Coriolis Flow Meters as Field Reference Standard Meters

1Emerson Confidential

Coriolis Flow Meters as Field Reference Standard Meters

2021 WWMA

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Speaker• Located at Emerson’s Micro Motion Coriolis Meter Headquarters in Boulder, CO

• With Emerson 34 years, in total

• Specialist in both gas and liquid custody transfer applications

• Active with AGA, API, and the National Conference of Weights and Measures

• Former Physical Scientist for NIST Office of Weights and Measures

• BS in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Colorado

• Enjoys traveling, hiking, biking, and skiing

Marc Buttler

Application Innovation Director

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Coriolis Meter Discussion Points

Coriolis Meter Principle of Operation

History, Applications, and Main Benefits of Coriolis Meters

Calibration and Configuration

Operation and Best Practices

Coriolis Meter Principle of Operation

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How does it work?

• Mass measurement

• Density measurement

• Volume calculation

• Temperature measurement

and …..

• Drive Gain – the “other” measurement

Coriolis Flow Meter Theory of Operation - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31jYXlnu-hU

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Theory of Operation – The Coriolis Effect

• During a no flow condition, flow tubes vibrate in phase with each other.

• With flow, Coriolis forces are induced causing the flow tubes to twist in opposition to each other.

Phase shift between pickoff coils is directly proportional to mass flow

No Flow Condition Phase Shift with Flow

Leftpickoff

Right pickoff

Leftpickoff

Right pickoff

Phase shift in signal due to Coriolis effect is directly proportional to mass flow

No phase shift between coil signals

1

2

1 2

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Theory of Operation - Density

Density measurement is based on the natural frequency of the meter vibration, including the flow tubes and the process fluid.

Low Fluid Density decreasessystem mass and increasesfrequency of tube oscillation

High Fluid Density increasessystem mass and decreases frequency of tube oscillation

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Coriolis Meter Principle of OperationPhysics of Coriolis Force

As a mass moves toward or away from the center of rotation (P) inside a rotating tube, the particle generates inertial forces on the tube.

A Coriolis meter measures mass directly• Tubes are sensitive to bulk inertial forces of the fluid mass• Measurement is not affected by changes in fluid properties and velocity profile

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Mass/Volume/ Density Relationships

Density = Mass / Volume (lb/gal)

Mass = Volume x Density (lb)

Volume = Mass / Density (gal)

• Mass meters directly measure mass flow rate

• Mass meters directly measure density

• Mass meters are used to measure liquid volume

• Mass meters are used to measure gas standard volume

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Coriolis Meter Raw Sensitivity Varies with Design

• Raw Sensitivity Depends on Tube Geometry

• Signal to Noise Ratio Depends on Raw Sensitivity and Stability

• Accuracy, Stability, Calibration Flexibility, Immunity to Secondary Effects, and Diagnostic Capabilities Depend on Signal to Noise Ratio

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Temperature Measurement

Three wire platinum Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

Measures tube temperature on inlet side of sensor Accurate fluid temperature to +/- 1.0°C Automatically compensates for changes in tube elasticity with temperature

History, Applications, and Main Benefits of Coriolis Meters

Micro Motion in Boulder, CO:Birthplace of the Coriolis Flowmeter

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Original Micro Motion ManufacturingBoulder, Colorado

First Micro Motion Sensor 1,000,000th Micro Motion SensorManufactured December 2014

Founded in 1977 Invented first practical Coriolis flow and density meter Valued for its precision

– Direct mass measurement– Multivariable capabilities

• Mass Flow• Volume Flow• Density• Temperature

Hold 217 US PatentsOver 2,400 Worldwide

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Investments to Simulate Field ConditionsBoulder, CO Lab

Over 150 Engineers Worldwide

Prover Lab

3-Phase LabOil, Gas, Water

Modeling Tools

Environmental Testing

Tooling Design & Automation

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Industry ApplicationsOil Field Services

