is a

construction workplace) and every employer and self-employed person at the workplace


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must make a record of the event in the approved form within 3 days of the dangerous event happening. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units

If the recordable event is a work injury or a work caused illness that happens to: (a) A worker – the worker’s employer must make a record of the event in the approved form and as required by subsection 11.5 or (b) An employer – the employer must make a record of the event in the approved form and as required by subsection 11.5 or (c) A self–employed person – the self-employed person must make a record of the event on the approved form and as required by subsection 11.5. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units

If a recordable event is a work injury or work caused illness that happens at a construction workplace, the principal contractor for the workplace must also make a record of the event in the approved form and as required by subsection 11.5. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units

A record under subsection 11.3 or 11.4 must be made: (a) For a work injury – within 3 days of the injury happening or (b) For work caused illness – within 3 days of the person required to make the record becoming aware of the illness.

An employer, self-employed person or principal contractor who makes a record under subsection 11.2, 11.3 or 11.4 must keep the record for 12 months from when it was made. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units

An employer, self-employed person or principal contractor does not commit an offence against subsection 11.2, 11.3 or 11.4 if the employer, self-employed person or principal contractor did not know, and could not reasonably be expected to know, of the recordable event.

A self-employed person does not commit an offence against subsection 11.3(c) if the self-employed person: (a) Was incapacitated by the work injury or work caused illness. (b) Makes the record of the event as soon as is reasonably practicable after the person recovers from the illness or injury.

12. NOTIFICATION OF SERIOUS BODILY INJURY, WORK CAUSED ILLNESS OR DANGEROUS EVENTS TO BE GIVEN

This section applies if any of the following events (the notifiable event) happen at a workplace: (a) A serious bodily injury. (b) A work caused illness. (c) A dangerous event.

If the notifiable event happens at a construction workplace, the principal contractor must give the chief executive notice of the event in the approved form as follows:

(a) For a dangerous event or a serious bodily injury – within 24 hours of the event or injury happening.


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(b) For a work caused illness – within 24 hours of the principal contractor becoming aware of the illness. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units NOTE: 1 penalty unit = $75.00

If the notifiable event is a serious bodily injury or a work caused illness that happens at a workplace, other than a construction workplace, to: (a) A worker – the worker’s employer must give the chief executive notice of the event, in the approved form, and as required by subsection 12.5 or (b) An employer – the employer must give the chief executive notice of the event in the approved form, and as required by subsection 12.5 or (c) A self-employed person – the self-employed person must give the chief executive notice of the event, in the approved form, and as required by subsection 12.5. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units If a notifiable event is a dangerous event that happens at a workplace, other than a construction workplace, every employer and self-employed person at the workplace must give the chief executive notice of the event in the approved form and as required by subsection 12.5. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units A notice under subsection 12.3 or 12.4 must be given: (a) For a serous bodily injury – within 24 hours of the injury happening, or (b) For a work caused illness – within 24 hours of the person required to give the notice becoming aware of the illness. A principle contractor, employer or self-employed person does not commit an offence against subsection 12.2, 12.3 or 12.4 if the principal contractor, employer or self-employed person did not know, and could not reasonably be expected to know, of the notifiable event. A self-employed person does not commit an offence against subsection (3) (c) if the self-employed person: (a) Was incapacitated by the serious bodily injury or work caused illness. (b) Notifies the chief executive of the event as soon as is reasonably practicable after the person recovers from the illness or injury. 13. PROMPT NOTICE WHEN DEATH OCCURS

This section applies if a serious bodily injury or work caused illness: (a) Happens at a workplace. (b) Causes death (a notifiable death).

If a notifiable death happens at a construction workplace, the principal contractor for the workplace must promptly notify the chief executive of the death. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units

If a notifiable death happens at a workplace, other than a construction workplace, and the death is of: (a) A worker – the worker’s employer must promptly notify the chief executive of the death or


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(b) An employer – the person next in charge of the workplace must promptly notify the chief executive of the death. Maximum penalty – 20 penalty units A principal contractor, employer or person next in charge does not commit an offence against subsection 12.2 or 12.3 if the principal contractor, employer or person did not know, and could not reasonably be expected to know, of the death.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS INTRODUCTION This topic follows on from the previous topic and deals with hazards on and around the worksite where scaffolding might be erected. It particularly deals with the following aspects:

• The presence of hazards.

• Site restrictions.

14. THE PRESENCE OF HAZARDS

Power Lines The presence of and distance from power lines (above and below ground) and other services should be identified prior to scaffold erection so that de-energising can be performed to allow access. The clearance between scaffolds and any transmission line, main apparatus or transmission apparatus should be not less than:

• 4.0m where any metal member is used.

• 1.5m where only non-conductive materials such as dry timber or plywood are used. Advice should be sought from the local electricity supply authority for any reduction of the above clearance. 4.0m is standard around Australia. It is recommended that any erected scaffold should be at a distance that no person can accidentally or on purpose come into contact with any energised power lines. Low and medium voltage mains that cannot be de-energised should be insulated by the supply authority for the full length of the scaffolding plus a minimum distance beyond each end of the scaffolding of 5.0m. Although this insulation (e.g. tiger tails) is a safeguard against contact with live wires under dry conditions, a combination of small gaps in the insulation and wet weather conditions can cause an unsafe situation, resulting in severe electric shocks.


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Figure 1 POWER LINE HAZARD

Water The scaffold location should be checked to make sure water run-off does not cause subsidence, erosion or ponding around the scaffold base plates and sole plates. Confined Spaces

When erecting scaffold in a confined space, precautions should be taken to ensure persons erecting the scaffolding will not be effected by hazardous substances or vehicle impact. Vehicle Traffic Take precautions to prevent scaffold being endangered by the movement of vehicle and other plant. Traffic damage to scaffold is a common problem, which can be solved by ensuring that motor vehicles and mobile plant are re-routed away from the location of the scaffold. Where this is not practicable, guards or fenders should be installed to shield the scaffold from traffic damage. Where both of the above measures are not possible, a person should be assigned to direct traffic away from the vicinity of the scaffold.

Vehicle/Pedestrian Access All access requirements for pedestrians and vehicles should be checked prior to erection. Rubbish trucks impose height requirements above normal truck height – signs, flashing lights may be required. Rails on permanent steel plates grounded to the site may be necessary for heavy vehicle traffic to prevent damage to the scaffold. Cranes Take precautions to prevent scaffold being endangered by the movement of cranes. A scaffold in the operational radius of a crane is in danger of damage from suspended loads. Make sure that the scaffold does not contain any unnecessary obstruction, such as over-length tie tubes or over-height standards.


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Corrosive Substances Heavy concentrations of acids, alkalis and salts can corrode scaffolding components, leading to structural failure of the scaffold. Where any corrosive substance is to be stored on or near a scaffold, compatible corrosion-resistance scaffolding materials should be used. Where this is not practicable, the frequency of scaffold inspections should be increased to detect early indications of structural deterioration. 15. SITE RESTRICTIONS Shoring Site The site should be inspected by the scaffold contractor and the principal contractor, to determine the slope of the site, or any changes to the site due to trenching, cut and fill, or excavations before the scaffold is required for erection. Tying In Where the structure is in place or being constructed, the scaffolder should ensure that sufficient ties can be installed. Factors which affect this include distances between columns or walls/windows, floor heights, existing finishes, access for vehicles. Other Trades/Activities Other activities within the workplace can affect the sequence of erection and scaffold design/location. Other trades may be affected by the duration of scaffold left in place adjacent to the structure (e.g. housekeeping, trenching, plumbing etc.) Other Trade/Activities should be co-ordinated by the principal contractor to minimise disruptions and risks. Explosive Atmospheres Petrochemical plants, powdered milk factories and flour mills are common examples of workplaces with high explosion risks. The use of scaffolding can increase the risk of explosion if the scaffold equipment can spark upon impact. It may be necessary to:

• Remove the hazard before constructing scaffold.

