8
J Clin Pathol 1992;45:332-338 Methods f o r detecting lupus anticoagulants an d their relation to thrombosis a n d miscarriage i n patients with systemic lupus erythematosus D Ferro, M Saliola, C Quintarelli, G Valesini, S Basili, A M Grandilli, M S Bonavita, F Violi Institute of Clinical Medicine I , University o f Rome " La Sapienza," Rome, Italy D Ferro M Saliola C Quintarelli G Valesini S Basili A M Grandilli M S Bonavita F Violi Correspondence t o : Dr Francesco Violi, Universit4 degli Studi d i Roma "La Sapienza", Istituto di I Clinica medica generale e Terapia Medica, Policlinico Umberto I , 00181, Rome, Italy Accepted f or publication 5 September 1991 Abstract Aims: T o examine t h e sensitivity a n d specificity t o past thrombotic events o f four different coagulation tests, which screen f o r lupus anticoagulant (LA), a nd o f anticardiolipin antibodies i n patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: Fifty three consecutive patients with systemic lupus eryth- ematosus were studied o f whom three males a n d 2 1 females, aged 21-60 years, ha d a history o f venous a n d arterial thrombosis, or miscarriage, or both. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRWT), kaolin clotting time (KCT), dilute aPTT a n d th e circulating titre o f anticardiolipin antibodies were investigated i n t h e t w o groups o f patients a n d i n 2 0 healthy control subjects. Results: T h e prolonged dilute aPTT was more sensitive t o thromboses or mis- carriages, or both than dRWT ( p < 0-05), KCT (p < 0 01), a n d aPTT ( p < 0 001). N o significant differences i n specificity were found among aPTT (100%), dRVVT KC T (93%) a n d dilute aPTT (86-2%); but aPTT a n d dRVVT were significantly more specific ( p < 0 0 1 , p < 0 0 5 , respectively) than anticardiolipin antibodies. Conclusions: T h e study shows a strong association between lupus anticoagulant a n d thrombosis when a very sensitive test such a s t h e dilute aPTT i s used. T h e combination o f this assay with a very specific test such a s dRWT might enable patients with S L E a t high risk o f throm- bosis t o b e identified. T h e lupus anticoagulant is a n antibody (usually IgG, IgM, o r a mixture o f both) that i s directed against t h e negatively charged phospholipids of the prothrombin activator complex.'2 I t therefore prolongs i n vitro t h e phospholipid dependent coagulation tests without inhibiting t h e activity o f specific coagulation factors.' Although lupus anticoagulant may b e seen in several clinical conditions, i n association with drugs regimens, following viral infec- tions including AIDS, i n haematological malignant diseases, a n d i n apparently healthy subjects,' i t was initially described i n autoimmune disease and, i n particular, i n patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).7 Previous reports have suggested t h e prevalence of lupus anticoagulant i n patients with SL E t o b e between 1 0 % an d 15%,"1O b u t other recent studies have found t h e prevalence t o b e 2 1 t o 65%."" This dis- crepancy may depend on t h e fluctuation o f lupus anticoagulant d u e to disease activity o r treatment,'4 1 5 b u t i t i s more probably d u e t o t h e different sensitivites o f t h e various tests a n d reagents used t o verify t h e presence o f lupus anticoagulant.'6'8 More recently, some authors have also suggested possible laboratory heterogeneity among "lupus anticoagulants".1921 T h e routinely used coagulation tests i n which phospholipids ar e added t o t h e test system, especially activated partial thrombo- plastin time (aPTT), have been found b y different authors to b e insufficiently sensitive to t h e presence o f lupus anticoagulant.222' T h e reduction o r the elimination o f exogenous phospholipids i n t h e dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) an d kaolin clotting time (KCT), respectively, actually increased t h e sensitivity t o lupus anticoagulant.'224 Th e positivity o f lupus anticoagulant is associated with a tendency to thromboembolic events; thrombosis i s common i n patients with lupus anticoagulant, where i t ranges from 25%- 35%,25 although some authors have found higher prevalence.71126 Lupus anticoagulant positive women also have a high risk o f recurrent abortions d u e t o thrombosis o f t h e placental a n d decidual vessels.2728 T h e variability i n t h e prevalence of throm- botic phenomena i n such patients could depend on the differing capacity of t h e tests to detect lupus anticoagulant. I n fact, i t seems that a stronger association c a n b e found b e - tween lupus anticoagulant a n d thrombosis using tests which a re more sensitive t o an d specific f o r th e presence o f lupus anticoagulant.22 2 9 3 0 T h e ai m o f this study was t o compare t h e respective sensitivity a n d specificity t o throm- botic episodes of four coagulation tests (aPTT, dRVVT, KCT, dilute aPTT), pre- viously shown t o have varying capacities to detect lupus anticoagulant.'222 '4"3 Further- more, we evaluated th e titre o f circulating anticardiolipin antibodies which have been reported as being strongly associated with lupus anticoagulant32 3 3 a nd measurable b y several immunoassays.34" 3 32

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J C l i n P a t h o l 1 9 9 2 ; 4 5 : 3 3 2 - 3 3 8

M e t h o d s f o r d e t e c t i n g l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s a n d

t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o t h r o m b o s i s a n d m i s c a r r i a g e i np a t i e n t s w i t h s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s

D F e r r o , M S a l i o l a , C Q u i n t a r e l l i , G V a l e s i n i , S B a s i l i , AMG r a n d i l l i , MS B o n a v i t a ,

F V i o l i

I n s t i t u t e o f C l i n i c a lMedicine I ,U n i v e r s i t y o f Rome"La S a p i e n z a , " Rome,I t a l yD F e r r oM S a l i o l aC Q u i n t a r e l l iG V a l e s i n iS B a s i l iAMG r a n d i l l iMS B o n a v i t aF V i o l i

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o :

Dr F r a n c e s c o V i o l i ,U n i v e r s i t 4 d e g l i S t u d i d iR o m a "La S a p i e n z a " ,

I s t i t u t o di I C l i n i c a m e d i c ag e n e r a l e e T e r a p i a M e d i c a ,P o l i c l i n i c o Umberto I ,0 0 1 8 1 , Rome, I t a l y

A c c e p t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n5 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 1

A b s t r a c t

Aims: To examine t h e s e n s i t i v i t y an d

s p e c i f i c i t y t o past thrombotic events o f

f o u r d i f f e r e n t c o a g u l a t i o n t e s t s , w hi c hscreen f o r l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t ( L A ) , an do f a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s i n p a t i e n t s

w i t h s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s .

Methods: F i f t y t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e

p a t i e n t s with s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h -

em atosus were s t u d i e d o f whom t h r e e

males an d 2 1 f e m a l e s , aged 2 1 - 6 0 years,

h ad a h i s t o r y o f venous a n d a r t e r i a l

t h r o m b o s i s , or m i s c a r r i a g e , or b o t h .

A c t i v a t e d p a r t i a l t h r o m b o p l a s t i n time

( a P T T ) , d i l u t e R u s s e l l ' s v i p e r venom

time (dRWT), k a o l i n c l o t t i n g time

(KCT), d i l u t e aPTT an d t h e c i r c u l a t i n g

t i t r e o f a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s were

i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e t w o groups o f p a t i e n t s

an d i n 2 0 h e a l t h y c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s .

R e s u l t s : Th e p r o l o n g e d d i l u t e aPTT was

more s e n s i t i v e t o thromboses or mis-

c a r r i a g e s , or both than dRWT( p < 0 - 0 5 ) , KCT ( p < 0 0 1 ) , an d aPTT( p < 0 0 0 1 ) . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n

s p e c i f i c i t y were found among aPTT( 1 0 0 % ) , dRVVT ( 9 3 % ) , KCT ( 9 3 % ) an dd i l u t e aPTT ( 8 6 - 2 % ) ; b u t aPTT an ddRVVT were s i g n i f i c a n t l y more s p e c i f i c

( p < 0 0 1 , p < 0 0 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) than

a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s .

C o n c l u s i o n s : Th e s t u d y shows a strong

a s s o c i a t i o n between l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t

an d thrombosis w h e n a very s e n s i t i v e

t e s t such a s t h e d i l u t e aPTT i s u s e d . Th ecombination o f t h i s a s s a y w i t h a very

s p e c i f i c t e s t such a s dRWT might e n a b l e

p a t i e n t s with SLE at h i g h r i s k o f throm-b o s i s t o be i d e n t i f i e d .

Th e l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i s a n a n t i b o d y

( u s u a l l y I g G , I g M , or a m i x t u r e o f b o t h ) t h a t

i s d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e n e g a t i v e l y c h a r g e d

p h o s p h o l i p i d s o f t h e p r o t h r o m b i n a c t i v a t o rc o m p l e x . ' 2 I t t h e r e f o r e p r o l o n g s i n v i t r o t h e

p h o s p h o l i p i d d e p e n d e n t c o a g u l a t i o n t e s t s

w i t h o u t i n h i b i t i n g t h e a c t i v i t y o f s p e c i f i cc o a g u l a t i o n f a c t o r s . '

A l t h o u g h l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t may b e s e e n

i n s e v er a l c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , i n a s s o c i a t i o n

w i t h d r u g s r e g i m e n s , f o l l o w i n g v i r a l i n f e c -t i o n s i n c l u d i n g AIDS, i n h a e m a t o l o g i c a l

m a l i g n a n t d i s e a s e s , a n d i n a p p a r e n t l y h e a l t h y

s u b j e c t s , ' i t was i n i t i a l l y d e s c r i b e d i nautoimmune d i s e a s e a n d , i n p a r t i c u l a r , i n

p a t i e n t s w i t h s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s

( S L E ) . 7

P r e v i o u s r e p o r t s h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h e

p r e v a l e n c e o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i n p a t i e n t sw i t h SL E t o b e b e t w e e n 10% a n d 1 5 % , " 1 Ob u t o t h e r r e c e n t s t u d i e s h a v e f o u n d t h e

p r e v a l e n c e t o b e 2 1 t o 65%."" T h i s d i s -c r e p a n c y may d e p e n d on t h e f l u c t u a t i o n o f

l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t d u e t o d i s e a s e a c t i v i t y or

t r e a t m e n t , ' 4 1 5 b u t i t i s more p r o b a b l y d u e t o

t h e d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t e s o f t h e v a r i o u s t e s t s

a n d r e a g e n t s u s e d t o v e r i f y t h e p r e s e n c e o f

l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . ' 6 ' 8 More r e c e n t l y , some

a u t h o r s h a v e a l s o s u g g e s t e d p o s s i b l e

l a b o r a t o r y h e t e r o g e n e i t y among " l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t s " . 1 9 2 1