Well Production Management

Pipelines and Terminals

Refining

• Managed pressure drilling• Drilling and frac fluid blending• Cementing

• Custody transfer for crude and refined product

• Density for interface detection

• Separator flow solutions• Gathering and custody transfer

• Gasoline, lube oil, and other blending applications

• Refinery fuel gas combustion

• Bunker and fuel efficiency measurements

• OIML certified custody transfer

Marine

Power

Process Gas – Chemical

Alternative Fuels

• Gas measurement• Hydrogen, ethylene custody transfer,

energy efficiency gas applications

• Fuel flow into gas turbines for combustion control

• Gas density, selective catalytic reduction, inlet cooling

• LNG (-163C) dispensing• CNG segment leadership

Food & Beverage• Batching, blending, and filling• Quality control via enhanced density

1986 1993 1994 2000 20031984

• DH100 used in bus filling• 5600 PSI rating• Max flow rate 800 lb/min

• DH025 sensor replaces C meter for CNG• 4000 PSI pressure rating

• DH038 introduced • Doubled capacity of DH025• Pressure rating increased to 5200 PSI

Micro Motion CNG Dispenser MetersProduct Line Evolution

• Model C meter first used for CNG dispensing

•CNG050 introduced•1kg/min - 100 kg/min•One meter for both car & bus dispensers

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Micro Motion CNG HistoryGTI CNG Laboratory Testing, Chicago, 2000

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GTI CNG Laboratory Testing, Chicago, 2000

Example CNG Batch Profile

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Elapsed Time, seconds

Flow

Rat

e, kg

/min

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GTI CNG Laboratory Testing, Chicago, 2000

CNG050 on CNGGas Technology Institute (GTI)

Oct. 3-5, 2000

-1.5%

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Peak Flow Rate of Batch, kg/min

Bat

ch E

rro

r, %

2.5 lb/min

6.5 lb/min

Five Points!

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NTEP Testing, Palm Springs, CA, 2000

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NTEP Testing, Palm Springs, CA, 2000

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Prototype Coriolis CNG Transfer Standard

2323

Coriolis Meter Experience with Hydrogen Gas and Alternative Fuels

• Coriolis history in industrial H2 gas– Chemical process H2 gas fiscal transfer– Refining– Rocket fuel– Ammonia production– Primary metal production– Food and beverage– Cryogenic liquid hydrogen and helium

(particle accelerators and XFEL)

• Coriolis meters have a long history with alternative vehicle fuel dispensers– H2

– CNG– LNG– LPG

35 or 70 Mpa dispensers

H2 Refueling Station

Compressed H2 at350-700 bar pressure

H2 Fuel Dispenser Meter

LNG Fueling System with Vapor Return Meter

CNG Fuel Dispenser with CNG050 Meters LNG Tanker Loading Station

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Coriolis Master Metering History

1999 2011

2011

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Coriolis Master Metering Examples

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Coriolis Master Meter Stationary Example

2014 - China Sinopec – Crude Oil Feedstock

Benefits: - With the use of Coriolis metering technology, Sinopec reduced billing uncertainty from 0.26% to 0.1%. - Reduction of high maintenances costs including spare parts and proving.

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Mobile Coriolis Prover - LPG

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Another Mobile Coriolis Prover Example

• Cart or trailer mount

• Solution includes manifold with prover take-off connections– DB&B

– (2) block valves

– Dry break connectors with hoses to connect Master Meter in series with Meter Under Test

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Other Coriolis Master Meter Examples

Minimal footprint and weight profile Modular & productized design MID and custody transfer experience

Master Meter Skids

Truck Loading Master Meter

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Coriolis Meter Benefits for Master Metering

Solution• Stable accuracy – no moving parts to wear• High immunity to installation effects and flow disturbances• Calibration independent of fluid composition• Robust compact portable design

Results• Improvement in flow reference reproducibility

– Improved flow test repeatability– Better than 0.1% long-term meter factor stability

• Reduction in operating costs– 57% reduction is operating costs (transport and time)– Elimination of flow reference damage due to operator error

Notice the valves bolted tothe meter flanges!