• Construct the scaffold from non-conductive material such as timber. Re-Use/Schedule Where possible, scaffold should be re-used on site rather than transported to and from site. Sufficient storage areas and handling methods are necessary to obtain the optimum use of scaffold within the workplace.

Previously Dug Excavation Ensure that all excavations over which the scaffold is to be erected is correctly backfilled and compacted.


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Containment Sheeting Containment sheeting is used for both safety and environmental purposes. Scaffolding fitted with containment sheeting such as shade cloth, mesh-guards and large signs have increased dead loads and are exposed to increased wind and rain loads. The design of such scaffolds and ties, must be approved by a competent person, such as an engineer experienced in structural design. Hessian is not suitable for use as containment sheeting. It has low strength and is a high fire risk.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS, COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES This topic deals with the types of scaffolding parts. Some of these will be clarified and further explained by your instructor/trainer. Generally, you should become familiar with the terms and names as they relate to modular/mobile scaffold. This list is not exhaustive and items may vary in appearance according to the manufacturer’s specifications however, the function will be similar. There are three broad areas to be dealt with in this topic:

• Scaffold Types

• Components

• Accessories 16. SCAFFOLD TYPES Bird Cage Scaffolding means scaffolding consisting of more than two (2)

rows of standards all of which are connected together with ledgers, transoms and braces.

Bracket Scaffolding means a working platform supported by brackets

constructed with steel members attached to and supported by a wall or other part of a building or structure.

Frame Scaffolding means scaffolding consisting of steel members where the individual members are of pre-determined length and provided with integral couplers or other suitable fittings or fixings.

Heavy Duty Scaffolding means scaffolding erected for use by bricklayers,

stonemasons, or other similar tradesman, or for use in concrete operations during which the forms are placed on the scaffolding, or in facade cladding work, or demolition work.

Heavy Duty Suspended Scaffolding means heavy-duty scaffolding suspended from

steel outriggers.

Independent Scaffolding means scaffolding consisting of two (2) rows of standards connected together longitudinally with ledgers and braces and transversely with transoms or putlogs.


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Light Duty Scaffolding means scaffolding erected for use by electricians, painters, window cleaners or other light duty work.

Light Duty Suspended Scaffolding or means light duty scaffolding suspended from

slings

Light Swinging Stage or outriggers.

Medium Duty Scaffolding means scaffolding erected for use by carpenters, plasterers, glaziers, illuminated sign erectors, tilers, slaters, steam or service installation workers, where ducting and other light loads are to be placed on the scaffolding.

Mobile Scaffolding means scaffolding consisting of four (4) or more

standards and mounted on caster wheels.

SCAFFOLD COMPONENTS NOTE: The weights listed below should only be treated as a guide as scaffold parts can vary. Standards

Length Weight – kg

3.0m 16.5 2.5m 14.5 2.0m 12.5 1.5m 9.0 1.0m 6.0


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Standards are made from standard scaffold tube, and are used to form the vertical support or upright.

Figure 2 STANDARDS They have ‘V’ pressings welded at 495mm centre on the outside of the tube to provide a location for the Ledgers and Transoms. Adjustable Base and Head Jack/screw

Length Weight – kg

500mm 8.5 The Adjustable Base and Head Jack is designed to provide a means of levelling the scaffold on uneven ground. Adjustment is obtained by the collar and sherardised thread. (Sherardised means to form a layer of zinc on iron or steel by heating with zinc dust. Named after British inventor Sherard). For safety, a section 150 mm from the top is unthreaded.


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Ledgers/guardrails

Length Weight – kg 2.4m 10 1.8m

A captive wedge fixing is welded to each end of the tubular Ledgers. They are used to tie vertical standards longitudinally, and are positioned on the inside of the scaffold at platform level and at 990mm on the outside as a guardrail.

Figure 3 LEDGERS Transoms Length Weight – kg 2.4m 20.5

1.8m 13.0 1.2m 9.5 0.7m 5.5

Figure 4 TRANSOMS


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A steel tee section with wedge fixing device at each end – illustrated. These engage the ‘V’ pressings on the Standards, fixing the inner and outer standards transversely and forming a frame. The Transom is also the seating for Steel Boards or Timber Boards.

Stage Brackets Width Weight – kg 3 Board 11.0 2 Board 6.0 1 Board 1.5

Figure 5 STAGE BRACKET

The Two Board Stage Bracket enables an additional 457mm platform to be provided on the inside of the scaffold nearest the building. Tie Bars must be used to connect the Brackets together.

Steel Boards Length Weight – kg 2.4m 16.0

1.8m 12.5 1.2m 8.5 0.7m 6.0

Steel Boards are a galvanised pressed steel Plank with a non-skid durable surface designed to form the working platform on System Scaffolds.


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Centres of Bracket

Figure 6 STEEL BOARD

Tie Bars Length Weight – kg 2.4m 16.0

1.8m 12.5 1.2m 8.5 0.7m 6.0

The Tie Bar is made of rolled steel angle and has a dowel at each end which connects the Two and Three Board Stage Brackets together.

Figure 7 TIE BAR

Crossbraces (Heal and Toe) Length Weight – kg 2.10m 10.5

1.25m 6.0


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Figure 8 CROSS BRACE

The Crossbrace is used in the width of the scaffold in the same plane as the Transom. The pivoting captive wedge fittings locate into the V pressing on the Standards. Diagonal Braces (Face Brace) Length Weight – kg

3.6m 16.0 2.7m 13.0 The Diagonal Brace has pivoting captive wedge fittings welded to each end, which locate in the ‘V’ pressings on the Standards.

Figure 9 FACE BRACE


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SCAFFOLD ACCESSORIES

Castor Wheels Made from either steel or polyurethane, these are designed to clamp onto the scaffolds to provide a mobile scaffold.

Figure 10 CASTOR WHEEL Aluminium Staircase

The staircase allows for safe and easy movement of personnel on scaffolding. Lightweight and easy to install. The staircase features a non-slip stairtread for added safety.

Figure 11 ALUMINIUM STAIRCASE


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Ladder Beams These provide for clear spans up to 6.5m to allow for vehicle access, and can also be used to support heavy concentrated loads.

Figure 12 LADDER BEAM Mesh Guards

Made from quality welded steel mesh. They hook directly onto the ledger and can easily be moved to a new work level.

Figure 13 MESH GUARD Figure 14 HOP-UP BRACKET Hop-up Brackets (Platform Brackets) Where it is impractical to erect a frame scaffold close to the wall, or where varying heights of working platforms are required, hop-up brackets or side-wall brackets as they are also called, are attached to the standards. The brackets are wide enough to take one, two or three planks. In the case of hop-up brackets which are designed and intended to support a platform greater than 600mm in width, the supplier’s recommendation regarding the minimum bay-width of the supporting scaffold and the placing of additional ties to provide adequate stability shall be followed. A hop-up bracket, which is designed to carry a two plank wide platform, shall not be used to support a one plank wide platform. Hop-up brackets shall be erected only on the scaffold face near the side of the building. They should be connected together to prevent planks being dislodged. Where a hop-up


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bracket is constructed at a level of a lift of a scaffold, such lifts shall be fully decked out as a working platform. Where a hop-up bracket is constructed between the lifts of a scaffold, the lift immediately above and below shall be fully decked. A working platform (hop-up) constructed between the lifts of a scaffold shall not be less than 450mm in width. Where it is necessary to lap planks, such as at returns or around unusually shaped objects, such planks must be securely fixed. Where a single plank wide hop-up is used a working platform shall be provided at the same level. Tools or materials are not to be placed on a working platform supported by hop-up brackets. 17. STANDARD SIZES OF SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS

This topic deals with the component parts of modular scaffold and the sizes of the components of scaffolding. It is expected for this level of understanding that you will familiarise yourself with these sizes and be able to recall them during the Activity Units. Your knowledge and understanding of the componentry is vital to your safety and that of your workmates during all phases of construction when using scaffolding. There are seven units dealt with in this topic:

• Braces

• Boards/Planks

• Screw jacks

• Ladder Beams

• Mesh guards

• Scaffold Parts (Minimum/Maximum sizes)

• Platforms and Scaffold Planks

Braces Braces are available in lengths suitable for bracing bays of all sizes of ledgers or transom: 0.760 bay – 1.9m brace 1.2 bay – 2.1m brace 1.8 bay – 2.7m brace 2.4 bay – 3.6m brace Boards/Planks Boards/planks are available ie 760mm, 1.2m, 1.8m and 2.4m lengths and are generally galvanised steel. Screw Jacks Adjustable bases are used to level the base of the scaffold. Generally the shaft has in excess of 500mm of adjustment, which is necessary to overcome the 500mm increments of the ‘V’ pressings on the standards. Screw jacks vary in strength, manufacturers information must be sought to ensure the SWL (safe working load).


