Course:Medical Biotechnology

Metabolic and Multifactorial disease develops mostly due to deficiency of insulin. As a result high blood sugar will be there (hyperglycemia)

Two types of Diabetes Mellitus: 1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Destruction or absence of β cells present in the Islets of Langerhans.

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus as patients have to regularly take insulin.

This type may be associated with acidosis and it usually occurs before the age of 40.

Type1 DM occuring during the childhood is called Juvenile Diabetes.

Degeneration of β cells . Destruction of β cells caused by a viral

infection. Congenital Disorders of β cells Destruction of β cells due to the

development of antibodies against the insulin producing cells.

Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes usually occurs after the age of 40.

May or may not be associated with acidosis.

In this type of DM, the structure and function of β cells and blood insulin level are normal. The diabetes usually occurs due to the absence or reduced number of insulin receptors in the cells of the body.

Genetic Disorders. Hormonal Disorders

Along with damage done to pancreas many other organs can be affected. Hyperglycemia, a condition for high blood sugar level may cause complication to other organs.

Hyperglycemia affects blood vessels resulting in atherosclerosis.

Vascular complication result in development of :

Hypertension Myocardial Infarction Degeneration of autonomic and peripheral

nerves called Diabetic neuropathy. Degeneration of Kidney known as Diabetic

neuropathy. Degeneration in retina known as Diabetic

Retinopathy.

Fasting Blood Sugar Postprandial blood sugar HbA1C Test Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

Increased blood sugar level (300 to 400 mg/dl)

Fats are mobilized from adipose tissue inorder to gain energy. The excess fatty acids are deposited on the walls of arteries resulting atherosclerosis.

Depletion of proteins from tissues.

Glucosuria: Loss of Glucose from urine. Polyuria: Urine formed in excess with

high frequency. Polydipsia: Increase in water uptake. Polyphagia: Increase in food uptake. Asthenia: Loss of Stength

Most important factor is change in lifestyle by eating a healthy diet and taking regular exercise.

Staying away from sweets, pastas and smoking.

Use of Fish Oil Calcium intake Grape Seed extract. Contains very potent

antioxidants. Vitamin C and E, Beta carotene,

chromium, vanadium and garlic supplements have proved to be important in DM.

According to the WHO, in 2010 there is an estimation of 285 million people globally affected. The number is expected to grow to 438 million by 2030. More than 70% of the affected people live in low and middle income countries.

In Pakistan, approximately7.1 million people are affected with Diabetes.

Harris et al. have studied the role of calpins, a protein produced by the gene CAPN10 .

It was demonstrated that calpin10 was associated with pathways involved in glucose metabolism, insulin secretion and insulin action.

Fierce Biotech Research have reported the news of Stem cells therapy used to cure both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Rat models.

Neural stem cells were extracted from brain of diabetic rats. It was converted into insulin producing cells by bathing them in a human protein known as Wnt3a and adding an antibody known to block insulin-production inhibitors.

The multiplied cells were then layered on top of pancreas.

In a week the blood glucose level of rat models with both types of Diabetes were normal.

Sembulingam, K., & Sembulingum, P. (2008) Essentials of Medical Physiology. 4th Edition. Noida, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

http://www.preventive-health-guide.com/ http://www.fiercebiotechresearch.com http://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org