Health, safety and environment activities at UNIS Helse, miljø og sikkerhetsarbeid ved UNISUNIS-library

The Students Annual Report

Department of BiologyBiologisk avdeling

Department of GeologyGeologisk avdeling

Department of GeophysicsGeofysisk avdeling

Department of TechnologyTeknologisk avdeling

Scientific publications etc.

Guest lecturers

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Annual ReportUNIS 2000

ÅrsmeldingUNIS 2000

MILJØMERKET

Trykt på svanemerket papirLisensnr. 244.024

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UNIS Board 2000

Academic workgroups

Staff at UNIS

Report of the Directors 2000

Styrets beretning 2000

Regnskap, noter

StatisticsStatistikk

Courses 2000

ContentsInnhold

Wind, precipitation and temperature year 2000 in Longyearbyen

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Vind, nedbør og temperatur i Longyearbyen år 2000

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Director of Faculty Kjell A. Sælen, Univer-sity of Bergen (Leader)Deputy Member: Head of Administration SiriJansen

Professor Noralv Bjørnå, University ofTromsøDeputy Member: Deputy Director RigmorBjørkli

Professor Dag Hessen, University of OsloDeputy Member: Director Toril Johansson

Professor Steinar Nordal, NorwegianUniversity of Science and TechnologyDeputy Member: Associate Professor Sverre Ola Johnsen

Director Viva Mørk Kvello, Svalbardrådets RepresentativeDeputy Member: Executive officer Jan OveScheie

Associate professor Ole Jørgen Lønne,UNIS, Staff RepresentativeDeputy Member: Associate Professor TrondDokken

Martin Dahl Grønnevet, Student RepresentativeDeputy Member: Martin Berg (autumn term)

Academic workgroup in Arctic Biology:Associate Professor Fredrika Norrbin, University of TromsøProfessor Yngve Espmark, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyAssociate Professor Torsten Solhøy, University of BergenProfessor Hans Petter Leinaas, University of OsloAssociate Professor Ole Jørgen Lønne, UNISStudent Ingemar Langemar, Student representative

Academic workgroup in Arctic Geology:Professor Jürgen Meinert, University ofTromsø Associate Professor Sverre Ola Johnsen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Eirik Sundvor, University of BergenProfessor Jon Ove Hagen, University of Oslo Associate Professor Ida Lønne, UNISStudent Sophus Aarnæs, Student representative

Academic workgroup of Arctic Geophysics:Professor Cesar La Hoz, University ofTromsøAssociate Professor Berit Kjeldstad Løvseth,Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Tor Gammelsrød, University ofBergenProfessor Jan Erik Weber, University of OsloProfessor Yngvar Gjessing, UNISStudent Sara Mattsson, Student representative

Academic workgroup in Arctic Technology:Professor Torbjørn Eltoft, University of TromsøProfessor Arne Myrvang, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyProfessor Jakob J. Stamnes, University of BergenProfessor Kaare Høeg, University of OsloAssociate Professor Arne Instanes, UNISStudent Mikko Elo, Student representative

UNIS Board 2000

AcademicWorkgroups

From left: Trond Dokken, MartinBerg, Dag Hessen, Kjell Sælen, VivaMørk Kvello, Noralv Bjørnå, LasseLønnum (director), Steinar Nordal.

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Administration:Department Secretary Kari Brandvik (until July)Study Counsellor Jan Gunnar BrattliDepartment Secretary Wenche Guldberg(from August)Office Manager Helen Fossmo FlåLibrarian Berit JakobsenDepartment Secretary Gerd Stenseth Lønne(until December)Director Lasse LønnumStudy Counsellor Eystein MarkussonSenior Executive Officer Ingrid Vinje

Technical staff:Chief Lab Technician Gerd Irene AndersenIT-Engineer Gunnar AskeEngineer Jørn Dybdahl Head of Safety and Logistics Fred SkanckeHansenJanitor Frithjof KildalCleaner Tove Kaldbakken LarsenEngineer Knut Sandaker

Department of Arctic Biology:Assosiate Professor Ketil EianeProfessor Ingibjörg Svala Jonsdottir (from September)Associate Professor Rolf LangvatnAssociate professor Ole Jørgen LønneAssociate Professor Sigmund Spjelkavik(until December)Adjunct Professor Bjørn Gulliksen, University of TromsøAdjunct Professor Rolf Arnt Olsen, Agricultural University of Norway

Department of Arctic Geology:Professor Ole HumlumProfessor Olafur Ingolfsson (from August)Professor Jon Landvik (until July)Associate Professor Ida Lønne Associate Professor Trond DokkenAdjunct Professor Jenö Nagy, University ofOsloAdjunct Professor Ron Steel, University ofWyoming, USAAdjunct Associate Professor Tor Arne Johansen, University of Bergen

Department of Arctic Geophysics:Professor Tor GammelsrødProfessor Yngvar Gjessing Professor Jøran Moen (Adjunct Professor,University of Oslo, from June)Associate Professor Fred SigernesAdjunct Professor Asgeir Brekke Adjunct Professor Arne Foldvik Adjunct Professor Ove Havnes

Department of Arctic Technology:Assosiate Professor Per Johan BrandvikAssociate Professor Arne InstanesAdjunct Professor Ånund Killingtveit, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyAdjunct Professor Sveinung Løset, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Externally financed researchers:Research Fellow Hans Olav Hygen, NFR-financedResearch Fellow Christian Jaedicke, NFR-financedResearch Fellow Sönke Maus (until June)Post doc. Vigdis Tverberg, EU-financed (until June)Research Fellow Matthias Zielke

Others:Civil Recruit Øyvind Hamre, Alternative Initial Service (until November)

UNIS Staff 2000

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The University Courses on Svalbard - UNIS - was established in the form of a beneficialfoundation on 18th January 1994 by the four Norwegian universities which are thus thefounders.The year 2000 is the seventh full year of operation of the Institution. In 2000 therange of courses offered was large and the number of students exceeded for the first timethe nominal goal of 100 student years. Research activity during the year was also heavy andthis is reflected in the larger external grants and volume of scientific papers.

Development of studies offeredUNIS has four lines of study: Arctic Biology, Arctic Geology, Arctic Geophysics, and ArcticTechnology. In 2000 the studies on offer in these four lines were consolidated rather thanexpanded. Where in 1999 tuition was offered in 35 topics, in 2000 the same total number oftopics was offered, with 16 at masters and doctoral level. Two topics were not offered due tobudget constraints. Students at UNIS have a good academic record compared with otheruniversity students, with less than 1 per cent failing their examination, and the averagestudent completes more than the 20 Norwegian credits that nominally represent one year ofstudy.

UNIS intends to increase activities at masters and doctoral level.

Student bodyA total of 242 students attended tuition or worked on masters or doctoral projects at UNIS in2000. This represents 102 study years and is the highest figure ever achieved here. The totalwas made up of 56 study years for a first degree, 24 by people pursuing a masters or doctorateprogram, and 22 by people writing their masters or doctoral project. UNIS has a largecomplement of international students who made up, all together, some 55 per cent of thestudent body. More than half the international students came from other Scandinaviancountries, and no less than 21 nationalities were represented overall.

Research activitiesIn 2000 there were 45 students at UNIS working on their masters project. In such cases theproject is done in conjunction with another university at home or abroad. Students areappointed a tutor at UNIS in addition to the tutor at their home place of learning. During 2000there were 19 masters students who did their thesis or diploma project with us. One doctoratewas disputed during the year. Continuation of research affiliations with the Norwegianuniversities and other national and international research institutions is a prime focus at UNIS.In 2000 UNIS staff made contributions to 24 refereed publications. Researchers at UNIS are keyplayers in EU projects as «NoClim» and «Marie Curie Training Site», and also projectssupported by the Norwegian Research Council. Yet the level of externally funded projectsremains - the Board feels - too low, and our efforts to secure such funding must be reinforced.In the years ahead further expansion of research activities at UNIS will be a main priority. TheNRC has launched Arctic Research as one of its main commitments in the coming years. It isonly natural that UNIS, jointly with the four Norwegian universities and other institutionssuch as the Norwegian Polar Research Institute, constitute the core environment for much ofthis research, and we will work actively to this end. Research at UNIS has shown very positivedevelopment, as indeed has been documented by the positive national assessments obtainedin Biology and Physics under the auspices of the NRC.

Other activitiesThe Board finds it imperative that we continue to work actively to popularise Arctic studies.Again in 2000 the Institution held its so-called «Svalbard Seminar» in association with theNorwegian Polar Research Institute Svalbard and the Governor of Svalbard. This took place inJanuary-February. The turn-out was excellent with between 80-120 in the audience on eachoccasion. During the Research Days in September UNIS held an Open Day with lectures,demonstration of equipment, and experiments. Also the research vessel Jan Mayen was opento visitors.

UNIS attracts many professional conferences and workshops. In 2000 four such events wereheld.

OrganisationUNIS is organised with four academic departments, a technical support department, and anadministrative support department. The department managers and the UNIS Director togethermake up the Institution’s Executive Committee.

Report of theDirectors 2000

PHOTO:TOR BREKKE

Presentation of thesis in the auditorium at UNIS.

Disputas i "Møysalen" på UNIS.

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The faculty committees on each of the four lines of study meet four times a year withrepresentatives from the founding universities and act as the reference body for eachdepartment.

Academic and other staffNo new positions were formed in UNIS in 2000. At year-end the academic staff counted14 persons full-time, plus 11 adjunct professors. The technical staff counted 6.3 persons,and the administrative staff seven persons.

UNIS buildingsThe UNIS main building was completed in 1995 containing the laboratories, class rooms,large auditorium, library, canteen, 30 offices, and study cubicles for 100 students. Ourexperience with the building to date is good but we lack the necessary space forpreparations for field activities. There is also a great dearth of offices for visiting lecturers,visiting researchers, and study cubicles for our students. It takes considerable ingenuity tofind room for all our planned activities in the space available.

At the end of the year UNIS had 24 residential units for staff. As research activities arestepped up the Board feels it vital that funds be appropriated for residential investment.

The Student Union at Tromsø is responsible for the student housing at UNIS and hasredecorated three old mining dormitories in Nybyen to bring the total units now availableto 96. During 2001 one more dormitory will be renovated to bring the total number ofstudent accommodations to 120 by the end of the year.

PHOTO:JONAS HERTL

The UNIS students are an active bunch! Everyone is keen to get out in Svalbard’s unique natural environment and sports activities are highly popular.

Aktivitetsnivået blant UNIS-studentene er høyt!Samtlige studenter benytter seg av Svalbards unike natur, noe som innebærer stor grad avsportslig utfoldelse.

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PHOTO: TOR BREKKE

It is crucial for the continuation of our activities that UNIS can offer satisfactory living quartersfor students. The Board will therefore continue to support and welcome the close and fruitfulrelations we enjoy with the Tromsø Student Union.

EconomyFunds for operation and investment at UNIS are appropriated over the Ministry of Church,Education and Research budget. In 2000 the total amount was kr 34,400,000, of which31,340,000 was for operation. The accounts for the year show that 46 per cent of goods andservices are obtained locally. The operating loss in the annual accounts is kr 643,509. Afterfinancial income and financial expenditure, and after extraordinary items, the accounts show aloss of kr 247,526. The loss will be covered from the free reserve. At year-end the Institution’scapital stood at kr 52,726,975, of which kr 51,499,848 represents the UNIS buildings and kr 1,227,127 is our basic capital and free reserves. In the year the Director received a salary ofkr 416,204. The Board Chairman received kr 20,000 and the other Directors kr 10,000.

Board activitiesIn the year the UNIS Directors held four meetings, two of them in Longyearbyen. A total of 51issues were addressed. Among the important issues dealt with in 2000 were realignment ofactivities, the budget, building plans, the Storting Report on Svalbard, and preparations for anew Strategy Plan.

Prospects aheadDuring 2001 the Board will adopt a new Strategy Plan extending to 2010. Work at the Institution in coming years will depend greatly on the solution for the UNIS acreage in the Science Park. In line with the Storting resolution to increase activities at UNIS the Board willpursue an active and constructive dialogue with the Ministry. The Board feels that the numberof students should be increased to 150 in the short term. The number of new student residences must be upgraded in step with this expansion. A significant hurdle until the newbuilding is built will be finding flexible solutions for the expanding activities conducted here.

The «Grand Boulevard» of Longyearbyen.Hovedgaten i Longyearbyen.

The site of the future Science Centre, with mighty Hjortfjellet providing the backdrop.

Området hvor Forskningsparken skal bygges. UNIS´s mektige nabo, Hjortfjellet, ruver i bakgrunnen.

Looking south at the Longyear Glacier.Mot Longyearbreen i sør.

Looking north at Hjortfjellet.Mot Hjortfjellet i nord.

7Universitetsstudiene på Svalbard (UNIS) ble etablert som en stiftelse 18.januar 1994med de fire norske universitetene som stiftere. 2000 er sjuende hele driftsår for stiftel-sen. Kurstilbudet har i 2000 vært stort og antallet studenter ligger for første gang overmåltallet på 100 studentårsverk. Forskningsaktiviteten har også i 2000 vært høy noesom også gjenspeiles i økte eksterne bevilgninger og antallet vitenskapelige publika-sjoner.

Utvikling av studietilbudetUNIS har fire studieretninger: Arktisk biologi, Arktisk geologi, Arktisk geofysikk ogArktisk teknologi. I 2000 er studietilbudet innen de fire studieretningene konsolidert og iliten grad utvidet. Som i 1999 ble det i 2000 gitt undervisning i 35 emner, hvorav 16 erpå hovedfags- og doktorgradsnivå. I 2000 ble to emner ikke igangsatt på grunn av bud-sjettsitusjonen. Studentene ved UNIS oppnår gode resultater sammenliknet meduniversitetene, har mindre enn en prosent stryk til eksamen og tar i gjennomsnitt over 20 vekttall pr år.På sikt ønsker UNIS å øke aktiviteten på hovedfags- og doktorgradsnivå.

StudenttallTilsammen 242 studenter fulgte undervisning, eller arbeidet med hovedfags- og doktor-gradsoppgaver ved UNIS i 2000. Dette tilsvarer en studentaktivitet på 102 studentårs-verk og er det høyeste noensinne ved institusjonen. Av dette var 56 årsverk på laveregrad, 24 på hovedfags- og doktorgradsemner og 22 årsverk i forbindelse med hoved-fags- og doktorgradsoppgaver. Ved UNIS er det et stort innslag av utenlandske studenterog denne studentgruppen utgjorde i alt 55 % av studentmassen. Over halvparten av deutenlandske studentene kom fra Norden, og i alt 21 nasjoner var representert i 2000.

ForskningsaktivitetI 2000 var det 45 studenter som arbeidet med sin hovedfagsoppgave ved UNIS. Detteskjer i samarbeid med et universitet i Norge eller i utlandet. Studentene får oppnevnt enveileder ved UNIS og har i tillegg en veileder ved sitt hjemmeuniversitet. I løpet av 2000

Styrets beretning2000

PHOTO: ELKE LINDNERDe mest innbitte entusiaster blant studentene benytter også den arktiske sommeren til badeliv!

The hardiest of the UNIS student body can’t wait to test the summer water at this expansive Arcticbeach.

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tok 19 hovedfagsstudenter sin hovedfags- eller diplomoppgave. Det ble avlagt 1 doktorgradved UNIS i 2000. Videreføring av forskningssamarbeidet med de norske universitetene ogandre norske og utenlandske forskningsinstitusjoner er en prioritert oppgave ved UNIS. I 2000var UNIS ansatte medforfattere på 24 publikasjoner med referee-ordning. Forskere ved UNISer sentrale i EU-prosjekter som «NoClim» og «Marie Curie Training Site», og prosjekter støttetav Norges forskningsråd. Andelen med eksternt finansierte prosjekter er etter styrets meningfor lav, og innsatsen for å skaffe slik finansiering må forsterkes. I årene framover vil videreutvikling av forskningsaktiviteten ved UNIS bli gitt en hovedprioritet. Norges forskningsrådhar lansert polarforskning som en hovedsatsing i årene framover. Det vil være naturlig atUNIS, i nettverk med de 4 norske universitetene og institusjoner som Norsk Polarinstitutt,utgjør et kjernemiljø for mye av denne forskningen, og institusjonen vil arbeide aktivt fordette. Forskningen ved UNIS har hatt en meget positiv utvikling noe som dokumenteresgjennom de positive nasjonale evalueringene i biologi og fysikk som ble gjennomført i regi avNorges forskningsråd.

Annen virksomhetStyret ser det som viktig at det fortsatt arbeides aktivt med formidling ved UNIS. Også i 2000ble det i januar/februar arrangert såkalte «Svalbardseminar» i samarbeid med Norsk Polar-institutt Svalbard og Sysselmannen på Svalbard. Oppslutningen var meget god med mellom80 og 120 tilhørere hver gang. Under Forskningsdagene i september arrangerte UNIS åpen dagmed forelesninger, visning av utstyr og eksperimenter. I tillegg var det visning på forsknings-fartøyet F/F Jan Mayen.UNIS tiltrekker seg mange faglige konferanser og seminarer og i 2000 ble det i alt avholdt fireslike.

OrganiseringUNIS er organisert med fire fagavdelinger, en teknisk avdeling og en administrativ avdeling.Avdelingslederne utgjør sammen med direktøren institusjonens lederteam.Fagutvalgene for hver av de fire studieretningene med representasjon fra universitetene møtesen gang i året og skal fungere som rådgivende organ for avdelingene.

StabenDet ble ikke opprettet nye stillinger ved UNIS i 2000. Ved årsskiftet 2000/2001 utgjorde denvitenskapelige staben 14 personer på full tid, samt 11 med professor II tilknyning. Det var enteknisk stab på 6,3 stillinger og en administrativ stab på 7 personer.

UNIS-bygget, boliger og studenthyblerUNIS-bygget stod ferdig i 1995 og inneholder laboratorier, undervisningsrom, et stort audi-torium, bibliotek, kantine, 30 kontorer samt lesesalsplasser for 100 studenter. Erfaringene medbygget er gode men det mangler nødvendige arealer til forberedelser til feltaktivitet. Videre erdet stor knapphet på kontorer til gjesteforelesere, gjesteforskere og lesesalplasser til student-ene. Det er en stor utfording å få plass til planlagt aktivitet innenfor institusjonens areal.

Ved utgangen av 2000 disponerte UNIS 24 boliger til sine ansatte. Med økende forsknings-aktivitet ser styret det som viktig at det fortsatt bevilges midler til investeringer i boliger. Studentsamskipnaden i Tromsø har ansvaret for hybler til UNIS-studenter og har pusset opptre gamle gruvearbeiderbrakker i Nybyen slik at de i dag kan tilby tilsammen 96 hybler. I løpetav 2001 vil ytterligere en brakke bli renovert slik at den samlede boligmassen for studentenevil innen utgangen av året utgjøre tilsammen 120 hybler.For UNIS’ virksomhet er det helt avgjørende å kunne gi studentene tilfredstillende boforhold,og styret legger vekt på at institusjonen har et tett og godt samarbeid med Studentsamskip-naden i Tromsø.

ØkonomiMidler til drift og investeringer for UNIS bevilges over budsjettet til Kirke-, utdannings- ogforskningsdepartementet. I 2000 var bevilgningen på totalt kr 34 400 000, hvorav kr 31 340 000gikk til drift. Regnskapet for 2000 viser at 46 % av varer og tjenster kjøpes lokalt. Driftsresul-tatet på årsregnskapet for 2000 viser et underskudd på kr 643 509. Etter finansinntekter ogfinanskostnader viser regnskapet et underskudd på kr 247 526. Underskuddet dekkes avdisposisjonsfondet. Stiftelsens egenkapital pr 31.12.00 var på kr 52 726 975 hvorav 51 499 848utgjør institusjonens bygningsmasse og kr 1 227 127 utgjøres av grunnkapital og disposisjons-fond. I 2000 er lønn til direktør utbetalt med kr 416 204. Styrehonorar er i 2000 utbetalt med kr 20 000 til styrets leder og kr 10 000 til styrets øvrige medlemmer.

PHOTO: SYNNØVE HAGA

PHOTO: TOR BREKKE

The comfortable and spacious canteen atUNIS, – suitable for conference lunchesand at festive occasions.

Kantinen er god å ha ved fagligekonferanser og seminarer.

Studentene i Nybyen inviterteKronprins Haakon til lunsj underHKH´s besøk i Longyearbyen i mai2000.

Nybyen students invited HRH CrownPrince Haakon to lunch during histour of Longyarbyen in May 2000.

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Fortsatt driftÅrsoppgjøret er avlagt under forutsetning om fortsatt drift. Til grunn for antagelsen liggerresultatprognoser for år 2001 og UNIS langsiktige strategiske planer for årene fremover. Institu-sjonen er i en sunn økonomisk finansiell stilling.

Arbeidsmiljø og personaleUNIS sykefravær i 2000 var 26 dager. Institusjonen har avtale med Longyearbyen Sykehus ombedriftshelsetjeneste. Der er ikke forekommet eller rapportert om alvorlige arbeidsuhell ellerulykker i 2000 som har resultert i store materielle skader eller personskader.

I UNIS bygninger som alle er oppført etter 1993 er det stillt store krav til innemiljøet. Modenebyggemetoder, materialvalg og tekniske løsninger gir et godt inneklima.

UNIS kjenner ikke til at stiftelsens drift forurenser det ytre miljø.

Styrets virksomhetI 2000 har styret for UNIS avholdt 4 møter, hvorav to i Longyearbyen. Det er i alt behandlet 51saker. Viktige saker som ble behandlet i 2000 var omdanning av virksomheten, budsjett,planene for nybygg, Stortingsmeldingen om Svalbard og forberedelsene til ny strategiplan.

Veien videreStyret vil i løpet av 2001 vedta en nye strategiplan som strekker seg frem mot 2010. Arbeidetved institusjonen de nærmeste årene vil være preget av utformingen av UNIS’ areal i Forsk-ningsparken. I henhold til Stortingets vedtak om en økning i aktiviteten ved UNIS vil styret haen aktiv og konstruktiv dialog med KUF om dette. Tallet på studentårsverk bør etter styretsmening på kort sikt økes til 150 og på noe lengre sikt økes ytterligere. Antallet nye student-boliger må økes i takt med dette. En viktig utfordring frem mot realiseringen av nybygget vilvære å finne fleksible løsninger for institusjonens økende aktivitet.