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Ladder Beams Ladder beams are available in 5.4m lengths, 6.5m lengths and some shorter lengths. Ladder beams can be used to bridge vehicle openings and support cantilevered scaffolds. All applications for ladder beams are subject to a design check. Mesh Guards Meshguards are available in lengths corresponding to ledgers and are used for formwork protection, screening and also as brickguards to contain materials within the working platform. Scaffold Parts Minimum and Maximum Sizes Adjustable Base Plates • The minimum size of a square base plate is: 150mm x 150mm

• The minimum amount of thread above the nut on an adjustable spindle is: 150mm

• The maximum extension on an adjustable base plate is: 600mm

• The maximum weight on an adjustable baseplate is: 3030kg

Scaffold Tubes

• The minimum outside diameter of common scaffold tube is: 48mm

• The minimum wall thickness of steel tube is: 4mm

• The minimum wall thickness of aluminium is: 4.5mm

• The maximum load on a 90° coupler: 630kg or 6.25kN

Platforms and Scaffold Planks • The minimum thickness of an Oregon plank is: 38mm

• The minimum thickness of a hardwood plank is: 32mm

• The minimum width of a scaffold plank is: 225mm

• The minimum width of a light duty work platform is: 450mm or 2 planks

• The minimum width of a medium duty work platform is: 900mm or 4 planks

• The minimum width of a heavy duty work platform is: 1000mm or 5 planks

• The minimum clear access for hand tool use is: 450mm or 2 planks

• The minimum clear access for workers and materials is: 675mm or 3 planks

• The maximum load in each bay of light scaffolding is: 225kg or 2.2kN

• The maximum load in each bay of medium scaffolding is: 450kg or 4.4kN

• The maximum load in each bay of heavy scaffolding is: 675kg or 6.6kN


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18. SCAFFOLD PLANKS This topic deals with scaffold planks. It particularly deals with plank sizes and requirements of manufacture for planks. Particular attention should be made to faults in planks as these can lead to work platform failures and injury.

Scaffolding Softwood scaffold planks shall not be less than 225mm wide and 38mm thick. Hardwood scaffold planks shall not be less than 225mm wide and 32mm thick. The slope of the grain shall not exceed 1 in 12 when measured over a distance of not less than 300mm. Scaffold planks shall have a sawn finish and may be treated with only a transparent timber preservative. Colour bands not exceeding 100mm wide may be painted not more than 300mm from each end for identification purposes. Each scaffold plank shall be burn branded on the edge with ciphers not less than 25mm high and at not more than 1.8m intervals showing the following information: o The Strength Group Of The Specie; o The Letter ‘M’ Denoting Mechanical Grading Or ‘V’ Denoting Visual Grading; And o The Manufacturer’s Mark.

Each scaffold plank shall be permanently and legibly marked with the following: o Manufacturers name or identification; o The Australian Standards that it complies to As1577; o Working load in kilograms; and o For random planks, the allowable span, in metres. Plank Faults

The following are common faults within timber planks.


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Figure 15 FAULTY PLANKS

Figure 16 PLANK DAMAGE

Preparation For Erecting Limited Height Scaffolding (Modular And Mobile)

19. SITE PREPARATION AND SET UP This section can apply to both on and off-site tradespeople. Many tradespeople who perform the majority of their work off-site are required to install their goods so a clear understanding of site preparation and set up is very important. PART A Site preparation and set up is in four easy-to-follow steps. You may find it useful to use the guide regularly to ensure all measures are not forgotten when preparing to erect scaffolding. PART B General Erection Procedures – this unit follows through the procedures for erecting or dismantling any scaffolding. PART C Practical Hints is an easy ready reference when using tube or frame (modular) scaffolds about the ‘Do’s and Don’ts’ of scaffolding.


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PART A

SITE PREPARATION AND SET UP

Step 1

• Ensure permits, approvals and road closures are in place.

• Check areas and storage areas are clear.

• Check erection area for hazards, i.e. services, water etc.

• Check erection area is clear of other persons.

Step 2 Erect any barricades and signage necessary. Signs should inform others of the dangers such as: Caution person working above, Danger scaffold incomplete. Co-ordinate with other trades to keep areas clear

Step 3 Co-ordinate delivery and unloading of materials and ensure correct material has been supplied. Obtain erection information and drawings. Co-ordinate materials to work around Brief staff on safe work method and emergency response procedures, location of access and amenities. (Site specific induction). Check skill levels of staff and detail the work they will carry out. Check for faulty equipment when erecting or dismantling (this equipment should not be used and stored to one side). Step 4 Prepare ground or clean floor to support scaffold. Set out scaffold – considering the following: • Location Of Stairs And Ladders; • Distance From Wall Or Structure; • Access Ways Required (Vehicle And Pedestrian); And • Location of trees.

PART B

GENERAL ERECTION PROCEDURES

To ensure safety during erecting or dismantling of scaffolding, a scaffold gang must have a minimum of two persons. One should hold a scaffold certificate to the level required by legislation to complete and or perform the work task required. However it is feasible that one person would be capable of carrying out certain tasks as identified by the scaffolding contractor.


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Preparation Detailed drawing on the correct erection of scaffolding must be on site before commencement of any work. However scaffolders who hold a certificate to the level required by legislation to complete and or perform the work task required can erect scaffolding which is not of a special design or not to the manufacturers specification. Scaffold must be tied at a height of four (4) metres unless manufacturers specifications state otherwise.

Access Stair towers should be provided where practicable as access in preference to any other means. Access towers should be erected on every face of scaffold if erected on more than one side of a building. All access towers to be provided with landing, guardrails and meshed on three sides. Access way can be flat or ramped so as to give access from permanent floors. They must be built to the same requirements as heavy duty working platforms, except their width can be reduced to: • 675mm, when used by persons transporting materials; and • 450mm, when used by persons with hand tools only.

Adding Lifts to Scaffold

Scaffolders should work off two planks at all times.

NOTE: Scaffolders are allowed to work from one plank, however, it is recommended to use two.

• Braces must be fitted as scaffold is erected.

• Ties must be fitted and secured to scaffold as scaffold is erected and dismantled.

• Loading bays if erected must be designed to withstand all imposed loads. The erection of a loading bay must be separate from the working scaffold.

• Gin wheels if used must be hung by shackles or other approved methods.

• Handrails and stop ends must be erected to each level of scaffold as it is built.

• Mechanical means i.e. cranes, forklift, etc. should be used in preference to manual handling wherever possible.

Dismantling

• Dismantle scaffold down to each tie before removing ties. Braces must not be draped.

• All scaffold material must be passed down one lift at a time.

• Scaffold material should be passed and stacked on a loading bay, when erected, to be lifted by a crane.

• Loose scaffold material should not be left on scaffold.

• Signs and barricades must always be erected to scaffolding if the scaffold is to be left at any time before it is completely dismantled.

• Scaffold material must not be dropped to the ground.


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• Scaffold must be clear of all other material and other trades before scaffolders commence dismantling.

• Scaffold material must be stacked into pallet or cage pallets to keep base of scaffold tidy.