Th e r o u t i n e l y u s e d c o a g u l a t i o n t e s t s i nw h i c h p h o s p h o l i p i d s ar e a d d e d t o t h e t e s t

s y s t e m , e s p e c i a l l y a c t i v a t e d p a r t i a l t h r o m b o -

p l a s t i n t i m e ( a P T T ) , h a v e b e e n f o u n d b y

d i f f e r e n t a u t h o r s t o b e i n s u f f i c i e n t l y s e n s i t i v e t o

t h e pr e s e n c e o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . 2 2 2 ' Ther e d u c t i o n or t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f exogenous

p h o s p h o l i p i d s i n t h e d i l u t e R u s s e l l ' s v i p e rvenom t i m e (dRVVT) a n d k a o l i n c l o t t i n gt i m e ( K C T ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e d

t h e s e n s i t i v i t y t o l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . ' 2 2 4 Thep o s i t i v i t y o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a t e n d e n c y t o t h r o m b o e m b o l i c e v e n t s ;

t h r o m b o s i s i s common i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t , w h e r e i t ra n g e s f r o m 25%-3 5 % , 2 5 a l t h o u g h some a u t h o r s h a v e f o u n d a

h i g h e r p r e v a l e n c e . 7 1 1 2 6 L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t

p o s i t i v e women a l s o h a v e a h i g h r i s k o f

recurrent a b o r t i o n s d u e t o t h r o m b o s i s o f t h e

p l a c e n t a l a n d d e c i d u a l v e s s e l s . 2 7 2 8The v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e p r e v a l en c e o f t h r o m -

b o t i c phenomena i n s u c h p a t i e n t s c o u l dd e p e n d on t h e d i f f e r i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e t e s t s t o

d e t e c t l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . I n f a c t , i t s e e m s

t h a t a s t r o n g e r a s s o c i a t i o n c a n b e f o u n d b e -

t w e e n l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d t h r o m b o s i s

u s i n g t e s t s w h i c h are more s e n s i t i v e t o a n d

s p e c i f i c f o r t h e pr e s e n c e o f l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t . 2 2 2 9 3 0

The a i m o f t h i s s t u d y was t o compare t h e

r e s p e c t i v e s e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y t o t h r o m -

b o t i c e p i s o d e s o f f o u r c o a g u l a t i o n t e s t s

( a P T T , dRVVT, KCT, d i l u t e a P T T ) , pre -

v i o u s l y shown t o h a v e v a r y i n g c a p a c i t i e s t o

d e t e c t l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . ' 2 2 2 ' 4 " 3 F u r t h e r -

m ore , we e v a l u a t e d t h e t i t r e o f c i r c u l a t i n ga n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n

r e p o r t e d as b e i n g s t r o n g l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t 3 2 3 3 and m e a s u r a b l e b ys e v e r a l i m m u n o a s s a y s . 3 4 "

3 3 2

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A s s o c i a t i o n o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s w i t h t h r o m b o s i s a n d m i s c a r r i a g e i n p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E

MethodsTh e s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t o n 5 3 c o n s e c u t i v e

p a t i e n t s ( e i g h t m a l e s , 4 5 f e m a l e s , a g e d 1 6 - 6 0

y e a r s ) w i t h SL E d e f i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

A m e r i c a n R h e u m a t o s i s A s s o c i a t i o n ' s c r i t e r i a . 'They w e r e e x a m i n e d i n o u r I n s t i t u t e b e t w e e n

J a n u a r y 1 9 8 8 a n d J u n e 1 9 9 0 a f t e r i n f o r m e d

w r i t t e n c o n s e n t h a d b e e n o b t a i n e d . Twenty

f o u r o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s ( t h r e e m a l e s , 2 1 f e m a l e s ,

a g e d 2 1 - 6 0 y e a r s ) h a d a h i s t o r y o f v e n o u s a n da r t e r i a l t h r o m b o s i s o r m i s c a r r i a g e s o c c u r r i n g

o v e r t h e p r e v i o u s o n e t o 1 0 y e a r s . I n t h e

t h r o m b o t i c p a t i e n t g r o u p t h e a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n

o f SL E w a s s e v e n y e a r s ( r a n g e t w o t o 1 1 ) .Twenty n i n e p a t i e n t s ( f i v e m a l e s , 2 4 f e m a l e s ,

a g e d 1 6 - 5 8 y e a r s ) h a d n o h i s t o r y o f t h r o m b o s e s

o r m i s c a r r i a g e s . I n t h e s e p a t i e n t s t h e c l i n i c a lh i s t o r y o f SL E h a d b e g u n , o n a v e r a g e , e i g h t

y e a r s p r e v i o u s l y ( r a n g e t w o t o 1 9 y e a r s ) . Th et w o g r o u p s o f p a t i e n t s w e r e s i m i l a r w i t h r e s -p e c t t o a g e , s e x , a n d d i s e a s e a c t i v i t y . F o r t y f o u r

p a t i e n t s ( 2 1 i n t h e g r o u p w i t h a h i s t o r y o f

t h r o m b o s i s , 2 3 i n t h e g r o u p w i t h o u t t h r o m -

b o t i c e p i s o d e s ) w e r e t a k i n g p r e d n i s o n e ( 1 2 5 -5 0 m g / d a y ) , m e t h y l p r e d n i s o l o n e ( 4 - 2 4 m g /d a y ) , o r m e t h o t r e x a t e ( 2 0 m g w e e k l y ) . None o f

t h e p a t i e n t s u n d e r e x a m i n a t i o n h a d u n d e r g o n e

a n t i c o g u l a n t , a n t i a g g r e g a n t , o r f i b r i n o l y t i ct r e a t m e n t d u r i n g t h e m o n t h b e f o r e t h e s t u d y .

B l o o d s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d i n o n e t e n t h v o l u m e o f

s o d i u m c i t r a t e ( 0 - 1 3 M ) , w e r e t a k e n f r o m

p a t i e n t s a f t e r a 1 2 h o u r f a s t . P l a t e l e t p o o r

p l a s m a ( P P P ) w a s o b t a i n e d b y d o u b l e h i g h

s p e e d c e n t r i f u g a t i o n a t 5 0 0 0 x g f o r 1 0 m i n -

u t e s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . F o u r d i f f e r e n tc o a g u l a t i o n t e s t s w e r e u s e d : aPTT, dRVVT,KCT a n d d i l u t e aPTT. A l l p a t i e n t s a m p l e s

g i v i n g a b n o r m a l r e s u l t s w e r e r e - p e r f o r m e d b ym i x i n g f r e s h p a t i e n t ' s p l a s m a i n a 1 : 1 r a t i o w i t h

f r e s h p o o l e d n o r m a l p l a s m a , t o a l l o w f o rr e p l a c e m e n t o f a n y f a c t o r y d e f i c i e n c y . I f t h e

t i m e r e m a i n e d p r o l o n g e d t h e t e s t w a s v a l i d a t e d

a s a b n o r m a l . Th e a c t i v a t e d PTT was c a r r i e do u t b y i n c u b a t i n g , f o r t h r e e m i n u t e s a t 3 7 0 C ,

0 - 1 m l o f p l a s m a s a m p l e w i t h 0 - 1 m l o f s t a n -

d a r d p h o s p h o l i p i d m i x t u r e a n d a c t i v a t o r( A c t i v a t e d T h r o m b o f a x , O r t h o D i a g n o s t i c s ;M i l a n ) ; 0 1 m l o f 0 - 0 2 5 Mo f c a l c i u m c h l o r i d ew a s t h e n a d d e d a n d t h e c l o t t i n g t i m e r e c o r d e d

o n a S c h n i t g e r u n d G r o s s c o a g u l o m e t e r . 2 9aPTT was e x p r e s s e d a s p a t i e n t : n o r m a l r a t i o

( n o r m a l v a l u e s o f < 1 2 ) .Th e d i l u t e R u s s e l l ' s v i p e r venom t i m e( d R V V T ) w a s c a r r i e d o u t b y i n c u b a t i n g , f o rt h r e e m i n u t e s a t 3 7 ° C , 0 1 m l o f R u s s e l l ' s v i p e rvenom ( W e l l c o m e D i a g n o s t i c s , D a r t f o r d ,E n g l a n d ) d i l u t e d 1 i n 2 0 0 i n TRIS b u f f e r e d

s a l i n e ( 0 1 5 m o l / l s o d i u m c h l o r i d e , 0 - 0 2 m o l / lT R I S , p H 7 - 5 ) , 0 - 1 m l o f d i l u t e d p h o s p h i l i p i dr e a g e n t ( T h r o m b o f a x , O r t h o D i a g n o s t i c s ,M i l a n ; d i l u t e d 1 i n 8 i n T R I S - b u f f e r e d s a l i n e ) ,a n d 0 - 1 ml o f p l a s m a s a m p l e . C l o t t i n g t i m e was

r e c o r d e d a f t e r t h e a d d i t i o n o f 0 - 1 m l o f

0 - 0 2 5 M c a l c i u m c h r l o r i d e . 2 4 Th e n o r m a l

r a n g e , d e t e r m i n e d on 2 0 f r e s h n o r m a l p l a s m a s

( 2 0 h e a l t h y s u b j e c t s , f i v e m a l e s , 1 5 f e m a l e s ,a g e d 2 0 - 5 8 y e a r s ) wa s 2 6 - 4 ( S D 1 - 4 ) s e c o n d s .

C l o t t i n g t i m e l o n g e r t h a n 3 0 s e c o n d s ( m e a n +2 - 5 SD o f c o n t r o l s ) was c o n s i d e r e d t o b e

a b n o r m a l .

