Cover Crop Species and Descriptions

7/28/2019 Cover Crop Species and Descriptions

1/19

Bcus gs gown in

mny giculul gionsnd clims of Clifoni, covco chcisics vy dnd-ing on locion. Fo xml,cov cos gnlly mu -li in Souhn Clifoni hn inNohn Clifoni; nd gowhnd muion my vy wihinnd mong gions du o vi-ions in soil moisu vilbiliy,soil chcisics, nd cululcics. Howv, diffncsmong scis nd culivs ofn consisn in givn loc-ion. Bcus of h widsdins in cov coing, nwculivs nd ccssions ino-ducd ch y. In im, gowswill hv mny mo cov cosfom which o choos.

th scis dsciions inhis ch should b usd sgnl guidlins only. a s-cis o mix h hs no bn

usd in h vinyd should bsd on fw ows if his unciny bou is fo-mnc. Idlly, i should b s-d fo 2 o mo ys du oclimic vibiliy fom y oy. tbl 2-1 ovids infom-ion on h cov co scisdscibd in his ch (slso Bugg nd Vn Hon 1998),nd bl 2-2 ovids sding

infomion fo hs scis.

Mcultues

vesus Mxes

Monoculus of sown covcos ofn usd in vinyds.Monoculus my b fdwh h scis hs hisoyof ovn fomnc, nblingh gow o limi h sd u-chs nd culu o singl

wll-dd scis. th us ofmonoculus is common c-ic wih svl scis, suchs cls, Blndo bom, nd

bu mdic. Slf-sding sndsof bu mdic hv sisd foov 40 ys.

Singl-scis lnings shouldusully b od o duc honil fo buildu of inscs,hogns, o wds ssocidwih h scis. Fo xml,

vch snds my b ducd bysoilbon disss if sown -dly. Cl disss ofn incswhn h sm co o culiv isusd y f y. In som ys,egyin lflf wvil cn b sious s of bu mdic. Loclnvionmnl viions, such ssndy o cly soils wih diffing

soil nuin vilbiliy o din-

CHapter 2

Cve Cp Specesd Descpts

Chuck A. Ingels, Robert L. Bugg, and Fred L. Thomas

Mcultues vesus Mxes, 8

Wte aul Cve Cps

Tlled Veyds, 13

Leumes, 13

gsses, 16

fbs, 17

Wte aul Cve Cps

n-Tll Veyds, 18

Leumes, 18

gsses, 20

Peel Cve Cps

n-Tll Veyds, 21

Leumes, 21

gsses, 21

Summe aul Cve Cps

Tlled Veyds, 24

Bblphy, 25


2/19

Scis Dsciions 9

Tble 2-1. Selected chctestcs veyd cve cps

reltve gwth Mxmum Tme Tme Scetc me Cmm me seedl v hbt heht ()* lwe mtuty

Wte uls tlled veyds

LeumesPisum sativum fild mod. o high viny 1830 MMy MyJun

Trifolium alexandrinum bsm clov mod. c 1830 MyJun JunJulVicia benghalensis ul vch high viny 1824 aMy MyJunVicia faba bll (fv) bn high c 3684 MMy MyJunVicia sativa common vch mod. viny 1824 aMy MyJunVicia sativa Vicia cordata Chb Whi vch mod. viny 1824 aMy MyJunVicia villosa hiy vch high viny 1824 aMy MyJunVicia villosa ss. dasycarpa woollyod vch high viny 1824 MMy aJun

gssesAvena sativa o high c 2460 aMy MyJunHordeum vulgare bly high c 2436 aMy MyJunLolium multiflorum nnul ygss high c 3648 aMy JunaugSecale cereale cv. Mcd cl y high c 3672 Fba aMyTriticum aestivum wh high c 2440 aMy MyJun Triticosecale iicl high c 2460 aMy MyJun

fbsBrassica s. bssics high c 2460 MMy aJunPhacelia tanacetifolia nsy hcli high smic 1236 MMy MyJun

Wte uls -tll veyds

LeumesMedicago polymorpha bu mdic (buclov) mod. os o c 615 Fba aMyTrifoliumhirtum os clov mod. c 815 Ma MyJunTrifoliumincarnatum cimson clov mod. c 1220 aMy MyJunTrifoliumsubterraneum subnn clov mod. os o 615 MMy aJun

smic

gssesBromus hordeaceus ss. sof chss high c 1230 Ma aMy

molliformis (Blndo bom)Vulpia myuros v. hirsuta foxil fscu high c 1224 Ma a

(Zoo fscu)

Peels -tll veyds

LeumesLotus corniculatus bidsfoo foil vy low smic 1224 JunS JulOcTrifolium fragiferum swby clov low os 812 JunJul JulaugTrifolium repens whi clov low os 812 MyJul Julaug

gssesBromus carinatus Clifoni bom mod. c 2047 aMy MyJunDactylis glomerata ochdgss low smic o c 2448 Ma aMyElymus glaucus blu wildy mod. c 2448 aMy MyJunFestucaarundinacea ll fscu high c 2448 Ma aMyFestucaidahoensis Idho fscu vy low ufd 1240 aMy MyJunFestucaovina sh/hd fscu low ufd 310 Ma aMy

Festucarubra d fscu vy low ufd o c 1640 Ma aMyHordeum brachyantherum mdow bly mod. c 828 Ma aMy

ss. brachyantherumHordeum brachyantherum Clifoni bly mod. smic o c 1224 Ma aMy

ss. californicumLolium perenne nnil ygss high smic o c 1230 MyS JunOcMelica californica Clifoni mlic vy low c 2436 a MyJunNassella cernua nodding ndlgss vy low c 2436 aMy MyJunNassella pulchra ul ndlgss vy low ufd 1640 Ma aMyPoa secunda ss. in blugss vy low ufd 2040 Ma aMy

secunda


3/19

10 Ch 2

Tble 2-1. ctued

Summe uls tlled veyds

reltve gwth Mxmum Tme st lweScetc me Cmm me seedl v hbt heht ()* (dys te seed)

Fagopyrum esculentum buckwh high c 1224 2530Sorghum sudanense sudngss high c 36120 6080

Sorghum vulgare

S. soghum-sudngss high c 36120 6080sudanenseVigna unguiculata ss. cow high c o subc 1236 6070

unguiculata

Note: th chcisics lisd ly o h mos common viis usd in Clifoni. Chcisics my vy gly by locion nd culiv.*Mximum highs indic yicl high o o of ln o infloscnc in n unmowd monoculul snd.