Longyearbyen 30. mars 2001

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Note 1999 2000 Driftsinntekter og driftskostnader Driftstilskudd fra KUF 30 010 000 31 340 000 Investeringstilskudd fra KUF, utstyr 914 232 1 801 340 Investeringstilskudd fra KUF, boliger 2 561 614 2 561 613 Eksterne prosjektinntekter 740 462 2 058 914 Øvrige inntekter 1 122 563 1 264 041

Brutto driftsinntekter 35 348 871 39 025 908

Eksterne prosjektkostnader 740 462 2 058 914

Netto driftsinntekter 34 608 409 36 966 994

Lønn og sosiale kostnader 14 345 291 15 168 174 Avskrivninger 3 475 846 4 362 953 Felt- og toktkostnader 4 914 010 5 619 632 Øvrige driftskostnader 11 492 581 12 459 744

Sum driftskostnader 34 227 728 37 610 503

Driftsresultat 380 681 -643 509

Finansinntekter og finanskostnader Finansinntekter 293 044 449 669 Finanskostnader 58 364 53 686

Netto finansinntekter 234 680 395 983

Resultat før ekstraordinære poster 615 361 -247 526

Årets over-/underskudd 615 361 -247 526

Disponeringer:Til/ fra annen egenkapital 615 361 -247 526

RESULTATREGNSKAP PR. 31.12. 2000

NOTE 1 • RegnskapsprinsipperÅrsregnskapet er satt opp i samsvar med regn-skapslovens regler og er utarbeidet etter norskeregnskapsstandarder og anbefalinger til god regn-skapsskikk.

Tilskudd fra Kirke-, utdannings- og forsknings-departementetTotalt tilskudd til drift og investering fra KUF ermottatt med 34.400.000. Derav er 3.060.000 ført ibalansen som ”investeringstilskudd”. Tilskuddetblir inntektsført i takt med årlige avskrivninger.Driftstilskuddet er ført etter bruttometoden somegen inntektspost i resultatoppstillinga.

Eksterne prosjektinntekter /prosjektkostnaderInntektsføring på ekstern finansierte prosjekterskjer i takt med kostnader på tilhørende prosjekt.

NOTE 2 • Øvrige driftskostnader2000 1999

Fraktkostnader kr 218 184 165 219 Vareforbruk kr 114 204 124 214 Kostnader vedr. lokaler kr 2 299 479 2 275 511Fremmedtjenester kr 1 571 025 1 448 931 Bibliotekkostnader kr 1 017 488 950 347 Kontorkost., tlf., fax kr 945 765 807 005 Drift kjøretøyer kr 328 655 223 453 Undervisningsmateriell kr 755 316 554 312 Reisekostnader kr 2 780 990 3 558 878 Forskningst.og stip. kr 1 403 799 272 966Annonser/profilering kr 413 781 590 204 Kontigenter/forsikring kr 166 739 287 866 Diverse kostnader kr 444 310 233 675Sum øvrige driftskost. kr 12 459 744 11 492 581

NOTE 3 • DriftsmidlerStiftelsen UNIS har i perioden 1993-1997 overtattdriftsbygning og tilsammen 20 boliger fraSvalbard Samfunnsdrift A/S. Svalbard Samfunns-drift A/S var byggherre for bygningene og mot-tok tilskudd til oppføringen. Eiendomsretten tilbygningene er overført vederlagsfritt til StiftelsenUNIS og innført i balansen i 1997, med motpost”utsatt inntektsføring på investeringstilskudd,boliger”. Ved overtakelse av boligene er det i avtalenmellom Stiftelsen UNIS og Svalbard Samfunns-drift A/S en klausul om tilbakeføring avboligene/leilighetene ved varig reduksjon avboligbehovet.Økning i boligmassen i 2000 er en bolig til ansatt.

N O T E R T I L

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Avskrivninger bygninger 2000:UNIS-bygget 4 bol. 238 5 leil. 5 leil./6 bol. 2 leil. 1 leil. 1 leil. Hytte Hytte Hytte SUM

aug-95 jan-94 jan-95 jan-97 des-98 jan-99 des-00 apr-98 apr-95 apr-97

4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 % 4 %

42 423 484 5 074 721 4 960 431 7 994 711 2 460 000 875 000 825 000 82 000 130 000 40 000 64 865 347

1 696 939 202 989 198 417 319 788 98 400 35 000 33 000 3 280 5 200 1600

7 466 533 1 217 933 992 086 959 365 98 400 35 000 5 468 24 700 4 400 10 803 885

34 956 951 3 856 787 3 968 345 7 035 346 2 361 600 840 000 76 532 105 300 35 600 53 236 462

825 000

1 696 939 202 989 198 417 319 788 98 400 35 000 0 3 280 5 200 1 600 2 561 614

9 163 473 1 420 922 1 190 504 1 279 153 196 800 70 000 0 8 748 29 900 6 000 13 365 499

33 260 012 3 653 799 3 769 928 6 715 557 2 263 200 805 000 825 000 73 252 100 100 34 000 51 499 848

NOTE 3

Ferdig år ..............................

Avskrivningssats ................

Kostpris ..............................

Årlig avskr. ..........................

Akk. avskr.31.12.99 ............

Bokf. ver. 31.12.99 ..............

Bolig anskaffet 2000 ..........

Årets avskr. ........................

Akkum. avskr.31.12.00 ......

Bokført ver.31.12.00............

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Note 1999 2000 Eiendeler Anleggsmidler Andeler Svalbardhallen 1 1 Bygninger 53 236 461 51 499 848 Utstyr og inventar 994 179 2 241 823 Sum anleggsmidler 54 230 641 53 741 672

Omløpsmidler Varebeholdning 133 125 103 143 Debitorer 626 950 554 958 Andre kortsiktige fordringer 620 870 250 089 Betalingsmidler 4 509 883 5 098 752

Sum omløpsmidler 5 890 827 6 006 942

Sum eiendeler 60 121 468 59 748 613

Gjeld og egenkapital Egenkapital Grunnkapital 200 000 200 000 Annen egenkapital 1 274 653 1 027 127

Sum egenkapital 1 474 653 1 227 127

Langsiktig gjeld:Utsatt innt.føring på invester.tilsk.,utstyr 1 195 768 2 454 428 Utsatt innt.føring på invester.tilsk.bygg 52 361 461 49 799 848 Sum langsiktig gjeld 53 557 229 52 254 276

Kortsiktig gjeld:Leverandørgjeld 1 908 392 3 767 646 Skyldige offentlige trekk og avgifter 1 785 608 1 179 912 Annen kortsiktig gjeld 1 395 586 1 319 653 Sum kortsiktig gjeld 5 089 586 6 267 210

Sum gjeld og egenkapital 60 121 468 59 748 613

BALANSE PR. 31.12. 2000

Utsatt innt.føring på investerings-tilskudd bygninger 31.12.99 52 361 461

Inntektsføring av investerings-tilskudd boliger 2000 - -2 561 613

Utsatt innt.føring på investerings-tilskudd bygninger 31.12.00 49 799 848

Utstyr og inventar Tekn./vit utstyr Kjøretøy Inventar Datautstyr SUM

Levetid 2 år 5 år 5 år 2 år Avskr.sats 50 % 20% 20 % 50 % Kostpris -99 498 232 0 106 596 389 351 994 179 Anskaf. -00 1 514 980 358 852 268 691 906 461 3 048 984 Avskriv. -00 1 504 838 71 770 101 706 1 037 257 2 715 572 Bokf. v. -00 1 006 606 287 082 300 229 647 906 2 241 823 I tillegg har Stiftelsen overtatt vederlagsfritt de driftsmidler som bleanskaffet i 1993.

Utsatt innt.føring på investeringstilskudd utstyr 31.12.99 1 195 768 Investeringstilskudd 2000 + 3 060 000 Innteksføring av investeringstilskudd utstyr 2000 - 1 801 340 Utsatt innt.føring på investeringstilskudd utstyr 31.12.00 2 454 428

Note 4 • Lønn og sosiale kostnaderUNIS har i 2000 lønnet 33 fast ansatte .

2000 1999Ordinære stillinger 9 309 009 8 680 022Arbeidsgiveravgift 273 987 265 407Arbeidsgivers andel pensjon 534 453 484 722

Note5 • Andre kortsiktige fordringer:Reiseforskudd ansatte kr 171 741Fordringer ansatte kr 26.156Lån ansatte kr 23 522Forskudd leverandører kr 28.670Sum andre kortsiktige fordringer kr 250 089

Note 6 • Andeler Svalbardhallen (anleggsmidler)

Av velferdsmessige hensyn for ansatte og studen-ter er det tegnet andeler i «Svalbardhallen A/L»for kr. 50.000. Andelene er nedskrevet til kr. 1,- ,da andelene ikke har noen omsetningsverdi.

Note 7 • GodtgjørelserLønn til direktøren er utbetalt med kr. 416 204Styrehonorar er utbetalt med kr. 20.000 til styretsleder og kr 10.000 til styrets øvrige medlemmer.

6

33

3

5

R E G N S K A P E T

12

Administrative staff

Technical staff

Scientific staff

Adjunct professors

Research fellows

Others

Administrativt ansatte

Teknisk ansatte

Fast vitenskapelig ansatte

Professor II

Stipendiater

Andre

1999 20001996 199819970

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Publications scientific staff

Publications adjuncts

In press (all categories)

Presentations (all categories)

Books (all categories)

Publikasjoner vitenskapelig ansatte

Publikasjoner professor II

Publikasjoner in press (alle)

Presentasjoner (alle)

Bøker (alle)

0 10 20 30 40 50

2000

1996

1997

1998

1999

Production in Student-labour years(1 year equals 20 Norwegian credits)categorised on teaching levels.

Produksjon av studentårsverk (ettårsverk = 20 vekttall) ved UNIS1996-2000, fordelt på undervisnings-nivå.

Student nationality categorised asNorwegian Nordic and non-Nordicstudents 1996–2000.

200-courses

300-courses

Master/Ph.D. work

200-emner

300-emner

Hovedfags- og doktorgrads arbeid

1999 20001996 1997 19980

20

40

60

80

100

Publications etc at UNIS 1996–2000.

Publikasjoner etc. ved UNIS1996–2000.

Norwegian students

Nordic students

Non-Nordic students

Norske studenter

Nordiske studenter

Ikke-nordiske studenter

1999 20001996 1997 19980

50

100

150

200

250

Workforce in man-labour years accor-ding to occupational category atUNIS 1996–2000.

StatisticsStatistikk

Årsverk ved UNIS 1996–2000 fordeltpå stillingskategori.

Totalt antall studenter ved unis 1996-2000 fordelt på norske, nordiskeog ikke-nordiske.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

13

Emner undervist 2000 / Courses taught 2000

Course Course name Credits (ECTS) Semester No. ofNo. students

AS-101 Arctic Safety and Survival 1 (3) spring and

autumn 88

AB-201 Terrestrial arctic biology 5 (15) spring and

autumn 13

AB-202 Marine arcticbiology 5 (15) spring and

autumn 17

AB-203 Arctic environmental management 5 (15) spring 25

AB-204 Polar ecology and polulation biology 5 (15) spring 20

AB-303 Light Climate and Primary

Production in the Arctic 3 (9) spring 6

AB-307 Arctic microbiology 3 (9) autumn 11

AB-308 Arctic freshwater ecology 3 (9) spring 9

AB-310 Marine zooplankton and sympagic fauna

of Svalbard waters 3 (9) autumn 15

SUM Arctic biology 32 (96)

AG-201 The geology of Svalbard 5 (15) autumn 15

AG-202 Arctic marine geology 5 (15) spring 13

AG-204 The physical geography of Svalbard 5 (15) autumn 16

AG-205 Seismic exploration 5 (15) spring 16

AG-301 Arctic terrestrial and marine quaternary

stratigraphy - excursion 2 (6) autumn 15

AG-303 Sequence stratigraphy:A tool for basin analysis 2 (6) autumn 17

AG-304 Glacial and periglacial processes 3 (9) spring 20

AG-305 Glaciology 2 (6) spring 17

AG-306 The quaternary climate history of the arctic 3 (9) autumn 7

AG-308 Sedimentary facies analysis -

From processes to systems tracts 3 (9) spring 10

AG-309 Quarternary climate records and climate models 2 (6) autumn 12

SUM Arctic geology 37 (111)

AGF-207 Space activity and remote sensing 5 (15) autumn 9

AGF-210 The middle polar atmosphere 5 (15) autumn 6

AGF-211 Air/ice/sea interaction 5 (15) spring 18

AGF-212 Processes in snow and ice 5 (15) spring 14

AGF-213 Polar meteorology 5 (15) autumn 12

AGF-214 Polar oceanography 5 (15) autumn 7

AGF-301 The upper polar atmosphere 5 (15) spring 5

AGF-304 Radar diagnostics of space plasma 5 (15) spring 4

AGF-330 Remote sensing and advanced spectroscopy 5 (15) spring 4

SUM Arctic geophysics 45 (135)

AT-204 Thermo-mechanical properties of materials 3 (9) spring 6

AT-205 Frozen ground engineering for arctic infrastructure5 (15) spring 5

AT-206 Arctic water resources 5 (15) autumn 8

AT-207 Pollution in the arctic 5 (15) autumn 10

AT-307 Arctic offshore engineering 3 (9) autumn 25

AT-308 Geotechnical investigations using ground 2 (6) spring 12

SUM Arctic technology 23 (69)

Courses

14

UNIS, since it was founded in 1993, hasfocused heavily on Arctic Survival and Safetyduring field expeditions by staff andstudents. The steady expansion of theseactivities has resulted, today, in a mandatorysafety course for all students and staff atUNIS. The safety training has several levelsand is adjusted to suit the activity that eachstudent group will be engaged in. The ArcticSafety and Survival course lasts 60 hours,with equal attention to theory and practicalexercises. Students successfully completingthe course gain the specified number ofcredits.Considering the location of UNIS in the HighArctic our field trips are among the mostimportant and most resource-intensiveactivities we conduct. Because of this a sharpfocus on training students and staff to masterthe challenges that we meet on Svalbard isboth right and prudent.Safety in the field however is only one of themany health, safety and environment aspectsaddressed in our HSE work. UNIS has growninto an institution whose size and range ofactivities demand a more systematicapproach to all aspects of HSE. Accordingly aWorking Environment Committee has beenestablished here, whose task is to organisethis work. The WEC will also publish an HSEManual with guidelines and information.HSE work at UNIS generally comes underthree main headings:• Preventive HSE work

Here we will need to make a methodicalrisk assessment of each sub-activityconducted at the Institution. Other keyaspects are an analysis of the workingenvironment and development of actionplans.

• Resolution of day-to-day problems Situations and problems that need animmediate solution are dealt with here.

Health, safety andenvironment activities at UNIS

Helse, miljø ogsikkerhetsarbeidved UNIS

UNIS har siden starten i 1993 prioritertsikkerhet ved feltarbeid for ansatte ogstudenter. En gradvis utvikling av dettearbeidet har i dag resultert i obligatorisksikkerhetsutdanning for alle studenter ogansatte ved UNIS. Sikkerhetsutdanningen ernivådelt og tilpasset den aktivitet de forskjel-lige studentgrupper skal foreta. Sikkerhets-utdanningen strekker seg over 60 timer for-delt likt på teori og praktisk øving. Vedbestått praktisk og teoretisk prøve blirstudentene kreditert et vekttall. Gitt den plasseringen UNIS har i et høyarktiskområde vil feltarbeid være en av de viktigsteog mest ressurskrevende oppgavene UNISdriver. Det er på bakgrunn av dette riktig ognaturlig at fokus på trening av studenter ogansatte til å mestre de utfordringene sommøter en på Svalbard er gitt høy prioritet.Sikkerhet i forbindelse med feltarbeid erimidlertid bare en del av de totale oppgavenesom dekkes av begrepet helse, miljø ogsikkerhet (HMS). UNIS har blitt en institu-sjon med størrelse og aktivitetsspenn somgjør det påkrevet med et mer systematiskarbeid for å ivareta alle sider innenfor detteområdet. Som et ledd i dette er det etablert etArbeidsmiljøutvalg (AMU) ved UNIS somskal bidra til å systematiserer dette arbeidet.AMU skal forestå utarbeidelsen av en HMShåndbok der alt relevant stoff skal samles.Arbeidet innenfor HMS ved UNIS vil ihovedsak kunne klassifiseres i tre hovedom-råder som er• Forebyggende HMS arbeide

Innenfor dette området vil det værepåkrevd med en mer systematisk risiko-analyse av den enkelte delaktivitet institu-sjonen bedriver. Vider vil kartlegging avarbeidsmiljø for øvrig og utarbeiding avhandlingsplaner være sentralt.

• Løsning av enkeltproblemer i den dagligedriften.

PHOTO: TOR BREKKE

Laboratory work demands specialprecautions and procedures forsafety’s sake.

Laboratoriearbeid krever spesielleforholdsregler og rutiner for å ivaretasikkerheten.

15

• Integrated HSE workThis is largely a matter of how individualscan promote health, safety andenvironment in their daily work.

Much of the work on HSE only applies tostaff at UNIS, whilst other areas, especiallysafety aspects of field trips, will necessarilyinvolve students.UNIS has already established routines andrules for many of the tasks that come underthe HSE heading. But we still need toorganise the routines into a system andcreate useful templates for risk assessment,among other things. An example of theproduct of such an assessment is the ArcticSurvival and Safety course at UNIS, whichcovers many topics: use of a rifle andpyrotechnics for bear protection, communi-cations, navigation, first-aid, and use ofemergency systems. Tuition is also given onhow to move around on Svalbard, with thefocus on life-critical local phenomena such assea-ice, glaciers, snow science, and avalancherisk. The Course concludes with a day’s exer-cise on a snowmobile or rubber dinghy.We find it important that HSE work isintegrated in the Institution’s daily life. It isvital that all staff and students are familiarwith the regulations and, we hope, findthem a positive factor and support ratherthan a constraint. In connection withplanning and realisation of the new SciencePark, HSE is an integral part of the processand the WEC is an active player.One of the important challenges peculiar toUNIS, besides our geographical location, isthe relatively high turn-over of staff,combined with the extensive use of visitinglecturers who are also expected to giveguidance and tuition in the field. Thissituation demands sound information, goodroutines, and close attention to health andsafety.UNIS intends by its increasing commitmentto health, safety and the environment tomake the Institution an even better and saferworkplace and study venue for staff andstudents.

Situasjoner eller problemer som kreverstrakstiltak og som løses umiddelbart

• Integrert HMS arbeide.Dreier seg i stor grad om hvordan denenkelte medarbeider kan ivareta helse,miljø og sikkerhet i sitt daglige arbeid.

Mye av arbeidet innenfor HMS omfatter kunansatte ved UNIS, mens andre sentrale delersom f.eks. sikkerhetsrisiko ved feltarbeidogså vil omfatte studentene. UNIS har allerede etablert rutiner og reglerfor mange av oppgavene som faller innunder begrepet HMS. Det gjenstår imidlertidå samle disse rutinene, systematisere arbeidetsamt lage gode maler for bl.a. risiko-vurdering. Et eksempel på hva en slikvurderingen kan munne ut i er sikkerhets-utdanningen ved UNIS. Denne inneholderbl.a. bruk av skytevåpen og pyrotekniskehjelpemidler som isbjørnbeskyttelse,samband, navigasjon, førstehjelp og bruk avnødutstyr. Det undervises også i ferdsel påSvalbard der det fokuseres på viktigefaktorer som sjøis, isbreer, snø og snøskred.Sikkerhetskurset avsluttes med en dagtrening på snøscooter eller gummibåt. Vi ser det som viktig at HMS arbeidet skalvære en del av institusjonens daglige opp-gaver slik at alle ansatte og studenter er kjentmed regelverket og ikke minst ser dette somen positiv hjelp og støtte og ikke sombegrensinger i det daglige arbeidet.I forbindelse av planlegging og realiseringav den nye Forskningsparken er HMS enintegrert del av arbeidet der AMU utvalgetdeltar aktivt.En av de hovedutfordringene, som er spesiellfor UNIS i tillegg til den geografiske plasse-ringen, er den relativt høye utskiftingen avansatte samt den utstrakte bruken av gjeste-forelesere som også driver veiledning ogundervisning i felt. Dette fordrer godinformasjon, gode rutiner og tett oppfølging iHMS arbeidet.UNIS ønsker med økt satsingen innenforHelse, Miljø og Sikkerhet å gjøre institu-sjonen til en enda bedre og sikrere arbeids-plass og studiested for sine studenter ogansatte.

PHOTO:TOR BREKKE

PHOTO: EYSTEIN MARKUSSON

Students and staff learn how to use fire-arms to ward off polar bears.

Studenter og ansatte må lære seg å brukeskytevåpen for å beskytte seg mot isbjørn.

Bruk av redningsdrakt i småbåt erpåkrevet og dette krever opplæring.

Rescue suits are mandatory in smallcraft and this takes training.

16

The UNIS Library

The UNIS Library is the gateway to informat-ion for faculty and students at UNIS as well asscientists at the Norwegian Polar Institute inLongyearbyen. The exact number of visitors tothe library is unknown, but a total of 238 regis-tered patrons used the library’s lending servi-ces more than once in 2000, which is a slightincrease over the 211 lenders in 1999. The totalnumber of faculty, students and staff at UNISand the Norwegian Polar Institute is about300.

The Library is generally open from 10 a.m to 4p.m each working day. One librarian works inthe Library. As the librarian is also responsiblefor set books, some filing services and publica-tion lists for annual reports, library assistanceis not always available. The Library was alsounattended due to vacation, meetings, etc for45 working days in the year. The result wassome reduction of service level offered, and asignificant decrease in Interlibrary Loans.

In 2000 lending over the counter totalled 1662loans, which is slightly less than in 1999, when1861 publications were borrowed.

The level of interlibrary loans of articles andbooks etc decreased to 990 in 2000, down fromthe 1551 registered in 1999. Libraries outsideNorway provided 91 documents in 2000, adecrease compared to the 120 documents in1999. Yet the interlibrary loan figures still com-pare favourably with much larger institutions,as the self-supply rate in the UNIS Library isvery low.

The Library lent 219 books and articles toother libraries in 2000, which is an increaseover the 173 outgoing loans in 1999. Regularsubscriptions are held for 141 periodicals, aswell as ten newspapers. The total number ofcatalogued documents/items has increasedfrom 414/10 in 1999 to 482/42 in 2000.

Due to the high turnover of patrons, oneimportant task at the Library is to brief andassist new lenders. Alas this commitment goesunregistered. Handling queries about referen-ces is another unregistered task.

For more detailed figures, see the Library’sweb site: www.unis.no/library/ under «About the UNIS Library».

The UNIS Library has been a member of thePolar Libraries Colloquy since 1996, and inJune 2000 the UNIS librarian was elected as amember of the Steering Committee of thePolar Libraries Colloquy for a two-year term(June 2000 - June 2002). The librarian hasrepresented UNIS on the BIBSYS Council since1995.

