Kerinci Duck: Phenotypic Character and Performance under Scavenging Rearing

KERINCI DUCK: PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERS AND PERFORMANCE UNDER SCAVENGING(Adrizal, H. Nur, & Z. Zakaria, 2003. Abstr. 2004-WPC, Istanbul)

Among the 11 domesticated ducks that have been recorded to constitute an integrated part of agriculture system in Indonesia such as Tegal (Java), Bali (Bali), and Alabio (Borneo), potentials of Kerinci Duck have not been elucidated. A survey was conducted at Sub-district Air Hangat, District of Kerinci, Province of Jambi, to identify phenotypic characters (plumage, bill, and web colors, and posture) and performance of Kerinci Duck under scavenging.Field observation indicated that white color dominated body covering-feathers of males and females with dark-blue color in the tips of their wings and light brown with dark-blue dots in their tails. Bill was mostly black while web could be orange or black. Few other dark colors of plumage might be found as variation. Standing position was 60o. Although there is a genetic relationship between duck breeds of the western parts of Indonesia (including Kerinci) with Khaki Campbell (Tanabe, 1992), its ancestor is unclear. As an integrated part of paddy system, ducks obtained main energy from rice throughout the year, and main protein from golden snails inhabiting paddy fields. This type of rearing is common in Asia (Tanabe, 1992). Confinement was provided attaching farmers house for laying and shelter, especially during the night.Although with minimum input and health control, mortality was small and hatchability was above 80 % using traditional hatchery. This duck could even lay >200 eggs/year, and reached 1.7 kg-matured BW at less than 6 mo of age. Nevertheless, its productive performance in the lower (hotter) land regions needs to be further studied for better conclusive genetic potential data. -------

Important words:~ Phenotypic characters ~ Duck ~ District ~ Posture ~ Plumage

~ Potentials ~ Dots ~ Bill ~ Web ~ Confinement ~ Shelter ~ Tail,

~ Tegal, Bali, ~ Alabio, ~ Khaki Campbell ~ Golden snails ~ Genetic

~ Hatchery ~ Hatchability ~ Mortality ~ Ancestor ~ Conclusive

~ Elucidate ~ Obtain ~ Record ~ Dominate ~ Inhabit ~ Provide~

~ Laid

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Questions:

A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:

1. Identify sentences indicating fact/background, material/method, and objective of the text, respectively.

2. Find a sentence indicating a result of the report/text.

3. Find out one sentence that the author discusses the results.

4. Identify how many tenses used by the author in the report.

5. Underline the structure (S, V, O, & ADV.) of the last sentence.

B. Reading and Writing Practices:

1. Read one or two sentences in each paragraph and ask your friend to correct your pronunciations while looking at the text.

2. Ask your friend to read one or two sentences in each paragraph and write them down.

C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:

1. Ask your friend to read one paragraph for you (you are supposed to listen), catch the meaning, and tell to another student/group.

2. Choose one paragraph, read it thoroughly, write the summary, and tell what it is about to your friend in your own words.

RC-01/Adz/Oct-03

FEEDING CONDITION AND STRAIN DIFFERENCE INFLUENCE SLEEPING BEHAVIOR IN NEWBORN CHICK

(Saito, S., T. Takagi, T. Koutoku, D.M. Denbow, & M. Furuse, 2003. J. Poult. Sci., 40:62-68)

To grow up, animals must eat and have a sleep. Since growth hormone is released during sleep (Krieger, 1980), sleep and food intake interact to control growth. Although differences in sleeping behavior between mammalian and avian species have been noted, sleeping activities of birds are still obscured. The contribution of feeding on sleeping behavior of fasted and fed chicks was investigated for 24 h with camera video. Serotonin from sacrificed chicks was analyzed (Sugahara et al., 1999). The differences of sleeping activity between ad libitum fed layers and broilers were also examined.

The results showed that the time fasted chicks spent in a sleeping posture was longiner than in fed chicks. This may be a specific case in the neonatal stage because until energy sources (nutrients) are ingested chicks must sleep to avoid energy loss (Forbes and Iji, 1979). The serotonin (neurotransmitter known to produce a sleeping state [Sabelli and Giardina, 1970]) content in the brain tended to be higher in fasted than in fed chicks. Broiler chicks spent more time in a sleeping posture than layer chicks, but brain serotonin content was higher in layer chicks. Levels of serotonin only seem insufficient to explain reasons of long sleep in broiler.Therefore, further study should be done for clarification.