Tble 2-2. Seed mt veyd cve cps

Seedappxmte te appx.

cstScetc me Cmm me Suested cultvs* icult umbe (lb/seeded Pce ($/seeded

type seeds/lb ce) ($/lb) ce)#

Wte uls tlled veyds

LeumesPisum sativum fild ausin Win, C 1,8003,000 70100 0.40 2848

Mgnus, MindTrifolium bsm clov Mulicu, Jo Buon scil 206,900** 1520 1.65 2533

alexandrinum culu #1fo Trifolium

Vicia ul vch C 10,000 4060 0.75 3045benghalensis

Vicia faba bll (fv) bn Q 3,000 100150 0.32 3249Vicia sativa common vch C 8,000 4080 0.65 2652

Vicia sativa Chb Whi C 5080 0.94 4775 Vicia cordata vchVicia villosa hiy vch C 16,300 3050 0.70 2135Vicia villosa ss. woollyod vch Ln C 11,400 4060 0.90 3654 dasycarpa

gssesAvena sativa o Clifoni rd, 16,000 100120 0.23 2328

Cyus, 22,800Monzum,Ogl, Swn

Hordeum vulgare bly UC 476, UC 603 13,600 80100 0.18 1418Lolium nnul ygss Common, Gulf, 190,000 2035 0.50 1018

multiflorum Wimm 62Secale cereale cl y Mcd 18,200 60120 0.32 1938Triticum aestivum wh anz 11,400 100120 0.18 1822

Triticosecale iicl Jun 12,000 100120 0.28 2834

fbsBrassica s. bssics 104,000 512 1.00 524

570,000 2.00Phacelia nsy hcli phci 824,000 1015 2.00 2030

tanacetifolia

Mxes vch--bll bn 80120 0.50 4060 vch--bll 80100 0.43 3443

bn-cl


4/19

Scis Dsciions 11

Tble 2-2. ctued

Seedappxmte te appx. cst

Scetc me Cmm me Suested cultvs* icult umbe (lb/seeded Pce ($/seededtype seeds/lb ce) ($/lb) ce)#

Wte uls -tll veyds

LeumesMedicago bu mdic Snigo, Medicago 170,400** 1520 1.80 2736

polymorpha (buclov) Cicl Vlly, scil # 1Sn

Trifolium hirtum os clov Hykon, Wr 164,500** 1520 2.20 3344 Kondinin,

Ovon, WilonTrifolium cimson clov Dixi, Flm r 150,000** 1525 1.70 2643

incarnatumTrifolium subnn Cl,Kol, Wr 110,000** 2025 1.80 3645

subterraneum clov Kidl, M. Bk,Nungin, tikkl

gssesBromus Blndo bom 251,800 1015 2.75 2841

hordeaceus (sof chss) ss. molliformisVulpia myuros Zoo fscu 990,000 812 7.00 5684

v. hirsuta (foxil fscu)

Mx nnul clovs- 2530 2.00 5060

mdics

Peels -tll veyds

LeumesLotus bidsfoo foil emi, Viking K 375,100** 512 3.50 1842

corniculatusTrifolium swby clov Slin Trifolium 288,100** 1015 3.75 3856

fragiferum scil culu#6

Trifolium repens whi clov Nw Zlnd, B 800,100** 512 2.75 1433Duch Whi,Ldino, Hui

gssesBromus carinatus Clifoni bom 103,700 1520 5.507.00 83140Dactylis ochdgss Bb 425,000 2025 2.60 5265

glomerataElymus glaucus blu wildy andson, Bkly 134,900 2025 8.5011.00 170275

Festuca ll fscu Fwn, uf ys 200,000 2030 1.40 2842arundinacea (Bonsi, rbl)

Festuca Idho fscu 450,000 20 17.5020.00 350400

idahoensisFestuca ovina sh fscu Cov 530,300 1520 3.75 5675Festuca ovina hd fscu Du, euk 591,900 1520 3.25 4965 v. duriusculaFestuca rubra chwings fscu 450,000 2025 1.65 3038 v. commutataFestuca rubra cing d fscu 365,000 2025 1.50 3038Festuca rubra Mol fscu 450,000 20 8.0010.00 16022Festuca rubra Moklumn fscu 450,000 20 10.0020.00 20040


5/19

12 Ch 2

Tble 2-2, ctued

Seedappxmte te appx. cst

Suested icult umbe (lb/seeded Pce $/seededScetc me Cmm me cultvs* type seeds/lb ce) ($/lb) ce#

Hordeum mdow bly 100,800 2025 9.0014.00 180350

brachyantherum ss.brachyantherumHordeum Clifoni bly 127,000 2025 9.5014.00 190350

brachyantherum ss.californicum

Lolium perenne nnil ygss elk 240,000 2535 1.30 3346Melica californica Clifoni mlic 450,000 15 15.0022.00 225330Nassella cernua nodding ndlgss 223,700 15 25.0035.00 375525Nassella pulchra ul ndlgss 109,700 15 27.0035.00 405525Poa secunda ss. in blugss 1,047,000 15 15.0025.00 225375

secunda

Mxes

Big 3 (Clifoni 2030 8.5011.00 170330bom, blu wildy,Clifoni bly,

mdow bly) Lil 3 (Idho 1525 12.5017.00 188425

fscu, Mol fscu,Moklumn fscu,in blugss)

nnil clovs 1220 2.65 3253 nnil gss sod 3040 1.50 4560

Summe uls tlled veyds

Fagopyrum buckwh Mncn, Mno 20,400 2030 0.70 1421esculentum

Sorghum sudngss pi 44,000 2530 0.60 1518sudanense

Sorghum vulgare soghum- Sudx 17,000 2530 0.65 1620

S.sudanense sudngssVigna cow CB5, eL 2,0004,000 4060 0.85 3451 unguiculata ss. Chins rd, unguiculata Ion nd Cly*Whn ossibl, choos culivs h dd o locl clim nd soil.

Lgums only.

Sding s vy wih locl condiions nd lning d. Chck wih locl sd suli fo h mos oi s.

avg sd ics shown fo Jnuy 1998 nd includd o show liv sd coss. pics my vy gly fom y o y du o chnging suly nddmnd, imovd hvsing chnology, o oh fcos. pics my lso vy mong sulis. Chck wih locl sd suli fo cun ics.

#to obin cos vinyd c, mulily cos sdd c by cn of vin ow scing cully sdd.

**Numb of sds ound fo smll-sdd lgums is fo sd h hv no bn inoculd. to obin numbs of inoculd sd ound,mulily by oximly 0.67 (.g., in 100-lb bg of inoculd sd, bou wo-hids of h wigh is sd nd on-hid is inoculum).

Wighs fo nodding ndlgss nd ul ndlgss fo d-wnd sd. to obin oxim wighs of sd wih wns sill chd, mulily byoximly 0.6.


6/19

Scis Dsciions 13

g chcisics, my lso limi gowh of singlscis. poviding diffn scis in mix mynbl on scis o hiv in s wh nohmigh b wk, incsing h chncs fo hlhysnd houghou h vinyd. Vigoous olyculusnds my lso duc wds h would ohwisfill h voids in h snd nd my lso c div-

siy of bnficil hoods h my id in s mn-gmn. Howv, h ffcs of olyculus vsusmonoculus on hood ss hv no bn sdin Clifoni vinyds.

Lgum-gss mixus comlmn ch ohin hi soil-imoving funcions. alhough bohln ys k u soil niogn, gsss usu-lly much mo fficin doing so. as sul,lgums div mo niogn fom niogn fix-ion hn fom soil uk whn hy gownwih gsss. tyiclly, hough no lwys, such

mixs sul in lss ol niogn fixd hn wouldb h cs in u lgum snds, simly bcuslss lgum biomss is oducd. Cls such so nd bly lso ovid sucul suo foh iling vchs nd s. th fgil sms ofBlndo bom nd Zoo fscu do no suovch nd sldom usd in mixs wih vchs.Howv, hs wo scis comibl wih bumdic nd nnul clovs nd wih low dnsiis ofvch. Dozns of gss-lgum blnds nd sdings hv bn usd, including nnul-nnilcombinions.