K a o l i n c l o t t i n g t i m e , o r i g i n a l l y d e s c r i b e d b y

M a r g o l i s , 3 7 w a s m e a s u r e d b y i n c u b a t i n g , f o rt w o m i n u t e s a t 3 7 ° C , 0 0 5 ml o f 2% d i l u t e d

k a o l i n w i t h 0 - 1 ml o f p l a s m a s a m p l e ; c l o t t i n gt i m e w a s r e c o r d e d b y a d d i n g 0 a 1 m l o f 0 - 0 2 5 Mc a l c i u m c h l o r i d e . 1 2 The n o r m a l r a n g e , d e t e r -m i n e d o n 2 0 f r e s h n o r m a l p l a s m a s , w a s 4 8 - 8

(SD 8 - 0 ) s e c o n d s . C l o t t i n g t i m e o f 6 5 s e c o n d s

o r g r e a t e r ( m e a n + 2 SD o f c o n t r o l s ) w a s

c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a b n o r m a l .Th e d i l u t e aPTT, a s s e s s e d b y s e r i a l p h o s -

p h o l i p i d d i l u t i o n s , w a s p e r f o r m e d a s f o l l o w s :0 - 1 m l o f p l a s m a s a m p l e w a s i n c u b a t e d f o rt h r e e m i n u t e s a t 3 7 ° C w i t h 0 - 1 m l o f k a o l i ns u s p e n s i o n d i l u t e d 1 i n 1 5 ( B o e h r i n g e r Mann-h e i m , G e r m a n y ) a n d 0 - 1 m l o r T h r o m b o f a x( O r t h o D i a g n o s t i c s ; M i l a n ) d i l u t e d i n t w o

d i f f e r e n t r a t i o s ( 1 : 5 a n d 1 : 8 0 ) w i t h v e r o n a l b u f f e r

a t p H 7 - 4 . C l o t t i n g t i m e w a s r e c o r d e d a f t e r t h e

a d d i t i o n o f 0 - 1 m l o f 0 - 0 2 5 M c a l c i u m

c h l o r i d e . ' 8 I n t h e 2 0 h e a l t h y s u b j e c t s t h e d i f -f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 1 i n 8 0 a n d 1 i n 5 T h r o m b o f a xd i l u t i o n s w a s 9 (SD 2 - 8 ) s e c o n d s .

D i l u t e aPTT w a s c o n s i d e r e d a b n o r m a l i f t h ed i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 1 i n 8 0 a n d 1 i n 5 Throm-b o f a x d i l u t i o n s w a s more t h a n 1 5 s e c o n d s

( m e a n + 2 SD o f c o n t r o l s ) . To c o n f i r m i f t h ea b n o r m a l i t y o f a l l t h e p h o s p h o l i p i d d e p e n d e n t

t e s t s w a s d u e t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t , 0 - 1 m l o f 0 0 5 mM p h o s p h a t i d y l -

s e r i n e - p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e ( P S - P C ) l i p o -s o m e s w e r e a d d e d t o t h e p l a s m a p h o s p h o l i p i d

m i x t u r e t o n e u t r a l i s e t h e a n t i c o a g u l a n t e f f e c to f a n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s , a s p r e v i o u s l yd e s c r i b e d . 3 9

F o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d i e s a n e n z y m e l i n k e d i m m u n o s o r b e n t

a s s a y ( E L I S A ) was u s e d . T h i s m e t h o d wasv a l i d a t e d i n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l w o r k s h o p a n d i s

o u t l i n e d b e l o w . ' B r i e f l y , 9 5 - w e l l , f l a t - b o t -t o m e d , r i g i d p o l y s t y r e n e e l e c t r o i m m u n o a s s a y

m i c r o t i t r a t i o n p l a t e s ( D y n a t e c h ) a r e c o a t e d

( 3 0 p l / w e l l ) w i t h b o v i n e h e a r t c a r d i o l i p i n( S i g m a C h e m i c a l C o m p a n y , S t L o u i s , M i s -

s o u r i ) d i l u t e d i n e t h a n o l . Th e e t h a n o l i s

e v a p o r a t e d b y l e a v i n g t h e p l a t e s u n c o v e r e d

o v e r n i g h t a t 4 ° C . A f t e r t h e p l a t e s h a v e b e e n

d r i e d t h e y a r e w a s h e d t w i c e w i t h p h o s p h a t eb u f f e r e d s a l i n e ( p H 7 3 ) 1 0 0 p l / w e l l . Th e p l a t e sa r e b l o c k e d ( 7 5 i / w e l l ) w i t h 10% f e t a l c a l fs e r u m i n p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r e d s a l i n e f o r one

h o u r . A l i q u o t s ( 5 0 M l ) o f n o r m a l human s e r u m ,p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l s a m p l e s , a n d t e s t s a m p l e s a t 1

i n 5 0 d i l u t i o n i n p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r e d s a l i n e - f e t a lc a l f serum ( 1 0 % ) a r e t h e n a d d e d t o t r i p l i c a t ew e l l s a n d i n c u b a t e d f o r t h r e e h o u r s a t room

t e m p e r a t u r e . The p l a t e s a r e t h e n w a s h e d t h r e e

t i m e s w i t h p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r e d s a l i n e , a n d a l k -a l i n e p h o s p h a t a s e l a b e l l e d , a f f i n i t y i s o l a t e d ,g o a t a n t i h u m a n I g G o r I g M , o r b o t h , d i l u t e d 1

i n 1 0 0 0 i n p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r e d s a l i n e - f e t a l c a l fs e r u m i s a d d e d ( 5 0 p l / w e l l ) . P l a t e s a r e

i n c u b a t e d f o r 3 0 m i n u t e s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e .

The c o n j u g a t e i s d i s c a r d e d a n d t h e p l a t e sw a s h e d t h r e e t i m e s w i t h p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r e d

s a l i n e . S u b s t r a t e ( 5 0 A l / w e l l ) i s t h e n a d d e d .

Th e s u b s t r a t e i s p r e p a r e d b y a d d i n g on e t a b l e to f p - n i t r o p h e n y l p h o s p h a t e ( S i g m a ) p e r 5 - 6 m l

d i e t h a n o l a m i n e b u f f e r . A f t e r a d d i t i o n o f s u b -

s t r a t e t h e r e a c t i o n i s a l l o w e d t o t a k e p l a c e i n t h e

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F e r r o , S a l i o l a , Q u i n t a r e l l i , V a l e s i n i , B a s i l i , G r a n d i l l i , B o n a v i t a , V i o l i

d a r k a t 3 7 G C , a n d when t h e h i g h e s t p o s i t i v ec o n t r o l v a l u e r e a c h e s a n a b s o r b a n c e r e a d i n g o fa b o u t 0 - 8 t o 0 - 9 f o r b o t h t h e I g G a n d IgMs a m p l e s , t h e r e a c t i o n i s s t o p p e d b y a d d i n g 3Ns o d i u m h y d r o x i d e 7 5 u l / w e l l . A b s o r b a n c e i sr e a d a t 4 0 5 nm u s i n g a m u l t i s c a n n e r . Th er e s u l t s are e x p r e s s e d as t h e n u m b e r o f s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n s a b o v e t h e mean i n n o r m a l humanserum ( r e f e r e n c e v a l u e <3 S D ) . F i n a l l y , t h e

p o s s i b l e pr e s e n c e o f i n t r a v a s c u l a r c l o t t i n ga c t i v a t i o n w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n a l l p a t i e n t s b ymeasurement o f D-Dimer ( O r t h o D i m e r t e s t ,O r t h o D i a g n o s t i c s S y s t e m s ; B e e r s e , B e l g i u m ;r e f e r e n c e v a l u e o f < 2 0 0 n g / m l ) , a m a r k e r o f i nv i v o f i b r i n o l y s i s . 4 '

S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f d a t a was p e r f o r m e d b yb i n o m i a l p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n ( t w o t a i l e de x a c t t e s t ) . ' Th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s e n s i t i v i t y a n ds p e c i f i c i t y w e r e a s s e s s e d b y t h e x2 t e s t a n dF i s c h e r ' s e x a c t t e s t f o r i n d e p e n d e n c e . Th em e a sures o f a s s o c i a t i o n o f a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d y s u b c l a s s e s a n d aPTT, KCT, d R V V Ta n d d i l u t e aPTT we re t a k e n as c o n t i n u o u s

v a l u e s a n d e v a l u a t e d b y t h e K e n d a l l T c o r r e l a -t i o n t e s t .

R e s u l t sAmong t h e 5 3 p a t i e n t s w i t h S L E , 2 4 ( 4 5 % ) h a do n e or more c l i n i c a l events r e l a t e d t o t h r o m -b o t i c p h e n o m e n a : n i n e ( 1 7 % ) s u b j e c t s h a dt h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s , f i v e ( 9 % ) h a d h a d a s t r o k e ,a n d 1 4 ( 2 6 % ) i n w hom o b s t e t r i c p a t h o l o g y wase x c l u d e d , h a d m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e f i r s t o r s e c o n d

t r i m e s t e r ; f o u r p a t i e n t s h a d more t h a n one

c l i n i c a l event ( t a b l e 1 ) . Twenty n i n e p a t i e n t s

( 5 5 % ) h a d no h i s t o r y o f t h r o m b o s e s or m i s -

c a r r i a g e s . Among a l l p a t i e n t s , 2 3 ( 4 3 % ) h a d a

p r o l o n g e d d i l u t e aPTT, 1 4 ( 2 6 % ) p r o l o n g e ddRVVT, 1 3 ( 2 4 - 5 % ) p r o l o n g e d KCT, f i v e

( 9 .5 % ) p r o l o n g e d aPTT a n d 2 2 ( 4 1 %) s h o w e di n c r e a s e d t i t r e s o f c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d i e s .

I n p a t i e n t s w i t h a h i s t o r y o f t h r o m b o s i s or

m i s c a r r i a g e t h e d i l u t e aPTT w a s p r o l o n g e d i n1 9 s u b j e c t s ( 7 9 % ) , w h i l e d R V V T w a s a b n o r -

m a l i n 1 2 c a s e s ( 5 0 % ) . I n a l l p a t i e n t s w i t hp r o l o n g e d d i l u t e aPTT a n d d R V V T t h e c o n f i r -matory p r o c e d u r e w i t h 005 mM P S / P Cl i p o s o m e s n o r m a l i s e d t h e c o a g u l a t i o n t i m e

( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . KCT a n d aPTT were

p r o l o n g e d i n 1 1 ( 4 6 % ) a n d f i v e ( 2 1 %) p a t i e n t s ,r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n t h e s a m e s u b g r o u p t h e a n t i c a r -d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s w er e i n c r e a s e d i n 1 3( 5 4 % ) s u b j e c t s ( t a b l e 1 ) .Among t h e 2 9 p a t i e n t s w i t h o u t a h i s t o r y o f

t h r o m b o s i s or m i s c a r r i a g e s , a p r o l o n g e d d i l u t eaPTT w a s f o u n d i n f o u r s u b j e c t s , w h i l ed R V V T a n d KCT w e r e a b n o r m a l i n two

p a t i e n t s . I n two o f t h e s e s u b j e c t s w i t h p r o l o n -g e d d i l u t e d aPTT a n d d R V V T t h e c o n f i r -matory t e s t w i t h PS/PC l i p o s o m e s c o r r e c t e d

t h e c o a g u l a t i o n t i m e ( d a t a not s h o w n ) . I n t h i s

s u b g r o u p t h e r e were no p a t i e n t s w i t h pro-

l o n g e d aPTT, b u t n i n e s u b j e c t s w i t h SL Ew i t h o u t t h r o m b o t i c e p i s o d e s s h o w e d h i g h

c i r c u l a t i n g t i t r e s o f a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s( t a b l e 2 ) .