It is concluded that sleep in the neonatal stage was largely influenced by feeding conditions, and was modified by genetic selection. -----------------

Important words:

~ Growth hormone ~ Behavior ~ Mammalian ~ Serotonin

~ Ad libitum ~ Broilers ~ Layers ~ Sleeping activity ~ Posture

~ Nutrients ~ Brain ~ Neurotransmitter ~ Neonatal ~ Genetic

~ Grow up ~ Release ~ Interact ~ Obscured ~ Fasted ~ Fed

~ Investigate ~ Examined ~ Showed ~ Spent ~ Ingested ~ Explain

~ Avoid ~ Ad libitum ~ Clarification ~ Feeding

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Questions:

A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:

1. Find out the reason of the objective(s) of the text.

2. Re-write sentence(s) indicating materials and methods.

3. How many S are there in the 1st sentence of 2nd paragraph?

4. How do you know that the last paragraph is a conclusion?

5. Is there any suggestion or recommendation written in the text?

B. Reading and Writing Practices:

1. Read one or two sentences in each paragraph and ask your friend to correct your pronunciations while looking at the text.

2. Ask your friend to read one or two sentences in each paragraph and write them down.

3. Find out a sentence containing a comparison, and make two other comparative sentences.

C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:

1. Ask your friend to read one paragraph for you (you are supposed to listen), catch the meaning, and tell to another person.

2. Choose one paragraph, read it thoroughly, write the summary, and tell what it is about to your friend in your own words.

RC-02/Adz/Oct-03HANDLING, INCUBATION, AND HATCHABILITY OF OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS VAR. DOMESTICUS) EGGS: A REVIEW

(Cooper, R.G., 2001. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:262-273)The ostrich, the largest of all birds, belongs to a small order of birds known as ratite or running birds (ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea, and kiwi). The main constraints in ostrich production are infertile eggs, embryonic mortality, and posthatching leg deformity (Hasting et al., 1991). The aim of this article is to appraise critically the literature concerning the factors necessary in the successful management of ostrich eggs.

Losses to producers commonly arise from infertile eggs, poor egg handling, and incorrect storage and incubator settings (temperature, relative humidity, and air flow). Early chick mortality is also a significant factor influencing successful ostrich management. Microbial infection of ostrich eggs caused by contaminated nests, inadequate egg cleaning, and poor incubator and hatcher sanitation, results in low hatchability (Button et al., 1994; Van Schalkwyk et al., 1997; Cooper, 2000). Adequate breeder nutrition is vital for ensuring fertility, increasing the number of eggs laid, and ensuring good survival rates of hatched chicks (Scheideler and Angel, 1994; Holle, 1995).

Ostrich production is highly management intensive. So, it is important that the producer must work closely with veterinary extension officers, health laboratories, ostrich producer associations, researchers, and other farmers so that ostrich egg production is molded into a process of excellent. -------------------

Important Words:~ Ostrich ~ Ratite ~ Emu ~ Cassowary ~ Rhea ~ Kiwi ~ Infertile

~ Poor egg handling ~ Storage ~ Incubator settings ~ Air flow

~ Relative humidity ~ Mortality ~ Microbial infection ~ Fertility

~ Contaminated nests ~ Inadequate egg cleaning ~ Hatcher

~ Sanitation ~ Hatchability ~ Breeder nutrition ~ Survival rates

~ Veterinary extension officers

~ Belong ~ Constraints ~ Losses ~ Arise ~ Influence ~ Results in

~ Ensure ~ Caused by ~ Increase ~ Mold

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Questions:

A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:1. Could you differentiate the difference among those running birds?

2. Does this text is based on experiment or literature study? Explain!

3. Find out a sentence explaining sequence of things or events.

3. Recognize the objective, materials and methods, results and

discussion, and conclusion statement of the text.

5. Change the last sentence of the first paragraph into plural subject!

B. Reading and Writing Practices:

1. Find out the proper pronunciation of the listed important words in

the dictionary.

3. Read several times those important words and rewrite them

without looking to the text.

C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:

1. Ask your friend to pronounce those important words and write

them down.

2. Tell your friend the conclusion of the report in your own words.

RC-03/Adz/Oct-03NUTRIENT CONTENT OF TUNA MEAL

(Zaviezo, D., and N. Dale, 1994. Poultry Sci. 73:916-918)

In most cases, fish meal, a popular feed ingredient for poultry made from tuna, is a by-product of processing in which fillets has been removed for human consumption. The resulting offal would presumably have different composition than meals made from whole fish. Allen (1993) listed a protein value of 60 %. This is markedly higher than the 55 % of Hawaiian (Ross, 1968) and the 54 % of Nigerian tuna meal (Balogun et al. (1986). A study was conducted to better define the nutrient content of tuna meal.

Samples of tuna meal were taken from Starkist Caribe, Inc. plant, Puerto Rico. At this plant, all leftovers from tuna processing, (skins with scales, heads, tails, fins, bones, viscera, and off-color meat) are processed into fish meal. Proximate composition, amino acids, minerals, and vitamin contents were determined using AOAC (1990) method. True ME was also determined (Sibbald, 1976).