Clifoni niv nnil gsss gown invinyd middls yiclly usd in mixus,wih ln scis o ccssions of lik susgoud ogh. Bcus som scis sho-livd, i is imon o llow hm o sd in hvinyd. alhough individul niv gss scishv bn vlud, mixs hv civd limidnion fom schs, nd h is cunlyno ublishd d on hi us in vinyds. thsscis incsingly bing sown in vinydsminly fom h nohn Sn Joquin Vlly noh-wd. Sdling gowh of mny scis is livlyslow, so niv gsss suscibl o wd com-

iion duing sblishmn. th low-gowingmixs my conin in blugss, Idho fscu,Mol fscu, o os fom of Clifoni

bly. ths gsss mu livly ly nd summ-domn in ho, dy clims, lhoughMol fscu will sis wih iigion. this is

hough o duc comiion fo w wih hvins. tll scis includ mdow bly, bluwildy, Clifoni bom, Clifoni mlic, ndul ndlgss. Du o g sdling vigo,mdow bly, blu wildy, nd Clifoni bom mo sily sblishd on sndy, doughy soilshn h low-gowing scis mniond li.

W hv sn no xmls of lgums includd inmixus of Clifoni niv gsss, bu nnulclovs nd bu mdic my b oi. Us ofClifoni niv gsss s vinyd cov cos ison h is, mking i incsingly imon o con-duc foml ximns on h issus mniondbov.

Wte aul Cve Cps

Tlled Veyds

LEgUMESfeld Pe

Pisum sativumPltes 2-12-

othe Cmm nmes: common , gdn

Descpt: Sms iling, ound, wk; lvscomound wih 1 o 3 is of lfls nd mi-nd by bnchd ndil; lfls ovl o lliic;siuls vy lg nd lflik; flows soliy oin is, whi o ink; ods vibl in siz nd

sh, conining 2 o 10 sds.

Numous fild culivs vilbl nd mos ofn usd in mixs. thos mos common-ly lnd s cov cos includ ausin Win,Mgnus, nd Mind. ausin Win, whichhs ink nd ddish flows, is domn duingcold wh nd oducs mos of is biomssduing h sing (l 2-1). Howv, i usullyoducs s much biomss s mos oh lgumsif llowd o gow hough h sing. Mgnus cn

b disinguishd by is lg ligh nd dk inkflows nd is lg ndils (l 2-2). Unlik

ausin Win, Mgnus gows idly houghh win nd mus li nd is hfo b choic in vinyds diskd ly in hsing. Mind hs whi flows, mus ly,nd usully oducs lss biomss hn ausinWin o Mgnus (l 2-3).


7/19

1 Ch 2

Beseem ClveTrifolium alexandrinumPltes 2-2-

othe Cmm nme: egyin clov

Descpt: Sms c; lvs ifoli; lfls

oblong o bodly lliic; flows clusd indns lliicl hds, yllowish-whi.

Bsm clov is idly gowing winnnul h flows in l sing nd ly sum-m, much l hn mos nnul clovs. I is vyoln of wlogging nd cn b usd o movxcss soil moisu. I is n xclln fog lnnd hus sonds wll o mowing, xhibiing bsl

bnching nd id gowh fom h cown. Icn b mowd h o fou ims in l winnd sing. ths cliings niogn ich ndmy suly xcssiv niogn o vins. Whn

mowd in his mnn, hy cn oduc u o 400ounds of niogn lnd c (448 kg/h) y und oiml gowing condiions (Willims,Gvs, nd Cssmn 1990), lhough und moscondiions, hy will obbly oduc lss hn250 ounds c (280 kg/h). Bsm clovis sldom usd in vinyds. Wh i is usd i isofn diskd in h sing o consv moisu ndduc h niogn conibuion.

Bell BeVicia faba

Pltes 2-72-10

othe Cmm nmes: fb bn, fv bn, smll-sdd hos bn

Descpt: Sms cos, uigh; lvs com-ound, usully wih 6 bod lfls nd no n-dils; dk ul xflol ncy on lowsufc of siul; flows lg nd whi wihdk ul blochs; ods lg nd cylindicl,conining 6 o 8 sds.

alhough bll bn is u vch, i diffs

gly fom oh vchs wih is song, uighgowh (s blow fo discussion of oh vchs).I lso hs livly shllow, hick oo (l2-9), which my b usful fo oning u hvysoils. Bll bn is ofn usd in mixs wih vchs,s, o cls. Bcus of is high nd bcusi dos no ol clos mowing, i is ofn omi-

d fom mixs in fos-on s. Bll bn isfqunly infsd by h bn hid (Aphis fabae),which sldom ffcs is us s cov co. thhid, which dos no ck gs, nd h s-nc of xflol ncis my c bnficilinscs ino vinyds. Bll bn is mo susc-ibl o fos dmg hn oh vchs. I is vy

simil in gowh o bod bn (lso known sWindso o hos bn), which hs much lg,fl sd. th smll sd siz of bll bn mksi mo conomicl o sow.

VetchesVicia spp.Vchs mong h mos fqunly lnd covcos in vinyds. th mos commonly usd vch-s Ln woollyod, ul, common (l 2-11), nd Chb Whi (l 2-15); hiy vch isoccsionlly usd s wll. alhough bll bn is u vch, i is discussd sly bov. Vchs

gown s monoculul snds o in mixs wihoh vchs (including bll bns), cls, fild, nd occsionlly clovs nd mdics. Vchsoduc iling sms wih ndils h llowhm o climb c lns nd sucus, includingg lliss (ls 2-12, 2-16). Whs sms ofsom vchs ofn ch 5 f (150 cm) o mo inlngh, unsuod lns sldom in high ofmo hn 2 f (60 cm). thy my oduc slndoos h 1 o 3 f (30 o 90 cm) d, bu usully shllow ood, wih mos oos in ho 8 inchs (20.5 cm) of soil. Vchs cn fix lgquniis of niogn, which my ov xcssivfo vinyds if lnd in vy ow o if gownin h bsnc of cls. thy lso susciblo Botrytis diss if gown in monoculul sndsy f y (F l. 1989; a. Vn Buggn,sonl communicion). this diss is icu-lly dmging f iods of hvy infll. Whnlnd vy y fo 3 o 4 ys, h diss mylgly kill h snd (l 2-13).

Vch scis diff in svl imon wys.Hiy vch is h mos cold hdy, followd indscnding od by common vch, woollyod

vch, nd ul vch, h ls cold hdy.Howv, ll hs scis usully hiv in hmjo g gowing gions of Clifoni. th s-cis lso diff in of gowh in win nd inovll ggssivnss. Whs mos of h biomssoducion of vchs occus in h l win ndsing, woollyod, hiy, nd ul vchs hv


8/19

Scis Dsciions 1

song sdling vigo nd gow subsnilly duingh win. Common vch oducs lss gowhduing h win nd lss ol biomss duingh sson (Mill l. 1989). Som g gowsf his slow gowh bcus h vch willno climb vins s dily; howv, h vch my

b lss ffciv sussing wds duing h

win. Bcus common vch usully oducslss biomss hn woollyod nd ul vchs,i ofn oducs lss niogn. Common vch o-ducs no hd sd, whs oh vch scisoduc smll ooions of hd sd nd myhfo bcom wdy in vinyds.

Sd sizs of h vious vch scis vi-bl, wih common vch bing h lgs followdin dscnding od by woollyod, ul, ndhiy, h smlls. all vchs livly sy osblish. thy no comibl wih clos mow-ing f bou l Fbuy if l-sing gowh o

sding is dsid, nd hy ofn no mowdunil incood o mowd onc o wic inl win o ly sing o high of no lss hn5 inchs (12.5 cm).