The UNIS Library with its 93 square metersis undersized. Our shelf space does notpermit us to stock the ideal selection ofbooks to support UNIS activities, and thissituation will continue to apply for someyears to come. We therefore remain verydependent on the document deliveryservices from other libraries in Norway andour colleagues in the circumpolar world.

PHOTO: TOR BREKKE «Stretching» for knowledge.

17

The StudentsAnnual Report

Being a student at UNIS is not only a uniqueexperience academically; we get to experi-ence life in the Arctic by actually living therefor an extended period of time. Thus weenjoy the best of both worlds: a small, satis-fyingly intensive study environment withlecturers at the top of their field, and a tasteof life in Longyearbyen, surrounded byglaciers and mountains, but with enough”civilization” to appeal to most city-dwellers.As students we have incredible opportunitiesto go out and see the areas around Longyear-byen and most of Spitzbergen. The studentswho accept this challenge are also anexceptional bunch: in 2000, students from 20countries, as remote as Tibet, Australia, andJapan, took courses at UNIS.

StudiesAlthough UNIS is a Norwegian institution,all classes are held in English, due to theinternational background of the student bodyand faculty. First we learn the theory, then wego out and see everything in practice on fieldwork and excursions.

The Student DemocracyThe Student Council is elected at a meetingheld each semester where all students canvote. There is a president and a vice-president (who takes over after onesemester), a representative on the UNISBoard, a treasurer, a representative for each ofthe four faculties, a representative for thegraduate students, and a representative onthe computer services council. In additionrepresentatives who are responsible for thestudents’ outdoor equipment and cabins mayattend Council meetings, but do not have avote.At least one General Meeting is held everysemester; additional meetings are held asdeemed necessary by the Council. In 2000,four General Meetings and six StudentCouncil meetings were held.

The Council discusses topics of concern to thestudents, regarding student life in general,housing, academic issues, and relations withthe administration. The Council presidentrepresents the students at the monthly execu-tive team meetings, together with the headsof the departments, a representative of thestaff, and the Director of UNIS. The studentshave a representative on the UNIS Board ofDirectors, and are thus involved in all the lar-ger decisions about UNIS, and the depart-ment representatives attend their facultyworkgroups. So students have quite a say inthe decision making, and we feel that theadministration and faculty are very receptiveto student input.We also publish a handbook for newstudents, called USSK (Unis Student SurvivalKit), and the revisions to this work are anever-ending task.

EconomyThe Student Council gets its budget fromUNIS and the Student Union in Tromsø. Wealso raise money at fund-raiser events. Themoney is spent on student welfare: we payfor students’ medical bills, maintaining andoutfitting the cabins, and repairing and sup-plementing the outdoor equipment.

Social activitiesStudents are involved in many communityactivities in Longyearbyen: the local choir, theRed Cross Auxiliary Corps, as volunteers atthe Jazz Festival, the sports club (SvalbardTurn), and countless other interests andhappenings. Last year we also hosted a lunchbuffet for the town to celebrate Norway’sNational Day.Students are very involved in the varioussports teams fielded by Svalbard Turn.During a series of sporting competitions withBarentsburg, UNIS students played animportant role in bringing exceptionalvictories to Longyearbyen. The students’sports prowess was also demonstrated at theQuadralon contest in August: one studentcame in second in the individual category,while another UNIS team secured aresounding last place, which was not so badconsidering that their kayaker had never helda paddle before.Many students go out on trips either by foot,on skis, or on snowmobiles in the spring. Assoon as the sun returns, and until it sets manymonths later, the call of nature is answered byvirtually every student to go out and see newmountains, ancient glaciers, and unspoiledvalleys. Any student who has been to UNISreturns with life-long memories of the peopleand places of the far north.

PHOTO: JORIEN ELISABETH VONK

All seasons have their charm.Students exploring nearbysurroundings in the lovely colours ofautumn.

18

Pelagiske næringsnett i ArktisEt særtrekk ved økosystemer ved høyebreddegrader er deres evne til å tåle storesesongmessige miljøvariasjoner. I den marinepelagialen i områdene rundt Svalbard reflek-teres dette først og fremst ved stor romlig ogtidsmessig variasjon i primærproduksjon.Hovedoppblomstringen av algebiomassefinner sted etter at isen har trukket seg tilbakeog vannsøylen, som følge av økt innstråling,blir vertikalt lagdelt. For å optimalisere sittenergiinntak må arktiske pelagiske gresserederfor tilpasse livssyklusen sin slik at deutviklingsstadier som er mest sensitive forvekstvilkår overlapper med denne tidsmessigbegrensede perioden med stor tilgang på mat.

I havområdene rundt Svalbard er hoved-bæreren av energi mellom primærproduk-sjonen og høyere trofiske nivåer fullstendigdominert av herbivore dyreplankton; først ogfremst to arter av copepoder: Calanus fin-marchicus og C. glacialis. Disse artene erviktige byttedyr for de fleste høyerekonsumenter i pelagialen. Begge arter ermorfologisk svært like, men deres livssyklus,generasjonstid, størrelse og energiinnhold ermarkert forskjellig. Artene assosieres ogsåmed vannmasser av forskjellig opprinnelse.C. finmarchicus er først og fremst en Atlantiskart som transporteres inn i Svalbard-områdetav Vestspitsbergenstrømmen. Med sitt laveenergi innhold i forhold til BarentshavsartenC. glacialis, er C. finmarchicus relativt sett avnoe lavere kvalitet for de fleste konsumenter.På den annen side er den i stand til å oppnålangt høyere vekstrater fordi den normalt haren mye kortere generasjonstid og vanligvisvil C. finmarchicus dominere i antall i dyre-planktonprøver tatt i områdene rundtSvalbard. Som energibærer kan det derforhende at denne arten er av størst betydning.

For å bidra til å utvide forståelsen av energi-fluksen i arktiske pelagiske økosystem harUNIS startet studier som fokuserer påballansen av disse to dominerende copepodartene. Nylige studier indikerer at Svalbardskystnære farvann byr på unike muligheterfor slike studier. I bassengvannet i terskel-fjordene på Nord- og Vest-Spitsbergen ertemperaturene stabile og svært lave. Dette giropphav til lokale polarlignende habitaterhvor C. glacialis forekommer i større mengderenn ellers. Videre studier fokuseres på betyd-ningen av fysiske og biologiske mekanismerfor å opprettholde slike romlige variasjoner iforekomster, samt betydningen disse variasjo-nene har for økosystemsstrukturen.

Andre slående trekk ved arktiske pelagiskeøkosystem er de massive oppblomstringeneav pelagiske snegler (pteropoder) og ribbe-

Arctic pelagic food web structureA key feature of high latitude ecosystems isthe ability to tune responses so thatfunctionality is maintained under highlyseasonal environments. In the marinepelagial of Svalbard waters this is reflectedby the spatial and temporal variability ofprimary production events. The maintemporal peak in algal blooming appears assea ice retreats in spring and the watercolumn becomes thermally stratified. Tooptimize their energy intake, the grazers ofArctic pelagic systems must tune their lifecycles so that their most intensive growthperiods coincide with the temporal niche ofhigh food availability.

In Svalbard waters the main energy carriersbridging primary production and highertrophic levels are dominant zooplanktongrazers: Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis.These copepods are important prey items formost higher order consumers in the pelagial.The two species are morphologically similar,yet differ in their life cycle, generation gap,size, and energy content. They are also asso-ciated with water masses of differing origin.C. finmarchicus is primarily an Atlantic spe-cies, transported into Svalbard waters by theWest-Spitsbergen current. While lower inenergy content than the Barents Sea speciesC. glacialis, C. finmarchicus is capable of fasterpopulation growth due to a much shortergeneration gap, and commonly predominatesnumerically in samples taken in Svalbardwaters.

To build an understanding of the energyturnover in Arctic pelagic ecosystems UNIShas focused on a study of the balance of thesetwo species. Recent findings suggest that thecoastal waters of Spitsbergen may provide aninteresting opportunity for this study as localpolar-like habitats in the sill fjords of westernand northern Spitsbergen can hold largepopulations of C. glacialis while other systemsare dominated by C. finmarchicus. Furtherstudies will focus on the relative importanceof biological and physical mechanisms forshaping this spatial variability in distributionand abundance.

Other striking features of Arctic pelagicecosystems are blooms of pteropods andctenophores. Such massive blooms can occuron short temporal scales and are highlyspatially variable. The processes behind theseevents are not fully understood, but they areassumed to affect the structure of pelagicfood webs greatly during – and possibly after– blooming events. In cooperation with theNorwegian Polar Research Institute and theUniversity of Tromsø, projects aimed at

Arctic Biology

Arktisk Biologi

PHOTO: BJØRN GULLIKSEN

Observation and under water photographing in multi year ice.

Observasjon og undervanns-fotografering i flerårsis.

19

PHOTO: BJØRN GULLIKSEN

gaining insight into the ecology of suchblooms are now underway.

UNIS is today a center for collaboratingscientists focusing attention on the Arcticpelagic systems from the Norwegian PolarInstitute, University of Bergen, University ofOslo, University of Tromsø, and the Institutefor Polar Ecology at Kiel. Ongoing projectsinvolve studies of community differencesover environmental gradients associated withfrontal systems north of Svalbard, sill fjordson the western coast of Spitsbergen, and spa-tial and temporal variability of open fjords(Kongsfjorden). In addition more process-oriented studies have been initiated focusingon the fate of energy. They investigate theecology of key pelagic planktivores in Arcticsystems.

maneter (ctenophorer). Slike massive opp-blomstringer oppstår gjerne i sværtbegrensede tidsperioder og med atskilliggeografisk variasjon i forekomst. Prosessenesom fører til slike hendelser er ikke fullsten-dig forstått, men en må anta at effektene ermerkbare for struktur og energiflyt i detpelagiale næringsnettet både under og etteroppblomstringene. I samarbeid medUniversitetet i Tromsø og Norsk Polarinsti-tutt er det startet opp prosjekter for å bidra tilå belyse økologien bak slike masseopp-blomstringer.

UNIS er i dag et senter for samarbeidendeinstitusjoner som arbeider med marinpelagisk økologi: Norsk Polarinstitutt,Universitetet i Bergen, Universitetet i Oslo,Universitetet i Tromsø, og institutt for polar-økologi i Kiel/Tyskland. Pågående prosjekteromfatter: studier av samfunnsforskjeller overmiljøgradienter skapt av frontsystemer nordfor Svalbard, samt i fjorder på vestkysten avSpitsbergen og romlige og tidsmessige varia-sjoner i Svalbards kystnære områder. I tillegger det startet opp mer prosessorientertestudier av energiflyt i arktiske vannmasser.

Pteropod (vingesnegl); (Limacina helicina).

Rocky bottom biotope in Kongsfjorden dominated by seaanemones(Hormathia nodosa) and bryozoans.

Hardbunnsbiotop i Kongsfjordendominert av sjøanemoner (Hormathia nodosa) og mosdyr.

PHOTO: ERLING SVENSEN

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Title: Terrestrial trophic dynamics in theCanadian Arctic.Collaborating Institutions: University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver Canada,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciencesat Umeå and Uppsala, Stockholm University,Göteborg University, Lund University,University of Joensuu Finland, , Universityof Tromsø, University of Bergen, McGillUniversity, Canada.Financing: Swedish Polar ResearchSecretariat, UNIS, various othersDuration: 1999-2001UNIS: Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir

Title: Population ecology of clonal tundraplants: impact of herbivores, climate andglaciation history.Collaborating institutions: University ofTromsø, Swedish University of AgriculturalSciences at Balsgård, University of Bergen,University of Wyoming USA. Financing: Swedish Polar ResearchSecretariat, UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir

Title: Effect of climate warming on tundravegetation, The International TundraExperiment – ITEX Collaborating Institutions: AgriculturalResearch Institute, Iceland, GöteborgUniversityFinancing: Icelandic Science Foundation,Agricultural Res. Inst., Stiftelsen KonungCarl XVI Gustafs 50-årsfond, UNIS.Duration: 1994-2003UNIS: Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir

Title: Adaptive models for zooplanktonbehaviourCollaborating institutions: CNR-RomaFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2000UNIS: Ketil Eiane

Title: Dynamics of Calanus populationsunder differing predation regimesCollaborating institutions: SIO-UCSD, St.Andrews University, University of BergenFinancing: UNIS, SIO-UCSD, University ofBergenDuration: 1997-2000UNIS: Ketil Eiane

Title: Population dynamics of zooplanktonin the North SeaCollaborating institutions: SIO-UCSD,University of BergenFinancing: UNISDuration: 1997-2000UNIS: Ketil Eiane

Title: Distribution of zooplankton in relationto biophysical gradients associated withfrontal systems.Collaborating institutions: IPÖ/GermanyFinancing: UNISDuration: 2000-2001UNIS: Ketil Eiane

Title: Population dynamics of Calanus spp. inenvironmental gradients in Arctic fjordsCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenFinancing: UNIS/UiBDuration: 2000-2002UNIS: Ketil Eiane

Title: Zooplankton communities underdiffering advective influence in coastal areason SvalbardCollaborating institutions: NP/NorwayFinancing: UNIS/NPDuration: 2000-2002UNIS: Ketil Eiane

Title: Arctic fjords. An ecosystem approach. Collaborating institutions: University ofCape TownFinancing: UNIS, UCTDuration: 2001UNIS: Ole Jørgen Lønne

Title: Image analysis techniques inquantitative marine benthic ecologyCollaborating institutions: University ofTromsøFinancing: UNISDuration: 1997-2001UNIS: Ole Jørgen Lønne

Title: The role of plant-herbivore-parasiteinteractions in the regulation of Svalbardreindeer.Collaborating institutions: Center ofecology and hydrology (CEH) Scotland,University of Oslo, Norwegian College ofVeterinary medicine Financing: UNIS/CEHDuration: 1996-2002UNIS: Rolf Langvatn

Title: Population biology of red deer, - environmental effects and demographicprocesses.Collaborating institutions: University ofOslo Financing: UNIS/UiO/NFRDuration: 2000-2003UNIS: Rolf Langvatn

Title: Diversity and nitrogen fixation ofcyanobacterial communities in terrestrialArctic ecosystemsCollaboartion institutions: University ofTromsøFinancing: UNIS, University of TromsøDuaration: 2000-2004UNIS: Rolf A. Olsen, Matthias Zielke

Research Projects

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PHOTO: ERLING SVENSEN

Cand. scient. graduates 2000Title: The effect of cadmium pollution on anarctic population of Mya truncata (Bivalvia):A study of metal turnover and stressresponseCollaborating institutions: University ofStockholmStudent: Beatrice CronaSupervisors: Ole Jørgen Lønne, UNIS,Michael Tedengren, Stockhom UniversityFinished: Spring 2000

Title: The incidence of infectious nematodlarvae in reindeer stomachs - intestines in anannual cycleCollaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Glenn Roar BergeSupervisors: Rolf Langvatn, UNIS, OddHalvorsen, UiOFinished: Spring 2000

Title: Population structure of theautochthonous sympagic amphipodsGammarus wilkitzkii and Apherusa glacialisin selected categories of sea-ice.Collaborating institutions: University ofBerlinStudent: Frank BeuchelSupervisors: Ole Jørgen Lønne, UNIS, Peter Götz, Freie Universität BerlinFinished: Spring 2000

Title: Forage selection of vascular plants indifferent spatial and temporal scales bySvalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandusplatyrhynchus Vrolik).Collaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Yvonne HalleSupervisors: Rolf Langvatn, UNIS, ChristinaSkarpe, NINA, Ivar Mysterud, UiOFinished: Spring 2000

Title: Systematic structure, reproductivesystems and evolution of Arctic PotentillaCollaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Elin HamreSupervisors: Sigmund Spjelkavik, UNIS,Inger Nordal, UiO, Reidar Elven, UiOFinished: Autumn 2000

Title: Possible hybride origins of Poa hartziiand Poa arctica ssp. Caespitans in Svalbard(Poaceae) investigated by morphology andisoenzymesCollaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Jørild Haugen Supervisors: Sigmund Spjelkavik, UNIS,Reidar Elven, UiO, Inger Nordal, Liv BorgenUiOFinished: Autumn 2000

Title: A test of the hybrid origin of Puccip-hippsia vacillans (Poaceae) in Svalbard, by useof enzymatic, morphological and cytologicaldataCollaborating institutions: University of

OsloStudent: Nanna Winger Steen Supervisors: Sigmund Spjelkavik, UNIS,Reidar Elven, UiO, Inger Nordal, Liv BorgenUiOFinished: Autumn 2000

Cand. scient. students 2000Title: Variations in Draba arctica s.sl.onSvalbard Collaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Bård Andersen Supervisors: Sigmund Spjelkavik, UNIS,Reidar Elven, UiO, Inger Nordal, Liv BorgenUiO

Title: PCB levels in white whales fromSvalbardCollaborating institutions: NorwegianUniversity of Science and TechnologyStudent: Gro AndersenSupervisors: Kit Kovacs, NP, Christian Lyd-ersen, NP, Bjørn Munroe Jensen, NTNU

Title: Diet analysis of harbour seals in thePrins Karls Forland area of SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofCopenhagenStudent: Signe May AndersenSupervisors: Kit Kovacs, NP, Per Rosenkilde, University of Copenhagen

Title: Marine soft-bed communities alongenvironmental gradients in KongsfjordenCollaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Tormod Glette HansenSupervisors: Ole J. Lønne, UNIS, John S. Gray, UiO

Title: Snøspurvens (Plectrophenax nivalis)reproduksjonsbiologi på Svalbard.Delprosjekt 2: Hannlig variasjon i fjærdraktog reproduktiv suksessCollaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Morten IngebrigtsenSupervisors: Yngve Espmark, NTNU ArneMoksnes, NTNU, Rolf Langvatn, UNIS

Title: On the structure of benthic soft-bottommacrofauna at Jan Mayen; A comparison ofdata retrived by Van Veen grab samples andvideo recording using ROVCollaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Trine MolandSupervisors: Torleiv Brattegard, UiB, Ole Jørgen Lønne, UNIS

Title: Effekt av tetthetsavhengig ressurs-begrensning på Svalbardreinens (Rangifereitarandus platyrhynchus) demografiCollaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Snorre HenriksenSupervisors: Bernt-Erik Sæter, NTNU,Ronny Aanes, NP, Rolf Langvatn, UNIS

Ctenophora (ribbemanet); Mertencia ovum.

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Title: Effect of day length on spatial and tem-poral patterns of behaviour og Svalbard rein-deer (Rangiferei tarandus platyrhynchus)Collaborating institutions: Fredrich-SchillerUniversity - JenaStudent: Elke LindnerSupervisors: Rolf Langvatn, UNIS, StefanHalle, Jena

Title: Analysis of succession of a rockybottom community in SmeerenburgfjordenCollaborating institutions: Fredrich-SchillerUniversität - JenaStudent: Ulrike BartkeSupervisors: Ole Jørgen Lønne, UNIS, BjørnGulliksen, UNIS, Winfried Voigt, Jena

Title: Distribution of zooplankton in relationto biophysical gradient associated withfrontal systemsStudent: Malin DaaseSupervisors: Ketil Eiane, UNIS, MichaelSpindler, Christian Albrecht University inKiel

Title: Food-preferences of sympagicamphipods from arctic iceCollaborating institutions: Univ. i HamburgStudent: Caroline ArndtSupervisors: Ole Jørgen Lønne, UNIS,Angelika Brandt., Univ. i Hamburg

Title: A comparison of different benthictechniques (underwater photographs, video-recording and handpicking) in Isfjorden,SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofTromsøStudent: Tor Magne HoemSupervisors: Ole Jørgen Lønne, UNIS, BjørnGulliksen, UiT

Title: Mate guarding and song activity inmales of snow buntling (plectophenax niva-lis) on Svalbard in relation to their parentalinvestment.Collaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Marie LierSupervisors: Rolf Langvatn, UNIS, YngveEspmark, NTNU, Arne Moksnes, NTNU

Marine biology students get hands-on experience while doingidentifying work on live organisms.

Marinbiologstudenter får praktisk erfaring under identifikasjons-arbeid.

PHOTO: ESPEN VANG

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The geological research vision for the period1999-2003 as presented in the 1998 issue ofthe UNIS Annual Report is still the back-ground for both tuition and research withinthe Department of Geology. In total, thedepartment offers 12 courses: four at the 200level and eight at the 300 level. The 200-levelcourses making up the one-year studyprogram (60 ECTS, or 20 Norwegian credits)were offered in their present form for theseventh time. We have continued to worktowards greater consistency in the 300-levelcourses and to strengthen a theoretical profilematching ongoing research activities. Eight300-level courses, of 2-5 weeks duration, arenow offered for masters and doctoralcandidates totalling 54 ECTS (18 credits).New in 2000 was AG-309 Quaternary ClimateRecords and Climate Models. The overall focusof this course is to understand past changesin the Earth system by comparing coupledEarth-Atmosphere models with palaeodata ofvarious types.

Our academic staff numbers four full-timefaculty and three secondary positions. Avacant position in Geology was filled duringthe autumn by professor Olafur Ingólfsson,who specialises in Quaternary Geology.

The Department has wide professionalcompetence, but guest lecturers remain avital resource for implementation of ourextensive range of courses. The guestlecturers are also regular partners in ourongoing scientific projects. This helps buildcommitment and improves the predictabilityand continuity of the teaching, and is also ofgreat value to students who meet at closehand examples of the research conducted onSvalbard and elsewhere in the Arctic.

The staff at the Department of Geology wereactively engaged in several research projectsduring 2000. A number of projects werecontinued from the previous year and severalnew projects were initiated during the year,as can be seen from the list in this report aswell as from supplementary information nowavailable on the Internet. A few examples ofongoing research initiatives at theDepartment are outlined briefly below.

One research project makes use of automaticdigital cameras to investigate snow covervariations in the landscape aroundLongyearbyen. The extensive mountainplateaus around Longyearbyen act as sourceareas for drifting snow during the winter.This redistribution of precipitation hasregional significance for many phenomenasuch as avalanche activity and glacier massbalance. On a more local scale, however, the

Den geologiske forskningsvisjonen forperioden 1999-2003 slik den er presentert i1998-utgaven av UNIS Årsrapport dannerfremdeles bakgrunnen for såvel undervisningsom forskning ved geologiavdelingen. Alt ialt tilbyr avdelingen 12 kurs: fire på 200-nivået og åtte på 300-nivået. Kursene på 200-nivået som utgjør det ettårige (60 ECT eller 20vekttall) studiet, ble tilbudt i sin nåværendeform for sjuende gang. Vi arbeider fortsatt forå oppnå større konsistens i kursene på 300-nivået samt å styrke en teoretisk profil sommatcher pågående forskningsvirksomhet.Åtte kurs på 300-nivået (2-5 uker) blir nåtilbudt hovedfags- og doktorgradskandidaterog med i alt 54 ECT eller 18 vekttall. Nytt i2000 var AG-309 Quaternary Climate Recordsand Climate Models. Dette kurset fokusererhovedsakelig på å forstå tidligereforandringer i jordens system ved å sammen-ligne koplede jord-atmosfære-modeller medpalaeodata av ulike typer.

