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Pecha Kucha

The use of wild species for crop improvement:Brassica and Lettuce

Graham Teakle

Lettuce downy mildew

Cabbage root fly

Diamond-back mothCurrant lettuce aphid

Pests and diseases

Diamond-back moth caterpillar damage

Agrochemicals

Breed varieties that require less inputs

• Less fertiliser

• Genetic resistance to pests and disease

Sources of genetic variation

• Other varieties

• Genebanks

But often can’t find required traits

The breeding genepool of crops generally has a narrow

genetic base compared to the wider species genepool

A

AD

D

D

B

B

B

C

C

C

E

E

EF

F

F

F

Species GenepoolSelection during

Domestication

B

B CF

F

F

AFA

C E

E C

C

D

Crop type 1(e.g. Cauliflower)

Crop type 2(e.g. Broccoli)

Crop type 3(e.g. Cabbage)

Crop Genepools

CC

G

G

G

D

F

Species No. Accessions Tested

No. Chloroplast haplotypes

H*

B. bourgaei 1 1 -

B. cretica 9 6 0.74

B. hilarionis 4 2 -

B. incana 11 2 0.17

B. insularis 4 3 -

B. macrocarpa 16 4 0.41

B. montana 3 1 -

B. oleracea 105 4 0.07

B. rupestris 4 3 -

B. villosa 13 6 0.78

*H (diversity index) – only calculated where nine or more accessions tested

Cytoplasmic diversity in C-genome B. species

6 chloroplast SSRs used to type 171 individuals of 10 C-genome Brassica species

Majority are from BolDFFS

SNP s on the Wild C genome DFFS

Montana(4)

Macrocarpa (17)

Cretica (8)

Bourgaei (1)

Insularis (2)

Atlantica (2)

Incana (10)

Alboglabra (1)

Hilarionis (2)

Oleracea (21)

Rupestris (4)

Villosa-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Coordinate 1

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Co

ord

ina

te 2

Wild speciesrelatives

How edible are wild species?

Challenges to using wild species

• Getting plants to flower

• Fertile hybrids with crop varieties

• Getting rid of traits you don’t want

• Identifying useful traits

Species

No. founder

accessions

Founders

with F1 Seed

Founders

with F2 seed

Founders with

fixed lines

Total DH

lines

B. alboglabra 1 1 1 1 20

B. atlantica 2 2 2 1 3

B. balaerica 1 0 0

B. bourgei 1 1 1 1 3

B. cretica 8 8 8 6 29

B. hilarionis 3 2 2 1 4

B. incana 10 10 10 5 22

B. insularis 2 2 2 1 2

B. macrocarpa 16 16 15 2 4

B. maurorum 1 0 0

B. montana 3 3 3 3 25

B. oleracea 24 24 21 12 32

B. rupestris 4 4 4 1 2

B. villosa 13 13 9 1 2

Total - 14 species 88 86 78 36 148

Wild C genome species diversity set

Founder plant RC B. oleraceax

F1

Microspore culture

Doubled haploid lines

Genotype

89 Founder Lines

SNP marker analysis of Brassica C genome

DH lines

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9

C10032 C10041 C10043 C10048

AGSL150 genotype – blue; C04001 genotype – red

Diamond Back Moth resistance screening

BestCgDHline

0"

1"

2"

3"

4"

5"

6"

7"

8"

9"

10"

11"

12"

13"

14"

15"

16"

17"

Bol14"

Bol46"

Bol19"

Bol32"

Bol12"

Bol16"

Bol20"

Bol25"

Bol21"

Bol47"

Bol04"

Bol28"

Bol41"

Bol34"

Skyw

alker"

CDH01"

Bol09"

Bol26"

Bol01"

Bol15"

Bol18"

Bol42"

Bol48"

Bol49"

Bol10"

Bol24"

Bol05"

Bol11"

Bol31"

Bol43"

Bol39"

Bol36"

Bol45"

Bol23"

Bol06"

Bol08"

Bol29"

Bol33"

Bol40"

Bol44"

Bol35"

Bol07"

Bol17"

Bol37"

Bol30"

Bol38"

Bol03"

Bol02"

Bol22"

Number larvae - B. oleracea

0

5

10

15

20

25

CDH22

CDH32

CDH23

CDH21

CDH31

CDH24

CDH48

CDH51

CDH34

CDH20

CDH18

CDH35

CDH39

CDH30

CDH45

CDH44

CDH06

CDH02

CDH25

CDH28

CDH04

CDH13

CDH17

CDH19

CDH42

CDH01

CDH43

CDH36

CDH52

CDH05

CDH10

CDH37

CDH38

Skyw

alker

CDH12

CDH49

CDH50

CDH14

CDH09

CDH41

CDH29

CDH33

CDH46

CDH47

CDH03

CDH26

CDH07

CDH11

CDH15

CDH27

CDH08

CDH40

CDH16

Number of larvae - wild species

BestBolDFFS

Lettuce DFS line

95961485879222629384 2 17138375460 857 9616440 53251161024687015421781593677734356 73527346321295844 386282512 41326757488119091318923336730691878794982193941474850834576528046 653729466205565

Me

an

N.

rib

isn

igri

co

un

t

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Identifying resistance to Lettuce-currant aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri)

Mapping traits of interest

• Making segregating populations to perform mapping

Linked genetic markers used in breeding• Select gene of interest• Remove undesirable alleles resulting from linkage drag

Summary

• Wild species are an underexploited resource for new traits

• There are a number of significant challenges to their utilisation

• At Warwick we are developing the capability to effectively do this through:

New genetic resources Phenotyping techniques Genomics to identify the genes