Safety of Erecting and Dismantling Scaffold

• Scaffold must always erect and dismantle scaffolding to manufacturer’s specifications.

• Scaffolders should use a minimum of two planks at all times and erect access to working decks as scaffold is built.

• Vee clusters must only be climbed where it is impracticable to use other means of access.

• Vee clusters must only be climbed by experienced scaffolders and only climbed within the area of the bay.

• Handrails and stop ends must be erected to all lifts.

• Employers and employees should not erect or dismantle scaffolding while exposed to inclement weather, i.e. high winds, rain etc.

PART C PRACTICAL HINTS FOR USING TUBE OR FRAME SCAFFOLDS 1. Don’t lean lengths of tubing against walls. 2. Don’t use a brace in a scaffold, as a lever to lift up scaffolds or uprights. 3. Don’t ride on mobile scaffolds; always move them at ground level. 4. Use a temporary brace or a tie before removing braces and replace after completing your job. 5. Do collect all fittings and place in containers or bags. 6. Don’t leave spaces between planks or sheeting on scaffolds. They form traps, and this will contribute to injury of others. 7. Do use a sole plate large enough to support the weight of the work persons, materials, and the scaffold itself. 8. Do make sure that all fittings used are tightened properly. 9. Do make sure of the correct spacing for putlogs.

10. Do make sure that the scaffold is tied to the main building. 11. Do make sure that all scaffolds use a sole plate on plywood floors. 12. Do make sure that the correct colour coded braces are used with the corresponding frames. 13. Don’t load materials on scaffolds between the frames or putlogs.


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14. Do load scaffolds over the putlogs and frames. 15. Always use a heavy-duty scaffold for brickwork.

THE PROCESS OF ERECTING AND DISMANTLING RESTRICTED HEIGHT MODULAR SCAFFOLDING

20. ERECTING A MODULAR SCAFFOLD You are required to erect a modular scaffold two bays long plus a return and up to 4 metres in height. As part of the requirement, you will work as part of a work team of 4. The activity will be conducted under guidance from your qualified instructor and in accordance with all Occupational Health and Safety requirements. Mobile and Fixed Scaffolding

NOTE: In most States and Territories a licence is required for persons to erect scaffolding over a specified height. Check your local regulations and note any differences with regulations in other states. Ensure that the foundation, footing or structure from which a scaffold is to be erected or a stage suspended, is solid, substantial and of sufficient strength to support the scaffold or stage. Fixed Scaffolding Steel base plates (minimum area 150 mm x 150 mm) of standards or verticals shall be set upon a sole board at least 225 mm wide to distribute the load over a greater bearing surface. The ground may be soft or may become softened by rain. Asphalt pavements may be softened by heat. Surfaces apparently sound may hide fragile or broken pipes, etc. When necessary, as a protection against the impact of trucks or other heavy moving equipment, the bases of standards shall be protected from displacement by bumpers. Tubular Scaffolding For tubular scaffolding it is advisable to set out the standards at centres to suit the length of the planks, i.e., 3.6 m planks 1.8 m centres, 4.3 m planks 2.15 m centres, the maximum regulation spacing, however should never be exceeded.

End joints of planks will then invariably butt together opposite the standards, between the two putlogs. Where a butt joint in planking unavoidably occurs in the longer span between putlogs, spur braces should be fitted from the platform ledger to the verticals below, both inside and outside (Figure 4) and additional putlogs then placed to support ends of planks. A very common fault seen on many scaffolds is the use of unspurred putlogs resting near the centre of the ledger. This practice is wrong. The purpose of placing the putlogs as near the standards as possible is to reduce to a minimum the bending in the ledger. Tubes are generally not good members to resist bending, they are however, particularly good as compression members, capable of effectively constraining such joints against lateral displacement.


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Figure 18 BRACING TO SUPPORT BUTT JOINTS IN PLANKS

Care should be taken to thoroughly tighten all bolts and nuts and tube fittings, ensuring that washers of the tube fittings and head of bolts bed securely.

If sufficient wall openings are available, the inside standards of all scaffolding should be lashed, tied, or secured through such openings at least every 3.65 m of height, and 3.65 m of length, or alternate standards. Where timber or tubular cross members are used inside the wall openings such members shall sit across and overlap the whole width or length of the opening and may be secured against displacement (see Figure 19). Reveal screws and toms or timber toms and wedges should never be jammed into window openings, as these may become loose.


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Figure 19 TUBULAR SPUR SCAFFOLDING LIGHT DUTY Special care must be taken with spur or cantilever tubular scaffolding and “spurs” or struts should be fitted to a ledger close to each standard and secured to a solid footing. Additional safety connectors must be fitted at all points where slip may occur due to added load (see Figure 6) and to the inside of all horizontal ties into wall openings at each lift. One spur shall be fitted to each standard for light duty scaffolding or heavy duty scaffolding not exceeding 5 lifts or 9 m in height. For heavy duty scaffolding in excess of 9 m in height, one each side. Alternatively, two rows of single spurs may be fitted in adjacent “lifts” provided that they are “staggered” each side of the standard which they are supporting.

Where any spurs tubes exceed 1.8 m in length they shall be braced to regulation or “trussed” in both directions to prevent flexure and collapse. Ninety degree connectors shall be used throughout any “spurs”, strut bracing, or ties.

Where inverted “spurs” or tension tubes are used to support the outer row of standards, the supporting structure or part of the building to which the “spur” tubes in tension are secured or anchored shall be capable of withstanding three times the maximum loads imposed upon it by the loaded scaffolding.


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Figure 20 SPUR SCAFFOLDING – BRACKET TYPE

Roof parapet walls or cornices shall not at any time be used for securing inverted tension “spurs” or tubes.

Scaffolding must not be erected on any temporary timber or metal overhead protective hoarding erected over a footpath, pedestrian or traffic way in pursuance of any local council requirements or street awning, verandah or other light structure, but must be commenced from ground level or cantilevered or spurred if building structure permits.

If the awning, etc., has been found by an engineer to be of adequate strength, and has been effectively “propped” it may be practicable to support scaffolding from same.


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Figure 21 SPUR SCAFFOLDING – BOX TYPE

Before erecting any scaffolding adjacent to electrical wires or apparatus, ensure they are protected as described in Figure 22.

High voltage mains (over 600 volts) , which, by reason of their proximity, could create conditions of hazard, shall be de-energised, short-circuited and earthed, or re-routed. No scaffolding shall be erected until the Electricity Supply Authority has been contacted and taken such measures to render the mains safe.

Low voltage mains (not exceeding 250 volts) and medium voltage mains (250 – 600 volts) shall be de-energised, short circuited and earthed, or re-routed as for high voltage where practicable, and positive steps taken to prevent inadvertent re-energising when work is in progress.


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Figure 22 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR WIRES – CLEARANCE When de-energising of low and medium voltage mains is not practicable they shall be closely covered by the supply authority with 20 mm diameter split rubber hose for the full length of the scaffolding and 4.6 m beyond. This is only a safeguard against inadvertent contact with live wires. Small gaps between the taped hose and weather conditions may lead to severe shock if touched. Where such insulated hoses are fitted by the supply authority, the scaffolding may be erected taking precautions to ensure no parts of the scaffolding are permitted to touch or fall across the wires. Immediately after erection and before use by other persons the user shall provide, where the wires are within reach of any working platform, safe fencing. The safe fencing shall be pressed chip board, timber or other similar non-conductive material and shall be fitted to the full length of the scaffold working platform adjacent to the mains and extend 1.8 m in height


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from platform for 1 m above or below the level of such mains, whichever gives the greater protection. Any lead in wires to a building from the mains shall be similarly safely boxed.