Vår akademiske stab teller fire heltidsansatteog tre sekundære stillinger. En ledig stilling igeologi ble besatt i løpet av høsten medprofessor Olafur Ingólfsson, som spesialisererseg på kvartær geologi.

Avdelingen har bred faglig kompetanse, mengjesteforelesere er fremdeles en viktig ressursfor gjennomføring av vårt omfattende kurs-tilbud. Gjesteforeleserne er også ofte med påvåre løpende vitenskapelige prosjekter. Dettebidrar til å utvikle engasjement og gir bedreforutsigbarhet og kontinuitet i forskningen,og er også av stor verdi for studenter som pånært hold møter eksempler på den forskningsom blir utført på Svalbard og andre steder iArktis.

Staben i geologiavdelingen var aktivtengasjert i flere forskningsprosjekter i 2000.En rekke prosjekter ble videreført fra året før,og flere nye prosjekter ble igangsatt i løpet avåret, som man kan se av oversikten i dennerapporten samt ut fra tilleggsinformasjon somnå er tilgjengelig på internett. Noen fåeksempler på pågående forskningsprosjekteri avdelingen er kort beskrevet nedenfor.

I ett av forskningsprosjektene benyttes auto-matiske digitale kameraer for å undersøkevariasjoner i snødekket i landskapet rundtLongyearbyen. De store fjellplatåene rundtLongyearbyen fungerer som kildeområder forsnødriv om vinteren. Denne omfordelingenav nedbør har regional betydning for mangefenomener som for eksempel skredaktivitetog massebalanse i breene. I en mer lokalmålestokk er imidlertid snødekkets tykkelseviktig for bakketemperaturen på grunn avden isolerende virkningen, noe som dermed

Arctic Geology

Arktisk Geologi

Breinosa (782 m asl.) and the glacierFoxfonna seen from the north, acrossAdventdalen. The Little Ice Agemaximum extent of the glacier ismarked with a 20-30 m high ice-cored moraine in the central part ofthe picture, while a debris-coveredoutletglacier still slowly advances inthe valley seen in the lower rightpart of the picture.

Breinosa (782 m.o.h) og isbreenFoxfonna sett nordfra, over Advent-dalen. Breens maksimale utstrekningi den lille istid er markert med en 20-30 meter høy morene mediskjerne i midten av bilde, mens ensedimentdekket dalbre fremdelesbeveger seg langsomt fremover idalen man ser i nederste høyre del avbildet.

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thickness of the snow cover is important forground temperatures due to the insulatingeffect, thereby influencing temperature andthickness of permafrost in the region. Alsothe vegetation cover is influenced by thethickness and duration of the snow cover,both during winter when the snow coverprotects from physical wind abrasion andlow temperatures, and during the growingseason when surviving snow patches act aswater reservoirs. A modelling researchinitiative (snow cover, permafrost thickness,active layer, growing degree days, etc.) isbeing carried out which relies closely onresults derived from this field-based project.

Based on a series of case studies of themoraines of temperate glaciers in Norway, anallostratigraphic model is suggested as aconceptual guide for the field analysis of ice-contact deposits based on outcrop sections aswell as seismic or ground-penetrating radarprofiles. Allostratigraphic mapping of theinternal facies architecture of marinemoraines reveals the development history ofice-contact sedimentary systems. The newmethod for a high-resolution analysis of thedynamic stratigraphy of moraines providesimportant information on the ice-frontbehaviour, glacier dynamics, and regionalclimatic conditions.

A third research initiative addresses theclimatic, palaeoclimatic and geomorphicsignificance of rock glaciers, which arewidespread on Svalbard. Active rock glaciersare present in many cold-climate mountainregions and are often seen as characteristic ofcontinental environments and as importantagents in many cold-climate high-reliefregions. It is the aim of this project tocontribute towards our knowledge of thetypical rock glacier climate by collectinggeomorphological and meteorologicalobservations from sites with active rockglaciers on Svalbard. The palaeoclimatic

påvirker temperaturen og tykkelsen påpermafrosten i regionen. Dessuten er plante-dekket påvirket av snødekkets tykkelse ogvarighet, både om vinteren når snødekketbeskytter mot fysisk vindabrasjon og lavtemperatur, og i vekstsesongen når snøflekkersom blir liggende fungerer som vannreservo-arer. Et modelleringsforskningsprosjekt (snø-dekke, permafrosttykkelse, aktivt lag, vekst-graddager osv.) blir utført i nært samarbeidmed resultater fra dette feltbaserte prosjektet.

På grunnlag av en rekke case-studier avmorener fra tempererte isbreer i Norge,foreslås en allostratigrafisk modell som enkonseptuell veiledning for feltanalysen aviskontaktavleiringer basert på utløper-seksjoner samt seismiske eller bakkepene-trerende radarprofiler. Allostratigrafiskkartlegging av marine moreners internefaciesarkitektur avslører utviklingshistorientil iskontaktsedimentære systemer. Den nyemetoden for en høyoppløsningsanalyse avden dynamiske stratigrafien av morener girviktig informasjon om isfrontens atferd, bre-dynamikk og regionale klimaforhold.

Et tredje forskningsprosjekt tar for seg denklimatiske, palaeoklimatiske og geomor-fogiske betydningen av steinbreer, som erutbredt på Svalbard. Aktive steinbreer finnes imange fjellområder med kaldt klima ogbetraktes ofte som karakteristiske forkontinentale miljøer og som viktige agenter imange områder med kaldt klima og høyerelieffer. Målet med dette prosjektet er å bidratil kunnskap om det typiske steinbreklimaetved å samle geomorfologiske og meteoro-logiske observasjoner fra steder med aktivesteinbreer på Svalbard. Den palaeoklimatiskebetydningen av steinbreer undersøkes vedhjelp av C14-datering og oksygenisotop-analyse på isprøver fra isemner i enkeltesteinbreer. Dessuten blir oksygenisotopstrati-grafien fra iskiler benyttet som et middel til åskaffe palaeoklimatisk informasjon om tids-

Calculated stble permafrost thicknessin the area around Longyearbyen,based on one year of metorologicalobservations 1999. 08.20 –2000.08.19 The 3D models is seenlooking southwest, with Longyerbyenand UNIS located in the lower part ofthe valley, near the bottom corner.April 2000.

Beregnet stabil permafrosttykkelse iområdet rundt Longyearbyen, basertpå meteorologiske observasjoner20.02.1999-19.08.2000. Den tredi-mensjonale modellen er sett mot sør-vest, og Longyearbyen (og UNIS) lig-ger i nedre del av dalen som strekkerseg mot det nederste hjørnet. April2000.

Examples of imagery of lowerLongyeardalen and Adventdalenvalleys, as recorded by one of theautomatic digital cmeras. Viewed loking east.

Eksempler på bilder fra nedreLongyeardalen og Adventdalenregistrert av ett av de automatiskedigitale kameraene. Sett mot øst.

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significance of rock glaciers is investigated bymeans of 14C-dating and oxygen isotopeanalysis on ice samples from ice bodies withinthe individual rock glaciers. Also oxygenisotope stratigraphy from ice wedges is beingexploited as a means of obtaining palaeo-climatic information on the timing of perma-frost establishment at low altitudes.

UNIS is a partner in the EU project “Perma-frost and climate in Europe: Climate change,mountain permafrost degradation andgeotechnical hazard” (PACE). In connectionwith this international research initiative,UNIS has established a meteorological stationat Janssonhaugen in upper Adventdalen,where one of the PACE permafrost boreholesis located. It provides information on modernmeteorology at the borehole site.

punktet for permafrostens etablering i lav-landet.

UNIS er en samarbeidspartner i EU-prosjektet”Permafrost and climate in Europe: Climatechange, Mountain permafrost degradationand geotechnical hazard – PACE (”Permafrostog klima i Europa: Klimaendring, nedbrytingav permafrosten i fjellet og geoteknisk fare –PACE)”. I tilknytning til dette internasjonaleforskningsprosjektet har UNIS opprettet enmeteorologisk stasjon på Janssonhaugen iøvre Adventdalen hvor et av PACE-bore-hullene i permafrosten ligger, for å skaffeinformasjon om moderne meteorologi påborestedet.

Title: Norwegian Ocean Climate Project(NOClim)Collaborating institution: University ogBergen, University of Tromsø, NorwegianMeteorological Institute, Nansen Environ-mental and Remote Sensing Centre,Norwegian Polar InstituteFinancing: Norwegian Science FoundationDuration: 2000-2003UNIS: Trond Dokken

Title: International Marine Global ChangeStudy (IMAGES)Collaborating institution: Several nationsFinancing: Norwegian Science Foundationfinancing the Norwegian membershipDuration: 2000UNIS: Trond Dokken

Title: Rapid climatic changes detected fromthe sedimentary record in the Nordic Seasand the North AtlanticCollaborating institutions: Laboratoire desSciences du Climat de l’Environment,CNRS/CEA, Gif sur Yvette, France; Dept. ofGeology, Univ. of BergenFinancing: The Research Council of NorwayDuration: 1999-2000UNIS: Trond Dokken

Title: Brine generation and deep waterformation in the Barents Sea (Storfjorden andadjacent slope) – present and pastCollaborating institutions: Dept. ofGeophysics, University of Bergen, Dept. ofGeology,University of Bergen.Financing: UNIS, University of BergenDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Trond Dokken

Title: Mapping snow cover duration,avalanches and other geomorphic processesby automatic digital cameras, Longyearda-len, SvalbardFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: Monitoring surface climate and activelayer temperatures in various landformsaround Longyearbyen, SvalbardFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Research Projects

An allostratigraphic model suggested for field analysis of ice-contact deposits in a marineenvironment.

En allostratigrafisk modell som foreslås for feltanalyse av iskontaktavleiringer i et marintmiljø.

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Title: Isotopic composition of modernprecipitation in Longyearbyen, SvalbardCollaborating institutions: Niels BohrInstitute, University of CopenhagenFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: Permafrost and climate in Europe:Climate change, Mountain permafrostdegradation and geotechnical hazard (PACE) Collaborating institutions: GeographicalInstitute, University of Oslo; Federal Instituteof Technology, ZürichFinancing: EU, UNISDuration: 1998-2000UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: Modelling energy balance, surfacetemperatures, active layer depth andpermafrost thickness around Longyeardalen,SvalbardFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: Monitoring surface climate and activelayer temperatures in various landformsaround Longyearbyen, SvalbardFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: The climatic and palaeoclimaticsignificance of rock glaciersFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: Holocene geomorphic activity in coastalGreenland at glacier equilibrium line altitudesCollaborating institutions: University ofCopenhagen, Arctic Station (Greenland)Financing: Danish Natural Science ResearchCouncilDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: Linking land and sea at the faroeislands: Mapping and understanding northatlantic changes (LINK)Collaborating institutions: University ofLund, University of Copenhagen, GeologicalSurvey of Denmark and Greenland, FaroeseMuseum of Natural History, University ofSt.Andrews (Scotland)Financing: Danish Natural Science ResearchCouncilDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ole Humlum

Title: Holocene glacial and climate history ofAlexander Island, AntarcticaCollaborating institution: GöteborgUniversity, Lund UniversityFinancing: Swedish Natural Sciences ResearchCouncilDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ólafur Ingólfsson

Title: Late Quaternary glaciations of the KaraSea area, Yamal and Yugorski Peninsulas,western Siberia. Collaborating institution: GöteborgUniversity (Sweden), University of Illinois atChicago (USA), Earth Cryosphere Institute(Russia).Financing: Swedish Natural SciencesResearch CouncilDuration: 1998-2002UNIS: Ólafur Ingólfsson

Title: Reconstructing late Pleistocene historyof Arctic coastal zone, based on origin ofmassive ground ice.Collaborating institution: Earth CryosphereInstitute, Moscow, Russia.Financing: Swedish Natural SciencesResearch CouncilDuration: 1998-2001UNIS: Ólafur Ingólfsson

Title: Late Quaternary glacial history of theBarents Sea ice sheet. Collaborating institution: GöteborgUniversity (Sweden), Norwegian AcriculturalUniversity (Ås), University of Illinois atChicago (USA).Financing: Swedish Natural SciencesResearch Council, UNISDuration: 2000-2003UNIS: Ólafur Ingólfsson

Title: Late Quaternary glacial history ofSevernaya Zemlya, Arctic RussiaCollaborating institution: GöteborgUniversity, Lund University (Sweden),Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research,University of Illinois at Chicago (USA)Financing: Swedish Natural SciencesResearch Council, Swedish Polar ResearchSecretariat, National Science Foundation(USA), UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Ólafur Ingólfsson

Title: Hans Tavsen ice cap project. Glacierand climate change research, NorthGreenlandCollaborating institutions: GeologicalSurvey of Denmark and Greenland,University of Copenhagen, University ofLund, University of IcelandFinancing Nordic Council of MinistersEnvironmental Research ProgrammeDuration: 1993-2000UNIS: Jon Landvik

Title: Deflation and related sedimenttransport in Adventdalen, SvalbardFinancing: UNISDuration: 1997-2000UNIS: Jon Landvik

Title: Past climates of the Norwegian region(NORPAST)Collaborating institutions: Norwegian PolarInstitute, Washington State Univer- sity,University of Iceland, Geological Survey of

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Norway, University of Bergen, University ofTromsø, Norwegian Meteorological Institute.Financing: The Norwegian ResearchCouncil, UNISDuration: 1999-2002 UNIS: Jon Landvik

Title: Pollution and rapid climatic changes inthe Arctic as recorded by lake sedimen- taryarchives (POLARCLIM).Collaborating institutions: University ofBergen, University of Umeå, University ofHelsinki, University of Copenhagen.Financing: Nordic Council of Ministers:Nordic Arctic Research Programme (NARP).Duration: 1999-2001UNIS: Jon Landvik

Title: Sediment transport during and afterthe last deglaciation and its effect on thedevelopment of a high-arctic arid landscape,Svalbard Collaborating institutions: University ofBergenFinancing: UNISDuration: 1997-2003UNIS: Ida Lønne

Title: The dynamics of marine glaciertermini as read from moraine architectureCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-2003UNIS: Ida Lønne

Title: Sea level control on turbiditeaccumulations, the Battfjellet formationCollaborating institution: University ogBergen, University of WyomingFinancing: WOLF-consortiumDuration: 1995-2003UNIS: Ronald Steel

Cand. scient. graduates 2000Title: Indre strukturer i utvalgte steinbreerpå SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Morgan WåleSupervisors: Knut Sand, UNIS, JohanLudvig Sollid, UiOFinished: Spring 2000

Title: The sedimentation pattern of lastdeglaciation and postglacial phase in a high-Arctic valley: Endalen, SpitsbergenCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Stian SoltvedtSupervisors: Ida Lønne, UNIS, WojtekNemec, UiBFinished: Spring 2000

Title: Abrupte nedkjølinger under sistedeglasiasjon i de nordiske hav

Collaborating institutions: University ofTromsøStudent: Trond Henrik Lie-AndreassenSupervisors: Morten Hald, UiTø, TrondDokken, UNISFinished: Autumn 2000

Cand. scient. students 2000Title: Stratigraphy and sedimentaryenvironments during the Jurassic-Cretaceoustransition on Spitsbergen, based uponforaminiferCollaborating institutions: University ofOslo. Student: Birgitte BrattebøSupervisors: Jenø Nagy

Title: Utvikling av dreneringskanaler på ensubpolar bre, Drønbreen, SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Odd Harald HansenSupervisors: Stein-Erik Lauritsen, UiB, JonOve Hagen, UiO, Ole Humlum, UNIS

Title: Mapping of quarternary geology at theglacier front of DrønbreenCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Martin BergSupervisors: Ole Humlum, UNIS, AtleNesje, UiB

Title: Ice wedges as a palaeoclimaticindicator in Adventdalen, SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofCopenhagenStudent: Jon Willaing JeppesenSupervisors: Ole Humlum, UNIS, Hanne H.Christiansen, University of Copenhagen)

Title: Ugledalen rock glacier response onHolocene climatic variations, SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofCopenhagenStudent: Sisse KorsgaardSupervisors: Ole Humlum, UNIS, Hanne H.Christiansen, University of Copenhagen

Title: Influence of the snowpack onvegetation and active layer thickness,Adventdalen, SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofCopenhagenStudent: Mette OhtSupervisors: Ole Humlum, UNIS, Hanne H.Christiansen, University of Copenhagen

Title: Bredynamikk og surge på Bjuvbreen,Kjellstrømdalen, SvalbardCollaborating institutions: UiOStudent: Sofia Anna ÅsbergSupervisors: Ole Humlum, UNIS, Jon OveHagen, UiO

PHOTO: ENDRE GJERMUNDSEN

Masters degree students at the Depart-ment of Geology worked on a range ofissues related to active layer develop-ment, permafrost, ice wedges, relationsbetween rock glaciers and debriscoveredglaciers, glacial geomorpho.ogy at asurge-type glacier,englacial drainagesystems in polythermal glaciers, and thedynamics of a surge-type glacier.

Hovedfagsstudenter ved geologiav-delingen har jobbet med ulike spørsmålknyttet til utviklingen av aktive lag,permafrost, iskiler, forholdet mellomsteinbreer og sedimentdekkede dalbreer,bre-geomorfologi på en surgende isbre,englasiale dreneringssystemer ipolytermiske isbreer og dynamikken i ensurgende isbre.

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TeachingArctic Geophysics considers four main fields:Oceanography, Meteorology, Middle Atmos-phere (Mesosphere) and Upper Atmosphere(Stratosphere).The teaching spans over a huge vertical rangefrom the depths of the ocean through theentire atmospheric column to the solar windsof outer space. The emphasis is on geo-physical phenomena in polar regions withimplications for global currents in the oceanand atmosphere and for radiation processes inthe atmosphere. These issues are all pertinentin connection with the concerns people haveregarding the environment and climaticchange.Geophysics currently offers ten differentcourses. The faculty remained unchangedexcept for the position in upper atmospherestudies: Jøran Moen was offered a full timeprofessorship at the University of Oslo and isnow an associate professor at UNIS. TheDepartment graduated four masters studentsand supported three doctoral dissertations.

ResearchUNIS is an active participant in NorthernLights research on Svalbard, not least as weare responsible for day-to-day operation andmaintenance of the Aurora Station in Advent-dalen. This station offers a platform for rese-arch and teaching activities. The main focus ison plasma processes in the polar cleft basedon multi-instrumental observation techniques(radar, optical, geomagnetic, rocket andsatellite measurements). The GeophysicsDepartment has been actively involved inseveral rocket and radar campaigns. We arealso deeply involved in operations and use ofthe EISCAT radar located close to Mine 7 inAdventdalen.

UNIS is busy doing quality assurance on themeasurements and continuing readings oftemperature in the upper parts of the middleatmosphere (mesosphere), in association withthe Geophysical Institute in Fairbanks,Alaska. These readings commenced at theAurora Station in 1978 and are held to beextremely important for our understanding ofthe ways the upper and middle atmosphereinteract. In this connection we actively usedata from the SOUSY radar at the base ofMine 7.

In recent years a new generation of spectralimagers has been developed at UNIS. Theseinstruments detect spectral signatures of anytarget at high spectral and spatial resolution.Two of the units are now deployed by theFishery Institute in Tromsø and the Instituteof Physics in Lhasa, Tibet. UNIS hasconducted several airborne campaigns toidentify possible applications. The classi-

UndervisningArktisk geofysikk har fire hovedretninger:oceanografi, meteorologi, midtre og øvreatmosfære.

Undervisningen strekker seg over et vertikaltområde fra havets dyp, gjennom hele atmo-sfæresøylen til solvindene i det ytre rom. Detlegges vekt på geofysiske fenomener i polar-områdene med konsekvenser for globalehavstrømmer og luftstrømmer samtstrålingsprosesser i atmosfæren. Alle dissetemaene er aktuelle i forbindelse med spørs-mål om miljø- og klimaforandringer.

Geofysikk tilbyr for tiden ti ulike kurs.Staben er uendret med unntak av stillingensom gjelder den øvre atmosfæren. JøranMoen ble tilbudt en heltids professorstillingved Universitetet i Oslo. Han er nå professorII ved UNIS. Avdelingen har i 2000 uteksami-nert 4 hovedfagsstudenter og støttet 3doktorgrader.

ForskningUNIS er en aktiv deltaker i nordlysforsk-ningen på Svalbard, ikke minst fordi vi eransvarlig for daglig drift og vedlikehold avNordlysstasjonen i Adventdalen. Stasjonener en plattform for såvel forsknings- somundervisningsvirksomhet. Den ser hoved-sakelig på plasmaprosesser i polarkløftenbasert på multi-instrumentelle observasjons-metoder (radar-, optiske, geomagnetiske,rakett- og satellittmålinger). Geofysikkav-delingen har vært aktivt engasjert i flererakett- og radarmålinger. Vi er også dyptinvolvert i drift og bruk av EISCAT-radarensom ligger ved gruve 7 i Adventdalen.

UNIS er opptatt av å kvalitetssikre måling-ene, og videreføre temperaturmålinger i øvreog midtre del av atmosfæren (mesosfæren), isamarbeid med Geofysisk Institutt iFairbanks, Alaska. Disse målingene tok tilved Nordlysstasjonen i 1978 og anses for åvære svært viktige for vår forståelse avsamspillet mellom øvre og midtre atmosfære.I denne forbindelse bruker vi aktivt data fraSOUSY-radaren ved foten av gruve 7-fjellet.

De siste årene er det utviklet en nygenerasjon bildespektrografer ved UNIS.Disse instrumentene oppdager spektralsigna-turene til ethvert mål med høy spektral ogromlig oppløsning. To av disse instrumen-tene er nå i bruk ved Fiskeriforskning iTromsø og ved Fysikkinstituttet i Lhasa,Tibet. UNIS har gjennomført flere flymå-linger for å finne frem til mulige anvendelser.Klassifiseringen av is, smeltevann, vegetasjonosv. er bare noen av de mange mulige anven-delsene.