Puple VetchVicia benghalensisPlte 2-11

Descpt: Sms iling; lvs comound wih10 o 16 lfls nd ndil h nd of ch lfin lc of lfl; lfls hiy, slighly lg

nd mo oblong hn hos of woollyod vch;siuls h lg, ind dk ul (hnc hscis nm); flows ddish-ul wih i vydk, 6 o 12 infloscnc; ods lum, hiy,conining 3 o 5 sds.

pul vch hs bn usd commcillysinc h 1920s fo fog, cov cos, nd gnmnus. Lik woollyod vch, i oducs xcl-ln cool-sson gowh, bu i blooms nd musl hn woollyod vch. pul vch lvs mkdly hiy, giving silvy, downy nco shoo is in h ly sing. I lso hs ddish

flows, whs oh vch cov co scishv ul flows (l 2-11). alhough ulvch is mong h ls cold hdy of h culivdvchs, in mos ys i will hiv in ll bu hcolds mounin locions in Clifoni.

Cmm VetchVicia sativaPltes 2-11, 2-1

othe Cmm nmes: Ogon vch, sing vch

Descpt: Sms iling; lvs comound wih

8 o 16 lfls, wih ndil h nd of chlf in lc of lfl; lfls uncd, wihh midib xndd o fom disinc oin; dkul xflol ncy on low sufc of si-ul; flows usully in is, bluish ul; odslivly smll, nly cylindicl.

Common vch ws onc h mos imonvch scis in Clifoni, bu now woollyod ndul vchs lso fqunly usd. Commonvch mins domn hough much of h win-, dvloing nly ll is biomss in Mch ndail. Fo his son, i is no h bs choic invinyds h will b diskd in Mch. Som gow-s includ common vch in mixs bcus i hsxflol ncis on h siuls (l 2-14),which ovid dily vilbl souc of ncfo bnficil inscs. Howv, h ol of ncisin s mngmn hs no bn sd.

Chb Whi vch, hybid culiv (ViciasativaV. cordata) (l 2-15), ws dvlod aubun Univsiy. I hs bn shown o b sis-n o mos oo kno nmod scis xcMeloidogyne hapla, which is no considd dm-

ging o gvins. I is hfo commnddfo vinyd soils wh hs nmods oblm (Block 1990). Bcus h coninud usof his culiv ov svl ys ofn suls insoilbon disss, i is dvisbl o blnd o oi wih oh cov co scis.

Hy VetchVicia villosaothe Cmm nme: snd vch

Descpt: Sms iling; lvs comound wih8 o 24 lfls, wih ndil h nd of ch lf

in lc of lfl; lfls slighly now ndmo oind hn hos of ul nd commonvchs; flows ul o viol, 10 o 40 inflo-scnc; ods lum, conining 2 o 8 sds.


9/19

1 Ch 2

In Clifoni, hiy vch is usd f lss ofnhn common, ul, o woollyod vch. Hiynd woollyod vchs w onc disinc scis

bu, bcus hiy vch is vy simil o wool-lyod vch, h wo now combind ino Viciavillosa on h bsis of ln chcisics. Hiyvch usully gows lss duing h win hn

woollyod o ul vchs. accoding o Duk(1981), mny culivs hv bn dvlod foicul s of h Unid Ss. th MdisonVch culiv, dvlod in Nbsk, is qui coldoln. Cold-oln foms of hiy vch wlso gown in Michign, bu mos hiy vch isnow gown in Ogon, wh lss hiy, h-ol-n foms hv domind. this sms o suggsh h mos cold-oln foms lss vilblnow hn fomly. Hii culivs yicllymo win hdy (McLod 1982), bu his col-ion dos no lwys hold (Duk 1981). Hiy vchgows wll on mos wll-dind soils nd is s-cilly wll dd o sndy o sndy lom soils.Fo his son i is lso clld snd vch.

Wllypd VetchVicia villosa ssp. dasycarpaPltes 2-112-12, 2-12-17

othe Cmm nmes: Ln vch, win vch

Descpt: Sms iling; lvs comound wih8 o 24 lfls, wih ndil h nd of ch lfin lc of lfl; lfls slighly now nd

mo oind hn hos of ul nd commonvchs; flows ul o viol, 6 o 12 inflo-scnc; ods lum, conining 2 o 8 sds.

Ln woollyod vch is on of h mos cn-ly inoducd vch culiv h gows succssfullyin Clifoni. I ws slcd nd dvlod by hUSDa Soil Consvion Svic (now h USDaNul rsoucs Consvion Svic) in coo-ion wih h UC Dvis agonomy Dmnfom mil inoducd fom tuky in 1937(Willims l. 1959). I is wll dd o mnyvinyds blow 3,000 o 4,000 f (915 o 1,220

km). I is h lis flowing nd muing vchvilbl; in h wms gions, i my mu byl ail, bu usully mus in mid- o l My.Woollyod nd ul vchs usully oducsimil quniis of biomss nd niogn nd

boh qui vigoous (l 2-11).

graSSES

otAvena sativaPltes 2-12-20

Descpt: Culms c, sou; lvs viblin siz; uicls fily smll, uigh, oundd ooind x, whiish o nsn; inflos-cnc (nicl) loos, on, h slnd bnchsusully hoizonlly sding; wns ofn bsn.

O is sown fqunly in vinyds, ofn inmixs bu lso in monoculul snds. I is mooln hn bly of w nd hvy soils nd lsools wid ng of soil ys. Und mod- filiy nd ding, i cn ol lowH hn bly; i ols soil H s low s 4.5(Soskof 1985). Howv, o is no s olns oh cls of dough, sndy soils, o cold.

Dozns of culivs hv bn dvlod, im-ily s fog scis. Culivs vy in hi iodof flowingMonzum hds h lis, fol-lowd in dscnding od by Swn Si,Ogl, Clifoni rd, nd Cyus, h ls (L.

Jckson nd r. Wnnig, sonl communicion).

BleyHordeum vulgarePltes 2-212-22

Descpt: Culms c, dns; uicls wlldvlod, usully wing ound h sm;

infloscnc (sik) c, consising of ss of 3slklss sikls; wns long, sigh, nd c,hos of bdlss bly sussd, 3-clf, hcnl division convd ino hoodd lob.

Bly is n inxnsiv, fs-gowing clh oducs subsnil biomss nd comswll gins wds. I oducs mo ills h

bs hn cl y nd o. I is h mos sl-ol-n cl nd is mo dough oln hn yo o. Bly is no s oln of w soil condi-ions s cl y o o; i will no gow wll inhvy, ooly dind, o low-mbiliy soils,

scilly f iods of hvy infll. alhoughbly is fqunly sown in mu vinyds, i islso usd duing h dvlomn of nw hillsidvinyds o vn soil osion. af h cs cd, bly is lnd io o h fll insnd is wokd ino h soil in h sing whn hvins lnd.


