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CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF POSTTENSIONED TENDONS WITH DEFICIENT GROUT Kingsley Lau and Mario Paredes Florida Department of Transportation, State Materials Office 5007 NE 39 th Ave. Gainesville, FL 32609 2012 PTI Convention Nashville, Tennessee. May 7, 2012 Durability of PostTensioned Infrastructure

CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF POST TENSIONED … · CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF ... POST‐TENSIONED TENDONS WITH DEFICIENT GROUT ... • Several Documented Cases of Corrosion‐ Related

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Page 1: CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF POST TENSIONED … · CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF ... POST‐TENSIONED TENDONS WITH DEFICIENT GROUT ... • Several Documented Cases of Corrosion‐ Related

CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF POST‐TENSIONED TENDONS WITH 

DEFICIENT GROUT

Kingsley Lau and Mario Paredes

Florida Department of Transportation, State Materials Office5007 NE 39th Ave. Gainesville, FL 32609

2012 PTI Convention Nashville, Tennessee. May 7, 2012Durability of Post‐Tensioned Infrastructure

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INTRODUCTION: Post‐Tensioned Strand Corrosion

• Several Documented Cases of Corrosion‐Related Failures of Post‐Tensioned (PT) Strand in FL.

• Corrosion identified in early 2000’s attributed to grout void formation due to bleed water formation and chloride presence.

• Subsequent specifications in FL include low bleed grout requirements.

• However, corrosion problems persist.

Investigation of recent PT corrosion and repair issues are on‐going. This presentation overviews current findings from field and laboratory explorations of deficient grout in tendons.

Photo courtesy of Parsons Brinckerhoff

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BACKGROUND: PT Bridge in Florida built in 2002

• PT segmental bridge with int. and ext. tendons.• Among first FL bridges to use low bleed grouts.• Ext. Tendons placed to reduce tensile stresses in web. Anchor caps at low elevation.

• Severe corrosion in multiple ext. tendons. Failure occurred after ~8 years service.

• Severe corrosion accompanied by wet plastic grout. 

Pier

Anchor Cap

PierDeviators

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• Grout segregation characterized as:• A. Wet plastic • B. Sedimented Silica• C. White chalky A

A

C

View of tendon top

SEGREGATED GROUT

Corrosion attributed to wet plastic grout but not necessarily to void presence.Grout segregation created environment with dissimilar pore water chemistry  and physical properties. 

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34       Top Black

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Moisture Co

nten

t /%

Tendon Section

Corrosion Failure/ Chalky Grout

Segregated Grout Properties: Moisture Content

High moisture content associated with segregated grout.• ~50% moisture in white chalky grout; ~70% moisture in wet plastic grout

0

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East Anchor

E Low Eeviator

36B Top 34B Top/Soft

34B Bot 33B Top/Soft

33B Top 33B Bot 33A Bot 32A Bot 33A Bot/Dev

32A Bot 32B Bot 31B Bot 30A Top 28B Top

Moisture Co

nten

t /%

Tendon Section

Corrosion Failure/ Wet Plastic Grout

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12 Bot 27 Bot 33 Top 35 33A  33B      So †

W. Anch. So †

So † So † So † So † So † So †

405‐6 404‐9 401‐9U 401‐9D 402‐9 403‐6 403‐9 CT

Pore W

taer pH

Tendon Section

Segregated Grout Properties: Pore Water pH

Pore water of segregated grout typically retains high pH.• No indication of processes to decrease pH such as carbonation.• Regions with accumulation of corrosion products may contain localized low pH environments.

Regions with severe corrosion

† Prepared by Ex‐situ Leaching Method

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0.01

0.1

1

1 10 100

Total Chloride /m

g Clg

‐1grou

t

Moisture Content /%

10

100

1000

Free

 Chloride Co

ncen

tration (ppm

)

Segregated Grout Properties: Chloride Content

Low chloride content associated with segregated grout. Below conventional chloride corrosion threshold concentrations.

• Accumulated chloride content in moist grout may be due to ionic transport.• However, total chloride test preparation methods may over‐sample size of segregated grout thus higher reported chloride concentrations.