Arctic Geophysics

Arktisk Geofysikk

29

fication of ice, melt water, vegetation etc arejust a few of the potential uses.At the Aurora Station another task is todevelop techniques for monitoring stratos-pheric ozone in the long winter night usingstarlight from Vega in particular. The goal isto implement measurements during periodswhen the sun and moon have set, not simplywhen they are up. The instrument, a starspectrograph, has been upgraded with a newdetector, which enabled us to sample stellarradiation much faster than previously. As aresult, we now derive the ozone levelsdirectly without any form of extended startracking.

In the project designated “EnvironmentalResearch in Tibet”, two new and improvedinstruments to record UV radiation andvisible radiation in five different channelsand a new imaging spectrometer wereinstalled on the roof of the Institute ofPhysics, University of Tibet. Two Tibetianstudents started their studies for a mastersdegree in Atmospheric Physics at UNIS. Theywill use the data that we collect in Lhasa intheir work for their masters thesis. Calibrat-ion of the Tibetan instruments has beenconducted using instruments from UNIS.Our aim is to build and secure long timeseries in order to detect possible trends in thestratospheric ozone concentration forcomparison with the corresponding UV doseat ground level at both sites. An associatedexperiment was also initiated to study theprotective properties of clothing under theextreme UV doses experienced in Tibet.

Two doctoral candidates worked on issuesrelated to snow drift and drift formationaround buildings and snow accumulation inrelation to topographical features. This wasthe last season of field work. One of thestudents, Thomas Thiis, defended hisdoctoral thesis in October. Another doctoralcandidate is working on questions of soundpropagation in the atmosphere underdifferent atmospheric conditions. He has nowfinished his project and the degree dissertat-ion will be held at UNIS in March 2001.

Three master of science students havestudied climatic changes and variations ofmass balance on glaciers in Iceland over thepast 100 years, based on distribution of ash-layers in glaciers and on variations in thepattern of atmospheric circulation. This ispart of a partnership program with theUniversity of Iceland and MeteorologicalInstitute of Iceland.

UNIS is a contributing partner in the EUproject known as VEINS: «Variability ofExchange in the Nordic Seas». It looks at the

Ved Nordlysstasjonen er en annen oppgave åutvikle metoder for å overvåke ozonnivået istratosfæren gjennom den lange vinternatten,spesielt ved bruk av stjernelys fra Vega. Måleter å gjennomføre målinger til andre tidspunk-ter etter at solen og månen har gått ned, ikkebare når de er oppe. Instrumentet, en stjerne-spektrograf, er oppgradert med en ny detek-tor, som setter oss i stand til å ta prøver avstjernestrålingen mye raskere enn før. Somfølge av dette avleder vi nå ozonnivåenedirekte uten noen form for utvidet stjerne-sporing.

I prosjektet kalt ”Miljøforskning i Tibet” ble tonye og bedre instrumenter som skal registrereUV-stråling og synlig stråling i 5 ulike kanalerog et nytt bildespektrometer installert påtaket til Fysikkinstituttet ved Tibet University.To tibetanske studenter begynte sine hoved-fagsstudier i atmosfærisk fysikk ved UNIS.De vil bruke dataene vi samlet inn i Lhasa isitt arbeid med hovedfagsoppgaven. Kali-brering av de tibetanske instrumentene ergjennomført ved bruk av instrumenter fraUNIS. Målet vårt er å utvikle og sikre langetidsserier for å finne mulige trender iozonkonsentrasjonen i stratosfæren ogsammenligne den med tilsvarende UV-dosepå bakkenivå på de to stedene. Som enbieffekt er det satt i gang et eksperiment for åstudere klærs beskyttende egenskaper motekstremt høye UV-doser i Tibet.

To doktorgradstudenter har jobbet medspørsmål knyttet til snødriv og snøfonn-dannelse rundt bygninger og snøakku-mulering i forhold til topografiske trekk.Dette var siste sesong med feltarbeid. En avstudentene, Thomas Thiis, forsvarte sindoktoravhandling i oktober. En doktorgrad-student arbeider med lydforplantning iatmosfæren under ulike atmosfæriske for-hold. Han har nå avsluttet dette prosjektet, ogdoktordisputasen vil finne sted ved UNIS imars 2001.

Tre cand.scient-studenter har studert klima-forandringer og variasjoner i massebalanse påisbreene i Island de siste 100 år, basert påfordelingen av askelag i isbreer og på varia-sjoner i mønsteret i den atmosfæriske sirkula-sjonen, som er en del av samarbeidet medUniversitetet i Island og MeteorologiskInstitutt i Island.

UNIS er en av deltakerne i EU-prosjektet somkalles VEINS (står for ”Variability ofExchange in the Nordic Seas”). Prosjektet tarfor seg sesongmessige og andre variasjoner ivannutvekslingen mellom Norskehavet,Grønlandshavet, Polhavet og tilstøtendehavområder.

Example of images obtainedby a spectral imager airborn.

Eksempel på data med av-bildene spektrograf fra fly.

The airglow spectrum with synthe-tic fit to obtain the temperature.

Natthimmel-lys spekter med syntet-isk tilpasning som funksjon avtemperatur.

30Title: Air-ice-sea interaction in the WestSpitsbergen CurrentCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenFinancing: Norwegian Research CouncilDuration: 1998-2001UNIS: Peter M. Haugan

Title: Variability of Exchanges in theNorthern Seas (VEINS)Collaborating institutions: University ofHamburg, Germany and 19 EuropeanInstitutionsFinancing: EU MAST programmeDuration: 1997-2000UNIS: Peter M. Haugan, Tor Gammelsrød,Vigdis Tverberg

Title: A national project for studying solarwind-magnetosphere coupling in the polarcusp regionCollaborating institutions: University ofOslo, University of TromsøFinancing: Norwegian Research Council,UNISDuration: 1997-2001UNIS: Jøran Moen and Fred Sigernes

Title: ESR-studies of atmospheric dynamicsin the polar cleft regionCollaborating institutions: US Air ForceResearch Laboratory, EISCAT, RutherfordAppleton Laboratory

Title: Environmental research in Tibet Collaborating institutions: MeteorologicalBureau Lhasa, University of BergenFinancing: Norwegian Foreigh Ministry,NORADDuration: 1995-2003UNIS: Yngvar Gjessing

Title: Sound propagation in the atmosphereCollaborating institutions: NorwegianDefence Construction Service, University ofBergen, Norwegian University of Science andTechnologyFinancing: Norwegian Defence ConstructionService, UNISDuration: 1995-2001UNIS: Yngvar Gjessing, Hans Olav Hygen

Title: Study of snowdrifts and snow storagearound buildings and constructionsCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenFinancing: Narvik College, University ofBergen, UNISDuration: 1997-2001UNIS: Yngvar Gjessing, Thomas Thiis

Title: Snowdrift and snow accumulation incomplex landscapesCollaborating institutions: University ofBergen, Norwegian University of Science andTechnology Financing: UNISDuration: 1998-2001UNIS: Yngvar Gjessing, Christian Jeadicke

Research Projects

seasonal and other variations in waterexchange between the Norwegian Sea,Greenland Sea, Arctic Ocean and contiguoussea areas.

UNIS also takes part in research into freezingprocesses in sea ice. This project is based inStorfjorden and also includes distancemeasurement techniques and modelling.Research into processes in the coastal andfjord areas on Spitsbergen has continued in2000 with participation on excursions by ourpartner institutions and in connection withour own teaching excursions.

UNIS deltar også i forskning omkring fryse-prosesser i sjøis. Dette prosjektet er basert iStorfjorden og omfatter også avstandsmåle-metoder og -modellering.

Forskningsprosessene i kyst- og fjord-områdene på Spitsbergen er videreført i 2000hvor samarbeidspartnere har deltatt påekskursjoner og i forbindelse med våre egneundervisningsekskursjoner.

Principle of spectral imaging.

Hovedprinsippet for spektral avbildning.

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Financing: Norwegian Research Council,UNISDuration: 1999-2000UNIS: Jøran Moen

Title: Studies of the upper polar atmosphereFinancing: UNISDuration: 1999-UNIS: Jøran Moen

Title: Star-pointing spectrometer forMonitoring Ozone and related Constituentsof the Stratosphere during polar night(StarMOCS) Collaborating institutions: NILU Kjeller,Auroral Station at the University of TromsøFinancing: UNISDuration: 1996-UNIS: Fred Sigernes

Title: Monitoring of OH rotationaltemperatures in the mesosphereCollaborating institutions: University ofAlaska, Embry-RiddleFinancing: UAF, UNIS, Embry-Riddle,Max Planck InstituteDuration: 1997-UNIS: Fred Sigernes

Title: Imaging spectroscopy by planeFinancing: UNISDuration: 1998-UNIS: Fred Sigernes

Title: Proton precipitation on the daysideCollaborating institutions: University ofAlaska (UAF)Financing: UAF, UNISDuration: 1999-UNIS: Fred Sigernes

Title: Dense water production processes inStorfjordenCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenFinancing: Norwegian Research CouncilDuration: 2000-2003UNIS: Tor Gammelsrød, Ragnheid Skogseth

Title: Studies of temporary and spatialvariations in particle precipitation andcurrent systems in the polar cleft regionCollaborating institutions: UiB, UiOFinancing: Norwegian Research CouncilDuration: 2000-2003UNIS: Jøran Moen, Kjellmar Oksavik

Cand. scient. graduates 2000Title: Velocity fields and ice flux onDrønbreen, SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Martin Dahl GrønnevetSupervisors: Yngvar Gjessing, UNIS, TrainnSigurdsson, Sensors and Software Sverige,Jan Erik Paulsen, DNMI TromsøFinished: Spring 2000

Title: The influence of dust/aerosols in theEarth’s lower and middle atmosphereCollaborating institutions: University ofBergen, University of TromsøStudent: Trude EidhammerSupervisors: Yngvar Gjessing, UNIS, OveHavnes, UNIS/UiTøFinished: Spring 2000

Title: An analysis of passive microwave datain Storfjorden compared to thin ice/ polynyamodellingCollaborating institutions: Chalmers,GøteborgStudent: Cecilia BennetSupervisors: Tor Gammelsrød, UNIS, JanAskne, Chalmers University of TechnologyFinished: Spring 2000

Title: Processes in the Arctic snow pack, andformation of bottom iceCollaborating institutions: University ofOsloStudent: Jonas JohnsenSupervisors: Knut Sand, SINTEF and NilsRoar Sælthun, UiOFinished: Autumn 2000

Title: Termohaline sesongvariasjon i VanMijenfjordenCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Tor-Villy KangasSupervisors: Peter Haugan, UNIS and HaraldSvendsen UiBFinished: Autumn 2000

Title: Measurements and evaluation of OH-airglow spectraCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Kristian Pagh NielsenSupervisors: Yngvar Gjessing, UNIS/UiB,Fred Sigernes, UNISFinished: Autumn 2000

Title: Stellar absorption spectroscopy duringthe polar night on SvalbardCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Ine-Therese PedersenSupervisorse: Fred Sigernes, UNIS, BirgitHeese, University of Munic, Elmer Raustein,UiBFinished: Autumn 2000

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Cand. scient students Title: Atmospheric temperature retrieval fromLIDAR measurements in the stratosphere andlower mesosphere on Svalbard. Collaborating institutions: Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Germany; NTNUStudent: Astrid Marie Nerbø DahlStudent Supervisors: Birgit Heese, Universityof Munic, Roland Neuber, AWI, Berit Kjeld-stad, NTNU.

Title: Mapping of ashlayer in Myrdalsjøkul,Iceland, as a measurement for massbalanceand icedynamics – with comparison to anicecore taken at Lomonosovfonna –99.Collaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Ola BrandtSupervisors: Yngvar Gjessing, UNIS

Title: Comparison of ice classification doneby plane and satelliteCollaborating institutions: DanmarksTekniske UniversitetStudent: Mikael LüthjeSupervisors: Fred Sigernes, UNIS, Leif Tou-dal Pedersen, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet

Title: Currents and water mass fluxesbetween Novaya Zemlja and Franz JosefsLand 1991-1992Collaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Øyvind LeikvinSupervisors: Tor Gammelsrød, UNIS

Title: Monitoring sea ice fluxes through FramStraitCollaborating institutions: University ofBergenStudent: Karolina WidellSupervisors: Tor Gammelsrød, UNIS

Aurora borealis above EISCATSvalbard Radar’s two incoherent scattering radars on top of the«Gruve 7» mountain.

Nordlys over EISCAT SvalbardRadars to inkohorente sprednings-radare på toppen av Gruve 7 fjellet.

PHOTO: JAN GUNNAR BRATTLI

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TeachingThis was the first full year with an expandedstaff at the Department, with two associateprofessors and two adjunct professors. Thenew position within Arctic EnvironmentalTechnology is part of the Departmentstrategy to offer new courses and performresearch within Arctic EnvironmentalTechnology and Chemistry. The Departmentis still in an establishment phase and thestrategy is to become, within a few years, afull Department comparable in size with theother faculties at UNIS.

The Department had 33 students on 200 and300 level courses and nine masters studentsduring the year. The courses at 200 level, AT-204 Thermo-mechanical Properties of Materi-als, AT-205 Frozen Ground Engineering, AT-206Arctic Water Resources and the new courseAT-207 Pollution in the Arctic had an average7,5 students and were held as scheduled withexcellent results. The teaching in these sub-jects is a combination of lectures, field workand laboratory practicals. The work perfor-med in our Ice Laboratory, where mechanicalproperties of frozen ground and ice samplesare tested, is only one example. The fieldwork is often performed under severe clima-tic conditions and operating in this harshenvironment gives the student valuable sur-vival skills which are not directly documen-ted on the degree certificate. It is also verygratifying that our candidates are recruitedto central positions in local industry on Sval-bard and on the mainland.

Students taking our level 200 course inPollution in the Arctic in recent years havecome from different backgrounds, sometimeslacking the necessary technologicalfoundation. From autumn semester 2000 amultidisciplinary 200 course with the samename was offered as part of a study in ArcticEnvironmental Technology. Twelve studentsfrom different departments at UNISparticipated in the new offering. A new 300course entitled AT-311 Fate and Modelling ofPollutants in the Arctic is scheduled for thespring semester 2001. The students can thuscombine environment related courses withother relevant programs from otherdepartments, for a one-year study in ArcticEnvironmental Technology and Chemistry.The Department intends to expand the latterin terms of lectures and associated research.Accordingly a position as adjunct professorwithin this field will be advertised spring2001.

Our 300 level courses AT-307 Arctic OffshoreEngineering and AT-308 Geotechnical Investi-gations Using Ground-Penetrating Radar attrac-ted an average 17,5 students and were held

UndervisningDette var det første hele året med utvidetstab i avdelingen, med to førsteamanuen-ser og to professorer II. Den nye stillingeninnen arktisk miljøteknologi er en del avavdelingens strategi med å tilby nye kursog drive forskning innen arktisk miljøtek-nologi/ kjemi. Avdelingen er fremdeles ietableringsfasen, og strategien er at vi iløpet av noen få år skal bli en fullstendigavdeling som i størrelse kan sammenlignesmed andre avdelinger ved UNIS.

Avdelingen hadde i 2000 33 studenter påkurs både på 200 og 300-nivå, samt 9hovedfagsstudenter. Kursene på 200-nivået, nemlig AT-204 Thermo-mechanicalProperties of Materials, AT-205 Frozen GroundEngineering, AT-206 Arctic Water Resourcesog det nye kurset AT-207 Pollution in theArctic hadde gjennomsnittlig 7,5 studenterog ble gjennomført etter planen medutmerkede resultater. Undervisningen idisse fagene er en kombinasjon av foreles-ninger, feltarbeid og laboratoriearbeid.Arbeidet som er utført i vårt islaborato-rium, hvor de mekaniske egenskapene vedprøver av frossen jord og is blir testet, erbare ett eksempel. Feltarbeidet kan utføresunder vanskelige klimatiske forhold, ogarbeid i dette tøffe miljøet gir studenteneverdifull kompetanse som ikke er direktedokumentert på vitnemålet. Det er også englede for oss å se at våre kandidater blirrekruttert til sentrale stillinger i den lokaleindustrien på Svalbard og på fastlandet.

Studenter som de siste årene har deltatt ivårt 200-kurs i arktisk forurensing, har hatten variert bakgrunn, og noen av disse stu-dentene har manglet nødvendig tekniskkunnskap. Fra høstsemesteret 2000 ble detholdt et tverrfaglig 200-kurs med sammenavn som en del av et studium i arktiskmiljøteknologi. Tolv studenter fra ulikeavdelinger ved UNIS deltok på det nyekurset. Et nytt 300-kurs kalt AT-311 Fateand Modelling of Pollutant in the Arctic erplanlagt for vårsemesteret 2001. Studen-tene kan da kombinere miljørelaterte kursmed andre relevante kurs, også fra andreavdelinger, til et ettårig studium i arktiskmiljøteknologi/ kjemi. Det er avdelingensstrategi å ekspandere innen arktisk miljø-teknologi/ kjemi både når det gjelder fore-lesninger og forskning. En av professor II-stillingene vil bli utlyst innen detteområdet i løpet av våren 2001.

Kursene på 300-nivået, AT-307 Arctic Offs-hore Engineering og AT-308 GeotechnicalInvestigations Using Ground PenetratingRadar hadde gjennomsnittlig 17,5 studenterog ble gjennomført med utstrakt deltakelse

Arctic Technology

Arktisk Teknologi

PHOTO: P.J.BRANDVIK

Students using snow radar tostudy ice and snow properties.

Studentene bruker snøradar for åstudere egenskaper ved snø og is.

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with extensive assistance from faculty staffand external lecturers. Although the 300 levelcourses seek to integrate research workperformed by faculty staff, external scientistsare often employed to augment our smallstaff.

Last autumn AT-307 Arctic OffshoreEngineering attracted many students from theUniversity of Natural Science andTechnology (NTNU) in Trondheim and UNIS.The combination of lectures and field workgives an unique background for the studentswho later take part in oil company activitiesin Arctic areas in Norway and abroad,notably in Northwest Russia. It is anintensive, two-week course, with tuitionbeing provided in cooperation with Statoil.Next year this course will be offered in twodifferent versions, with and without fieldwork. The field work, mostly ice-mechanics,will be performed during the springsemester.

AT-308 Geotechnical Investigations UsingGround-Penetrating Radar was given incooperation with personnel from the Univer-sity of Tromsø. The course provides athorough theoretical and practical foundationfor using ground-penetrating radar as a toolin geotechnical investigations in Arctic areas.Next year this course will be extended toinclude other geotechnical field methods andthe use of differential GPS.

AT-310 Heat and Mass Transfer was offered forthe first time this year, but was unfortunatelycancelled due to the low enrolment figure.This course is an advanced program based ontwo of our 200 courses and offers skills andknowledge important to candidates workingwithin Arctic Engineering. The Departmentwill intensify our work to recruit students tothis course.

With the changes scheduled for 2001 thecourses offered at 200 level will form acomplete one-year study in ArcticTechnology. The courses offered at 300 levelcan be taken in conjunction with graduatestudies as a part of a masters or doctoratedegree.

ResearchOur two new members of staff continuedalready established research effort at UNIS aswell as initiating new lines of study. Thefocus of research in Arctic EnvironmentalTechnology includes: fate of oil spills in anArctic environment and possiblecountermeasure techniques, persistentorganic pollutants, and spread and effects ofpollution from local mining industry.Research within frozen ground and

fra såvel egne ansatte som gjesteforelesere.Intensjonen med kursene på 300-nivået er åfå til en nær integrering med forskningensom de ansatte utfører, men eksterne for-skere er benyttet i teknologiavdelingen pågrunn av stabens beskjedne størrelse.

AT-307 Arctic Offshore Engineering hadde ifjor høst mange studenter fra såvel NTNUsom UNIS. Kombinasjonen mellom foreles-ninger og feltarbeid gir en unik bakgrunnfor studentene som senere deltar i oljesel-skapenes virksomhet i arktiske områderbåde i Norge og i utlandet, f.eks. i detnordvestlige Russland. Dette er et intensivttoukers kurs hvor undervisningen blir gitti samarbeid med Statoil. Neste år vil dettekurset bli tilbudt i to ulike utgaver, med oguten feltarbeid. Feltarbeidet (for det mesteismekanikk) vil bli utført i løpet av vårse-mesteret.

AT-308 Geotechnical Investigations UsingGround Penetrating Radar ble holdt i samar-beid med personell fra Universitetet iTromsø. Kurset gir en grundig teoretisk ogpraktisk innføring i bruk av bakkepenetre-rende radar som verktøy i forbindelse medgeotekniske undersøkelser i arktiske områ-der. Neste år vil dette kurset bli utvidet tilogså å omfatte andre geotekniske feltmeto-der og bruk av differensiell GPS.

AT-310 Heat and Mass Transfer ble tilbudtfor første gang i år, men ble dessverreavlyst fordi for få studenter hadde meldtseg på. Dette kurset er et avansert kursbasert på to av våre 200-kurs og gir kompe-tanse og kunnskap som er viktig for kandi-dater som arbeider med arktisk teknikk.Avdelingen vil intensivere arbeidet med årekruttere studenter til dette kurset.

Kursene som tilbys på 200-nivået vil, medendringene som ble gjennomført i 2000 (ogendringene som skal gjennomføres i 2001),utgjøre et fullstendig ettårig studium på200-nivå innen arktisk teknologi. Kursenesom tilbys på 300-nivået kan benyttes tilhøyere studier som en del av et hovedfageller en doktorgrad.

ForskningDe to nye medlemmene av staben har bådevidereført allerede etablert forskning vedUNIS og brakt med seg og satt i gang nyforskningsvirksomhet. Forskningen innenarktisk miljøteknologi fokuserer på: skjeb-nen til oljesøl i et arktisk miljø og muligemottiltak, vedvarende organiske foruren-singsstoffer samt spredning og virkning avforurensing fra lokal gruveindustri. Forsk-ning innen frossen jord- og permafrosttek-nikk fokuserer på hvilke virkninger klima-

35

endringer har på arktisk infrastruktur og per-mafrostens respons på miljø- og industribe-lastninger, med særlig vekt på de fysiskeegenskapene til oljeforurenset jordsmonn. Ennærmere beskrivelse av tre av disse prosjek-tene er gitt i slutten av dette kapitlet.

Hovedfags- og doktorgradstudentene er enviktig del av forskningen vår, og deres arbeidblir utført som en integrert del av forsk-ningen som staben utfører. Ni studenterarbeider for øyeblikket med hovedfaget sittved vår avdeling. Prosjektene deres liggerinnenfor:

• Modellering av oljesøl og beredskapstiltak iArktis med vekt på Pechorasjø-området idet nordvestlige Russland.

• Karakterisering av sur avrenning som enfunksjon av smelteprosessen fra gruvede-ponier på permafrosten i Bjørndalen påSvalbard.