10/19


11/19

1 Ch 2

Bssics usd s cov cos includ whimusd (Brassica hirta, l 2-29), which is lsoculivd fo gns; bown musd (B. juncea);

blck musd (B. nigra); (B. napus); nd uni(B. rapa). Oilsd dish (Raphanus sativus), whichis in h sm fmily, hs lso bn usd in vin-yds. Fild musd (Brassica campestris) dily

voluns in mny Noh Cos vinyds nd ismngd s sidn cov co; i is no cunlyvilbl in h sd d. Mos scis oducsom hd sd (Mdson 1951). Gn ch hids(Myzus persiae) ofn build u on musds duingwin nd ly sing. alhough hs hids dono ffc vinyds, hy my diss nd cyvius disss o oh cos such s oos.

Bssics gow wll in lom o cly soils. Moshv d oos h ofn sid o hl hvy soils, lhough in on sudy, hy w nofound o significnly incs w infilion

(Willims 1966). Bssics lso vy fficin moving soil ni, hus ducing ni lch-ing. Bcus hy hv livly low cbon oniogn (C/N) io (usully inmdi bwnlgums nd gsss), hy quickly dcomos fdisking o mowing, suling in lil i-u of soilniogn.

Blck musd nd bown musd lllohi-clly inhibi oh nnul lns; h comoundsinvolvd obbly includ vious isohiocyns(Bily l. 1990). alllohic ffcs on g-vins hv no bn sd. Som bssics lsohv nmicidl oiswhi musd ndoilsd dish culivs hv bn dvlod innohn euo fo hi nmicidl ois insug b oions (Mill l. 1989).

Tsy PhcelPhacelia tanacetifoliPltes 2-312-32

othe Cmm nmes: b hcli, hcli

Descpt: Sms smic, succuln; lvs

innly dividd, finly hiy, bing glnds;infloscnc (cym) comc, dnsly hiy, con-ining mny flows in ch; flows blu, showy.

a niv Clifoni nnul wildflow, nsyhcli is occsionlly usd in vinyds, minlys oion cov co in h Noh Cos. I gowsidly in h win, foming dns, succuln

snd. I ks u lg mouns of niogn duingh win nd idly dcomoss f illg duo is low C/N io.

Wte aul Cve Cps

n-Tll Veyds

LEgUMES

Bu MedcMedicago polymorphaPltes 2-332-3

othe Cmm nmes: bu mdic, buclov,Clifoni buclov, oohd buclov

Descpt: Sms smic o os; lvsifoli, wih middl lfl xndd on slk

(iolul); icl mgins of lfls obov oh shd, slighly oohd o jggd, somimswih ul nd whi flcks on u sufc o smll ul invd V mk h bs; siulsh smll, mny oind; flows vy smll,yllow; ods (bus) coild 2 o 6 ims, wih sinshookd h i (bus of som culivs sin-lss), conining 3 o 11 sds.

Bu mdic is h mos oul cov comong h mdics bcus i usully gows bs ndsblishs libly ch y. Oh mdics h sldom usd o includd in mixs wih bumdic includ bl (Medicago truncatula), snil(M. scutellata), gm (M. rugosa), nd snd (M. lit-toralis) mdics. Bu mdic is in h sm gnus slflf (M. sativa). alhough i is fqunly fdo s buclov, i is no u clov (Trifoliums.). I cn b disinguishd by is coild busnd h sho slk xnding fom h middl lf-llfls of h u clovs chd bslly h sm oin (l 2-35).

Bu mdic is h mos widly dd of hmdics o soils of diffn H. Wih n bundnc

of cid-oln hizobium bci indignous omos Clifoni soils, bu mdic will gow onmos sis. Bl nd gm mdics will gow ndfix niogn only on soils wih H 7.5 o g.In som s, bu mdic my b dmgd byegyin lflf wvil (Hypera brunneipennis),nd in xm css h wvil my sklonizlns.


12/19


13/19

20 Ch 2

Subtee ClveTrifolium subterraneumPltes 2-22-

othe Cmm nme: subclov

Descpt: Sms sding; lvs ofn wih

wmk h foms cicl wih h h lf-ls; lfls bodly h shd bu ofn fl ooundd h x; siuls h smll; inflo-scnc fw-flowd fscicl; flows whiish,inconsicuous; ods (bus) fomd on long dun-cl, conining 2 o 5 sds, vibl in sh ndsiz, wih clyx h dhing, in som culivsgiving shooing-s nc, nd in ohsh clyx of h numous sil flows fom ninwind bu mss.

Subnn clov is n xclln cov coscis fo mny vinyd sis. I is fqunly

usd on su nd nglnd sis nd is lishdby livsock. I foms wll in mowbl clovmixs nd usully quis iodic mowing osimul vigoous gowh. In h sing i ofnfoms dns m of sms blow h high ofmowing, which hls duc soil osion nd su-ss wd sd gminion. I is vn mo ol-n of vy clos mowing hn bu mdic du ois low, sding hbi. In ddiion, h dunclflxs nd longs downwd f flowing,diving h sdhd slighly undgound in somculivs (l 2-43).

th dozns of subclov culivs, nddiffncs xis mong hm in h im of flow-ing nd muiy (s Mill l. 1989) nd insoil H quimns. In gnl, subclovs

bs dd o cid (no low hn bou H 5.0o 5.5) o modly cid o nul soils. Somculivs, icully Cl, Kol, nd closlyld culivs, lso fom qui wll on soilswih high H.

graSSES

Bld BmeBromus hordeaceusPltes 2-2-

othe Cmm nmes: Blndo bomgss, sofchss

Descpt: Culms c; lvs sofly hiy; ui-cls smll, whiish, mmbnous; infloscnc(nicl) comssd; wns h sou.

Blndo bom is wll suid o no-ill vin-yds, icully di-iigd ons. I is slc-ion of sof chss h ws cooivly lsd

by h USDa Soil Consvion Svic (now hUSDa Nul rsoucs Consvion Svic) ndh Univsiy of Clifoni agiculul eximnSion in 1960. I is low gowing nd mowbl ndmus ly; in Mndocino Couny il, sddBlndo bom mud li hn h sidn

bom (Bugg, Zom, nd aubun 1996). I lso hssong sdling vigo, xclln sding biliy,nd dns, fibous oos. Fo hs sons i cnduc soil osion whil no coming xcssivlywih gvins. Blndo bom is widly dblo ng of soils nd clims. I is ofn gown inmonoculul snds, bu cn lso b mixd wih

clovs o oh low-gowing cov co scis.

Z fescueVulpia myuros v.hirsutaPltes 2-2-0

othe Cmm nmes: nnul fscu, foxil fs-cu

Descpt: Culms c; lvs vy now; ui-cls bsn; infloscnc (nicl) c, now.

Zoo fscu is fs-gowing, ly-mu-ing gss. I is slcion of foxil fscu hws cooivly lsd by h USDa SoilConsvion Svic (now h USDa Nulrsoucs Consvion Svic) nd h Univsiyof Clifoni agiculul eximn Sion in1977. I is sho sud nd noninvsiv. I iswll suid o di-iigd vinyds wih sndy,low-filiy, o snin soils, including soilsconining ocks, gvl, nd volcnic umic.Good sdling vigo nd ly gowh mk i nxclln choic fo obining quick iniil osionconol wih miniml sdbd ion. I cn

b mowd o 4 inchs (10 cm) bu should no bmowd in ail o llow fo sding. Zoo fs-cu cn b usd s subsiu fo Blndo bomwh quick fll gowh, li muion, ndg dough olnc ndd. Ohwis,Blndo bom is commndd bcus i isch, sds mo ffcivly, is mo ggs-siv, nd hs sd h flows b hough dills.