Always use the correct hitch when hoisting or lowering gear, when lashing poles, or securing guys of stages, especially when using metal tubes. The “rolling hitch” applied correctly (with the rolling turns on top of the hoisting rope) is the safest hitch for metal tubes or other long members. A further half hitch may be applied towards the end to keep the member vertical when hoisting or lowering. The timber hitch can be dangerous on wet timbers or if incorrectly applied. The “nip” of the hitch should be on the edge of a plank with an additional half hitch likewise at the end. If fastened only at the tops and bottoms, the verticals of most scaffolding would be unable to stand up to their loads, and would bend, bow and distort in an unmanageable manner unless tied or braced at intervals or fitted with dog-leg bracing between each pair of standards for the full height. Erection Procedure for Modular Scaffolds Always pass materials up from a fully decked platform with handrails in place. For safety do not stand on transoms or ledgers to receive components being passed up from below. Step 1 When a lift has been completed, the scaffolder relocates sufficient planks to the next lift to provide a platform for further erection. Step 2 Components are passed up from below or are lifted up with a handline, gin wheel, hoist or other suitable means. Step 3 The standards, which break below guardrail height, are topped up. Step 4 As soon as practicable, guardrails are positioned at all open sides and ends where the scaffolder could fall more than 2 m from the platform. The guardrail is balanced to secure it at the far end of the bay first. Step 5 The near-end of the guardrail is secured to the standard. These guardrails are for the scaffolder’s protection and will remain in place until the lift is dismantled. After guardrails are placed, any standards, which break above guardrail height, are topped up. Step 6 The next lift of ledgers and transoms is fixed to the standards. Braces and tie assemblies are fixed where appropriate. The process is then repeated for all further lifts until the scaffold has reached its required height and the required working platforms are installed for the user. NOTE: For clarity, soleplates, toeboards and ladder are not shown.


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Figure 24 FRAME SCAFFOLD EXERCISE


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EQUIPMENT

MODULAR SCAFFOLD EQUIPMENT LIST

Component Length Weight Quantity Rqd.

Standard 2.0m 12kg

Standard 3.0m 18kg

Transom 1.2m 8kg

Ledger/Guardrail 2.4m 10kg

Brace (1.2m bay) 2.0m 10kg

Brace (2.4m bay) 3.6m 17kg

Captive Plank (225mm) 1.2m 10kg

Captive Plank (225mm) 2.4m 20kg

Ladder Access Putlog 1.2m 8kg

Adjustable Baseplate 750mm 7kg

Ladder 4m 20kg

Two Board Hop-up Brackets

Tie Bar 2.4m

Return Transom 1.2m

90º Couplers

Tube 1m


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ERECTING THE FIRST BAY

Figure 25 FRAME SCAFFOLDING On most applications the front standard will be a 2m and the back standard will be a 3m. On each end of the run a 3m standard will be used for the front and back to provide enough length for a stop end. Having standards of different lengths in the scaffold assists with the stability. Start with two standards and get your partner to hold these apart while you fit a transom to the bottom ‘V’ pressing. Your partner holds these standards vertical while you fit a ledger to the inside standard and connect with the next standard in the run of the scaffold. Never pick up the next standard in the run unless you have a ledger already in place to connect to the standard. Once you have three legs erected you can erect the fourth in the same manner. There are two things to remember with standards. 1) When a box wedge is on a standard always have it on the spigot pointing inwards. This avoids interference with the hop-up bracket and also makes it easier to hemp the next standard. If you intend to fit a kickboard to the scaffold it will be necessary to have the box wedge facing outside on the back standard. 2) The ‘V’ pressings are of different heights and in most situations the lower ‘V’ pressing carries the transom. It is important that the standards are all turned in the same direction before attempting to level the scaffold. The first bay will now free stand and the next row of transoms and ledgers can be fixed at usually a 1.5m lift. A 1.5 lift in the base of the scaffold will prevent any high hemps of the standards to the full height of scaffold. The maximum lift in any scaffold is 2m in height. Before the wedges are tapped in tight the scaffold should be set at the correct distance off the building and then the scaffold should be levelled. Start with the first transom, then the inside ledger and then the other transom on the second pair of standards. Do not attempt to level the back ledger. Once the first bay is levelled repeat the process by fixing ledgers first then jacks, standards and transoms. Level the scaffold off the first bay and check the clearance from the building.


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When the scaffold is level fix transverse braces (eg heel and toe bracing) at each end and longitudinal braces (eg face bracing) every third bay. Additional lift can now be added to the scaffold. Firstly two planks per bay are placed on the scaffold to work off, then hemp the standard and fix the ledgers and transoms. Bracing must be fitted to the scaffold as it is built and not added later. MODULAR SCAFFOLDING This is the correct method. There is a ledger at each node point in each row of standards.

Figure 26 MODULAR SCAFFOLD (the right way)


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This is the incorrect method. The outside ledger is missing and has been replaced with a guardrail.

Figure 27 MODULAR SCAFFOLD (the wrong way)

Example 2: Erect a System Scaffold System Scaffold provides access scaffolding and formwork support using only five basic standard components, doing away with the need to use loose fittings. The system is compatible with most leading scaffold systems using ‘V’ housings and is available in metric and imperial sizes. The following erection instructions are intended as a guide to the safe assembly and use of this system. Users of scaffolding must ensure that the structure is correctly assembled and suitable for the purpose for which it is intended. All scaffolds left incomplete must be rendered inaccessible with warning signs prominently displayed and access ladders removed or made unusable. Erection Procedure for System Scaffold 1. Ensure the scaffold has a firm base by the provision of sole boards of suitable bearing capacity. A typical starting bay is: (a) Where scaffold runs meet, i.e. internal/external corners.

(b) At positions of relatively high ground level using minimum base jack extension. Set out four (4) adjustable bases in approximate locations and have standards, ledgers transoms readily to hand.


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Figure 17 STEP 1

2. Place open end of 2 standards on 2 bases to form end of bay. Ensure that lower vees cluster are at 90º to wall. Fit a transom between these standards in the low vee of the lowest set of vee clusters (do not hammer home any wedges until the first bay is level and square). Similarly fit an upper transom 3 vee clusters high.

Figure 29 STEP 2


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3. Whilst supporting this frame, connect it to the next standard in the outer leaf of the scaffold by a ledger placed 2 vee clusters above the lower transom. The bay will now be self supporting.

Figure 30 STEP 3

4. Connect the next standard of the inner leaf of scaffold by ledgers at 3 vee cluster levels.

Figure 31 STEP 4 5. Join together the third and fourth standard with transoms at same level as opposite end. Check that transoms and ledgers are seated correctly. Check the clearance of scaffold to building is correct.


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Figure 32 STEP 5

6. Level the horizontal member using a spirit level. Start at standard on highest ground level and work around bay adjusting bases to suit. Check that bay is square by fitting battens or by comparing diagonal measurements across bay. Now hammer home wedges. This will automatically plumb the standards.

Figure 33 STEP 6


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7. Working from the first bay, add on further bays levelling and aligning each bay as the scaffold progresses.

Figure 34 STEP 7 8. To work on the next higher level, a working platform of battens is installed.

Figure 35 STEP 8


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9. Standards are increased in height by placing open end of next standard on spigot of base lift standard. Ensure vees are correctly aligned.

Figure 36 STEP 9

10. Fit additional ledgers and transoms at vertical spacing required, generally 3 or 4 sets of

vee clusters, and hammer wedges home. There is no need to level these higher lifts.

Figure 37 STEP 10


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11. Fit diagonal brace on outer face of scaffold on each end bay and at least every 4th intermediate bay as scaffold proceeds upwards.

Figure 38 STEP 11 12. Toe boards sit on outer battens with clips inwards. End Toe Boards sit outside end of

scaffold on brackets. Use transoms and ledgers as guardrails: 2 sets of vee clusters above platform level.

Figure 39 STEP 12


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13. A 90º scaffold return is formed by building an end frame of standards and return transoms. The return transoms fit in the lower vees of vee cluster on the standards and hook over the ledger of the previously built scaffold thus joining the two runs together. The scaffold then proceeds as before.