• Modellering av permafrostens temperatur-respons på kortsiktige (årlige) og lang-siktige (50 år lange) variasjoner i meteoro-logiske data.

• Vannbalansen om vinteren for Isdammenpå Svalbard.

• Temperaturregime og permeabilitet forgruvedeponier på permafrosten i Bjørn-dalen på Svalbard.

• Feltundersøkelser og numerisk modelle-ring av snødekket i De Geerdalen påSvalbard.

• Lekkasje av giftige, vannløselige kompo-nenter fra ulike oljetyper ved oljesøl i etarktisk miljø.

• Studier av luftbårne, vedvarende for-urensing ved prøvetaking og analyse fraLongyear-isbreen.

• Virkningene av sjøis som belaster kull-eksportkaien i Kapp Amsterdam, Svea.

Flere av hovedfagsprosjektene fokuserer påemner som er viktige for lokalmiljøet påSvalbard og er gjennomført i nært samarbeidmed såvel nasjonal som lokal industri.Hovedfagsprosjektene er gjennomført medveiledere fra UNIS, NTNU, andre universi-teter/ høgskoler og næringslivet.

Prosjekt: Oljevernberedskap i arktiskeområderOljesøl i et arktisk miljø som farvannet rundtSvalbard oppfører seg på en vesentlig anner-ledes måte enn oljesøl i mer temperertemiljøer, f.eks. i Nordsjøen. Denne atferds-endringen (spredning, fordampningstap,emulgering, dispergering osv.) har viktigekonsekvenser for planleggingen av en opera-sjonell oljevernberedskap.

Det er flere mulige kilder til oljesøl i farvan-net rundt Svalbard, f.eks. fiske- og fraktfart-

permafrost engineering focuses on effects ofclimate change on Arctic infrastructure andpermafrost response to environmental andindustrial loads, with special emphasis onphysical properties of oil polluted soil.Further descriptions of three of these projectsare given at the end of this chapter.

Graduate and doctoral students are animportant part of our research and the workis performed as an integrated part of theresearch done by staff. Nine graduatestudents are currently working on theirmaster degrees at the Department. Their pro-jects look at:

• Modelling of the oil spills and contingencymeasures in the Arctic with emphasis onthe Pechora Sea region, Northwest Russia

• Characterisation of acid seepage as a func-tion of melting process on tailings depositon permafrost in Bjørndalen, Svalbard

• Modelling permafrost temperatureresponse to short-term (annual) and long-term (50 year) variations in meteorologicaldata

• Winter water balance for Isdammen, Sval-bard

• Temperature regime and permeability of atailings deposit on permafrost in Bjørnda-len, Svalbard

• Field investigations and numerical model-ling of snow cover in the De Geer valley,Svalbard

• Leakage of toxic water-solvable compo-nents from different oil types during an oilspill in an Arctic environment

• Studying persistent airborne pollutants bysampling and analysis at the Longyear gla-cier

• The effects of sea-ice loads on coal exportjetty at Cape Amsterdam, Svea.

Several of the master degree projects havefocused on topics important to the local com-munities on Svalbard and they were perfor-med in close cooperation with national andlocal industry. The masters projects weredone under the purview of supervisors fromUNIS, NTNU, other universities and colleges,and the industry.

Project: Oil spill contingency in Arctic areasOil spilled in an Arctic environment such asthe waters surrounding Svalbard has a signi-ficantly different behaviour than oil spills inmore temperate waters, such as the NorthSea. This change in behaviour (spreading,evaporative loss, emulsification, dispersionetc) has important consequences for the plan-ning of an operational oil spill contingency.

There are several possible sources for oilspills in the waters around Svalbard: fishing

PHOTO: P.J.BRANDVIK

Testing of oil recovery in ice.

Testing av utstyr for opptak av olje i is.

36

and cargo vessels, tourist ships, and leakagefrom shore-based oil storage farms. As thenew Svalbard Environment Act (NOU1999:21) points out, an accidental oil spillfrom a large cargo ship could have a severeimpact on the fragile Arctic environmentaround Svalbard.

UNIS has joined forces with SINTEF AppliedChemistry to perform a project for Store Nor-ske Spitsbergen Kullkompani to analyse dif-ferent oil spill scenarios related to coal trans-portation in the Van Mijen fjord. This projectlooks at: weathering properties of differentbunker fuels, evaluation of recovery equip-ment and strategies, and full-scale testing ofoil spill contingency systems. This projectcontinues in 2001.

Project: Modelling permafrost temperatureresponse to short-term (annual) and long-term (50 year) variations in meteorologicaldataThe main objective of this research is to gaina better understanding of the physical pro-cesses determining permafrost temperaturesand possible short-term and long-termchanges in temperature at depth.

The study is important for the design ofinfrastructure on permafrost, since a possibleglobal air temperature rise may affect the sta-bility of existing structures and the design offuture structures.

Permafrost temperature data during 1977-2000 from the Norwegian Geotechnical Insti-tute (NGI) Permafrost Research Station atSveagruva on Svalbard have been analysedand collated. Temperature trends in theperiod have been established. Based on thefield observations, a thermodynamic numeri-cal model has been developed, capable ofsimulating permafrost temperature responseto annual and long-term variations in meteo-rological data. Long-term here means climatechange and variability. The project will cont-inue in 2001.

øyer, turistskip og lekkasje fra oljelagringsan-legg på land. Den nye Svalbardmiljøloven(NOU 1999:21) påpeker at et tilfeldig oljesølfra et større fraktfartøy kan få store miljøkon-sekvenser for det sårbare arktiske miljøet påSvalbard.

UNIS sammen med SINTEFs avdeling foranvendt kjemi gjennomfører et prosjekt forStore Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani(SNSK) for å analysere ulike oljesølscenarierknyttet til kulltransport i van Mijenfjorden.Dette prosjektet omfatter: ulike bunkersoljersforvitringsegenskaper, vurdering av lenseut-styr/ lensestrategier og fullskalatesting avoljevernberedskapsutstyr. Dette prosjektetfortsetter i 2001.

Prosjekt: Modellering av permafrostenstemperaturrespons på kortsiktige (årlige) oglangsiktige (50 år lange) variasjoner i mete-orologiske dataHovedmålet med forskningen er å få enbedre forståelse for de fysiske prosessenesom bestemmer permafrosttemperaturene ogmulige kortsiktige og langsiktige endringer itemperaturen i dypet.

Dette er viktig for utformingen av infrastruk-tur på permafrost, ettersom en mulig globaløkning i lufttemperaturen kan påvirke stabi-liteten av eksisterende bygg og anlegg ogutformingen av nye konstruksjoner.

Permafrosttemperaturdata 1977-2000 fraNorges Geotekniske Institutts (NGIs) perma-frostforskningsstasjon ved Sveagruva påSvalbard er analysert og systematisert. Tem-peraturtrendene i denne perioden er fastlagt.Basert på feltobservasjoner er det utviklet entermodynamisk numerisk modell. Modellenkan simulere permafrostens temperaturres-pons på årlige og langsiktige variasjoner (kli-mavariabilitet/ klimaendring) i meteorolo-giske data. Prosjektet vil fortsette i 2001.

PHOTO: P.J.BRANDVIK

Students sampling an experimental oil spill.

Prøvetaking av eksperimentelt oljesøl på strand.

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Title: Pollution from mine tailings on Sval-bardCollaborating institution: SNSKFinancing: SNSK, UNISDuration: 1999-2002UNIS: Per Johan Brandvik, Arne Instanes,Sigmund Spjelkavik

Title: Permafrost response to industrial andenvironmental load Collaborating institution: Norwegian Geot-echnical InstituteFinancing: Norwegian Research Council,NGIDuration: 1999-2003UNIS: Arne Instanes

Title: Arctic oil spills on Russian permafrostsoilsCollaborating institution: Norwegian Geot-echnical Institute, Moscow State University,Earth Cryospher Institute, MoscowFinancing: Program for research and highereducation, co-operation programme for East-ern Europe, Norwegian Geotechnical Insti-tuteDuration: 1998-2000UNIS: Arne Instanes

Research Projects

PHOTO: P.J.BRANDVIK

Title: Permafrost and climate in Europe(PACE)Collaborating institution: GeographicalInstitute, University in Oslo, NorwegianGeotechnical Institute, EU-partnersFinancing: EU 4th framework programme,UNIS, NGIDuration: 1997-2000UNIS: Arne Instanes, Ole Humlum

Title: Leakage of water soluable componentsfrom oil spilled in Arctic environmentCollaborating institution: SINTEFFinancing: UNIS, SINTEFDuration: 2000-2002UNIS: Per Johan Brandvik

Title: Resistant organic pollutants on Sval-bard – sampling and analysis of ice samplesfrom glaciers on Svalbard.Collaborating institutions: NILUFinancing: UNIS, NILUDuration: 2000-2001UNIS: Per Johan Brandvik, Ole Humlum

Title: Oil spill contingency for Arctic areasCollaborating institutions: SINTEF KjemiFinancing: UNIS, SINTEF KjemiDuration: 2000-2001UNIS: Per Johan Brandvik

Title: LOLEIF-Validation of low level ice forcesCollaborating institutions: NTNU, HSVA,HUT, VTT, Luleå UniversityFinancing: EU/MAST II, 5 oil companies,UNISDuration: 1997-2000UNIS: Sveinung Løset

Students from four different nations studying the mechanical properties ofsea ice.

Studenter fra fire forskjellige nasjoner studerer mekaniske egenskaper vedsjøis.

38

Cand. scient graduates 2000Title: Winter water balance for Isdammen,SvalbardCollaborating institutions: HiStavangerStudent: Klaus KlungelandSupervisors: Ånund Killingtveit, UNIS Finished: Autumn 2000

Title: Modelling permafrost temperatureresponse to variations in meteorological dataCollaborating institutions: Universitè deMarne-la-VallèStudent: Fabrice CalineSupervisors: Arne Instanes, UNIS, BrunoSportisse, Universitè de Marne-la-VallèFinished: Autumn 2000

Cand. scient studentsTitle: Oil Pollution in the Barents SeaCollaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Armen GuirguidovSupervisors: Sveinung Løseth,UNIS/NTNU, Truls Mølmann, UNIS

Title: Mapping of Ice Ridges in the TempelFjord and in the Van Mijen Fjord on Svalbardthe Winter 1998Collaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Guro KjestveitSupervisors: Sveinung Løseth,UNIS/NTNU, Truls Mølmann, UNIS

Title: Oil Production Structures for VarandeyMoreCollaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Elena KurnevaSupervisors: Sveinung Løseth,UNIS/NTNU, Truls Mølmann, UNIS

Title: Conceptual design of Arctic offshoreon-/offloading facilities in the Pechora Searegion, with focus on minimisation of possi-ble environmental damageCollaborating institutions: NTNU, St.Petersburg State Technical University, UNISStudent: Victoria BrojeSupervisors: Per Johan Brandvik, UNIS,Sveinung Løset, Karl Shiknek

Title: Design, fabrication and installation ofmodularized platform for the Pechora SeaCollaborating institutions: Statoil, St. Peters-burg State Technical UniversityStudent: Svetlana ChafrovaSupervisors: Ove Gudmestad

Title: Temperature regime and permeabilityof a tailing deposit on permafrost in Bjørnda-len, SpitsbergenCollaborating institutions: Uppsala Univer-sitetStudent: Helen Eva SundströmSupervisors: Arne Instanes, UNIS, NicholasJarvis, Uppsala Universitet

Title: Characterisation of acid drainage as afunction of melting process from tailingdeposit on permafrost in Bjørndalen, Sval-bard

Collaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Eva HolmSupervisors: Eiliv Steinnes, NTNU, PerJohan Brandvik, UNIS

Title: The effects of ice interacting with coalpier at Kapp AmsterdamCollaborating institutions: NTNUStudent: Per Olav MoslettSupervisors: Sveinung Løseth

Title: Studying airborne pollution by sam-pling and analysis from the Longyear glacierCollaborating institutions: Åbo AkademiStudent: Pia Carolina NorrgårdSupervisors: Per Johan Brandvik, UNIS, CarlEhlers, Åbo Akademi

Title: Distribution of snow modelling andverification in a high arctic catchmentCollaborating institutions: Free UniversityAmsterdamStudent: Jorien VonkSupervisors: Ånund Killingtvedt/ArneInstanes, UNIS, Hank Lingeman, Free Uni-versity Amsterdam

39

Andersson, T., Forman, S., Ingólfsson, Ó. & Manley,W. (2000). Stratigraphic and morphologic constrainson the Weichselian glacial history of northern PrinsKarls Forland, western Svalbard. GeografiskaAnnaler. 82A, 4, 455-470.

Berry, S.T., Kersley, L., Moen, J., Denig, W.F. (2000).Ionospheric signatures of magnetosphericboundaries in the post-noon sector. AnnalesGeophysicae - Atmospheres Hydrospheres and SpaceSciences. 18, 1, 74-80.

Boe, R., Hovland, M., Instanes, A., Rise, L. &Vasshus, S. (2000). Submarine slide scars and massmovements in Karmsundet and Skudenesfjorden,southwestern Norway : morphology and evolution.Marine Geology. 167, 1-2, 147-165.

Farrugia, C.J., Sandholt, P.E., Maynard, N.C., Burke,W.J., Scudder, J.D., Ober, D.M., Moen, J. & Russell,C.T. (2000). Pulsating mid-morning auroral arcs,filamentation of a mixing region in a flankboundary layer, and ULF waves observed during aPolar-Svalbard conjunction. Journal of GeophysicalResearch - Space Physics. 105, A12, 27531-27553.

Forman, S.L. & Ingólfsson, Ó. (2000). LateWeichselian glacial history and postglacialemergence of Phippsøya, The Seven Islands,northern Svalbard : a comparison of modelled andempirical estimates of a glacial-rebound hinge-line.Boreas. 29, 1, 16-25.

Hansen, B.U., Nielsen, N. & Humlum, O. (2000).Meteorological observations in 1999 at the ArcticStation, Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), Central WestGreenland. Danish Journal of Geography. 100, 85-87.

Hop, H., Poltermann, M., Lønne O.J., Falk-Petersen,S., Korsnes, R. & Budgell, P.W. (2000). Ice amphipoddiversity relative to ice density and under-icetopography in the northern Barents Sea. PolarBiology. 23, 5, 357-367.

Humlum, O. (2000). The geomorphic significanceof rock glaciers : estimates of rock glacier debrisvolumes and headwall recession rates in WestGreenland. Geomorphology. 35, 1-2, 41-67.

Irvine, R.J., Stien, A., Halvorsen, O., Langvatn, R. &Albon, S.D. (2000). Life-history strategies andpopulation dynamics of abomasal nematodes inSvalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).Parasitology. 120, 297-311.

Jónsdóttir, I.S., Augner, M., Fagerström, T., Persson,H. & Stenström, A. (2000). Genet age in marginalpopulations of two clonal Carex species in theSiberian Arctic. Ecography. 23, 4, 402-412.

Larsen, E., Sejrup, H.P., Janocko, J., Landvik, J.,Stalsberg, K. & Steinsund, P.I. (2000). Recurrentinteraction between the Norwegian Channel IceStream and terrestrial-based ice across southwestNorway. Boreas. 29, 3, 185-203.

Lockwood, M., McCrea, I.W., Milan, S.E., Moen, J.,Cerisier, J.C., Thorolfsson, A. (2000). Plasmastructure within poleward-moving cusp/cleftauroral transients : EISCAT Svalbard radarobservations and an explanation in terms of largelocal time extent of events. Annales Geophysicae -Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences. 18, 9,1027-1042.

Lorentzen, D.A. & Moen, J. (2000). Auroral protonand electron signatures in the dayside aurora.Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. 105,A6, 12733-12745.

Maynard, N.C., Burke, W.J., Pfaff, R.F., Weber, E.J.,Ober, D.M., Weimer, D.R., Moen, J., Milan, S.,Måseide, K., Sandholt, P.E., Egeland, A., Søraas, F.,Lepping, R., Bounds, S., Acuna, M.H., Freudenreich,H., Machuzak, J.S., Gentile, L.C., Clemmons, J.H.,Lester, M., Ning, P., Hardy, D.A., Holtet, J.A.,Stadsnes, J. & van Eyken, T. (2000). Driving daysideconvection with northward IMF : observations of asounding rocket from Svalbard. Journal of Geo-physical Research - Space Physics. 105, A3, 5245-5263.

McCrea, I.W., Lockwood, M., Moen, J., Pitout, F.,Eglitis, P. & Aylward, A.D. (2000). ESR and EISCATobservations of the response of the cusp and cleft toIMF orientation changes. Annales Geophysicae -Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences. 18, 9,1009-1026.

Mysterud, A., Yoccoz, N.G., Stenseth, N.C. &Langvatn, R. (2000). Relationships between sexratio, climate and density in red deer : theimportance of scale. Journal of animal ecology. 69, 6,959-974.

Ober, D.M., Maynard, N.C., Burke, W.J., Moen, J.,Egeland, A., Sandholt, P.E., Farrugia, C.J., Weber, E.J.& Scudder, J.D. (2000). Mapping prenoon auroralstructures to the magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysi-cal Research - Space Physics. 105, A12, 27519-27530.

Oksavik, K., Søraas, F., Moen, J. & Burke, W.J.(2000). Optical and particle signatures of magnetos-pheric boundary layers near magnetic noon : satel-lite and ground based observations. Journal ofGeophysical Research - Space Physics. 105, A12, 27555-27568.

Phryse, S.E., Smith, A.M., Kersley, L., Walker, I.K.,Mitchell, C.N., Moen, J. & Smith, R.W. (2000). Multi-instrument probing of the polar ionosphere understeady northward IMF. Annales Geophysicae -Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences. 18, 1,90-98.

Rudels, B., Meyer, R., Fahrbach, E., Ivanov, V.V.,Østerhus, S., Quadfasel, D., Schauer, U., Tverberg,V. & Woodgate, R.A. (2000). Water mass distributionin Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau insummer 1997. Annales Geophysicae - AtmospheresHydrospheres and Space Sciences. 18, 6, 687-705.

Sandholt, P.E., Farrugia, C.J., Cowley, S.W.H., Lester,M., Denig, W.F., Ceresier, J.C., Milan, S.E., Moen, J.,Trondsen, E. & Lybekk, B. (2000). Dynamic cuspaurora and associated pulsed reverse convectionduring northward interplanetary magnetic field.Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. 105,A6, 12869-12894.

Sejrup, H.P., Larsen, E., Landvik, J., King, E.L.,Haflidason, H. & Nesje, A. (2000). Quaternaryglaciations in southern Fennoscandia : evidencefrom southwestern Norway and the northern NorthSea region. Quaternary Science Reviews. 19, 7, 667-685.

Sigernes, F., Lorentzen, D.A., Heia, K. & Svenøe, T.(2000). A multipurpose spectral imager. AppliedOptics. 39, 18, 3143-3153.

Van der Wal, R., Madan, N., van Lieshout, S.,Dormann, C., Langvatn, R. & Albon, S.D. (2000).Trading forage quality for quantity? : plant pheno-logy and patch choice by Svalbard reindeer.Oecologia. 123, 1, 108-115.

Scientificpublicationin reviewed journals by full-time faculty

40

Dahl, T.M., Lydersen, C., Kovacs, K.M., Falk-Petersen, S., Sargent, J., Gjertz, I. & Gulliksen, B.(2000). Fatty acid composition of the blubber inwhite whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Polar Biology.23, 6, 401-409.

Jensen, S., Holmes, A.J., Olsen, R.A. & Murrell, J.C.(2000). Detection of methane oxidizing bacteria inforest soil by monooxygenase PCR amplification.Microbial Ecology. 39, 4, 282-289.

Hall, C.M. & Brekke, A. (2000). The shrinkingatmosphere. Polar Research. 19, 2, 275-276.

Li, F. & Havnes, O. (2000). Low frequency dustwave modes in planetary rings. Planetary and SpaceScience. 48, 2-3, 117-125.

Marzo, M. & Steel, R.J. (2000). Unusual features ofsediment supply-dominated, transgressive-regressive sequences : Paleogene elastic wedges, SEPyrenean foreland basin, Spain. Sedimentary Geology.138, 1-4, 3-15.

McLaurin, B. & Steel, R.J. (2000). Fourth-ordernonmarine to marine sequences, middle CastlegateFormation, Book Cliffs, Utah. Geology. 28, 4, 359-362.

Mellere, D. & Steel, R.J. (2000). Style contrastbetween forced regressive and lowstand/trans-gressive wedges in the Campanian of south-centralWyoming. Geological Society Special Publication. 172,51-75. ISBN 1-86239-063-0.

Muto, T. & Steel, R.J. (2000). The accommodationconcept in sequence stratigraphy : some dimensio-nal problems and possible redefinition. SedimentaryGeology. 130, 1-2, 1-10.

Nozawa, S. & Brekke, A. (2000). A case study of theauroral E region neutral wind on a quiet summerday : comparison of the European Incoherent ScatterUHF radar for deriving the E region wind. RadioScience. 35, 3, 845-863.

Scientific publi-cations by adjunctprofessors

Andreev, A.A., Manley, W.F. & Ingólfsson, Ó. Envi-ronmental changes on Yugorski Peninsula, Kara Sea,Russia, during the past 12,500 years. Global andPlanetary Change.

Bahr, G. & Gulliksen, B. Variation of the epifaunaon pier-pilings between 1980 and 1992 near the cityof Tromsø, Norway. Polar Biology. (Accepted).

Borgå, K., Gulliksen, B., Gabrielsen, G.W. & Skaare,J.U. Size-related bioaccumulation and between-yearvariation of organochlorines in ice-associatedamphipods from the Arctic Sea. Chemosphere.(Accepted).

Ci Ren, P.B, Sigernes, F., Hansen, G.A. & Gjessing,Y. Spectral measurements of the global and diffusesolar ultraviolet radiation and the deduced aerosoloptical depth on the Tibetian Plateau. Journal ofAtmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. (Accepted).

Dokken, T., Voelker, A., Boyle, E., Curry, W.,McManus, J. & Ninnemann, U. Deep water changesin the Atlantic Ocean during the last 60,000yr.Quaternary Science Reviews.

Eiane, K. & Parisi, D. Towards a robust concept formodelling zooplankton migratory behavior. Sarsia.(Accepted).

Eidhammer, T. & Havnes, O. On the sizedependence of the mesospheric dust temperature,its role for dust charging and growth and for thePMSE phenomenon. Journal of Geophysical Research -Space Physics. (Accepted).