14/19

Scis Dsciions 21

Peel Cve Cps

n-Tll Veyds

LEgUMES

Bdst TelLotus corniculatusPltes 2-12-2

Descpt: Sms ising fom singl cown,wll bnchd, sding; lvs comound wih 5

bod lfls, h 2 low lfls siullik; inflo-scnc chd in cluss on long slks, 4- o8-flowd; flows yllow, somims wih ong;ods smll, cylindicl, bown o lmos blck.

Bidsfoo foil is long-livd, dough- ndcold-oln nnil lgum. I is songly -ood nd ols wid ng of soils, including

ooly dind, slin, nd lklin soils. Bidsfoofoil will gow wll on cly o sndy lom soilsnd will suviv flooding fo mo hn monh.

Bcus bidsfoo foil hs low sdling vigo,i should b mowd duing snd sblishmn.Including sho-sud gss such s Blndo

bom sding cn id in wd conol nd hlduc osion duing h sblishmn hs. Whnsblishd, i should b mowd no low hn 2 o 4inchs (5 o 10 cm) ll so xilly buds cn gow.

Stwbey ClveTrifolium fragiferumPlte 2-3

Descpt: Sms (solons) cing, bnching,ooing nods; lvs ifoli; lfls bodlylliic o nowly obov, flow hds ound,dns, mny-flowd; flows ligh ink.

Swby clov is long-livd nnil hoos h nods of solons nd gows y-ound.I ols slin nd lklin soils, w o sub-mgd soils, infqun iigion, nd fqun,

clos mowing. Whn sblishd, i ofn oucom-s wds nd is usful fo osion conol; i islso vy sisn o mos hbicids. Howv, iis vy invsiv, coms wih vins fo w,nd cs ock gohs. th culiv Slinis wll

dd o Clifoni condiions; i ws dvlodin Clifoni fom slcions of plsin, o-

duciv auslin culiv.

Whte ClveTrifolium repensPltes 2-2-

othe Cmm nmes:, Duch whi clov, Ldino

clov, Nw Zlnd whi clov

Descpt: Sms (solons) cing, bnching,ooing nods; lvs ifoli; lfls obovnd oind h bs o bodly oblong, gno wih whi V, somims wih dk d flcks;siuls mmbnous, lnc shd; flow hdsound, h loos, mny-flowd; flows whi,l uning inkish hn bown.

Whi clov is simil in hbi nd gowho swby clov bu is lss invsiv nd myc fw ock gohs bcus of is smll

oo. I ols wid ng of soil condiionsbu hivs bs und cool, mois gowing condi-ions; i is lso shd oln onc sblishd. Ifoms b in hvy, mois soils hn on sndysoils h my b doughy nd conin lss nui-ns. I is h ls dough oln of h nnillgums discussd h.

Whi clov culivs biily clssifidby siz of h lns: smll, inmdi, nd lg(Duk 1981). th smll ys ofn hv wildwhi in hi nms. Inmdi ys ofninclud h m common nd indic locllyhvsd o unknown culivs; mos unnmdU.S. culivs inmdi ys. th lg yws inoducd fom Ily ino h Unid Sss Ldino in h ly 1900s. Sd divd fomhis coy w dsignd Ldino unil h ly1950s, whn nw culivs w dvlod in hUnid Ss.

graSSES

Cl BmeBromus carinatus

Plte 2-

othe Cmm nme: Moklumn bom

Descpt: Culms c, sou; lvs fl, ough ossly hiy; infloscnc (nicl) wih sd-ing o dooing bnchs; wns livly long.


15/19

22 Ch 2

Clifoni bom is lg, lfy, sho-livdnnil bunchgss wih song sdling vigo.I gows in on nd woodd sis in Cnl ndNohn Clifoni. Clifoni bom hs mnyvid foms.

ochdss

Dactylis glomerataPltes 2-72-

othe Cmm nme: Bb ochdgss

Descpt: Culms cos-ufd, sding wihsho hizoms; lvs long, fl; infloscnc(nicl) wih fw disn, siff, soliy bnchs.

Ochdgss is vy vigoous nnilbunchgss h is usd mosly fo hy nd su.I is on of h mo comiiv cov cos ndshould only b usd wh xm ducion of

vin vigo is dsid (Wol l. 1993). I is filyl muing nd dos no sond wll o clos ofqun mowing. th culiv Bb is usd mosfqunly in Clifoni vinyds.

Blue WldyeElymus glaucusPlte 2-9

Descpt: Culms c, loosly o dnsly ufd;lvs ough, usully fl; infloscnc sik,c o somwh nodding, dns; wns livlylong.

Blu wildy is lg gn o bluish n-nil bunchgss h hs no hizoms. I is foundhoughou much of Clifoni blow 8,200 f(2,500 m) nd hs mny vid foms. I is commonin h foohills nd low mounin slos, usullyin ssociion wih on snds of oks nd coni-fs. Blu wildy is gnlly mo dough ol-n hn mdow bly. I will coninu summgowh only whn iigd.

Tll fescue

Festuca arundinaceaPltes 2-02-1

othe Cmm nmes: Fwn ll fscu, uf-yll fscu

Descpt: Culms c, obus; lvs sou nd

fl, wih ough dgs; infloscnc (nicl) n-ow wih numous bnchs nd sikls.

tll fscu is fs-gowing nnil bunch-gss h is occsionlly lnd o duc xcs-siv vin vigo. I is lso lnd in w s of vin-yds o id in whl cion in h sing. alhough

i gows imily in h cool sson, i coninus ogow in h summ if dqu w is ovidd.tll culivs of ll fscu ggssiv nd willcom songly gins gvins fo w ndnuins. this gss quis fqun mowing ndwill ofn no suviv in di-iigd vinyds.Som gows ln lning ows of ll fscufo win ccss nd us gn mnu cov cosin h oh ows. tll fscu is vy oln oflkli nd wloggd soils. th ll culiv Fwnis commonly lnd. Sho-sud (dwf) ufculivs lso vilbl; hs lss comi-iv nd qui mowing lss fqunly.

idh fescueFestuca idahoensisPltes 2-22-3

othe Cmm nme: blu bunchgss

Descpt: Culms dnsly ufd; lvs slnd,fim, inolld; infloscnc (nicl) now.

Idho fscu is dnsly ufd nnilbunchgss h is vy closly ld o shfscu (Festuca ovina). alhough i is on of hmos common nd widly disibud gsss inh wsn Unid Ss, i is in h souhnoions of Clifoni, Nvd, nd aizon (U.S.Fos Svic 1937). I is found in on woods ndocky slos blow 5,900 f (1,800 m). Idho fs-cu is vy dough oln, wih gly ducd ono gowh duing h summ; i is lso vy shdoln. Is cluming nu cn mk i bumy odiv ov if lnd ssly.

Sheep fescue/Hd fescueFestuca ovina

Pltes 2-2-

Descpt: Culms dnsly ufd; lvs slnd,cuvd inwd; infloscnc (nicl) now.

Sh fscu is sho-sud, noncingbunchgss h foms dns uf. Bcus i islong-livd nd livly summ domn, i is


16/19

Scis Dsciions 23

suid o cosl di-iigd vinyds. th culi-v Cov is fqunly usd; i is somwh slowo sblish bu is comiiv onc sblishd.