• Assuming threshold ratio  [Cl‐]/[OH‐] = 0.3,and an upper measured free Cl concentration ~50 to 100 ppm, threshold pore water pH (<11.5‐12) < observed pH values (typ. >12).

• Assuming 67% cement content in grout, upper range 0.3mg/g Cl would correspond to 0.05% cement  which is <<CT.  

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Segregated Grout Properties: Grout Content

0

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1 10 100 1000

Cumulative Fractio

n

XRF Counts Sulfur /103 s‐1

Top

Mix

Bottom

New

Others

10 20 30 40 50 60

Dev/Light

Dev/Dark

32A Bot

32B Top/Soft

32B Bot

31B Top/Dark

31B Top/Dark

31B Top

31B Bot/Dark

31B Bot/Rust

3A 1

1 6

B1A 1 6 1 1 1 A 1

3 A A

2 3

4 4

A

44 4 4 4 444 1 46 4 1 6 4 4

1 1 143 4 4 4 2

6 42 2

3 2 4 4 6 1

A3

A 4

Gypsum Ettringite

• Apparent enhanced presence of sulfurous compounds in segregated grout.

• Gypsum and ettringite identified as sulfur bearing crystalline compounds.

• Ettringite‐filled voids visually predominant in segregated grout; however, identified in grout in vicinity of segregated grout as well.

TopBottom

+ GypsumΔ Ettringite○ None

Possible indicator of enhanced sulfate presence segregated grout free water.

10 60

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35 33A 33B† W. Anch†

405‐6 404‐9 401‐9† 402‐9† 403‐6† 403‐9† CT†

Concen

tration (ppm

)

Tendon Section

Ca 2+Cl‐

SO4 2‐

Segregated Grout Properties: Pore Water Content

Sulfate concentrations as high as 9700 ppm measured in pore water.• Apparent lower concentrations of Na+ , K+ , and OH‐ and the higher Ca2+concentration in the segregated grout than elsewhere. 

100

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35 33A 33B† W. Anch†

405‐6 404‐9 401‐9† 402‐9† 403‐6† 403‐9† CT†

Concen

tration (ppm

)

Tendon Section

Na+K+

Page 10: CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF POST TENSIONED … · CORROSION DEVELOPMENT OF ... POST‐TENSIONED TENDONS WITH DEFICIENT GROUT ... • Several Documented Cases of Corrosion‐ Related

Pier

Anchor Cap

PierDeviators

Corrosion and similar deficient grout characteristics observed at low elevations, too.

Corrosion at Low Elevation Anchor Caps

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I

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40210L II

40210L III

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NEW

Moisture Co

ntent %

Concen

tration (ppm

)

SO42‐

NO32‐Cl‐

Na+

K+

Ca2+

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40210L I

40210L II

40210L III

40210L IV

40210L V

pH

Total Chloride Co

nten

t / mg C

l‐mg d

ry‐1

Estimated

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0

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Cumulative Fractio

n

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Cumulative Fractio

n

E /mVCSE

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51

CORROSION CONDITIONS IN SEGREGATED GROUT

Variation in open‐circuit potential characterizing local anodes in wet plastic grout and passive steel elsewhere.

• Differences in OCP develop macrocell corrosion.

Ecorr, active

Icorr,activeIcorr, active- macrocell

ηa

E

I

Total macrocell behavior

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‐500‐450‐400‐350‐300‐250‐200‐150‐100‐500

1 10 100

E /m

V SCE

Time /dy

10

100

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

I corr/uA

Time /dy

Macrocell CorrosionHardened Grout

Wet Plastic Interspersed with Hardened Grout

Titanium Ref and Aux Electrodes

Cement Paste

Epoxy

l

Hard

Segregated

Coupled

CoupledSegregated

Hard

• Corrosion activity in wet plastic grout.Anodic polarization of active steel due to coupling with passive steel enhances corrosion rates.

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‐50

0

50

100

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0.01 0.1 1 10 100

I macro/uA

Time /dy

A

B

C

Large anodic macrocell currents developed in lab tests of field samples.