Olsen, T. & Steel, R.J. (2000). The significance of theEtive Formation in the development in the Brentsystem : distinction of normal and forced regressi-ons. Geological Society Special Publication.172, 91-112,ISBN 1-86239-063-0

Ravnås, R., Steel, R.J., Nøttvedt, A. & Winelstad, J.(2000). Syn-rift sedimentary architecture in thenorthern North Sea. Geological Society SpecialPublication. 167, 133-178. ISBN 1-86239-056-8.

Siggerud, E., Steel, R.J. & Pollard, J. E. (2000).Bored pebbles and ravinement surface clusters in atransgressive systems tract, Sant Llorenc del Muntfan-delta complex, SE Ebro Basin, NE Spain.Sedimentary Geology. 138, 1-4, 161-177.

Steel, R.J., Rasmussen, H., Eide, S., Neumann, B. &Siggerud, E. (2000). Anatomy of high-sedimentsupply, transgressive tracts in the Vilomaracomposite sequence, Sant Llorenc del Munt, EbroBasin, NE Spain. Sedimentary Geology.138, 1-4, 125-142.

Tereshchenko, E.D., Khudukon, B.Z., Kozlova, M.O.,Evstafiev, O.V., Nygrén, T., Rietveld, M.T. & Brekke,A. (2000). Comparison of the orientation of small-scale electron density irregularities and F regionplasma flow direction. Annales Geophysicae - Atmos-pheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences. 18, 8, 918-926.

Tereshchenko, E.D., Kozlova, M.O., Evstafiev, O.V.,Khudukon, B.Z., Nygrén, T., Rietveld, M. & Brekke,A. (2000). Irregular structures of the F layer at highlatitudes during ionospheric heating. Annales Geo-physicae - Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences.18, 9, 1197-1209.

Elliot, M., Labeyrie, L., Dokken, T. & Manthe, S.Coherent patterns of ice rafted debris deposits in theNordic regions during the last glacial (10-60 ka).Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

Falk-Petersen, S., Sargent, J.R., Kwasniewski, S.,Gulliksen, B. & Millar, R.M. (2001). Lipids and fattyacids in Clione limacina and Limacina helicina inSvalbard waters and the Arctic Ocean : trophicimplications. Polar Biology. 24, 3, 163-170.

Folkestad, A. & Steel, R.J. Cyclicity in HornelenBasin (Devonian, W. Norway) revisited : a multi-parameter analysis approach. Norwegian PetroleumSociety Special Publication.

Havnes, O., Aslaksen, T. & Brattli, A. (2001).Charged dust in the Earth’s middle atmosphere.Physica Scripta. T89, 133-137.

Havnes, O., Brattli, A., Aslaksen, T., Singer, W.,Latteck, R., Blix, T., Thrane, E. & Trøim, J. Firstcommon volume observations of dust layeredplasma structures and polar mesospheric summerechoes by rockets and radars. Geophysical ResearchLetters. (Accepted).

Havnes, O., Li, F., Hartquist, T.W., Aslaksen, T. &Brattli, A. (2001). Mach cones in dusty plasmas inplanetary rings and in laboratory experiments.Planetary and Space Science. 49, 2, 223-229.

Heller, P., Paola, C., In-Gul, Huang, John, B. &Steel, R. J. Geomorphology and sequence strati-graphy during slow and rapid base-level changes inan experimental subsiding basin. The AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin.

Scientificpublications «in press»

41

Huang, D., Moen, J. & Brekke, A. Magneticconjugate study on the substorm onset. GeophysicalResearch Letters. (Submitted).

Ingólfsson, Ó. & Norddahl, H. High relative sea-level during the Bølling interstadial in W Iceland : areflection of ice-sheet collapse and extremely rapidglacial unloading. Arctic, Antarctic and AlpineResearch.

Irvine, R.J., Stien, A., Dallas, J.F., Halvorsen, O.,Langvatn, R. & Albon, S.D. Contrasting regulationof fecundity in two abomasal nematodes of Sval-bard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).Parasitology.

Jørgensen, L.L. & Gulliksen, B. (2001). Rockybottom fauna in arctic Kongsfjord (Svalbard)studied by means of suction sampling andphotography. Polar Biology. 24, 2, 113-121.

Li, F. & Havnes, O. The shock waves in dustyplasma. Physical Review Letters. (Submitted).

Lyså, A. & Lønne, I. Moraine development at asmall high-arctic valley glacier : Rieperbreen,Svalbard. Journal of Quaternary Science.

Lønne, I. (2001). Dynamics of marine glacier terminiread from moraine architecture. Geology. 29,3,199-202.

Lønne, I., Nemec, W., Blikra, L.H. & Lauritsen, T.Sedimentary architecture and dynamic stratigraphyof a marine ice-contact system. Journal of SedimentaryResearch.

Manley, W.F., Lokrantz, H., Gataullin, V.,Ingólfsson, Ó., Andersson, T. & Forman, S. LateQuaternary stratigraphy, radiocarbon chronologyand glacial history at Cape Shpindler, southern KaraSea, Arctic Russia. Global and Planetary Change.

Moen, J., Carlson, H.C., Milan, S., Shumilov, N.,Lybekk, B., Sandholt, P.E. & Lester, M. (2001). On thecollocation between dayside auroral activity andcoherent HF backscatter. Annales Geophysicae -Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences. 18, 12,1531-1549.

Moen, J., Sandholt, P.E. & Egeland, A. Pre- and post-noon asymmetry in dayside auroral activity andconvection related to solar wind-magnetosphereinteractions. Advances in Space Research. (In press).

Mysterud, A., Stenseth, N.C., Yoccoz, N.G.,Langvatn, R. & Steinheim, G. 2001. Non-lineareffects of large-scale climatic variability on wild anddomestic herbivores. Nature. 410, 6832, 1096–1099.

Mysterud, A., Yoccoz, N.G., Stenseth, N.C. &Langvatn, R. Effects of age, sex, and density on bodyweight of Norwegian red deer : evidence of density-dependent senescence. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London, Series B.

Nielsen, K.P., Deehr, C.S., Raustein, E., Gjessing, Y.& Sigernes, F. Polar OH-airglow temperaturevariations in the 87/88 Winter. Physics and chemistryof the earth - Part III, Solar Terrestrial Physics.(Accepted).

Nielsen, K.P., Roettger, J. & Sigernes, F. (2001).UNILEO : simultaneous measurements of tempera-ture in the upper mesosphere with a MST VHF radarand an Ebert-Fastie spectrometer from Adventdalen,Svalbard (78°N, 15°E) during a Leonid meteorshower. Geophysical Research Letters. 28, 5, 943-946.

Nozawa, S., Brekke, A., Manson, A., Hall, C., Meek,C., Morise, K., Oyama, S., Dobaski, K. & Fujii, R. Acomparison study of the auroral E region neutralwinds derived by the EISCAT UHF and the TromsøMF radars. Journal of Geophysical Research - SpacePhysics. (Submitted).

Plink-Bjørklund, P., Mellere, D. & Steel, R.J.Sedimentary architecture and turbidite variability ofslope and basin-floor wedges, Central Tertiary Basin,Spitsbergen. Journal of Sedimentary Research.

Robertis, A.De, Eiane, K. & Rau, G.H. Eat and run :anoxic feeding and subsequent aerobic recovery byOrchomene obtusus (Sars) in Saanich Inlet, BritishColumbia, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series.(Accepted).

Scott, C.L., Falk-Petersen, S., Gulliksen, B., Lønne,O.J. & Sargent, J.R. Lipid indicators of the diet ofGammarus wilkitzkii in the marginal ice zone and inopen waters of Svalbard. Polar Biology. (Accepted).

Stenström, A., Jonsson, O., Jónsdóttir, I.S.,Fagerström, T. & Augner, M. Genetic variation andclonal diversity in four clonal sedges (Carex) alongthe arctic coast of Eurasia. Molecular Ecology.

Sugino, M., Fujii, R., Nozawa, S., Buchert, S.C., Opge-noorth, H. & Brekke, A. Relative contribution of theionospheric conductivity and the electric field to theionospheric current. Annales Geophysicae - Atmosphe-res Hydrospheres and Space Sciences. (Submitted).

Bakke, D. & Brekke, A. (2000). Nordlys. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget. 144. ISBN: 82-521-5691-6.

Hjorth-Hansen, E., Holand, I., Løset, S. & Norem, H.(eds.) (2000). Snow engineering : recent advancesand developments : proceedings of the FourthInternational Conference on Snow Engineering,Trondheim, Norway, 19-21 June 2000. Rotterdam :Balkema. 456. ISBN 90-5809-148-1.

Marzo, M. & Steel, R.J. (eds.) (2000). Special issue :high-resolution sequence stratigraphy andsedimentology of syntectonic clastic wedges (SEEbro Basin, NE Spain). Sedimentary Geology (SpecialIssue). 138, 1-4, 200.

Zolotukhin, A.B., Gudmestad, O.T., Ermakov, A.I.,Jakobsen, R.A., Michtchenko, I.T., Vovk, V.S., Løset,S. & Shkhinek, K.N. (2000). Basics of offshorepetroleum engineering and development of marinefacilities : with emphasis on the Arctic offshore.Moscow : Oil and Gas. 769. (in Russian translation).ISBN 5-7246-0117-6.

Books

42

Brandvik, P.J. (2000). Er oljesøl prisen vi må betalefor vår oljeutvinning? 45-55. In: P2-akademiet. Vol.Q. ISBN 82-7118-264-1.

Brandvik, P.J., Moldestad, M.Ø. & Daling, P.S.(2000). Prediction of weathering of oil spills fromcrude assay data : a combined approach usingmultivariate calibration and SINTEF oil spillweathering model (Phase 2). (SINTEF Report STF66F00026). 60.

Brandvik, P.J. & Ramstad, S. (2000). Innspill tilkonsekvensvurdering av skipstrafikk i VanMijenfjorden med uhellsutslipp av bunkersolje.(SINTEF rapport STF66 F00059). 60.

Caline, F. & Instanes, A. (2000). Modellingpermafrost temperature response to short term(annual) and long term (50 years) variations inmeteorological data. 245-246. In: Senneset, K. (ed.).Proceedings : International Workshop on PermafrostEngineering, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway, 18-21 June 2000. Trondheim : Tapir trykkeri.

Gausland, K. I., Gudmestad, O.T., Krogstad, H.E. &Løset, S. (2000). Detectability of ice ridges by synthe-tic aperture radar. Vol. I. 27-35. In: Proceedings of the15th International Symposium on Ice (IAHR),Gdansk, Poland, 28 August-1 September.

Goering, D.J., Instanes, A., Knudsen, S. (2000).Convective heat transfer in railway embankmentballast. 31-36. In: Thimus, Jean-Francois (ed.).Ground freezing 2000 : frost action in soils:proceedings of the 9th International Symposium,Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 11-13 September. ISBN 90-5809-170-8.

Gulliksen, B., Beuchel, F. & Lønne, O.J. (2000).Temporal variations of the Kongsfjord hard-bottomlocality using image analysis. Final report to theNorwegian Research Council. Project no. 121523/720

Gulliksen, B., Holthe, T., Moen, T.L., Rapp, H.T.,Sneli, J.-A. & Stokland, Ø. (2000). Dyrelivet på fjord-bunnen. 133-148. In: Sakshaug, E. & Sneli, J.-A. (eds).Trondheimsfjorden. Trondheim : Tapir. ISBN: 82-519-1548-1.

Hummelshøj, P., Courtney, M.S., Christiansen, H.H.,Mortensen, L. & Humlum, O. (2000). Mountainmeteorological measurements at extreme icingconditions in the Faroe Islands. GeophysicalResearch Abstracts. Vol. 2, CD-ROM. ISSN 1029-7006. (Abstract).

Instanes, A. (2000). Permafrost temperature to beused in design of infrastructure on Svalbard. 113-114.In: Senneset, K. (ed.). Proceedings : InternationalWorkshop on Permafrost Engineering,Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway, 18-21 June 2000.Trondheim: Tapir trykkeri.

Jaedicke, C., Thiis, T.K. & Bang, B. (2000). Thesnowdrift pattern around a small hill in the HighArctic. 75-80. In: Hjort-Hansen, E. [et al.] (eds.).Snow engineering : recent advances and develop-ments : proceedings of the Fourth International Con-ference on Snow Engineering, Trondheim, Norway,19-21 June. Rotterdam: Balkema. ISBN 90-5809-148-1.

Jaedicke, C., Thiis, T.K., Sandvik, A.D. & Gjessing,Y. (2000). Drifting snow in complex terrain :comparison of measured snow distribution andsimulated wind field. 65-73. In: Hjort-Hansen, E. [et al.] (eds.): Snow engineering : recent advancesand developments : proceedings of the Fourth Inter-national Conference on Snow Engineering, Trond-heim, Norway, 19-21 June. Rotterdam : Balkema.ISBN: 90-5809-148-1.

Jensen, A., Løset, S., Hellmann, J., Gudmestad, O.T.& Ravndal, O. (2000). Model tests of an arctic tankerconcept for loading oil. Part I, Manoeuvring intoloading position. Vol. I. 341-351. In: Proceedings ofthe 15th International Symposium on Ice (IAHR),

Gdansk, Poland, 28 August-1 September. Jensen, A., Løset, S., Høyland, K., Hellmann, J. &Vodahl, B.P. (2000). Model tests of an arctic tankerconcept for loading oil. Part II, Barge in a mooredloading position. Vol. I. 353-362. In: Proceedings ofthe 15th International Symposium on Ice (IAHR),Gdansk, Poland, 28 August-1 September.

Killingtveit, Å. (2000). Global and regionalperpectives on availability : demand andexploitation of water resources. 48-66. In: Nyblin,S.G. & Pettersen, H. (eds.) U-Landskonferansen 2000: vannbehov, rettigheter, konflikt og forvaltning.Holmen Fjordhotell, Asker, 11 May. ISBN 82-91341-39-7.

Killingtveit, Å., Alfredsen, K. & Rinde, T. (2000).Modelling the anthropogenic influences on floodregimes in Norway : results from analysis of threemajor flood events in the Glomma river. 264-275. In:Nilsson, T. (ed.). Nordic Hydrological Conference2000 Proceedings, NHP Report no 46, Uppsala,Sweden, 26-30 June. ISSN: 0900-0267. ISBN 91-576-5984-2.

Killingtveit, Å. & Borsanyi, P. (2000). River basinmanagement in Norway : a brief summary. 121-128.In: Proceedings of the ERWG-EWRA-TECHWARE3rd Inter-Regional Conference on Environment-Water : international conference on water resourcesmanagement in the 21st Century : with particularreference to Europe, Budapest, Hungary, 1-3 June.

Langvatn, R. (2000). Overvåkning hjortevilt – hjort :årsrapport region sør (Rogaland - Hordaland) 1999.18. (NINA Oppdragsmelding ; 647). ISBN 82-426-1035-1 (ISBN error).

Langvatn, R. (2000). Overvåkning hjortevilt – hjort :årsrapport for Sogn og Fjordane 1999. 15. (NINAOppdragsmelding ; 648). ISBN 82-426-1037-8 (ISBNerror).

Langvatn, R. (2000). Overvåkning hjortevilt – hjort :Årsrapport region nord (Sør-Trøndelag) 1999. 16.(NINA Oppdragsmelding ; 649). ISBN 82-426-1038-6(ISBN error), 82-426-1138-6.

Langvatn, R. (2000). Vurdering av miljøeffekter vedbygging og drift av SPEAR antenneanlegg. Konse-kvensutredning, 6.5 : 5-7. Barlindhaug Consult AS,Tromsø.

Leibman, M., Instanes, A. & Markarova, M. (2000).Oil spills on permafrost : Russian experience andremediation techniques. 296-297. In: Senneset, K (ed.)Proceedings : International Workshop on PermafrostEngineering, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 18-21 June.Trondheim: Tapir Trykkeri

Liferov, P., Gudmestad, O.T., Løset, S. & Mølmann,T. (2000). Design of Arctic offshore pipelines to resistthe forces from ice ridges. Vol. I. 181-187. In:Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium onIce (IAHR), Gdansk, Poland, 28 August-1 September.

Lønne, I. (2000). The dynamics of marine glaciertermini read from moraine architecture. 108-110. In:30th Arctic Workshop, program and abstracts,INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.

Lønne, I., Nemec, W. & Blikra, L.H. (2000). TheKregnes moraine in Gauldalen : anatomy of aYounger Dryas proglacial delta in a palaeofjord. 111-112. In: 30th Arctic Workshop, program andabstracts, INSTAAR, University of Colorado,Boulder, USA.

Lønne, I., Nemec, W., Blikra, L.H. & Lauritsen, T.(2000). Sedimentary architecture of a wave-modifiedice-contact delta : ground penetrating radar study ofthe Younger Dryas Mona moraine in southernNorway. 113-114. In: 30th Arctic Workshop, programand abstracts, INSTAAR, University of Colorado,

Reports, published abstracts, etc.

43

Christiansen, H.H. & Humlum, O. (2000). Perma-frost. 32-35. In: Atlas over Grønland. Copenhagen :Royal Danish Geographical Society.

Humlum, O. (2000). La formation du paysage. 377-380. In: Le Danemark. Copenhagen : Ministère Royaldes Affaires Etrangères du Danemark.

Humlum, O. (2000). Danmarks landskab set i klima-historisk lys. 92-96. In: Almanak, Skriv- og Rejse-Kalender. University of Copenhagen.

Humlum, O. (2000). The birth of the landscape. 364-367. In: Denmark. Copenhagen : The Royal DanishMinistry of Foreign Affairs.

Humlum, O. (2000). Grønland i Nordatlanten. 8-9.In: Atlas over Grønland. Copenhagen : Royal DanishGeographical Society.

Humlum, O. (2000). Grønland : en geografisk over-sigt. 10-11. In: Atlas over Grønland. Copenhagen :Royal Danish Geographical Society.

Humlum, O. & Christiansen, H.H. (2000). Færøernesnaturforhold og landskapsutvikling. 241-258. In:Almanak, Skriv- og Rejse-Kalender. University ofCopenhagen.

Humlum, O. & Nielsen, N. (2000). Diskofjord, envestgrønlandsk fjorddal. 90-91. In: Atlas overGrønland. Copenhagen : Royal Danish GeographicalSociety.

Meisingset, E. & Langvatn, R. (2000). Variasjon i vektog reproduksjon hos hjort i Norge. Hjorteviltet: fag-tidsskrift om elg, hjort og rådyr. 10, 52-56.

Nielsen, N., Humlum, O. & Nielsen, K. (2000). EqipSermia, en udløbsgletscher i Vestgrønland. 118-121.In: Atlas over Grønland. Copenhagen : Royal DanishGeographical Society.

bunndyrsamfunn? (Akvaplan-niva report; APN-421.1553).

Riise, G., Haugum, A., Tallaksen, L., Killingtveit, Å.,Rye, N., Aamodt, K.O. & Repp, K. (2000). Etter- ogvidereutdanning i hydrologi : rapport fra etter- ogvidereutdanningsutvalg nedsatt av Norskhydrologiråd. Norsk hydrologiråd, Oslo.

Røhr, P.C. & Killingtveit, Å. (2000). Hydrologicmodelling in the upper Pangani River Basin : someexamples from the past and description of a newapproach. Vol I.100-110. In: Ngana, J. (ed.).Integrated river basin management, Pangani riverbasin, research monograph. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dares Salaam.

Thiis, T.K. & Jaedicke, C. (2000). Changes insnowdrift pattern caused by a building extension:investigations through scale modelling andnumerical simulations. 363-368. In: Hjort-Hansen, E.[et al.] (eds.). Snow engineering: recent advancesand developments: proceedings of the Fourth Inter-national Conference on Snow Engineering, Trond-heim, Norway, 19-21 June. Rotterdam : Balkema.ISBN: 90-5809-148-1.

Thiis, T.K. & Jaedicke, C. (2000). The snowdriftpattern around two cubical obstacles with varyingdistance : measurements and numerical simulations.369-375. In: Hjort-Hansen, E. [et al.] (eds.). Snowengineering : recent advances and developments :proceedings of the Fourth International Conferenceon Snow Engineering, Trondheim, Norway, 19-21June. Rotterdam: Balkema. ISBN: 90-5809-148-1.

Zielke, M., Ekker, A.S., Olsen, R.A., Spjelkavik, S.& Solheim, B. (2000). The influence of abiotic factorson acetylene reduction rates of soil-plant samplesfrom different vegetation types from the High Arctic.503-509. In: Bell, C.R., Brylinsky, M. & Johnson-Green, P. (eds.). Microbial biosystems : new frontiers:proceedings of the 8th International Symposium onMicrobial Ecology, Halifax, Canada, August 9-14,1998. Kentville N.S. : Atlantic Canada Society forMicrobial Ecology. ISBN 09-6867-630-8 (set).

Zielke, M., Ekker, A.S., Olsen, R.A., Spjelkavik, S.& Solheim, B. (2000). Seasonal variations in acetylenereduction rates in arctic plant communities in theSassen Valley, Svalbard, Norway. 715-719. In: Bell,C.R., Brylinsky, M. & Johnson-Green, P. (eds.).Microbial biosystems : new frontiers : proceedings ofthe 8th International Symposium on MicrobialEcology, Halifax, Canada, August 9-14, 1998.Kentville N.S. : Atlantic Canada Society forMicrobial Ecology. ISBN 09-6867-630-8 (set).

Boulder, USA.

Løset, S., Jensen, A. & Ravndal, O. (2000). Submer-ged turret loading of oil in ice. 22. In: Proceedings ofthe APL Technology Conference, Arendal, 25-27 July.

Løset, S. & Moldestad, D.A. (2000). Characterisationof snow structure in a cross-country race ski track.123-128. In: Hjort-Hansen, E. [et al.] (eds.). Snowengineering : recent advances and developments :proceedings of the Fourth International Conferenceon Snow Engineering, Trondheim, Norway, 19-21June. Rotterdam: Balkema. ISBN: 90-5809-148-1.

Løset, S., Shkhinek, K. & Uvarova, E. (2000).Evaluation of existing ice force prediction methods.Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Department of Structural Engineering, Trondheim.(Report ; R-15-00). (LOLEIF Report No. 3). 85.

Løset, S. & Økland, J.K. (2000). Ice drift speeds in thePechora Sea. Vol. I. 37-44. In: Proceedings of the 15thInternational Symposium on Ice (IAHR), Gdansk,Poland, 28 August-1 September.

Marchand, W.D., Bruland, O. & Killingtveit, Å.(2000). Enhancement of measurements and analysisof spatial snow cover by combining a ground basedradar system with a differential global positioningsystem receiver. 431-440. In: Proceedings of theNordic Hydrological Conference 2000, Uppsala,Sweden, June 26-30. ISSN 0900-0267. ISBN 91-576-5984-2.