As expected, the protein content of tuna meal was below values of NRC (1984), but closed to Hawaiian (Ross, 1968) and Nigerian tuna meal (Balogun et al., 1968). The TMEn content and most amino acids were lower in tuna meal than in menhaden or anchovy meal (NRC, 1984; Sibbald, 1986). Due to the higher proportion of bone, Ca, P, and some trace minerals (Se, Fe, and Zn) were higher in tuna meal than in other types listed by the NRC (1984). Riboflavin and choline content of tuna meal were similar to those of NRC (1984) for menhaden meal, except for vitamin E. This may be due to the relatively high fat or viscera content of tuna meal. It is concluded that tuna meal made largely from cannery by-products contains less protein and ME, but more Ca and P, than meals made from whole fish. --------------------- Important words:~ Fish meal ~ Ingredient ~ Poultry ~ Tuna ~ By-product ~ Fillets

~ Offal ~ Nutrient content ~ Leftovers ~ Proximate composition

~ Plant ~ TMEn ~Trace minerals ~ Viscera ~ Cannery ~ Whole fish

~ Remove ~ List ~ Conduct ~ Process ~ Determine ~ Expect

~ Below ~ Conclude

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Questions:

A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:1. Find out the reason why the study was conducted!

2. Find out comparative words and recognize their superlative ones

3. Why is the second sentence of the second paragraph written in Present Tense?

B. Reading and Writing Practices:

1. Pronounce each word of components in leftovers and match your

pronunciation with dictionary.

2. Practice rewriting all above important words!

C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:

1. Ask your friend to read the conclusion of the study and write it

down using your own words.

2. -

RC-04/Adz/Oct-03ACCEPTANCE OF FRESH CHICKEN MEAT PRESENTED UNDER THREE LIGHT SOURCES (Barbut, S., 2001. Poultry Sci. 80:101-104)

Color of food is a universal means of judging and accepting food. Today, most food items are sold in stores where artificial light is used. When consumer is presented with a package of fresh meat, visual appearance is rapidly assessed and is interpreted into a response: to buy or not to buy, to eat or not to eat (Kropf, 1980).Color is probably the single most important appearance factor, especially today when meat cuts are already packaged. Package meat makes the consumer less able to get a true sense of smell and touch, which could be used to evaluate factors such as tenderness, juiceness, and flavor. Food store managers usually keep the meat display area well lighted; however, different types sources can be used. Three main sources of light types are usually used in the food stores: incandescent (INC), fluorescent (FL), and metal halide (MH) to attract consumers. These sources have different spectral distribution patterns (Bickford and Dunn, 1972; Philips, 1991). Important Words:

~ Judging ~ artificial light ~ visual appearance ~ package

~ Accept ~ assess ~ interprete ~ keep ~ display ~ attract

~ Tendreness ~ juiceness ~ flavor ~ well lighted ~ incandescent

~ fluoroscent ~ metal halide

Questions:

A. Exploring Information, Grammar, and Structure:1. What is the universal mean of judging and accepting?2. Why color is so important in assessing to buy or not to buy meat?

3. Where does store manager usually display meat product in their department store?

B. Reading and Writing Practices:

1. Find out in the dictionary synonyms of assessment, and practice t pronounce them in your group!2. Read sentence by sentence alternately with your friends!

C. Listening and Paraphrasing Practices:

1. Tell you friend in your own words why traditional people prefer to buy meat product in traditional open market to department store!

2. Make one question to your friend regarding the condition of Angso Duo Market!

RC-05/Adz/Oct-03LOSSES AND TRANSFORMATION OF NITROGEN DURING COMPOSTING OF POULTRY MANURE WITH DIFFERENT AMENDMENTS (Mahimairaja, S., N.S. Bolan, M.J. Hedley, and A.N. MacGregor, 1994; Bioresource Technol. 47 [3]:265-273)

Feed nitrogen (N) is a key factor contributing to N concentration in poultry manure, which is subsequently decomposed by bacteria to ammonia (NH3). This gas has been an issue because it adversely affect air quality and health problem. Composting is one of cheap ways to reduce NH3 emission from poultry manure.

The transformation of N and its subsequent loss during aerobic composting of poultry manure with different amendments were investigated through laboratory incubation experiments. The amendments included: four carbon (C) rich bedding materials (woodchip, paper waste, cereal straw, and peat), one acidifying material (elemental sulphur, S) and two adsorbents (zeolite and soil).

The loss of N through NH3 volatilization from aerobic condition was about 17% of total manure N, which was reduced by 90-95% under anaerobic condition. Under aerobic incubation systems, amongst the bedding materials examined, wheat straw and peat were found to be superior in reducing the NH3 loss by 33.5 and 22.5%, respectively. Loss of NH3 was reduced by 60% in manure amended with S. Zeolite was a more effective NH3 (or NH4+) adsorbent than soil and reduced NH3 loss by 60 %. The amount of 2 M KCl extractable NH4+-N was almost 1000 times higher than of nitrate (NO3-N) in all composting mixtures suggesting little oxidation of NH4+ to NO3- (nitrification) occurred. The measurement of total N in the compost at the end of experiment showed a total lost of about 50 and 26% of manure N during aerobic and anaerobic incubations, respectively, as against only about 17 and ,