Hd fscu (F. ovina v. duriuscula) sb-lishs mo slowly hn sh fscu nd hs lilsding ndncy. I is mo dough-oln

hn chwings o cing d fscu, bu lss sohn sh fscu. I dos no ol wlogging.Boh hd nd sh fscus fom wll on sndysoils.

Lik oh fin-lfd fscus, sh nd hdfscus ol cin gss hbicids usd oconol mos wdy gsss.

red fescue(Ceep red/Chews/Mlte/Mkelume fescues)

Festuca rubraPltes 2-72-

Descpt: Culms loosly o closly ufd, smsbn h ddish o ulish bs; lvs smooh,now, usully foldd o cuvd inwd, dkgn (cing d, chwings, Moklumn) o

bluish gn (Mol); infloscnc (nicl) usu-lly concd nd now, h bnchs moslyc o scnding; sikls l gn o yllow-gn, ofn ul-ingd.

rd fscu is low-gowing, fin-lfd n-nil gss h quis lil mowing f sb-lishmn. I is found blow 8,200 f (2,500 m) in

bogs, mdows, nd mshs in h cool s ofh nohn hmish xnding souh in hCos rng o Mony Couny nd in h SiNvd o h Sn Bndino Mounins. I gowson wid ng of soil ys nd is vy oln ofwlogging. rd fscu is slow o sblish nd issuscibl o wd comiion. I ols mow-ing o duc wd gowh.

Mny d fscu culivs hv bn dvlodnd inoducd fo us in uf. two of hs, c-

ing d fscu nd chwings fscu (F. rubra v.commutata) lso usd in vinyds, mosly inNohn Clifoni. Cing d fscu (l 2-67) sds by sho hizoms, whs chwingsfscu is noncing bunchgss h oducs fim sod.

Mol nd Moklumn fscus dough-

oln Clifoni niv slcions h dvlosho undgound hizoms. Mol fscu (l2-68) ws oiginlly collcd on dy, wll-dind,inlnd s lvl slos poin Mol, Clifoni(Con Cos Couny). I is lnd in mny NohCos vinyds s wll s h Suisun nd Dlgions. I will gow in summ only whn ii-

gd.

Medw BleyHordeum brachyantherum ssp.brachyantherumPlte 2-9

Descpt: Culms c; infloscnc (sik) co somims nodding, somims ulish.

Mdow bly is sho-livd bunchgss wihsong sdling vigo nd loos gn folig. Igows in mdows, sl mshs, nd gssy slos

blow 8,000 f (2,440 m). I is found houghouClifoni, xc in h ds s. Mdow b-ly is icully dd o soils h w-loggd in h sing. I is oln of lklin soilnd will sblish on infil nd comcd sis.Gnlly, i will no sis on vy dy sis.

Cl BleyHordeum brachyantherum ssp. californicum(sy. Hordeum californicum)Pltes 2-702-71

Descpt: Culms dnsly ufd, c; inflos-cnc (sik) c, mosly ulish.

Clifoni bly is sho-livd bunchgss hhs dd o vy dy condiions. I is found in md-ows, did ck bds, nd bushy fls nd slos inOgon nd Clifoni. th os y (l 2-71)hs fin, ligh gn folig, is much low gowing,nd quis lss mowing hn do c foms.

Peel ryessLolium perennePlte 2-72

othe Cmm nme: english ygss, Lynn y-gss

Descpt: Culms c o clining h usullyddish bs; lvs glossy; infloscnc (sik)ofn somwh sickl shd.

pnnil ygss is sho-livd (3 o 4 ys)


17/19

2 Ch 2

nnil bunchgss h is fqunly usd inlwns. Of h mny culivs, elk, sho-s-ud culiv, hs bn h mos fqunly usd incov co mixus. I gows wll on hvy soils

bu nds lg moun of x w. alhough iis simil o ll fscu in gowh nd mngmn,i is lss ggssiv nd no s wll dd o oo

o submgd soils.

Cl MelcMelica californicaPlte 2-73

othe Cmm nme: Clifoni oniongss

Descpt: Culms dnsly ufd, sms clindnd mo o lss bulbous h bs; lvs blu-gn; infloscnc (nicl) now, h dns,

bownish o ulish.

Clifoni mlic is mdium-sizd, looslyufd nnil h sds fom h bs wihhizomlik sms h cuv uwd. I is lsoclld oniongss bcus i oducs smll,dibl onionlik hickning h cown. I gowsin h low lvions of h foohill nglndhoughou Clifoni blow 6,900 f (2,100 m).Sdlings of Clifoni mlic gmin slowly ndlck vigo; bu onc sblishd i is vy obusln h coms wll gins wds. I xhibissong summ domncy nd is vy dough ol-n. I dos no fom song ufs nd hfoovids n vn diving sufc.

ndd needlessNassella cernua (sy. Stipa cernua)Plte 2-7

othe Cmm nme: nodding si

Descpt: Culms c, cluming; lvs blu-gn; infloscnc (nicl) on wih slndflxuous bnchs.

Nodding ndlgss is gnlly smll nd

hs fin lf hn ul ndlgss. I is foundin chl, juni, woodlnd, nd gsslndsblow 4,600 f (1,400 m). alhough i is ddo mny soil ys, h soil mus b wll dind.Commonly found on oo soils houghou h sincluding hos in Souhn Clifoni, noddingndlgss is b choic fo low infll shn ul ndlgss. th wo scis lsocommonly found in gss svnns nd cn h-fo b usd in combinion.

Puple needlessNassella pulchra (sy. Stipa pulchra)Plte 2-7

othe Cmm nme: si

Descpt: Culms c; lvs long, now, fl

o cuvd inwd; infloscnc (nicl) nodding,loos, wih sding slnd bnchs.

pul ndlgss is lg, long-livd bunch-gss h is wll dd o mny soil ys. I isfound in ok woodlnd, chl, nd gsslndsin h Cos rng nd in h Scmno Vllyfom Scmno Couny noh o thm Couny.I is oln of xm summ dough nd hnd is hfo wll suid o di-iigd vin-yds houghou much of Clifoni. I is slow osblish nd dos no com wll gins wdson highly fil soils, mking wd conol imo-

n unil i is wll sblishd.

Pe BluessPoa secunda ssp. secunda (sy. Poa scabrella)Plte 2-7

othe Cmm nme: on-sidd blugss

Descpt: Culms c, slnd; lvs moslybsl, sof; infloscnc (nicl) usully now,concd.

pin blugss is smll, ufd bunchgsswih sof, bsl folig h is found houghouClifoni fom s lvl o imblin nd ino hds. a low lvions in blugss bcomsdomn wih h ons of ho wh; in h moun-ins, i gows ll summ. I is hough o hv onc

bn bundn in h Cnl Vlly (Bisho 1996)nd hs xclln sisnc in di-iigd vin-yds. pin blugss is livly shllow-oodnd siss on shllow, gvlly soils. I dos nocom wll gins wds on fil soils.

Summe aul Cve Cps Tlled Veyds

BuckwhetFagopyrum esculentum (sy. Fagopyrumsaggitatum)Pltes 2-772-7

Descpt: Sms c, succuln; lvs ow-hd shd bu wih bsl lobs und ouwd;


18/19

Scis Dsciions 2

flows svl clus, whi, wih 5 ls ndnc-bing yllow glnds bwn h smns.