I n a l l p a t i e n t s t h e h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s w e r e e s p e c i a l l yd e p e n d e n t o n t h e pre s e n c e o f h i g h t i t r e s o fc i r c u l a t i n g a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n IgG a n t i b o d i e s ,w h i c h were f o u n d i n 8 6 - 4 % c o m p a r e d w i t h2 7 - 3 % o f a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n IgM a n t i b o d i e s a n d2 2 - 7 % o f a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n I g A a n t i b o d i e s ( t a b l e s

a n d 2 ) .The s e n s i t i v i t y a n d t h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e

d i l u t e aPTT, dRVVT, KCT, aPTT a n da n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s f o r t h r o m b o t i c

T a b l e I a P T T , KCT, dRVVT, d i l u t e aPTT a n d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h t h r o m b o s i s , m i s c a r r i a g e , o r b o t h

K a o l i n D i l u t e R u s s e l l ' s D i l u t e A n t i c a r d i o l i p i naPTT c l o t t i n g v i p e r v e n o m aPTT a n t i b o d i e s

C a s e No ( r a t i o ) t i m e ( s e c ) t i m e ( s e c ) ( s e c ) ( S D ) C l i n i c a l e v e n t s

1 1 - 0 8 6 0 2 8 1 8 * 6 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; 1 l i v e b i r t h2 0 - 8 8 7 8 3 7 - 8 * 2 0 * I g G 4 6 1 s t r o k e

IgM 6I g A 5 - 6

3 1 - 1 1 9 0 * 2 9 2 7 * 2 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; no l i v e b i r t h s ; 1t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s

4 1 - 3 9 * 8 0 * 3 1 * 1 9 * I g G 3 8 2 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; no l i v e b i r t h sIgM 1 6

5 1 - 0 8 8 0 - 2 * 3 0 6 * 2 2 * R e c u r r e n t t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s6 0 - 9 2 5 3 - 7 2 9 1 3 2 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; no l i v e b i r t h s7 1 - 0 4 6 3 - 9 2 9 - 1 2 2 * 2 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; n o l i v e b i r t h s8 1 - 0 4 6 3 3 2 * 1 4 Ig M 4 - 4 2 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; no l i v e b i r t h s9 0 - 9 6 6 5 * 3 2 * 1 7 * I g G 1 1 - 2 5 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; 1 l i v e b i r t h

I g M 1 4 - 41 0 1 - 3 6 * 7 8 - 7 * 3 7 - 2 * 2 7 * I g G 1 7 - 4 1 s t r o k e ; 1 t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s1 1 1 - 0 4 7 1 * 2 9 2 1 - 4 * I g G 1 2 - 4 1 m i s c a r r i a g e i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; no l i v e b i r t h s1 2 1 - 2 4 * 6 5 - 9 * 2 9 - 9 2 7 * I g G 4 1 s t r o k e1 3 1 - 0 8 5 7 9 2 4 9 6 1 s t r o k e1 4 0 - 9 6 4 0 - 6 3 0 . 5 * 2 7 - 2 * I g G 6 - 6 3 m i s c a r r i a g e s ; 2 i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r . 1 i n t h e f i r s t ; no l i v e b i r t h s1 5 1 - 2 2 * 5 5 - 2 3 3 - 1 * 1 7 * I g G 1 2 - 7 1 t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s1 6 1 - 5 2 * 7 8 - 4 * 3 2 - 7 * 1 8 * 1 t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s1 7 0 - 8 8 4 9 - 5 2 6 1 1 2 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; n o l i v e b i r t h s1 8 0 9 0 4 2 - 8 2 2 - 9 7 1 t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s1 9 1 - 0 2 4 8 - 2 3 3 - 4 * 2 2 * I g G 1 0 3 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; n o l i v e b i r t h s ;

IgM 1 4 - 4 1 t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i sI g A 3 - 6

2 0 0 - 9 2 4 9 - 9 2 6 1 6 * 2 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; n o l i v e b i r t h s2 1 11 8 8 1 . 9 * 3 1 * 1 7 - 3 * I g G 1 5 4 m i s c a r r i a g e s i n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d t i m e s t e r ; 1 l i v e b i r t h ;

I g A 1 8 1 t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s2 2 1 - 0 4 6 6 * 3 0 * 1 5 - 5 * I g G 1 1 - 6 1 s t r o k e2 3 1 - 0 8 4 7 - 7 2 7 - 3 1 9 * I g G 4 . 4 1 t h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s2 4 1 - 0 4 6 3 - 9 2 9 - 1 2 2 * 1 m i s c a r r i a g e i n t h e s e c o n d t r i m e s t e r ; no l i v e b i r t h s

* A b n o r m a l v a l u e s .

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A s s o c i a t i o n o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s w i t h t h r o m b o s i s a n d m i s c a r r i a g e i n p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E

T a b l e 2 aPTT, KCT, dRVVT, d i l u t e aPTTand a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s i np a t i e n t s w i t h t h r o m b o s i s o r m i s c a r r i a g e

K a o l i n D i l u t e R u s s e l l ' s D i l u t e A n t i c a r d i o l i p i nC a s e aPTT c l o t t i n g t i m e v i p e r v e n o m aPTT a n t i b o d i e sNo ( r a t i o ) ( s e c ) t i m e ( s e c ) ( s e c ) ( S D )

1 10 5 5 2 8 12 72 1 - 0 8 5 4 3 4 - 2 * 2 4 . 5 * IgG 2 6

IgM6-8I g A 2 - 8

3 0 - 9 2 5 8 - 7 2 4 1 04 1 - 0 4 5 3 8 2 8 - 9 1 1 IgG 2 4 - 55 1 - 0 8 467 283 1 16 1 - 1 2 5 2 - 6 2 8 - 7 1 6 * IgG 4 - 47 1 - 0 8 5 5 - 9 2 9 - 2 1 1 - 4 IgM268 08 8 46 8 2 4 99 1 - 0 8 7 8 * 3 2 * 2 7 *

1 0 10 512 2 5 1 11 1 1 0 4 8 2 2 5 - 6 1 11 2 1 - 0 4 5 5 - 9 2 7 - 4 1 31 3 1 - 0 6 6 1 2 7 - 7 1 4 Ig G 9 - 61 4 0 - 9 2 4 9 2 5 1 2 IgG 6 - 51 5 0 9 6 6 1 2 8 1 01 6 1 - 0 4 6 5 * 2 6 1 21 7 1 . 0 4 9 2 4 1 01 8 096 57 4 2 4 91 9 0 9 6 4 5 - 6 2 3 - 6 1 1 52 0 1 - 0 2 4 8 - 6 2 5 - 4 1 4 IgG 352 1 1 1 2 5 8 - 2 2 8 1 2 - 8 IgA42 2 1 0 1 5 6 - 6 2 7 - 3 2 9 *2 3 1 . 1 0 6 2 - 1 2 4 - 6 42 4 080 4 4 . 4 22 4 1 12 5 1 0 4 49 3 2 7 - 1 7

2 6 1 - 0 4 5 - 3 25 6 1 22 7 0 - 8 8 5 6 4 2 5 - 8 1 5 IgG 1 2 2 52 8 0 - 9 2 5 8 - 9 2 8 1 1 - 52 9 1 - 0 8 4 3 - 1 2 6 - 5 6

* A b n o r m a l v a l u e s .

e v e n t s a n d m i s c a r r i a g e s a r e s h o w n i n t a b l e 3 .Th e p r o l o n g e d d i l u t e aPTT was more s e n -

s i t i v e t h a n t h e d R V V T ( 7 9 % v 5 0 % ;p < 0 0 5 ) , KCT (79% v 4 5 - 8 % ; p < 0 - 0 1 ) ,aPTT ( 7 9 % v 2 0 - 8 % ; p < 0 - 0 0 1 ) . No s i g -n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n d i l u t eaPTT a n d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s .Th e dRVVT, KCT, a n d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n

a n t i b o d i e s a n t i b o d y t i t r e s w e r e more s e n s i t i v e

t h a n aPTT ( 5 0 % v 2 0 - 8 % , p < 0 0 5 ; 4 5 - 8 % v

T a b l e 3 S e n s i t i v i t y a n d s p e c i f i c i t y t o t h r o m b o s i s a n d m i s c a r r i a g e s o f a P T T , d i l u t ea P T T , dR V V T , KCTa n d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s

S e n s i t i v i t y S p e c i f i c i t y( 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e (95% c o n f i d e n c ei n t e r v a l s ) i n t e r v a l s )n=24 n=29

A s s a y s % % t P V a l u e

D i l u t e aPTT 7 9 ( 1 9 / 2 4 ) 8 6 - 2 ( 2 5 / 2 9 ) <0 0 0 1( 5 7 - 8 5 - 9 2 8 7 ) ( 7 1 - 7 7 - 9 7 - 7 3 )

d R V V T 5 0 ( 1 2 / 2 4 ) 9 3 ( 2 7 / 2 9 ) <0 0 1( 2 9 - 1 2 - 7 0 - 8 8 ) ( 8 1 6 5 - 9 9 - 9 1 )

KCT 4 5 - 8 3 ( 1 1 / 2 4 ) 9 3 ( 2 7 / 2 9 ) <0 0 1( 2 5 - 5 - 6 7 - 1 8 ) ( 8 1 6 5 - 9 9 9 1 )

aPTT 2 0 8 ( 5 / 2 4 ) 1 0 0 ( 2 9 / 2 9 ) < 0 - 0 2( 7 1 3 - 4 2 - 1 5 ) ( 8 7 6 6 - 1 0 0 )

A n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s 5 4 ( 1 3 / 2 4 ) 6 9 ( 2 0 / 2 9 ) NS

( 3 2 - 8 2 - 7 4 - 4 5 ) ( 4 9 1 7 - 8 4 - 7 2 )