Figure 40 STEP 13 14. Stage brackets can be attached to any inside face of the scaffold and spanned by

standard size battens. Except for the One Board Stage Bracket all Stage Brackets must be connected together using tie bars to prevent splaying.

Figure 41 STEP 14


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THE PROCESS OF ERECTING AND DISMANTLING RESTRICTED HEIGHT MOBILE SCAFFOLDING

21. ERECTING A MOBILE SCAFFOLD This unit deals with mobile scaffolds. You should read through the unit materials before attempting the activity under the direct supervision of your instructor. The second activity has two options. Your instructor will brief you according to which of the activities either 2A or 2B you will complete. This unit has eight topics, each of which deals with a component/part of a mobile scaffold. The topics are:

• Aluminium Mobile Scaffold

• General Information

• Access

• Access Platforms

• Castor Wheels

• Working Platforms

• Bracing

• Colour Coding

• Spacing of Members


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Aluminium Mobile Scaffold Aluminium mobile scaffolds are used by most trades in the building and construction industry. They are designed, so most people will be able to erect them with ease. However, it must be pointed out that only a certificate holder in scaffolding can erect or dismantle scaffolding over the height of 4 metres. All mobile scaffolds must be constructed, assembled and maintained in accordance with the manufacturers specification. Manufacturers have an obligation as stated in Section 32 Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995.

Figure 42 MOBILE SCAFFOLD

General Information The height of a mobile scaffold shall not exceed three (3) times the length of its least base dimension. The freestanding height of a light duty aluminium tower-frame scaffold with a base width of less than 1.2m should not exceed twice the base width.


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The height of a light-duty aluminium tower-frame scaffold must not exceed 9m (unless specifically stated in the suppliers documented information). A mobile scaffold shall not be used except on a solid level surface adequate in strength to support safely the total load imposed on the surface by the weight of the scaffold, the person using the scaffold and the material to be placed on it. A mobile scaffold must not be moved:

• Whilst any person is upon such scaffold or

• By a person upon such scaffold. A working platform must not be erected between adjacent mobile scaffolds. A mobile scaffold must not be located any closer to powerlines than the minimum required distance for a static (ie non mobile) scaffold. Plan braces shall be secured diagonally immediately above the lowest ledger and transoms, and shall be secured to the corner standards with approved methods. Wheels are to be locked and checked before use. It is recommended mobile scaffolds are not erected, over stairs, ramps, walkways or gantries.

• A guardrail and midrail shall be erected, to the exposed edge of a working platform, or any other place where a person can fall 2 metres or more

• Where the nature of the work makes it difficult for the person to be fully aware of the proximity of the platform edge (e.g. overhead work or welding), edge protection should be provided, regardless of the height of the platform.

• Where a person could fall onto or into any substance likely to cause injury or be harmful to that person

• A toeboard shall be erected to the exposed edges of a working platform or any other place where tools or material can fall 2 metres or more

• A guardrail shall be positioned no less than 900mm or more than 1100mm above the edge being protected

• A midrail shall be positioned no less than 450mm or more than 600mm above the edge being protected.

Damaged or defective equipment should be tagged so others are aware of the damage. The damaged or defective equipment must be stacked to one side, away from all other scaffold equipment and removed from the workplace as soon as possible.

Access Access to and from the mobile scaffold is to be internal by ladders through and from approved landing with hinged hatches as specified by the manufacturers. Mobile scaffolds with working platform heights greater than six metres shall incorporate a mid-height or intermediate access platform with ladder. Ladders shall be positioned and fixed at an angle of approximately four vertical to one horizontal


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Access Platforms Single deck platforms that do not cover the full width of the scaffold may be used as access platforms provided guardrails and midrails are fixed directly to the perimeter of the platform. Guardrail and midrails must be secured by using approved couplers to ensure rails do not move away from the edge being protected. Hinged trapdoor platforms for ladder must be used with single deck access platform. Castor Wheels Castor wheels used on a mobile scaffold shall comply with Australian Standard specification for couplers and accessories AS1576.2 – 1991. Four (4) castor wheels shall be provided under the scaffold to support safely the total load imposed by the weight of the scaffold, and persons using the scaffold and material to be placed thereon. A castor shall be provided with an effective wheel brake, which cannot be accidentally released. Wheels shall be either plain or fitted with resilient tyres. Tyres shall be of adequate section and properly fixed on to the wheel centre. Pneumatic tyred wheels must not be used. The castor must not fall out of the end of the scaffold tube when the assembly is lifted off the running surface. Working Platforms A maximum of two working platforms per tower may be used provided the platforms are totally separated.

The maximum safe working load for a mobile scaffold shall be 450kg, constituted by:

• a single deck platform having a load equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 450kg or

• two working platforms each having a load equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 225kg.

Single level working platforms with a safe working load of 450kg shall be decked out for the full width of the scaffold. Split or stepped levels of working platforms should not be used. NOTE: Safe working load and platform position must be documented and issued when mobile scaffolds are supplied by the supplier and/or manufacturers.


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Bracing All bracing must be in accordance to manufacturers diagrams, however plan bracing may be replaced by a full width deck fixed to the lowest transom of the end frames. Colour Coding All components of mobile scaffolding should be colour coded to an industry standard. ! Horizontal braces YELLOW ! Diagonal face braces BLUE ! Plan braces BLACK or RED • When guard rail end frames, guard rails and working platform diagonal braces are of

different design or length they are to be colour coded with the standard colour plus a second colour.

• An example, would be a top brace which covers two horizontal members, the brace would be coloured blue as standard plus another colour.

Components shall be colour coded at their ends or hooks and the type of paint used shall be resistant to abrasion, wear and the effects of sunlight. The colour coding should be maintained at all times, to make it easier to identify the different parts when erecting.

Yellow (horizontal) Black or Red (plan brace) Green(horizontal)


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ERECTION GUIDE for Z 3m SQUARE TOWERS

Figure 18 ERECTON GUIDE (MOBILE SCAFFOLD)


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ERECTION GUIDE for 3m SQUARE TOWERS

1. Attach horizontal brace (yellow hooks) to vertical tube of base frame. Ensure castors are locked. Frame is now self-supporting.

2. Attach spare end of brace to end of other base frame. Attach 2nd horizontal brace (yellow hooks) to other side of frame. Attach plan brace(s) (black hooks) diagonally onto the vertical tube below the lowest base frame rung, or as low down as possible.

3. Attach six diagonal braces to the base of the unit as shown. Level the unit using the adjustable legs. The base is now complete.

4. Additional 0.8m extensions. Insert an extension frame, spigots first, into the top of the base unit and secure interlock clips, see drawing. Attach the diagonals to frame as shown. Diagonal bracing must be Dog-legged. Also two horizontals must be attached every 2nd extension, and one plan brace every 3.2m (or every 4th extension


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5. Guard rail extension: Fit the four plain platforms first, then the walk-through platform with the hinges of the trap-door to the outside of the tower. Insert the guard rails, spigots first, into the top of the last frame and secure the interlock clips. Attach two horizontal braces (yellow hooks) to the top rung of the guard rail frame and two diagonal braces, for rigidity, as shown.

6. To complete the work platform, first fit the toeboard to allow the trapdoor on the platform to open freely. Finally attach the ladder through the access platform, as shown, and clip on stand-off hooks, at base of ladder, to the corresponding rung on the frame. Ensure the access door movement is not impaired.

BEFORE USE, PLEASE READ RULES ON BASE FRAME Ladder Change-over platforms: One walk-through platform is required to enable

safe ladder change-over on towers with more than one ladder. Attach platform before ladder. Ensure two horizontal braces are also attached as guard rails and mid rails.