Long term Proficiency Testing17 years with no

change to calibration factors

2002Initial calibration

2003AnnualComparison

2006InterlabComparison


2019Annual Verification

CMF100 Global Reference Meter

Long term Proficiency Testing

2006Initial Calibration




CMF300 Global Reference Meter 13 years with no change to

calibration factors

%Mass flow error against the original Flow calibration factor

%m

ass

flow

erro

r12 years of

recalibration data with no change to FCF

20 years of recalibration data with

no change to FCF

6 years of recalibration data with no change to

FCF

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Main Benefits of Coriolis Metering Technology Direct mass measurement Multi-variable measurement

• Mass and/or Volume Flow• Density• Temperature

High accuracy and repeatability No moving parts and no scheduled maintenance Stable Calibration does not drift over time Advanced Diagnostics and Secondary Verification (SMV) Calibration valid for multiple fluids (e.g., cryo, heated, gas) No flow conditioning or straight run piping required High Speed of response (e.g., fast filling) Wide turndown Bidirectional measurement Easy installation and start-up

Calibration and Configuration

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Mass Flow Calibration: Span and Zero

bmxy +=

Meter Zero

Flow Calibration Factor

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Sensor Density Calibration

Density calibration is performed at the factory on air and water. Tube period of air (K1) Tube period of water (K2) Density of air (D1) Density of water (D2) Temperature coefficient

The transmitter automatically performsa calculation based upon the data pointsstored in its memory during calibration.

Field calibrations can also be performedusing air, water, or alternate fluids dependingon the density span desired.

Tube Period = 10817Density = 0.6871 g/cm3

Micro Motion, Inc.41

Some Approved Factory Calibration Methods

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Factory Transfer Standard Meter (TSM) Calibration Method Traceability

INTERNATIONAL MASS STANDARDINTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

BIPM

NATIONAL MASS STANDARDNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

NIST

SECONDARY MASS STANDARDCALIBRATION PROVIDER

ISO/IEC 17025 ACCREDITED

REFERENCE MASS STANDARDMICRO MOTION CALIBRATION WEIGHT

ISO/IEC 17025 ACCREDITED CALIBRATION

WORKING MEASUREMENT STANDARDGRAVIMETRIC, PRIMARY FLOW STAND

ISO/IEC 17025 ACCREDITED

TRAVELING MEASUREMENT STANDARDMICRO MOTION GLOBAL REFERENCE METER


TRANSFER MEASUREMENT DEVICEMICRO MOTION REFERENCE METER


TRANSFER STANDARD METHODMICRO MOTION FLOW STAND

ISO 17025 Accredited and/or VSL CERTIFIED

U1

U2

u3

U4

Replaced by Planck’s Constant

measured by Kibble Balance

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Emerson Global Coriolis Calibration Facilitieswith ISO/IEC 17025 Accreditation or VSL Certification

Boulder, Colorado

Ede, the Netherlands

Abu Dhabi, UAE

Nanjing, China

Slough, UK

Sorocaba, Brazil Singapore

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Calibration Fluid FlexibilityPurpose and Benefits

“Calibration fluid flexibility” is a capability that allows a traceable gas OR liquid calibration media to be used for traceable gas measurements

• Gas medium meter calibration

– Required by law in Canada

– Allows for Piece-Wise Linearization (PWL) adjustment

– Ultimate accuracy will depend on the lab uncertainty and the meter design

• Liquid medium (e.g., water) meter calibration

– Recognized in AGA Report No. 11 / API MPMS Ch. 14.9

• Manufacturer must demonstrate acceptable provenance for each Coriolis meter design

– Included with every meter as part of the manufacturing process

– Meter can be ready to measure as shipped directly from the manufacturer

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Configuration Tools

Local Interface Prolink IIIAMS Trex

CommunicatorAMSSuite

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Main Configuration Parameters and Settings