D i f f e r e n c e s :D i l u t e a P T T , d R V V T 2 9 * 6- 8

( 1 0 - 4 7 - 5 ) ( - 2 - 1 6 )D i l u t e a P T T , K CT 3 3 - 2 * * 6- 8

( 1 3 9 - 5 2 - 4 ) ( - 2 - 1 6 )D i l u t e a P T T , aPTT 5 8 . 2 * * * 1 3 8

( 3 8 - 1 - 7 8 - 3 ) ( 1 - 2 6 - 6 )D i l u t e a P T T , a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n 2 5 1 7 2

a n t i b o d i e s ( 7 3 - 4 2 - 6 ) ( 3 - 3 1 - 2 )KCT, aPTT 2 5 * 7

( 7 - 3 - 4 2 6 7 ) ( - 2 - 5 - 1 6 )dRVVT, aPTT 2 9 - 2 * 7

( 1 0 6 - 4 7 - 7 ) (- 2 5 - 1 6 )dRVVT,KCT 4 - 2 0

( - 4 - 1 2 4 ) ( 0 - 0 )A n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s , 2 5 . 2 * 3 1 * *aPTT ( 7 - 4 7 - 4 3 ) ( 1 3 8 - 4 8 2 )

A n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s , 4 2 4 *d R V V T ( - 4 - 1 2 ) ( 8 - 1 - 3 9 - 9 )

A n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s , 8 - 2 2 4

KCT ( - 3 - 1 9 - 4 ) ( 8 - 1 - 3 9 - 9 )

P a r e n t h e s e s c o n t a i n 95% c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h e b i n o m i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f o rs e n s i t i v i t i e s a n d s p e c i f i c i t i e s a n d w i t h n o r m a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n c e s .* = p < 0 - 0 5 ; **=p< 0 0 1 ; * * * = p < 0 - 0 0 1 .t X 2 w i t h c o n t i n u i t y c o r r e c t i o n o r ( i f n < 5 ) F i s h e r ' s e x a c t t e s t .

3 3 5

2 0 - 8 % , p < 0 0 5 ; 5 4% v 208%, p < 0 0 5 ,r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n s e n -

s i t i v i t y w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e dRVVT,KCT a n d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s t i t r e s( t a b l e 3 ) .aPTT w a s more s p e c i f i c t o t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s

a n d m i s c a r r i a g e s t h a n d i l u t e aPTT, dRVVT,a n d KCT, b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n o t s i g -n i f i c a n t . aPTT a n d dRVVT, o n t h e c o n t r a r y ,

w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y more s p e c i f i c t h a n a n t i c a r -d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s ( p < 0 - 0 1 ; p < 0 - 0 5 ,r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ( t a b l e 3 ) .Th e a n a l y s i s o f c r o s s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d a t a s h o w s

a s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h r o m b o t i c

e p i s o d e s o r m i s c a r r i a g e s , o r b o t h , a n d t h e

a b n o r m a l i t y o f d i l u t e aPTT ( p < 0 - 0 0 0 1 ) ,

d R V V T ( p < 0 - 0 1 ) , KCT ( p < 0 - 0 1 ) a n daPTT ( p < 0 - 0 2 ) . No s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o nw a s f o u n d b e t w e e n c l i n i c a l e v e n t s a n d a n t i c a r -d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s ( t a b l e 3 ) .

I n a l l p a t i e n t s w i t h p r e s u m e d t h r o m b o t i ce v e n t s f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s w a s c a r r i e d o u t d i s t i n -g u i s h i n g p a t i e n t s w i t h a r t e r i a l a n d v e n o u s

t h r o m b o s i s f r o m t h o s e w i t h m i s c a r r i a g e s a l o n e .I n t h e g r o u p o f p a t i e n t s ( n = 1 3 ) w i t h a r t e r i a la n d v e n o u s t h r o m b o s e s we f o u n d a s i g n i f i c a n tc o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c l i n i c a l e v e n t s a n d a b n o r -m a l d i l u t e aPTT ( p < 0 0 0 0 1 ) , d R V V T( p < 0 0 0 1 ) , KCT ( p < 0 - 0 0 1 ) , aPTT( p < 0 - 0 1 ) , a n d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s( p < 0 0 5 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( t a b l e 4 ) .

I n t h e g r o u p o f p a t i e n t s w i t h m i s c a r r i a g e sa l o n e we f o u n d a s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e nc l i n i c a l e v e n t s , d i l u t e aPTT ( p < 0 0 0 1 ) a n dd R V V T ( p < 0 0 5 ) ( t a b l e 5 ) .Th e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s t h a t

s c r e e n f o r l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d a n t i c a r -

d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s was a l s o s t u d i e d . D i l u t eaPTT a n d d R V V T were t h e o n l y t e s t s t h a ts i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d i e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r w i t h a n t i c a r d i o l i p i nI g G t i t r e s ( t a b l e 6 ) .

I n a l l p a t i e n t s , t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f c i r c u l a t i n gc o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f D-Dimer s h o w e d n o r m a lv a l u e s ( < 2 0 0 n g / m l ) , t h u s p r e c l u d i n g i n t r a -v a s c u l a r c l o t t i n g a c t i o n .

D i s c u s s i o nTh e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E c a n

b ec o m p l i c a t e d b y

t h r o m b o e m b o l i c a c c i d e n t s

w h i c h r a n g e f r o m 4 - 5 - 1 8 % o f c a s e s , 4 ` w h i l e

m i s c a r r i a g e s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d t o o c c u r i n16% o f s u c h p a t i e n t s . 4 7 O t h e r s t u d i e s , h o w e v e r ,h a v e s h o w n a h i g h e r i n c i d e n c e o f c l i n i c a l e v e n t s

r e l a t e d t o t h r o m b o s i s i n S L E . " 4A r e l a t i v e l y h i g h r a t e o f a r t e r i a l a n d venous

t h r o m b o s i s ( 2 4 % ) a n d m i s c a r r i a g e s ( 2 6 % ) was

f o u n d i n o u r p a t i e n t s w i t h S L E ; t h i s m i g h t b e

e x p l a i n e d b y a h i g h number o f l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t p o s i t i v e p a t i e n t s . A l a r g e v a r i a b i l i t yi n l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t p o s i t i v i t y w a s r e l a t e d t ot h e t e s t s u s e d . I n f a c t t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t , d i a g n o s e d t h e r e v i s e d s c i e n t i f i cs u b c o m m i t t e e c r i t e r i a f o r l u p u s a n t i -

c o a g u l a n t s , 4 9 r a n g e d f r o m 4 3 % , when a s s e s s e db y d i l u t e aPTT, t o 9 - 5 % when a s s e s s e d b yaPTT. T h i s v a r i a b l e c a p a c i t y t o d e t e c t t h e

p r e s e n c e o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t p r o b a b l y

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F e r r o , S a l i o l a , Q u i n t a r e l l i , V a l e s i n i , B a s i l i , G r a n d i l l i , B o n a v i t a , V i o l i

T a b l e 4 A s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n v e n o u s a n d a r t e r i a l t h r o m b o s i s a n d a b n o r m a l l a b o r a t o r yt e s t s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E

P a t i e n t s w i t h SL E P a t i e n t s w i t h SL E X I t e s t w i t ha r t e r i a l a n d v e n o u s w i t h o u t c o n t i n u i t y c o r r e c t i o n

A b n o r m a l t h r o m b o s i s t h r o m b o s i s o r F i s h e r ' s e x a c t t e s ta s s a y s n =13 n =29 p V a l u e

aPTT 4 ( 3 1 % ) 0 ( 0 % ) <0 0 1d R V V T 8 ( 6 2 % ) 2 ( 7 % ) < 0 . 0 0 1KCT 8 ( 6 2 % ) 2 ( 7 % ) < 0 . 0 0 1D i l u t e aPTT 1 1 ( 8 5 % ) 4 ( 1 4 % ) <0 0 0 0 1A n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s 9 ( 6 9 % ) 9 ( 3 1 % ) < 0 - 0 5

T a b l e 5 A s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n m i s c a r r i a g e s a n d a b n o r m a l l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s i n p a t i e n t sw i t h SL E

P a t i e n t s w i t h SL E P a t i e n t s w i t h SL E X I t e s t w i t ha n d m i s c a r r i a g e a n d w i t h o u t c o n t i n u i t y c o r r e c t i o n

A b n o r m a l o n l y t h r o m b o s i s o r F i s h e r ' s e x a c t t e s ta s s a y s n =11 n=29 p V a l u e

aPTT 1 ( 9 % ) 0 ( 0 % ) <NSd R V V T 4 ( 3 6 % ) 2 ( 7 % ) < 0 - 0 5KCT 3 ( 2 7 % ) 2 ( 7 % ) <NSD i l u t e aPTT 8 ( 7 3 % ) 4 ( 1 4 % ) <0 0 0 1A n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s 4 ( 3 6 % ) 9 ( 3 1 % ) <NS

e x p l a i n s t h e d i f f e r e n t a s s o c i a t i o n s f o u n d b e -

t w e e n l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t t e s t s a n d t h r o m b o s i si n o u r p a t i e n t s . I n f a c t , d i l u t e aPTT s h o w e d ah i g h e r s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s , c o m -p a r e d w i t h a P T T , KCT, a n d dRVVT.