Figure 43 SQUARE TOWERS UP TO 3 METRES


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ACTIVITY 2: ERECT A MOBILE SCAFFOLD MOBILE SCAFFOLD – ONE BAY WIDE AND TWO BAYS LONG (Figure 39) The bottom standards, puncheons, ledgers, transoms and struts shall be of steel tubing. Check all the ledgers and transoms to ensure they are the same length. This is done by laying the ledgers on a level surface and making all the tubes level at one end. The other ends are marked with a piece of chalk. A right angle coupler can then be fixed to each end of each tube. This will ensure that the couplers are the same distance apart and will assist greatly when squaring the scaffold. Check the ends of the standards to ensure that the pintle of the castor can be inserted. Fix the bottom ledger to the bottom of the two corner standards for each side then stand the four corner standards vertical. (The ledgers to be on the inside of the standards). NOTE: It is important that the right angle coupler securing the ledger to the standard is fixed at the bottom of the standard. The end transoms are then fixed inside the end standards and hard down on top of the ledgers. NOTE: Whether the scaffold is erected in the following sequence will depend on the size of the scaffold. Lift the frame (consisting of four corner standards, two transoms and two ledgers) and insert the castor wheels. Check the frame for squareness by measuring the diagonals. Do not alter the positions of the right angle couplers on the ledger transoms. Fix a short tube in the centre of each bottom ledger to prevent sag while the rest of the scaffold is being erected. Ensure there is a slight camber upwards in the bottom ledgers. As the scaffold is to be two (2) bays long, puncheons will be required to be fixed to the ledgers mid-way between the corner standards. Remaining ledgers and transoms can now be fixed. Four (4) struts are required to support the centre puncheon. The lower end of each strut is fixed on top of the bottom transom and hard against the corner standard. The upper end of the strut is secured to the underside of a transom fixed to the 2 centre standards. Safety fittings are provided immediately below the right angle couplers at the top of the strut above and immediately above the right angle couplers at the bottom of the strut. The angle of the struts should be approximately 45º After securing of the struts and safety fittings, the short centre tube support can then be removed. Diagonal plan bracing is fixed as near as possible to the bottom of the corner standards. This bracing is commonly known as a ‘spider brace’. Where the braces cross in the centre a swivel coupler is used to secure the braces together. Putlogs are placed either side of the centre standard at the required distance. At each end of the scaffold, it is permitted for the end transoms to act as putlogs. Right angle couplers are used throughout the scaffold except for putlog couplers securing the putlogs to the ledgers, a swivel coupler in the spider brace and swivel couplers on the face bracing.


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Figure 45 MOBILE SCAFFOLD ACTIVITY 2


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ACTIVITY 3: ERECT A MOBILE SCAFFOLD MOBILE SCAFFOLD – ONE BAY WIDE AND THREE BAYS LONG (Figure 46 and 47) Assume a tubular steel mobile scaffold is to be erected for painters to paint a ceiling in a very large building and the height to the working platform is required to be 6.6m. The construction of the ceiling is such that the painters would like the scaffold to measure 7.2m along one side. The minimum dimension of any side would be 6.6m divided by 3 = 6.6 = 2.2m. That would then make the mobile 7.2m x 2.2m. 3 Referring to the table in the previous chapter, scaffolding for painters comes within ALight Duty category and the maximum spacing of standards is 3m and the maximum spacing of the rows of standards is 2.4m. The 7.2m side can be divided into 3 – 2.4m bays or 1– 3m bay and 2 bays each of 2.1 m. For the purpose of keeping the struts in the end bays at a steeper angle, it would be better to have a 3m bay in the centre and the end bays 2.1m. 1. Lay the ledgers and transoms and check for length as previously described and also check the corner standards to ensure that the pintle in the castor can be inserted. 2. Lay the ledgers and transoms out in the approximate plan of the scaffold and secure the corner standards to the ends of the ledgers with the ledgers inside the standards. NOTE: It is important that the right angle coupler securing the ledger to the standard is fixed at the bottom of the standard. 3.The end transoms are then fixed inside the end standards and hard down on top of the ledgers. (There are several ways to build this type of scaffold and the following is only one of them). 4.Lift the frame and place the castor wheels in the corner standards. Fix a short tube in the centre of each 7.2m side from the ledger to the ground. Ensure there is a slight camber upwards in these ledgers.

5. Square the scaffold and insert the diagonal plan bracing (spider bracing) between the corner standards. Where the braces cross in the centre a swivel coupler is used to secure the braces together.

6. Measure 2.1m in from each end and erect the two intermediate puncheons on each side.


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7. Lift up each intermediate standard and secure the ledgers and transoms. The transoms on the intermediate puncheons require to be on the understand of the ledgers as the tops of the struts are fixed to these transoms.

8. Fix the two struts in each end bay and fix the safety couplers.

9. It will be noted that the 7.2m side requires a joint pin coupler or sleeve coupler. This join is placed in the centre bay and staggered. That is looking at one side the bottom ledger would comprise say 1 – 2.7m and 1 – 4.5m. On the next lift the 4.5m ledger would be started from the same end as the 2.7m ledger below with the 2.7m ledger on the outer end.

10. This join in the bottom ledger requires bridging because when the short tube mentioned in ‘5’ is removed, tension is exerted on the join by the struts pushing down towards the corner standards. To overcome this bridging ledgers are fixed, with right angle couplers to the intermediate puncheons. (See Figure 40).

11. When the struts, safety couplers and bridging ledgers are fixed the short tubes from the bottom ledgers to the ground can be removed.

12. The rest of the scaffold is then completed in the normal way.

As the height of the ceiling is over 3m the scaffold platform requires to be full decked


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SIDE ELEVATION


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6.5 ERECTION PLATFORM OPTIONS

Figure 1: Diagrammatic illustration of erection and dismantling using various erection platform options – one-man operation. Note: scaffold is shown against a building, so guardrails only needed on external face. Toeboards omitted for clarity.


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Figure 2: Diagrammatic illustration of erection and dismantling using various erection platform options – two-man operation. Note: Scaffold is shown against a building, so guardrails only needed on external face. Toeboards omitted for clarity.


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Figure 3: Diagrammatic illustration of an erection platform option for a five-plank-wide scaffold. Note: Scaffold is shown against an existing building, so guardrails only needed on external face. Access ladder and toeboards omitted for clarity.


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Figure 4: Diagrammatic illustration of an erection platform option for a three-plank-wide scaffold. Note: Scaffold is shown against a building, so guardrails only needed on external face. Toeboards omitted for clarity.


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Figure 5: Diagrammatic illustration of a proprietary temporary edge protection system. Note: Toeboards and lower mid-rails omitted for clarity.

Note: Proprietary temporary edge protection systems such as that illustrated above require a safe work method statement and the scaffolders to undertake training to use the system safely.


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Scaffold design limitations above and beyond restricted heights

20

APPENDIX A – SCAFFOLD DESIGN LIMITATIONSThe permitted scaffold configurations are intended to assist those erecting less complex scaffolds to do so without having the structural capacity of their scaffolds checked by an engineer.

Table 1 applies to all scaffolds that fit within the below design assumptions. For scaffolds with greater structural capacity or that otherwise do not comply with the design assumptions, a revised version of table 1 may be developed based on an engineering review of the specific scaffold system.

Common issues where engineering review is required due to non-compliance with the design assumptions are:

use of three-board hop-up platforms

use of non-porous containment sheeting

erection in high wind areas, eg coastal or cliff edges

thinner wall tubing.

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

Standards are manufactured from tube 48.3 mm OD x 4 mm wall thickness and minimum steel grade C250 (minimum yield strength).

Scaffold is erected nominally plumb and standards are free of bends and damage.

Maximum height to the top working platform is no more than 20 m.

Bay size is not exceeding 2.4 m x 1.3 m approximately.

Number of fully planked platform levels is not more than 10.

Number of hop-up platforms is not more than 10 – hop-up platforms may be capable of supporting one or two planks wide (about 450 mm).

Live load (duty rating), uniformly distributed over the working platform, must not exceed permissible duty rating as outlined in table 1.

Working platforms supported by hop-up brackets are not loaded to more than light duty, regardless of the duty rating of the working platform in the adjoining scaffold bay.