• Flow Calibration Factor (FCF) (units = g/sec per µsec)• Zero Value (µsec)• Density Calibration Coefficients (K1, K2, D1, D2)• Temperature Correction Coefficients (FTC and DTC)• Internal Meter Factors (default 1.0)• Damping• Low Flow Cutoff• Sensor Direction• Speed of Response Mode• Mass or Volume• Units• I/O Channel Configurations (variables assigned, scaling, and damping)• Pressure Compensation (only applies to larger meters)

– Enabled/Disabled– Fixed pressure or live pressure input– Coefficients by meter model (% flow/psi and g/cc/psi)– Calibration pressure (baseline)

These Parameters can all be secured by Category 2 and/or

Category 3 Sealing

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Effect of Pressure on Coriolis Meters• Internal pressure changes the shape of the flow tube

• Tube ovality becomes round• Tube bends straighten

• Changes in flow tube shape increases stiffness of flow tube• Changes in tube stiffness directly affects sensor calibration• Magnitude of effect varies by meter size and design

Operation and Best Practices

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API MPMS Chapter 4.5 Master Meter Proving

• Third Edition released in November 2011

• Significant changes from previous editions

• Guides the use of Coriolis and ultrasonic meters as

master meters

• Provides details on Random Uncertainty not included

in previous editions

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API Chapter 4.5 Master Meter Proving

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API Chapter 4.5 Master Meter Proving

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• No special upstream or downstream piping requirements

• Vertical line installations• Flow Tubes in flag position • Flow direction down preferred

for gas (especially for WET GAS!!!)• Flow direction up preferred for liquid

• Horizontal line installations• Flow Tubes up preferred for gas• Flow Tubes down preferred for liquid

Installation Best PracticesOrientation & Piping Requirements

Liquid

Gas

Liquid

Gas

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Installation Best PracticesPiping Alignment and Support

• Proper weight support• No sagging pipes• Piping supports near upstream and downstream

meter flanges

• Meter flow tube case should not be used to support the meter or other equipment

• Proper alignment of piping & flanges• Use of fabrication spool piece when fabricating

piping in the field (slip-fit desired)

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Zeroing Best Practices• Most applications – Use factory zero

• Ensure no flow condition

• Ensure meter is full

• Ensure process conditions are stable– Example: Some meter models include Zero Verification tool to check stability of process and check current zero value

• Zero Verification and Live Zero Observation

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Smart Meter Verification Delivers Confidence in Coriolis Measurement

Accuracy

Flow Calibration Factor

Stiffness

Multiphase

Operating flow rate

Coating

+ + =

Temperature sensor

Custody transfer security breach

Coils and wiring

Zero verification

Configuration audit trail

Electronics Performance Process

Effects

Measurement Confidence

Sensor Calibration

Pipe stress+ =

InstallationEffects

Optimized Compliance

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Perform In-Situ Verifications to Increase Confidence and Reduce Downtime

Typical internal SMV verification

On-demand One button No extra equipment Formal report Less than 2 minutes No interruption to

process or measurement

Scales with host systems

Evaluate meter under “as installed” conditions

Slide 57

F

d

Structural integrity is a measure of the flow tubes strength

Stiffness is a measure of a structure’s integrity and resistance to a load– Stiffness = force/displacement– Stiffness also is a factor in a structure’s resonant

frequency

Stiffness: Definition

Stiffness is a key factor in calibration– For mass (torsion) and for density (bending)– If stiffness changes, density and flow calibration

factors have changed (measurement is altered)

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Mass and Density Calibration Factors are Directly Related to Coriolis Tube Stiffness

Mass Flow

• Tube phase shift

Density

• Tube natural frequency

Calibrations directly proportional to tube stiffness

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ThankYou

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Coriolis Flow Meters as Field Reference Standard Meters