Moldestad, D.A. & Løset, S. (2000). Factors affectingski base friction on snow. 139-135. In: Hjort-Hansen,E. [et al.] (eds.). Snow engineering : recent advancesand developments: proceedings of the Fourth Inter-national Conference on Snow Engineering, Trond-heim, Norway, 19-21 June. Rotterdam : Balkema.ISBN: 90-5809-148-1.

Moldestad, D.A. & Løset, S. (2000). Evaluation of theAutosock. Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Department of Structural Engineering,Trondheim. (Report ; R-10-00). 33.

Moslet, P.O. & Løset, S. (2000). Probabilistic model-ling of ice loads. Ice load user’s manual. NorwegianUniversity of Science and Technology, Department ofStructural Engineering, Trondheim. (Report ; R-16-00). (LOLEIF Report No. 13). 23.

Oksavik, K. (2000). Space Weather in the Arctic. 28 - 29. In: ICPS 2000, Conference Handbook, XVInternational Conference for Physics Students,Zadar, Croatia, 4-11 August.

Pedersen, G., Hvingel, C. & Gulliksen, B. (2000).Påvirker reketråling diversitet og bimasse i arktiske

Popular scientific publications

44

Albon, S.A., Halvorsen, O., Langvatn, R. & Ropstad,E. Do parasites regulate Svalbard reindeer? 51stAAAS Arctic Science Conference, Whitehorse,Canada, 21-24 September.

Aschan, M., Gulliksen, B., Vader, W. & Jaklin, G.S. Aspringboard to the Arctic Sea : a century of marineand fishery science in Tromsø, Norway. ICESSymposium on 100 years of science under ICES,Helsinki, Finland, 1-4 August.

Bartke, U., Gulliksen, B. & Lønne, O.J. Imageanalysis : a method for analysis of underwater photo-graphs of Megabenthos. Årsmøte i Norske havfor-skeres forening, Oslo, 8-10 November. (Poster /abstract).

Beuchel, F. & Lønne, O.J. Population structure andgrowth of the autochthonous sympagic amphipodsGammarus wilkitzkii and Apherusa glacialis in selectedcategories of sea ice north of Svalbard. Årsmøte iNorske havforskeres forening, Oslo, 8-10 November.(Poster / abstract).

Borgå, K., Gulliksen, B., Gabrielsen, G.W. & Skaare,J.U. Size-related bioaccumulation of organochlorinesin Arctic sea-ice-amphipods. Dioxin 2000: 20th Inter-national Symposium on HalongenatedEnvironmental Organic Pollutants & POPs.Monterey, California, 13-17 August. (Poster).

Brandvik, P.J. Monitoring and tracking of oil in ice :is it possible to predict drifting and spreading of anoil slick in broken ice? International Oil & IceWorkshop, Anchorage, USA, 5-7 April. (Invitedpresentation).

Bruland, O., Sand, K. & Killingtveit, Å. HBV modelapplied to calculate freshwater discharge toKongsfjorden. Kongsfjord Ecosystem Workshop2000, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, 31 October–5 November. (Lecture.)

Chuvilin, E., Naletova, N.S., Milyaeva, E.C., Kozlova,E.V. & Instanes, A. Factors affecting spreadabilityand transportation of oil in regions of frozen ground.The 2nd International Conference on Contaminantsin Freezing Ground, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2-5 July.

D’Hertefeldt, T., Jónsdóttir, I.S. & Falkengren-Grerup, U. Morphological plasticity and integrationin two Carex species adapted to different environ-ments. Clone~2000 : Current Progress and Develop-ments in Clonal Plant Research, International Work-shop, Obergurgl, Austria, 20-25 August.

Dokken, T. Foredrag om endringer i Golfstrømmen iet geologisk perspektiv. Golfstrømseminar i Vester-ålen, Hurtigrutens Hus, Stokmarknes, 17 January.(Lecture).

Dokken, T., Kissel, C., Voelker, A., Rasmussen, T.,Sarnthein, M. & Jansen, E. (2000). The Nordic Seas :responding to - or trigger of climatic changes. SCOR-IMAGES meeting, Trins, Austria, 16-19 February.(Abstract, poster and talk).

Falk-Petersen, S., Sargent, J.R., Scott, C.L., Dahl, T.M.,Kwasniewski, S., Gulliksen, B., Hop, H. & Millar,R.M. Lipid biomarkers and trophic linkages betweenthe Arctic Ctenophores and Calanoid Copepods inSvalbard waters. ASLO Symposium, Copenhagen, 5-9 June.

Grechishchev, S., Instanes, A., Sheshin, J.B., Pavlov,A.V. & Grechishcheva, O.B. Laboratory investigati-ons of the freezing point of oil polluted soil. The 2ndInternational Conference on Contaminants in Free-zing Ground, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2-5 July.

Grechishchev, S., Sheshin, J.B., Pavlov, A.V.,Grechishcheva, O.B. & Instanes, A. Thermo-kineticcharacterisation and condition of oil pollution insoils subjected to annual freeze-thaw. International

Conference «Rhythm of natural processes in theearth cryosphere», Puchino, Moscow-region, Russia,12-15 May.

Humlum, O. Climatic controls on the distribution ofrock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers : observat-ions from Greenland and Svalbard. Workshop ondebris covered glaciers and rock glaciers, Universityof Washington, Seattle, 15 September. (Lecture).

Humlum, O. The effect of supraglacial debris onglaciers in permafrost areas. British Cryostrati-graphy Research Group, Periglacial Workshop,University of St.Andrews, Scotland, 6 September.(Lecture).

Humlum, O. Environmental changes on the FaroeIslands since the Late Weichselian : some preliminaryresults of the LINK project. Faroe Scientific Society,Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, 26 October. (Invitedlecture).

Humlum, O. Mapping Holocene climatic variationsin the North Atlantic Region by means of geo-morphology. Geomorphological and environmentalresearch group, Department of Geography,University of Bonn, Germany, 14 November. (Invitedlecture).

Humlum, O. UNIS (The University Courses onSvalbard) : a university centre in the High Arctic.Geomorphological and environmental researchgroup, Department of Geography, University ofBonn, Germany, 14 November. (Invited lecture).

Ingólfsson, Ó. Constrains on the glacial and climatichistory of the Antarctic Peninsula region since LGM.ANTIME workshop : glaciation of the Weddell SeaBasin, Abisko, Sweden, 16-19 September. (Keynotelecture).

Instanes, A. Cold regions engineering : challenges ofthe next century. Ground Freezing 2000 : frost actionin soils, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, 11-13 September. (Invited lecture).

Jaedicke, C. Snow drift losses from an Arcticcatchment on Spitsbergen : an additional process inthe water balance. American Geophysical Union: fallmeeting, San Francisco, 15-19 December.

Jaedicke, C. Snow drift modelling on Spitsbergen.Annual meeting of the International GlaciologicalSociety, Nordic branch, Tallin, Estonia, October.

Jaedicke, C. & Thiis, T.K. Acoustic snow driftmeasurements : experiences and results from theFLOWCAPTT instrument. International Symposiumon snow, avalanches and impact of the forest cover,Innsbrück, 22-26 May.

Jónsdóttir, I.S. The International Tundra Experiment(ITEX). CAFF/AMAP Workshop on a CircumpolarBiodiversity Monitoring Program, Reykjavik,Iceland, 7-9 February.

Khitun, O., Jónsdóttir, I.S. & Stenström, A. Effect ofsimulated climate change on resource concentrationin arctic sedge, Carex bigelowii : from Decade toMillennium : the 10th ITEX meeting, Abisko,Sweden, 22-25 September.

Killingtveit, Å. GIS og flomsonekartlegging : auto-matisk kobling mellom digital terrengmodell i ARC-VIEW og hydraulisk modell (HEC-RAS). GIS iVassdrag, NTNU, Trondheim, 12-13 January. (Lecture/ Poster).

Killingtveit, Å. Nytt fra NTNU. ENFO VårseminarVassdragsteknisk forum, Clarion Oslo Airport Hotel,Gardermoen, 30 May. (Lecture / Poster).

Killingtveit, Å. Tilsigsprognoser : lang sikt. NITOFagkurs Hydrologi for kraftverksdrift og kraft-handel, Rica Hell Hotell, Trondheim, 8-9 February.(Lecture / Poster).

Presentations (oral or poster)

45

Killingtveit, Å. Tilsigsprognoser : kort sikt. NITOFagkurs Hydrologi for kraftverksdrift og kraft-handel, Rica Hell Hotell, Trondheim, 8-9 February.(Lecture / Poster).

Killingtveit, Å. & Røhr, P.C. Water management inPangani River, Tanzania : background, global andregional trends. NTNU - Arena for Utviklingsforsk-ning: Development in Africa : Research Challenges,NTNU, Trondheim, 18 August. (Lecture / Poster).

Lønne, I. The dynamics of marine glacier terminiread from moraine architecture. 30th Arctic Work-shop, INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder,USA, 16-18 March. (Lecture).

Lønne, I. Fra istid til global oppvarming : Svalbard-landskapet forandrer seg! Seminar at UNIS, 10February. (Lecture).

Lønne, I. Hvordan fjell og daler blir til. 3. klLongyearbyen skole, 6-7 June. (Lecture).

Lønne, I. Landskapet på Svalbard. Guide- ogturlederopplæringen på Svalbard. Longyearbyen,June. (Lecture).

Lønne, I. Svalbards geologi. Planleggingsdag forlærere ved Longyearbyen skole, 22 August. (Lecture& excursion).

Lønne, I., Nemec, W. & Blikra, L.H. The Kregnesmoraine in Gauldalen : anatomy of a Younger Dryasproglacial delta in a palaeofjord. 30th Arctic Work-shop, INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder,USA, 16-18 March. (Lecture).

Lønne, I., Nemec, W., Blikra, L.H. & Lauritsen, T.Sedimentary architecture of a wave-modified ice-contact delta : ground penetrating radar study of theYounger Dryas Mona moraine in southern Norway.30th Arctic Workshop, INSTAAR, University ofColorado, Boulder, USA, 16-18 March. (Lecture).

Nielsen, K.P., Deehr, C.S., Raustein, E., Gjessing, Y.& Sigernes, F. An observation of a mesosphericplanetary wave over Svalbard in relation to a majorstratospheric warming. EGS XXV General Assembly,ST-10, Nice, France, 25-29 April. (Poster).

Nielsen, K.P., Deehr, C.S., Raustein, E., Gjessing, Y.& Sigernes, F. An observation of a mesosphericplanetary wave over Svalbard in relation to a majorstratospheric warming. IAGA workshop, Prague,Czech Republic, 25-28 July. (Oral presentation).

Moen, J. Cusp/cleft activities observed by ground-based optics and HF coherent radar. GeophysicalCenter of WDC-D, Beijing, 14 April. (Invited).

Moen, J. Cusp/cleft activities observed by ground-based optics and HF coherent radar. Polar ResearchInstitute of China, Shanghai, 11 April. (Invited).

Moen, J. On the relationship between optical cuspaurora and coherent HF radar backscatter. NationalInstitute of Polar Research, Tokyo, 10 February.(Invited).

Moen, J. Studies of the polar cusp and cap by multi-instrument techniques : unresolved problems andfuture opportunities. Symposium on Space Researchin the Polar Region in the next 25 years, TheNorwegian Academy of Science, Oslo, 21 September.(Invited).

Moen, J. Transient cusp auroral dynamics andionospheric flow dynamics. Geophysical Center ofWDC-D, Beijing, 11 April. (Invited).

Moen, J. Transient cusp auroral dynamics andionospheric flow dynamics. Polar Research Instituteof China, Shanghai, 11 April. (Invited).

Moen, J., Carlson, H.C., Milan, S.E., Shumilov, N.,Lybekk, B., Sandholt, P.E. & Lester, M. Daysideauroral activities and coherent radar backscatter.EGS XXV General Assembly, Nice, 25-29 April. (Invited).

Oksavik, K. Romvær, hva er det? Fysikermøtet 2000,Tromsø, 16-18 June. (Lecture).

Oksavik, K. Space Weather in the Arctic. XVInternational Conference for Physics Students,Zadar, Croatia, 4-11 August. (Lecture).

Oksavik, K., Søraas, F., Moen, J. & Burke, W.J.Optical and particle signatures of magnetosphericboundary layers near magnetic noon : satellite andground-based observations. First S-RAMPConference, Sapporo, Japan, 2-6 October. (Poster).

Richardsen, S.R, Grahl-Nielsen, O., Gulliksen, B. &Lønne, O.J. Fatty acid composition in the bivalveMya truncata from Isfjorden, Svalbard. Årsmøte iNorske havforskeres forening, Oslo, 8-10 November.(Poster/abstract).

Rike, A.G., Børresen, M. & Instanes, A. Response ofcold adapted microbial population in a permafrostenvironment to hydrocarbon contaminants. The 2ndInternational Conference on Contaminants inFreezing Ground, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2-5 July.

Søraas, F., Aarsnes, K. & Oksavik, K. Low altitudeobservations of precipitation electrons and protons.First S-RAMP Conference, Sapporo, Japan, 2-6 October. (Poster).

Søraas, F., Aarsnes, K. & Oksavik, K. Ring currentestimated from low altitude observations. First S-RAMP Conference, Sapporo, Japan, 2-6 October.(Lecture).

Tverberg, V., Lipizer, M. & Schauer, U. Changes inthe deep water in the Fram Strait based on TS-characteristics. EGS XXV General Assembly, Nice,25-29 April 2000. (Poster).

Zielke, M., Schütte, U. & Solheim, B. Cyanobacterialsymbioses. European Science Foundation : Cyanofix: summer school and workshop on cyanobacterialsymbioses, their evolution and the creation of newcyanobacterial symbioses, Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare,Ireland, 27 August-3 September. (Abstract).

46

Alm, Göran Stockholm University, Sweden

Amlien, Jostein University of Oslo

Andresen, Arild University of Oslo

Andresen, Steinar Fridtjof Nansens Institute

Arlov, Thor Bjørn Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Asplin, Lars Institute of Marine Research, Bergen

Astakhov, Valery Institute for Remote Sen-sing Methods in Geology,

Russland

Ballantyne, Collin C. University of St. Andrews, Scotland

Berggren, Anne-Lise Geofrost Engineering A/S

Bjørnsson, Helgi University of Iceland

Bjørnå, Noralv Tromsø Geophysical Observatory

Bløtkjær, Kjell Norwgian University of Science and Technology

Bogen, Jim Norwegien water resorces and energy administration

Brigham-Grette, Julie University of Massachusetts, USA

Bruland, Oddbjørn SINTEF

Buskqvist, Nils O. Trondhjem Biologiske Stasjon

Camus, Lionel Akvamiljø AS

Crawford, Robert M. M.University of St. Andrews

Dahle, Trine University of Oslo

de Lange, Tor University of Bergen

Derocher, Andrew E. Norwegian Polar Institute

Digranes, Per University of Bergen

Dowdeswell, Julian University of Bristol, UK

Egeland, Alv University of Oslo

Eiken, Trond University of Oslo

Eltoft, Torbjørn University of Tromsø

Elvebakk, Arve University of Tromsø

Falck, Eva University of Bergen

Falk-Petersen, Stig Norwegian Polar Institute

Finnseth, Jarle Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Flatberg, Kjell Ivar Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Flaate, Kaare Veidirektoratet

French, Hugh M. University of Ottawa, Canada

Funder, Svend University of Copenhagen,Denmark

Furevik, Tore University of Bergen

Gabrielsen, Geir Wing Norwegian Polar Institute

Gao, Dengyi Institute for atmospheric science, Bejing

Gidskehaug, Arne University of Bergen

Gjertz, Ian Norwegian Polar Institute

Gjevik, Bjørn University of Oslo

Goering, Douglas Norwegian geotechnical Institute

Gualteri, Lyn University of Island

Gudmestad, Ove T. Statoil

Guio, Patrick University of Oslo

Hagen, Jon Ove University of Oslo

Hagen, Oddvar Region hospital in Tromsø

Hagfors, Tor Max-Planck Instiut für Aeronomi, Germay

Hald, Morten University of Tromsø

Haldorsen, Sylvi Agricultural University of Norway

Hamre, Johannes Institute of Marine Research, Bergen

Hansen , Alfred University of Tromsø

Hansen, Edmond Norwegian Polar Institute

Hansen, Louise The University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Hauan, Marit Anne University of Tromsø

Haug, Tore Norsk instiutt for fiskeri- og havbruksforskning

Haugan , Peter M. University of Bergen

Heia, Karsten University of Tromsø

Helland-Hansen, William University of Bergen

Hoflandsdal, Endre Svalbard samfunnsdrift

Holm, Elis Lund University Hospital, Sweden

Holmlund, Per University of Stockholm

Holtet, Jan A. University of Oslo

Hop, Håkon Norwegian Polar Institute

Hoppe, Ulf Peter FFI

Huse, Geir University of Bergen

Hyllestad, Robert Post og teletilsynet

Høgda, Kjell A. NORUT IT

Ingòlfsson, Òlafur University of Göteborg

Isaksen, Ketil University of Oslo

Iversen, Steinar University of Tromsø

Jansen, Eystein University of Bergen

Jansson, Peter Stockholm University, Sweden

Johansen, Bror SINTEF

Johansen, Torunn B. Trondhjem Biologiske Stasjon

Johnsen, Sverre Ola Norwegian University of

Guest lecturers

Name Institution Name Institution

47

Science and Technology

Johnsen, Geir Trondhjem Biologiske Stasjon

Jørgensen, Lis Lindahl University of Tromsø

Kallenborn, Roland Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)

Kangas, Tor-Villy University of Bergen

Kjelstad, Berit Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Kjærnet, Torfinn Bergmesteren for Svalbard

Klemetsen, Anders University of Tromsø

Knutsson, Sven Luleå Tekniska Universitet

Kovacs, Kit Norwegian Polar Institute

Kristoffersen, Steinar Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Kuvaas, Berit Statoil

Kwasniewski, Slawek Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

La Hoz, Cesar University of Tromsø

Laberg, Jan Sverre University of Tromsø

Landvik, Jon Agricultural University of Norway

Larsen, Jan Otto Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Larsson, Conny University of Uppsala, Sweden

Lauritzen, Stein Erik University of Bergen

Leibman, Marina Earth Crysophere Institute, Russia

Lein, Berit Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning

Leinaas, Hans Petter University of Oslo

Leitl, Bernd University of Hamburg, Germany

Leppäranta, Matti University of Helsinki, Finland

Lockwood, Mike Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK

Lorentzen, Dag Arne College of Narvik

Lundén, Bengt Stockholm University, Stockholm

Lydersen, Christian Norwegian Polar Institute

Malaize, Bruno University of Bordeaux, France

Manely, William University of Colorado, USA

McCrea, Ian Rutherford Appleton Laboraty, UK

McKibben, Bruce University of Bergen

McPhee, Miles Research Company, Naches, Washington State, USA

Mehlum, Fridtjof Norwegian Polar Institute

Mellere, Donatella University of Padova, Italy

Mienert, Jürgen University of Tromsø

Miller, Gifford University of Colorado, USA

Mjelde, Rolf University of Bergen

Moe, Geir Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Myrvang, Arne Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Möller, Per Lund University, Sweden

Mølmann, Truls Barlindhaug Consult AS

Nemec, Wojtek University of Bergen

Nemec, Wojtek University of Bergen

Nesje, Atle University of Bergen

Nilsen, Frank University of Bergen

Nilssen, Einar Norwegian College of Fishery Science

Nygrén, Tuomo University of Oulu, Finalnd

Nygrèn, Tuomo Univeristy of Oulu, Finland

Nøst, Ole Anders Norwegian Polar Institute

Paulsen, Jan Erik Forecasting Divition for Northern Norway

Presterud, Pål Norwegian Polar Institute

Ramstad, Svein SINTEF

Rasmussen, Erik University of Copenhagen,Denmark

Raustein, Elmer University of Bergen

Reeh, Niels Technical University of Denmark

Reiertsen, Lars-Otto AMAP, Oslo

Reiten, Ivar The Coast Guard

Respovs, Dusan University of Ljublijana, Slovenia

Reymert, Per Kyrre Svalbard Science Forum

Roettger, Jürgen Max Plank Institut für Aeronomie, Germay

Sakshaug, Egil Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Sand, Knut SINTEF

Schnell, Øyvind A. University of Bergen

Shkinek, Karl State Technical University of St Petersburg, Russia

Siggerud, Erling PGS Reservoir AS

Sigurdsson, Thrainn Sensors+Software, Sweden

Skuterud, Lavrans Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority

Smith, R.W University of Fairbanks, USA

Name Institution Name Institution

48

Name Institution Name Institution

Solheim, Bjørn University of Tromsø

Solheim, Anders Norwegian Geotechnical Institute

Solheim, Inger NORUT IT

Solhøy, Torstein University of Bergen

Sorteberg, Asgeir Norwegian Metrologiacal Institute

Spielhagen, Robert Alfred Wegner Institute, Germany

Stenström, Anna University of Göteborg, Sweden

Stette, Gunnar Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Stocker, Thomas University of Bern, Switzerland

Sundet, Jan Fiskeriforskning

Sundvor, Eirik Universitetet i Bergen

Svendsen, Harald University of Bergen

Svendsen, Einar Institute of Marine Research, Bergen

Svenning, Martin Foundation for Nature Research and Cultural Heritage Reserach (NINA)

Svenøe, Trond University of Tromsø

Sæltun, Nils Roar University of Oslo

Sæther. Ola Magne Geological Survey of Norway

Sørensen, Rune Norwegian School of Management BI

Søraas, Finn University of Bergen

Telebond, Turid Svalbard Samfunnsdrift

Thiede, Jörn GEOMAR, Germay

Thorolfsson, Sveinn Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Thrane, Eivind V. FFI

Tverberg, Vigdis Nowegian Polar Institute

Ulfstein, Geir University of Oslo

Vaskinn, Kjetil SINTEF

Vatne, Geir Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Vik, Johannes Bergmesteren på Svalbard

von Quillfeldt, Cecilie Norwegian Polar Institute

Walløe, Lars University of Oslo

Weber, Jan Erik University of Oslo

Weslawski, Jan Marcin Polish Academy of Sciences

Wiig, Øystein University of Oslo

Winther, Jan G Norwegian Polar Institute

Yoccoz, Nigel Foundation for Nature Research and Cultural Heritage Research (NINA)

Zabavnikov, Vladimir Polar Research Inst. of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography,Murmansk

Zolotukhin, Anatoly State Technical University of St. Petersburg, Russia

Øritsland, Nils A. Geological Survey of Norway

Østerhus, Svein University of Bergen

Øvstedal, Dag Olav University of Bergen

Øydgard, Ola Longyearbyen Hospital

Årseth, Inge University of Bergen

49