Number of permitted loaded working platforms and platforms supported by hop-up brackets are not greater than those shown in table 1.

Where specified, scaffold is sheeted with chain-wire mesh and 20 per cent porosity (minimum) shade cloth.

The maximum vertical extension of a clad scaffold above the highest tie does not exceed 2 m, with all standards above the tie being full standards without any joints.

Wind load is imposed by a wind speed not exceeding 60 kph (16 m/s) acting at 90 degrees directly onto the scaffold face – this design assumption does not allow a scaffold to be erected near a cliff edge or any other area where high winds are likely to occur during the time the scaffold is being erected, used or dismantled (this assumption also applies to incomplete scaffolds).

Every second standard is tied to a supporting structure of adequate strength, at 4 m (maximum) vertical intervals.


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For scaffolds with a fully planked platform above 14 m, additional ties are placed as per figure 6.

The foundation or footing has adequate bearing capacity to support the imposed load from the scaffold (refer to Australian Standard AS4576: Guidelines for Scaffolding).

Variations to the above design assumptions will require a detailed structural analysis by a structural engineer with a sound knowledge of scaffolding.

PERMITTED SCAFFOLD CONFIGURATIONS

Check that the installed scaffold conforms to the design assumptions before using the information in the table below.

Working platforms of various duty ratings may be provided at various levels so long as the platforms within any bay comply with a row from table 1. Figure 6a shows an example of how different duty loads or closed platforms may be applied along the run of the platform.

The full run of the platform does not have to be classified as a working or closed platform.

Closed working platforms must not be used as access to a working platform.

Max height (m) to top platform

Max number of fully planked

platforms

Max number of planked

hop-up platforms 1 or 2 planks

wide

Permitted number of loaded platforms within the scaffold

bay

Permitted number of

loaded hop-up platforms 1 or 2 planks

wide (light duty only)

Heavy duty

(675 kg)

Medium duty

(450 kg)

Light duty

(225 kg)

20 10 10 1 0 0 1

20 10 10 0 1 1 1

20 10 10 0 0 2 116 8 8 1 0 1 1

16 8 8 0 2 0 2

16 8 8 0 1 1 2

12 6 6 1 1 0 2

12 6 6 1 0 2 2

12 6 6 0 2 1 2

12 6 6 0 1 3 2

6 3 3 2 0 0 2

Table 1: Permitted number of loaded platforms and hop-up bracket platforms

Note: and hop-up platforms (eg see the bold figures).

the table.


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Figure 5: Photographic illustration of erection and dismantling using two erection platform options for a three plank wide scaffold. Note: scaffold is shown against a building, so guardrails only needed on external face. Toeboards and lower mid-rails omitted for clarity.

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Figure 5: Photographic illustration of erection and dismantling using two erection platform options for a three plank wide scaffold. Note: scaffold is shown against a building, so guardrails only needed on external face. Toeboards and lower mid-rails omitted for clarity.


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Practical Activity 1 - Inspection report – Check list Complete the following by ticking ‘YES’ if this aspect is available/in place, and in good working condition; and ‘NO’ if unavailable/in place though in less than satisfactory condition; or N/A if the aspect is not relevant to your area of inspection.

SAFETY CHECK LIST – HAZARD CODES

Yes No N/A Yes No N/A

General Emergency Cont…

01 Safe Work Practice 24 Stop Buttons/ Switches

02 Emergency Procedure

25 Emergency Equipment

03 Signs in Place 26 Emergency Exits

04 Waste Disposal ENVIRONMENT

05 Cleanliness 27 Ventilation

06 Floor Condition 28 Heating

07 Trip/Slip Hazard 29 Cooling

MAINTENANCE 30 Lighting

08 Plant 31 Noise/Acoustics

09 Machinery 32 Radiation

27 Lifts and Hoists 33 Posture

28 Building 34 Workplace Layout

29 Stairs and Ramps 35 Manual Handling

30 Walking Surfaces 36 Human Factor

31 Electrical 37 Storage

32 Hand Tools/ Equipment 38 Machine Guards

33 Furniture/Fittings 39 Pressure Vessels

PERSONAL 40 Chemical Register

17 Personal Protective Equip/Clothing

41 Chemical Storage/ Disposal

18 First Aid Kit/ Equipment DOCUMENTATION

EMERGENCY 42 Material Safety Data Sheets

19 Showers 43 Accident Report Form

20 Hoses and Extinguishers 44. Hazard Report Form

21 Warning Devices 45. OH&S Policy

22 Emergency Signs 46. Other – Please Specify

23 Emergency Lighting


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Practical Activity 2 – Erect and dismantle restricted height Scaffolding complete planning, erection and dismantling of a modular scaffolding system, in accordance with JSA and safe work method statements and regulations, including a minimum of:

• Three bays (one with a return)

• One lift with ladder

• Fall and edge protection.

Erect, use and upon completion dismantle the set of scaffolding either individually or leading a small team. An example of the variety of this could be similar to those below.


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Self Checks 1.

Do castors for mobile scaffolds need wheel locks?

Yes � or No �

2. Why is plan bracing needed in a mobile scaffold?

3.

Without supplier’s information or engineer’s approval, how high would you build a light duty aluminium tower frame scaffold?

4.

Would you fix the ladder access to tower frame scaffold internally or externally?

5.

How is the ladder opening in a tower frame scaffolds working platform usually protected?

6. Does the supplier of prefabricated scaffolding need to provide written information

about the system?

7. When a scaffold is built on soil, what would you place under the baseplate to distribute

the load? ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is a hazard?


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9. Are gaps allowed between the planks of a working platform?

10. Can planks with different thicknesses be used to deck out a working platform?

11. Would you mix components of two prefabricated systems in one scaffold without a

supplier’s or engineer’s consent?

12. List three checks that you would carry out when inspecting your scaffold?

13. Identify three of the different types of scaffolds below and the trade that would

normally use these scaffolds.

1. ___________________________________________________ ______________________

2. ___________________________________________________ ______________________

3. ___________________________________________________ ______________________

4. ___________________________________________________ ______________________


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14. State the maximum height of the working platform that an unlicensed person can erect a scaffold. _____________________________________________________________________ 15. Why would you use ties constructing a scaffold

_____________________________________________________________________ 16. What would things would you use to catch falling people or possible debris & tools? _____________________________________________________________________ 17. For what reason would you remove excess tools and materials from a scaffold after finishing certain tasks?

_____________________________________________________________________ 18. List ten (10) items that should be checked before erecting a scaffold against a building. (8 out of 10 correct answers should be selected) 1. __________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________

6. __________________________________________________________________

7. __________________________________________________________________

8. __________________________________________________________________

9. __________________________________________________________________

10. __________________________________________________________________

19. What maximum height can a mobile scaffold be in relation to the supporting base.


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20. State the minimum width of a working platform for a painter on a scaffold that is 3.6m high

_____________________________________________________________________ 21. State the minimum clearance that a scaffold can be from power lines for:

Timber scaffold members _________________

Steel scaffold members _________________

22. State the distance that protection over power lines must extend past the end of the scaffold members. _____________________________________________ 23. Describe the purpose of a 'hop up' bracket.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

24. From which lift should you start dismantling a scaffold? _______________________________________________________________________

25. Circle from below the main vertical member in a KWIKFORM or KWIKSTAGE scaffold. a. Standard

b. Return Transom

c. Ledger

d. Pallet

e Brace

f. Transom


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26. Circle from below the member that supports the scaffold planks

a. Standard

b. Return Transom

c. Ledger

d. Pallet

e Brace

f. Transom

27. State two different methods of gaining access to the upper levels of a multi-lift scaffold 1. _______________________________ 2. _______________________________ 28. What would you use for the footing to keep a scaffold stable and secure? _____________________________________________ 29. If during an inspection you find faults, what do you do? _____________________________________________

30. What would you be looking for when inspecting your safety harness? _____________________________________________

Documents

CPCCCM2008B Erect & dismantle restricted height scaffolding LR