C u r r e n t l y , t h e aPTT i s t h e t e s t u s u a l l yp e r f o r m e d when s c r e e n i n g f o r l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t . When t h e t e s t w a s p r o l o n g e d , t h ea c t i v i t y o f c l o t t i n g f a c t o r s w a s n o r m a l a n dwhen t h e a d d i t i o n o f a n e q u a l p a r t o f n o r m a lp l a s m a d i d n o t n o r m a l i s e t h e c o a g u l a t i o n t i m e ,t h e p r e s e n c e o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t w a s s u s -p e c t e d . 9 I n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s t h i s a s s a y s h o w e dp o o r s e n s i t i v i t y t o l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d d i dn o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s i n p a t i e n t s

w i t h S L E . 2 2 2 9 Th e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e aPTT t ol u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t , h o w e v e r , v a r i e s d e p e n d -i n g o n t h e d i f f e r e n t r e a g e n t s a n d t e s t s y s t e mu s e d . ' 6 I n f a c t , s o m e aPTT r e a g e n t s a n dm e t h o d s w e r e s h o w n t o b e v e r y s e n s i t i v e t ol u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s s e e mt o b e p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e r e s u l t o f t h e n a t u r e a n dq u a n t i t y o f t h e p h o s p h o l i p i d u s e d a s a p l a t e l e ts u b s t i t u t e . ' 7 5 0 5 Th e l o w s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h eaPTT o b s e r v e d i n o u r s t u d y may a l s o b ea t t r i b u t e d t o a p o o r s e n s i t i v i t y t o l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t o f p h o s p h o l i p i d p r e p a r a t i o n s u s e d i nt h e t e s t s y s t e m .Th e KCT h a s b e e n f o u n d t o h a v e g o o d

s e n s i t i v i t y t o l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i n s e v e r a lr e c e n t s t u d i e s , ' 8 5 2 a n d i t s s e e m s p a r t i c u l a r l yu s e f u l i n s c r e e n i n g p l a s m a s a m p l e s f r o m p r e g -n a n t w o m e n . 2 KCT a l s o u t i l i s e s p l a t e l e t p o o rp l a s m a w i t h n o e x o g e n o u s p h o s p h o l i p i d s a n d i st h e n s e n s i t i v e t o r e s i d u a l p l a t e l e t s . " I n o u rs t u d y we f o u n d t h e KCT n o r m a l v a l u e s t o b es h o r t e r t h a n t h o s e f o u n d b y o t h e r a u t h o r s . 2 ' 5 2A l t h o u g h PPP w a s o b t a i n e d b y d o u b l e h i g h

T a b l e 6 C o r r e l a t i o n o f d i l u t e a P T T , dRVVT, KCT, aPTT w i t h a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d y t e s t s

A n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d i e s I g G I g M I g A

D i l u t e aPTT - 2 1 9 ( 0 0 3 ) 2 - 6 7 ( 0 - 0 1 ) 0 - 0 8 ( N S ) 0 - 7 8 ( N S )d R V V T - 2 - 5 8 ( 0 0 1 ) 3 - 2 1 ( 0 0 2 ) 1 - 0 5 ( N S ) 1 - 1 3 ( N S )KCT - 0 - 9 ( N S ) 1 - 6 ( N S ) - 0 - 6 ( N S ) 0 - 6 7 ( N S )aPTT - 1 - 8 ( N S ) 1 - 4 3 ( N S ) - 0 - 5 ( N S ) 0 - 6 2 ( N S )

Th e t a b l e c o n t a i n s Z a n d t w o - t a i l e d p r o b a b i l i t y f o r e a c h measure o f a s s o c i a t i o n .

s p e e d c e n t r i f u g a t i o n a t 5 0 0 0 x g f o r 1 0 m i n -

u t e s , t h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t p l a t e l e t c o n t a m i n a t i o n

may account f o r t h e r a t h e r p o o r p e r f o r m a n c e o ft h i s t e s t i n our s t u d y . C o n s e q u e n t l y i t m i g h t b ec r i t i c a l t o r em o v e p l a t e l e t s c o m p l e t e l y f r o m

p l a s m a b y a f i l t r a t i o n s t e p , b u t t h i s may b ed i f f i c u l t t o a d a p t f o r r o u t i n e s c r e e n i n g .Th e d R V V T i s a c o a g u l a t i o n t e s t f o r l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t , b a s e d o n a m o d i f i e d R u s s e l l ' s

v i p e r v e n o m t i m e , u s i n g l i m i t e d amounts o f

p h o s p h o l i p i d a n d v e no m . Th e d R V V T i s i n -s e n s i t i v e t o s p e c i f i c f a c t o r d e f i c i e n c i e s c a u s e d b ya n t i b o d i e s t o f a c t o r s V I I I , I X , a n d X I . 2 4 Somea u t h o r s s h o w e d t h a t t h i s t e s t was more s e n -

s i t i v e t h a n aPTT a n d t i s s u e t h r o m b o p l a s t i ni n h i b i t i o n p r o c e d u r e ( T T I ) . 2 4 I t s h o u l dt h e r e f o r e b e v e r y u s e f u l a s a s c r e e n i n g t e s t f o rl u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . d R V V T was a l s o d e -s c r i b e d a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p a s tt h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s , l i k e s t r o k e a n d d e e p venous

t h r o m b o s i s , i n p a t i e n t s w i t h S L E , w h i l e n o

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h m i s c a r r i a g e s was d e t e c t e d . 2 2R e c e n t p r e l i m i n a r y d a t a h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t

t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f d R V V T t o l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e , d e p e n d i n g on t h es e l e c t i o n o f t h e p h o s p h o l i p i d f o r t h e a s s a y . 5 4

D i l u t e a P T T , m o d i f i e d b y A l v i n g , " u t i l i s e ss e v e r a l d i l u t i o n s o f e x o g e n o u s p h o s p h o l i p i d sa d d e d t o c o a g u l a t i o n s y s t e m . ' 9 D i l u t e aPTTc an s h o w t h a t t h e c i r c u l a t i n g i n h i b i t o r i s d i r e c -t e d a g a i n s t n e g a t i v e l y c h a r g e d p h o s p h o l i p i d s .T h i s i s s h o w n b y t h e i n v e r s e c o r r e l a t i o n b e -t w e e n t h e p h o s p h o l i p i d c o n t e n t o f t h e c o a g u l a -t i o n s y s t e m a n d t h e d e g r e e o f p r o l o n g a t i o n o ft h e t e s t . B e c a u s e t h e p r o c e d u r e i n c l u d e sm i x i n g p a t i e n t s w i t h n o r m a l p l a s m a , a n yi n d i v i d u a l o r m u l t i p l e c o a g u l a t i o n f a c t o r

d e f i c i e n c i e s , s u c h a s t h o s e i n d u c e d b y w a r f a r i n ,can b e e a s i l y c o r r e c t e d . "H i g h t i t r e s o f c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n

a n t i b o d i e s were a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f

l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . 5 5 5 6 I n f a c t , o v e r t h e p a s tf e w y e a r s , s e v e r a l r e p o r t s h a v e f o c u s e d on a

new c l i n i c a l e n t i t y , t h e a n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d s y n -d r o m e , c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n t i -c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s , l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t ,t h r o m b o s i s a n d f e t a l l o s s . 5 7 5 8 On t h e o t h e r

h a n d , r e c e n t r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p a t i e n tp o p u l a t i o n d e f i n e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t may b e d i s t i n c t f r o m , b u t mayo v e r l a p w i t h t h e a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y

p o s i t i v e p o p u l a t i o n : l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n da n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s s e e m t o d e f i n e twod i s t i n c t b u t r e l a t e d p a t i e n t p o p u l a t i o n s , e a c ha s s o c i a t e d w i t h an i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f t h r o m -b o s i s , 2 9 5 9 w h i l e t h e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n a n t i c a r -d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e s a n d r e c u r r e n t m i s -

c a r r i a g e i s s t i l l d e b a t e d . ' 0I n 3 6 p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E w e p r e l i m i n a r i l y

f o u n d a s t r o n g a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n a h i s t o r y o ft h r o m b o t i c e p i s o d e s a n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t , d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e p r o l o n g e dd i l u t e aPTT. T h i s a s s o c i a t i o n , h o w e v e r , wasa b s e n t i f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t w a s s c r e e n e d b ya P T T , w h i c h was a b n o r m a l i n a l o w e r p e r c e n -t a g e o f p a t i e n t s w i t h t h r o m b o s i s . 2 9 T h i s

s u p -p o r t e d t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e m e t h o d u s e d s of a r f o r d e t e c t i n g l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t c o u l dh a v e u n d e r e s t i m a t e d t h e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e nl u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d t h r o m b o s i s .

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A s s o c i a t i o n o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s w i t h t h r o m b o s i s a n d m i s c a r r i a g e i n p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E

T h i s s t u d y h a s s h o w n t h a t d i l u t e aPTT i ss i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e s e n s i t i v e t o t h r o m b o t i c

e v e n t s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E t h a n o t h e r t e s t ss u c h a s aPTT, KCT, a n d d R V V T p r e v i o u s l y

s h o w n t o b e d i a g n o s t i c f o r l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t .I n f a c t , among p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E w i t h p a s t

t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s , t h e number o f l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t p o s i t i v e p a t i e n t s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l yh i g h e r ( 7 9 % ) when a d i l u t e aPTT d i a g n o s t i c

t e s t w a s u s e d . D i l u t e aPTT a l s o h a d g o o ds p e c i f i c i t y t o t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s , a l t h o u g h t h i sw a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e o t h e r

t e s t s e x a m i n e d . Th e d R V V T s h o w e d a g o o ds e n s i t i v i t y t o t h r o m b o t i c p h e n o m e n a , e v e n i f i tw a s l e s s t h a n d i l u t e aPTT. Th e dRVVT,h o w e v e r , h a d b e t t e r s p e c i f i c i t y , w h i c h , a c c o r d -

i n g t o p r e v i o u s r e p o r t s , 2 2 w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l yh i g h e r t h a n t h e a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e .Th e l a t t e r , o n t h e c o n t r a r y s h o w e d p o o r

s p e c i f i c i t y t o t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s ; i n f a c t , n i n ep a t i e n t s w i t h SL E a n d w i t h o u t a h i s t o r y o f

a r t e r i a l a n d v e n o u s t h r o m b o s i s a n d / o r m i s -

c a r r i a g e s h a d h i g h v a l u e s o f c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i -

c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s .aPTT w a s t h e m o s t s p e c i f i c a s s a y t o t h r o m -

b o t i c e v e n t s ; t h i s p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h s p e c i f i c i t yc o u l d e x p l a i n i t s l o w s e n s i t i v i t y t o l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t . 2 2 5 2

P r e v i o u s r e p o r t s h a v e s h o w n t h a t a b n o r m a l

d R V V T a n d h i g h a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y

t i t r e s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p a s tp r e s u m e d t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h

S L E . 2 2 Our s t u dy e x t e n d s t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n

s h o w i n g t h a t t h e a b n o r m a l i t y o f d i l u t e aPTT,dRVVT, KCT a n d aPTT w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l yr e l a t e d t o t h r o m b o t i c e p i s o d e s , t h u s s u p p o r t -i n g t h e h y p o t h e s i s o f a s t r i k i n g a s s o c i a t i o n

b e t w e e n l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d t h r o m -b o s i s . 6 " ' H i g h t i t r e s o f c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i b o d i e s ,h o w e v e r , w e r e n o t f o u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l ya s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r e s u m e d t h r o m b o t i c e v e n t s ,e x c e p t f o r a w e a k a s s o c i a t i o n f o u n d o n l y i np a t i e n t s w i t h a r t e r i a l a n d v e n o u s t h r o m b o s i s .