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‐0.8

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1.00E‐09 1.00E‐08 1.00E‐07 1.00E‐06 1.00E‐05 1.00E‐04 1.00E‐0

E /m

V SCE

I /A

‐0.8

‐0.7

‐0.6

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‐0.2

‐0.1

0

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1.E‐09 1.E‐08 1.E‐07 1.E‐06 1.E‐05 1.E‐04 1.E‐03

E /m

V SCE

I /A

E /V

SCE

E /V

SCE

0.0E+00

5.0E‐06

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1.5E‐05

2.0E‐05

2.5E‐05

3.0E‐05

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

I /A

Time /s

0 ppm Na2SO4

20,000 ppm Na2SO4cathodic

anodic

0.1

1

10

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SPS A SPS B SPS A SPS B SPS A SPS B

0 ppm sodium sulfate

2000 ppm sodium sulfate

20000 ppm sodium sulfate

I at ‐10

0mV S

CE/uA

Clean

Pre‐rusted

Role of Sulfate Ions 

High sulfate concentrations appear to have negative impact on steel passivation.

pH 12.6

pH 13.3pH 13.3

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Corrosion activity measured in lab samples with high concentration of sulfates.

pH 13.3 pH 13.3

20,000 ppm Na2SO4

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0.001

0.01

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1

10

100

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Macrocell Cu

rren

t / uA

Time / days 

C‐G1‐V3‐1 (High RH/12.6 pH + SO4)

C‐G1‐V3‐2 (High RH/12.6 pH + SO4)

High RH pH: 12.6 2,000 ppm Na2SO4

‐0.700

‐0.600

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‐0.400

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0.000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

E / V

SCE

Time / days

C‐G1‐V3‐1 (High RH/12.6 pH + SO4)

C‐G1‐V3‐2 (High RH/12.6 pH + SO4)

High RH pH: 12.6 2,000 ppm Na2SO4

Corrosion activity measured in lab samples with high concentration of sulfates.• Research is in progress to resolve the role of sulfates.

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TENTATIVE PROPOSED CORROSION MECHANISM

WORK IN PROGRESS

High water content was present in the grout.

High water content carried higher concentrations of ionic species including sulfates and chloride ions. High concentrations of sulfurous compounds (sulfates in solution) were present in the grout.

Segregated grout material provided poor corrosion protection for embedded strand  that did not attain uniform stable passivity. 

Differential aeration condition present due to easy access to oxygen, vastly different moisture contents in localized regions, and strand interstitial spaces creating crevices.

Accelerated corrosion was caused by macrocell coupling of local anodes in the strand embedded in segregated grout and extended cathode throughout the tendon.

• Identifying physical parameters of grout segregation mechanism.

• Resolving role of chloride, sulfates, and pH on steel depassivation in deficient grout.

• Identifying possible corrosion after repairs of deficient tendons.

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CONCLUSIONS Segregated grout material was observed in localized portions of the tendons, characterized 

as: wet plastic, white chalky, and sedimented grout. 

High water content (up to 70 wt%) was measured in grout from localized portions of the tendons where corrosion occurred.

Chloride accumulation was apparent in grout with high water content but concentrations were lower than conventional critical chloride threshold concentrations. 

No significant drop in pore water pH was observed in limited amount of sampling. However, slight depression of pore water (pH>11) from the wet plastic grout was apparent.

Sulfate concentrations in the grout pore water were as high as 9700 ppm. 

Corrosion in segregated grout (signified by high moisture content, high porosity, and high sulfate concentrations) was likely accelerated due to macrocell coupling with extended cathode throughout the tendon. 

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The work and assistance by Dennis Baldi, Will Blanchard, Matt Brosman, Jason Burchfield, Pat Carlton, Charles Ishee, Marc Knapp, Awilda Merced, Richard Nalli, Juan Rafols, Nikita Reed, and Yongyang Tang is acknowledged here. 

Cooperative work with Michael Ahern, Andrew Gillis, Richard Lewis, Randy Poston, and Phillip Sharff and assistance by Marcus Lee and John Newton is also acknowledged.

QUESTIONS???