Buckwh is fs-gowing summ nnulh is occsionlly usd in vinyds s gnmnu cov co o o c bnficil inscs.alhough i is fily dough oln, i cn ofn b

sn wiling in vinyds on ho dys bu cov-ing by moning. I oducs lss biomss hn mnyoh cov cos nd bks down idly fincooion. Flowing cn bgin wihin monhof sding. Numous insc sioids hv bndocumnd visiing buckwh flows, bu hffcs of using buckwh on g s mng-mn hv no bn sd.

SudssSorghum sudanenseothe Cmm nme: Sudn gss

Shum-SudssSorghum bicolor(sy. Sorghum vulgare) S. sudanensePlte 2-79

Descpt: Culms cos, c; lvs fl, long,ih wid o now; infloscnc (nicl) l-ivly comc.

Sudngss nd soghum-sudngss hybids fs-gowing ll summ nnul gsss. Soghum-sudngss is hybid of gin soghum (Sorghumbicolor) nd sudngss (S. sudanense).

Sudngss nd soghum-sudngss occ-

sionlly usd in vinyds o duc dus, sunbun,nd h oblms nd o dd lg mouns ofognic m o h soil. thy cn lso b usd oduc vin vigo, s hy com wih vins fow nd nuins. Howv, niogn filizshould b ddd if ducd comiion fo niognis dsid. Sudngss nd hybids cn b mowds clos s 4 o 6 inchs (10 o 15 cm) o duccomiion nd imov vinyd ccss; o hycn b llowd o gow unmowd nd diskd whn dsibl sg of gowh hs bn chd. thyusully flow 2 o 3 monhs f lning.

CwpeVigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculataPlte 2-0

othe Cmm nmes: blckyd , cowd, souhn .

Descpt: Sms c o subc nd sding,ofn ul-ingd; lvs ifoli, lning,

h minl lfl ofn bigg hn h wo sym-micl ll lfls; lfls ov o dimondshd, somims slighly lobd; flows 2 o 4 clus, dull whi o yllow o viol; ods cuvd,sigh o coild.

Cow is lgum h is occsionlly lnd

s summ gn mnu co o dd niogn.I ofn hbos lygus bugs h my ck g-vins.

Bblphyaldson, J., nd W. C. Sh. 1994. Gss viis in h Unid

Ss. Nw Yok: Lwis.

Bily, Z., W. Olszk, J. Lwis, nd G. r. Fnwick. 1990.

alllohic onil of glucosinils (musd oil glycosids) nd

hi dgdion oducs gins wh. pln nd Soil 129:277

281.

Bisho, G. 1996. a vgiv guid o slcd niv gsss ofClifoni. Dvis, Ca: U.S. Dmn of agiculu, Nul

rsoucs Consvion Svic, tchnicl No pM-40.

Block, D. 1990. Mo on cov cos. Clifoni Fui Gow

66(4)(Win):10.

Bugg, r. L., nd M. Vn Hon. 1998. ecologicl soil mng-

mn nd soil fun: Bs cics in Clifoni vinyds. In r.

Hmilon, L. tssi, nd p. Hys, ds., pocdings of h viicul-

u smin: Viiculul bs cic, 2334. adlid, Souh

ausli: auslin Sociy fo Viiculu nd Onology.

Bugg, r. L., C. S. Bown, nd J. H. andson. 1997. rsoing niv

nnil gsss o ul odsids of h Scmno Vlly of

Clifoni: esblishmn nd vluion. rsoion ecology

5:214228.

Bugg, r. L., r. J. Zom, nd J. S. aubun. 1996. th UC Sarep

cov cos dbs. Dvis: Univsiy of Clifoni Susinbl

agiculu rsch nd educion pogm, Inn: h://www.

s.ucdvis.du/.

Bugg, r. L., G. McGouy, M. Snonio, W. t. Lnini, nd r.

Bolucci. 1996. Comison of 32 cov cos in n ognic vin-

yd on h Noh Cos of Clifoni. Biologicl agiculu nd

Hoiculu 13:6583.

Duk, J. a. 1981. Hndbook of lgums of wold conomic imo-

nc. Nw Yok: plnum.

F, D. F., G. F. Bills, G. p. Chmuis, nd a. Y. rossmn. 1989.

Fungi on lns nd ln oducs in h Unid Ss. S. pul,

MN: amicn phyohologicl Sociy.

Finch, C. U., nd W. C. Sh. 1983. Cov cos in Clifoni

ochds nd vinyds. Dvis, Ca: U.S. Dmn of agiculu,

Nul rsoucs Consvion Svic.

Hmnn, F. J. 1960. Vchs of h Unid SsNiv, nul-

izd, nd culivd. agiculu Hndbook No. 168. Wshingon,

DC: Govnmn pining Offic. Mch.

Hickmn, J. C., d. 1993. th Json mnul: High lns of

Clifoni. Bkly: Univsiy of Clifoni pss,


19/19

Hichcock, a. S. 1971. Mnul of h gsss of h Unid Ss.

2d d. rv. d. agns Chs. Nw Yok: Dov.

Ingls, C., M. Vn Hon, r. L. Bugg, nd p. r. Mill. 1994.

Slcing h igh cov co ovids mulil bnfis. Clifoni

agiculu 48(5):4348.

Mdson, B. a. 1951. Win covcos. Oklnd: Univsiy of

Clifoni agiculul exnsion Svic, Cicul 174.

McLod, e. J. 1982. Fd h soil. Gon, Ca: Ognic agiculursch Insiu.

Mill, p. r., W. L. Gvs, W. a. Willims, nd B. a. Mdson.

1989. Covcos fo Clifoni giculu. Oklnd: Univsiy

of Clifoni Division of agiculu nd Nul rsoucs,

publicion 21471.

Munz, p. a., nd D. D. Kck. 1973. a Clifoni flo. Bkly:

Univsiy of Clifoni pss.

Snonio, M. 1994. Nohs cov co hndbook. emmus, pa:

rodl Insiu.

Soskof, N. C. 1985. Bly nd o. In N. C. Soskof, d., Cl

gin cos. rson, Va: rson publishing.

U.S. Fos Svic. 1937. rng ln hndbook. Wshingon, DC:

Govnmn pining Offic.

U.S. Soil Consvion Svic. 1977. Mngmn nd uss of

Zoo nnul fscu. Dvis, Ca: U.S. Soil Consvion Svic.

Willims, W. a. 1966. Mngmn of nonlguminous gn

mnus nd co sidus o imov h infilion of n

iigd soil. Soil Scinc Sociy of amic pocdings 30:631

634.

Willims, W. a., W. L. Gvs, nd K. G. Cssmn. 1990. Niogn

fixion by iigd bsm clov vsus soil niogn suly.

Jounl of agonomy nd Co Scinc 164:202207.

Willims, W. a., L. J. By, r. M. Lov, nd V. p. Osli. 1959.

Woollyod vch. Dvis: Univsiy of Clifoni agiculul

exnsion Svic, agonomy pogss ro No. 5. Ocob.

Wol, J. a., p. a. phillis, r. K. Sigl, M. V. McKny, nd J.

H. Foo. 1993. Bb ochdgss sd s cov co in comm-

cil vinyd. Clifoni agiculu 47(5):2325.

Zw, p., C. O. Quls, H. e. Vog, nd L. F. Jckson. 1984.

O imovmn in Clifoni. Dvis: Univsiy of Clifoni

Dmn of agonomy nd rng Scinc, agonomy pogss

ro No. 146.

Documents

Cover Crop Species and Descriptions