I n c r e a s e d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y t i t r e ss h o w e d a g o o d s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h r o m b o t i c p h e n -omena w h i c h w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n tf r o m d i l u t e aPTT, b u t t h e i r l o w s p e c i f i c i t yp r o b a b l y a c c o u n t ed f o r a w e a k a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

t h r o m b o s i s . T h i s c o n f i r m s t h e d a t a o f T r i p l e t t ,who d i d n o t f i n d a n y c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

t i t r e o f c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s

a n d t h r o m b o t i c c o m p l i c a t i o n si n p a t i e n t s w i t ht h e l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . 5 9

When t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e do n p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E a n d m i s c a r r i a g e s a l o n e ,t h e c l i n i c a l e v e n t w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h ea b n o r m a l i t y o f d i l u t e aPTT a n d dRVVT,w h i l e n o a s s o c i a t i o n w a s f o u n d w i t h t h e o t h e rt e s t s e x a m i n e d . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t i n o u r

p a t i e n t s w i t h SL E t h e m i s c a r r i a g e c o u l d h a v eb e e n r e l a t e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t . T h i s w a s n o t f o u n d i n a p r e v i o u ss t u d y w h e r e o n l y aPTT, d R V V T a n d a n t i c a r -d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s w e r e u s e d t o d e t e c t l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t . 2 2 P er h a p s a n a s s o c i a t i o n b e -

t w e e n m i s c a r r i a g e a n d l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t c a n

b e f o u n d o n l y u s i n g s o m e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s t h a ta r e v e r y s e n s i t i v e a n d s p e c i f i c t o l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t . H o w e v e r , s u c h a n a s s o c i a t i o n i sw e a k e r t h a n t h a t f o u n d b e t w e e n a r t e r i a l a n d

v e n o u s t h r o m b o s i s a n d l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t ,i n d i c a t i n g t h a t o t h e r m e c h a n i s m ( s ) c o u l d b ei n v o l v e d i n t h e p a t h o g e n es i s o f m i s c a r r i a g e i ns u b j e c t s w i t h S L E .

F i n a l l y , a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n IgG a n t i b o d i e s w e r es i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h d i l u t e aPTTa n d d R V V T v a l u e s , c o n f i r m i n g p r e v i o u s

r e p o r t s . 2 2 6 5 T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t h i g h c i r c u l a t -i n g a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n IgG a n t i b o d y t i t r e s d o h a v e

a r o l e i n l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t e v e n t s , a l t h o u g ht h e p o o r s p e c i f i c i t y t o t l r o m b o t i c e v e n t s s u g -

g e s t s t h a t o t h e r a n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s

a r e i n v o l v e d i n l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . 6 6 6 8I n s u m m a r y , among s o m e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s

u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d t o t s t u d y l u p u s a n t i -c o a g u l a n t , d i l u t e aPTT, a s i m p l e a n d c h e a p

c o a g u l a t i o n a s s a y , s u p p o r t e d b y t h e c o n f i r -m a t o r y p r o c e d u r e , w a s t h e m o s t s e n s i t i v e t e s tt o p a s t t h r o m b o t i c e p i s o d e s a n d m i s c a r r i a g e s i np a t i e n t s w i t h S L E . Th e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h i sa s s a y w i t h a v e r y s p e c i f i c t e s t l i k e t h e d R V V Tc o u l d h e l p t o i d e n t i f y p a t i e n t s w i t h l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t who a r e a t h i g h r i s k o f t h r o m -

b o s i s .

We t h a n k D r s T E x n e r a n d D T r i p l e t t f o r t h e i r h e l p f u lc o m m e n t s .

S u p p o r t e d i n p a r t b y Th e A n d r e a C e s a l p i n o F o u n d a t i o n .

1 T h i a g a r a j a n P , S h a p i r o S S , De M a r c o L . M o n o c l o n a lI m m u n o g l o b u l i n M I c o a g u l a t i o n i n h i b i t o r w i t h p h o s -p h o l i p i d s p e c i f i c i t y . M e c h a n i s m o f a l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t .J C l i n I n v e s t 1 9 8 0 ; 6 6 : 3 9 7 - 4 0 5 .

2 P e n g o V , T h i a g a r a j a n P , S h a p i r o S S , H e i n e M J . Immuno-c o l o g i c a l s p e c i f i c i t y a n d m e c h a n i s m o f a c t i o n o f I g G l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t . B l o o d 1 9 8 7 ; 7 0 : 6 9 - 7 6 .

3 S h a p i r o S S , T h i a g a r a j a n P . L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . I n : S p a e tTH, e d . P r o g r e s s i n h e m o s t a s i s a n d t h r o m b o s i s V o l 6 . Ne wY o r k : G r u n e & S t r a t t o n , 1 9 8 2 : 2 6 3 - 8 5 .

4 C a n o s o R T , S i s e H S . C h l o r p r o m a z i n e - i n d u c e d l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d a s s o c i a t e d i m m u n o l o g i c a l a b n o r -m a l i t i e s . A m J H e m a t o l 1 9 8 2 ; 1 3 : 1 2 1 - 9 .5 C o h e n A J , P h i l i p s TM , K e s s l e r CM . C i r c u l a t i n g c o a g u l a -

t i o n i n h i b i t o r i n t h e a c q u i r e d i m m u n o d e f i c i e n c y s y n -d r o m e . An n I n t e r n M e d 1 9 8 6 ; 1 0 4 : 1 7 5 - 8 0 .

6 T r i p l e t t D A , B r a n d t J T . L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t : M i s n o m e r ,p a r a d o x r i d d l e , e p i p h e n o m e n o n . H e m a t o l P a t h o l 1 9 8 8 ;2 : 1 2 1 - 4 3 .

7 D e r k s e n RHW M , K a t e r L . L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t : r e v i v a l o fa n o l d p h e n o m e n o n . C l i n E x p R h e u m a t o l 1 9 8 5 ; 3 : 3 4 9 - 5 7 .

8 F r i c k P G . A c q u i r e d c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i c o a g u l a n t s i n s y s t e m i c" c o l l a g e n d i s e a s e " B l o o d 1 9 5 5 ; 1 0 : 6 9 1 - 7 0 6 .

9 F e i n s t e i n D I , R a p a p o r t S I . A c q u i r e d i n h i b i t o r o f b l o o dc o a g u l a t i o n . P r o g H e m o s t T h r o m b 1 9 7 2 ; 1 : 7 5 - 9 5 .

1 0 R e g a n , M G , L a c k n e r H , K a r p a t k i n S . P l a t e l e t f u n c t i o n a n dc o a g u l a t i o n p r o f i l e i n l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s : s t u d i e s i n 5 0p a t i e n t s . An n I n t e r n M e d 1 9 7 4 ; 8 1 : 4 6 2 - 8 .

1 1 B o e y M L, C o l a c o C B , G h a r a v i A E , E l k o n K B , L o i z o u S ,H u g h e s GRV. T h r o m b o s i s i n s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a -t o s u s : s t r i k i n g a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f c i r c u l a t i n gl u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . B r M e d J 1 9 8 3 ; 2 8 7 : 1 0 2 1 - 3 .

1 2E x n e r T , R i c k a r d

K A , K r o n e n b e r gH . A s e n s i t i v e t e s t

d e m o n s t r a t i n g l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d i t s b e h a v i o u r a lp a t t e r n s . B r J H a e m a t o l 1 9 7 8 ; 4 0 : 1 4 3 - 5 1 .

1 3 H u g h e s GRV, H a r r i s E N , G h a r a v i A E . Th e a n t i c a r d i o l i p i ns y n d r o m e . J R h e u m a t o l 1 9 8 6 ; 1 3 : 4 8 6 - 9 .

1 4 S c h l e i d e r M A, Nachman R L , J a f f e E A , C o l e m a n M. Ac l i n i c a l s t u d y o f t h e l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . B l o o d 1 9 7 6 ;4 8 : 4 9 9 - 5 0 9 .

1 5 L u b b e WF , P a l m e r S J , B u t l e r W S , L i g g i n s GC. F e t a ls u r v i v a l a f t e r p r e d n i s o n e s u p p r e s s i o n o f m a t e r n a l l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t . L a n c e t 1 9 8 3 ; i i : 1 3 6 1 - 3 .

1 6 M a n n u c c i PM, C a n c i a n i MT, M a r i D , M e u c c i P . Th e v a r i e ds e n s i t i v i t y o f p a r t i a l t h r o m b o p l a s t i n a n d p r o t h r o m b i nt i m e r e a g e n t i n t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e l u p u s - l i k ea n t i c o a g u l a n t . S c a n d J H a e m a t o l 1 9 7 9 ; 2 2 : 4 2 3 - 3 2 .

1 7 B r a n d t J T , T r i p l e t t D A , M u s g r a v e K , O r r C . Th e s e n -

s i t i v i t y o f d i f f e r e n t c o a g u l a t i o n r e a g e n t t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f

l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . A r c h P a t h o l L a b M e d 1 9 8 7 ; 1 1 1 :1 2 0 - 4 .

1 8 L e s p e r a n c e B , D a v i d M , R a u c h J , I n f a n t e - R i v a r d C , R i v a r d

G E . R e l a t i v e s e n s i t i v i t y o f d i f f e r e n t t e s t s i n t h e d e t e c t i o n o fl o w t i t e r l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s . T h r o m b H a e m o s t a s 1 9 8 8 ;6 0 : 2 1 7 - 9 .

1 9 T r i p l e t t D A , B r a n d t J T , M a a s R L . Th e l a b o r a t o r yh e t e r o g e n e i t y o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s . A r c h P a t h o l L a bM e d 1 9 8 5 ; 1 0 9 : 9 4 6 - 5 1 .

2 0 L a z a r c h i c k J , K i z e r J . Th e l a b o r a t o r y d i a g n o s i s o f l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t s . A r c h P a t h o l L a b M e d 1 9 8 9 ; 1 1 3 : 1 7 7 - 8 0 .

3 3 7

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F e r r o , S a l i o l a , Q u i n t a r e l l i , V a l e s i n i , B a s i l i , G r a n d i l l i , B o n a v i t a , V i o l i

2 1 E x n e r T , P a p a d o p o u l o s G , K o u t t s J . U s e o f a s i m p l i f i e dd i l u t e R u s s e l l ' s v i p e r v e n o m t i m e (dRVVT) c o n f i r m sh e t e r o g e n e i t y a m o n g " l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s " . B l o o dC o a g u l a t i o n a n d F i b r i n o l y s i s 1 9 9 0 ; 1 : 2 5 9 - 6 6 .

2 2 P e t r i M, R h e i n s c h m i d t M, W h i t i n g - O ' K e e f e Q , H e l l m a n nD , C o r a s h L . Th e f r e q u e n c y o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i ns y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s . A n n I n t e r n M e d 1 9 8 7 ; 1 0 6 :5 2 4 - 3 1 .

2 3 G a s t i n e a u DA, K a z m i e r F J , N i c h o l s WL , B o w i e EJW.L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t : a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e c l i n i c a l a n dl a b o r a t o r y f e a t u r e s o f 2 1 9 c a s e s . A m J H e m a t o l 1 9 8 5 ;1 9 : 2 6 5 - 7 5 .

2 4 T h i a g a r a j a n P , P e n g o V , S h a p i r o S S . Th e u s e o f d i l u t eR u s s e l l ' s v i p e r v e n o m t i m e f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s o f l u p u s

a n t i c o a g u l a n t . B l o o d 1 9 8 6 ; 6 8 : 8 6 9 - 7 4 .2 5 L e c h n e r K . L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d t h r o m b o s i s . I n : V e r -

s t r a t e M, V e r m y l e n J , L i j n e n R , A r n o u t J , e d s . T h r o m b o s i sa n d h a e m o s t a s i s . L e u v e n , B e l g i u m : L e u v e n U n i v e r s i t yP r e s s , 1 9 8 7 : 5 2 5 - 4 7 .

2 6 J u n g e r s P , L i o t e F , D a u t z e n b e r g M D, e t a l . L u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d t h r o m b o s i s i n s ys t e m i c l u p us e r y t h e -m a t o s u s . L a n c e t 1 9 8 4 ; i i : 5 7 4 - 5 .

2 7 B r a n c h DW . I m m u n o l o g i c d i s e a s e a n d f e t a l d e a t h . C l i nO b s t e t G y n e c o l 1 9 8 7 ; 3 0 : 2 9 5 - 3 1 1 .

2 8 L u b b e WE, L i g g i n s G C . R o l e o f a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d a u t o -i m m u n i t y i n r e c u r r e n t p r e g n a n c y l o s s . S e m i n R e p r o dE n d o c r i n o l 1 9 8 8 ; 6 : 1 8 1 - 9 0 .

2 9 F er ro D , S a l i o l a M, Q u i n t a r e l l i C , C a r l u c c i M, V a l e s i n i G ,V i o l i F . S p e c i f i c i t y a n d s e n s i t i v i t y o f d i l u t e aPTT a n da n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s t o w a r d s t h r o m b o s i s a n d m i s -c a r r i a g e i n p a t i e n t s w i t h s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s .T h r o m b R e s 1 9 9 0 ; 5 9 : 6 0 9 - 1 7 .

3 0 D e r k s e n RHWM, H a s s e l a a r P , B l o k z i j l L , F r i t s H S ,M e y l i n g G , D e g r o o t P . C o a g u l a t i o n s c r e e n i s m o r e s p e c i f i ct h a n t h e a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d y ELISA i n d e f i n i n g a

t h r o m b o t i c s u b s e t o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s . A n n R h e u m D i s1 9 8 8 ; 4 7 : 3 6 4 - 7 1 .

3 1 A l v i n g BM , B a l d w i n P E , R i c h a r ds R L , J a c k s o n B J . Th ed i l u t e p h o s p h o l i p i d a P T T : a s e n s i t i v e a s s a y f o r v e r i f i c a t i o no f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s . T h r o m b H a e m o s t a s 1 9 8 5 ; 5 4 :7 0 9 - 1 2 .

3 2 H a r r i s E N , L o i z o u S , E n g l e r t H . A n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e sa n d l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . L a n c e t 1 9 8 4 ; i i : 1 0 9 9 .

3 3 V i o l i F , V a l e s i n i G , F e r r o D , T i n c a n i A , B a l e s t r i e r i G ,B a l s a n o F . A n t i c o a g u l a n t a c t i v i t y o f a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d i e s . T h r o m b R e s 1 9 8 6 ; 4 4 : 5 4 3 - 8 .

3 4 L o i z o u S , M c C r e a J D , R u d g e A C , R e y n o l d s R , B o y l e C C ,H a r r i s EN. M e a s u r e m e n t o f a n t i - c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e sb y a n e n z y m e - l i n k e d i m m u n o s o r b e n t a s s a y ( E L I S A ) :s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a n d q u a n t i t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s . C l i n E x pI m m u n o l 1 9 8 5 ; 6 2 : 7 3 8 - 4 5 .

3 5 H a r r i s EM . S o l i d - p h a s e a n t i - c a r d i o l i p i n t e s t r e v i s i t e d . Am JM e d 1 9 8 8 ; 8 5 : 5 9 9 - 6 0 0 .

3 6 Ta n EN, C h o e n A S , F r i e s J F , e t a l . Th e 1 9 8 2 r e v i s e d c r i t e r i af o r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s ys te mi c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s .A r t h r i t i s Rheum 1 9 8 2 ; 2 5 : 1 2 7 1 - 8 .

3 7 M a r g o l i s J . Th e k a o l i n c l o t t i n g t i m e : a r a p i d o n e s t a g em e t h o d f o r d i a g n o s i s o f c o a g u l a t i o n d e f e c t s . J C l i n P a t h o l

1 9 5 8 ; 1 1 : 4 0 6 - 9 .3 8 V i o l i F , F e r r o D , V a l e s i n i G , Q u i n t a r e l l i C , B a l sa n o F .

L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i n l i v e r c i r r h o s i s . T h r o m b H a e m o s t a s1 9 8 8 ; 5 9 : 3 3 5 - 6 .

3 9 V i o l i F , F e r r o D , Q u i n t a r e l l i C , e t a l . D i l u t e aPTTp r o l o n g a t i o n b y a n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s i n p a t i e n t sw i t h l i v e r c i r r h o s i s . T h r o m b H a e m o s t a s 1 9 9 0 ; 6 3 : 1 8 3 - 6 .

4 0 V a l e s i n i G , H a r r i s EN, T i n c a n i A , e t a l . U s e o f m o n o c l o n a la n t i b o d i e s t o i d e n i f y s h a r e d i d i o t y p e s o n a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n d a n t i - D N A a n t i b o d i e s i n human s e r a . C l i n E x pR h e u m a t o l 1 9 8 7 ; 7 0 : 1 8 - 2 5 .

4 1 V i o l i F , F e r r o D , Q u i n t a r e l l i C , A l e s s a n d r i C . E v a l u a t i o n o f

D - D i m e r i n p a t i e n t s w i t h l i v e r c i r r h o s i s . T h r o m b H a e m o -s t a s 1 9 8 9 ; 6 2 : 1 1 4 9 - 5 0 .

4 2 C o l t o n T . S t a t i s t i c s i n m e d i c i n e . B o s t o n : L i t t l e , B r o w n a n dC o m p a n y , 1 9 8 5 : 1 6 5 - 7 5 .

4 3 A n g l e s - C a n o E , S ul t a n Y , C l a v e l J P . P r e d i s p o s i n g f a c t o r s t ot h r o m b o s i s i n s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s . J L a b C l i nM e d 1 9 7 9 ; 9 4 : 3 1 2 - 2 3 .

4 4P r e n t i c e RL , G a t e n b y

P A , L o b l a y RH, S h e a r m a n R P ,K r o n e n b e r g H , B a s t e n A . L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i n p r e g -

n a n c y . L a n c et 1 9 8 4 ; i i : 4 6 4 .4 5 D u b o i s E L . L u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s . 2 n d e d . L o s A n g e l e s :

U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1 9 7 4 .4 6 P ec k B , H o f f m a n G S , F r a n c k WA . T h r o m b o p h l e b i t i s i n

s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s . JAMA 1 9 7 8 ; 2 4 0 : 1 7 2 8 - 3 0 .4 7 R a m s e y - G o l d e m a n R . P r e g n a n c y i n s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y -

t h e m a t o s u s . R h e u m D i s C l i n N o r t h Am 1 9 8 8 ; 1 4 : 1 6 9 - 8 5 .4 8 D e r k s e n R h W M , Bouma B N , K a t e r L . Th e s t r i k i n g a s s o c i a -

t i o n b e t w e e n l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n d f e t a l l o s s i n s y s t e m i cl u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s p a t i e n t s . A r t h r i t i s Rheum 1 9 8 6 ;2 9 : 6 9 5 - 6 .

4 9 E x n e r T , T r i p l e t t DA , T a b e r n e r D , M a c h i n S S . G u i d e l i n e sf o r t e s t i n g a n d r e v i s e d c r i t e r i a f o r l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s .( S S C S u b c o m m i t t e e f o r t h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f l u p u sA n t i c o a g u l a n t s ) . T h r o m b H a e m o s t a s 1 9 9 1 ; 6 5 : 3 2 0 - 2 .

5 0 S t e v e n s o n K J , E a s t o n A C , C u r r y A , Thomson J M , P o l l e r L .Th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f a c t i v a t e d p a r t i a l t h r o m b o p l a s t i n t i m em et h o ds a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o l i p i d c o m p o s i t i o n a n du l t r a s t r u c t u r e . T h r o m b H a e m o s t a s 1 9 8 6 ; 5 5 : 2 5 0 - 8 .

5 1 B r a n d t J T , T r i p l e t t DA , R o c k WA , B o v i l l E G , A r k i n C F .E f f e c t o f l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s o n t h e a c t i v a t e d p a r t i a lt h r o m b o p l a s t i n t i m e . R e s u l t s o f t h e c o l l e g e o f A m e r i c a nP a t h o l o g i s t s u r v e y p r o g r a m . A r c h P a t h o l L a b M e d 1 9 9 1 ;1 1 5 : 1 0 9 - 1 4 .

5 2 L o S C L , O l d e m e a d o w M J , Howard M A, F i r x i n B G .C o m p a r i s o n o f l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s u s e d f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o ft h e l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . Am J H e m a t o l 1 9 8 9 ; 3 0 : 2 1 3 - 2 0 .

5 3 E x n e r T . C o m p a r i s o n o f t w o s i m p l e t e s t s f o r t h e l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t . A m J C l i n P a t h o l 1 9 8 5 ; 8 3 : 2 1 5 - 8 .

5 4 T r i p l e t t DA , B r a n d t J . L a b o r a t o r y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e l u p u sa n t i c o a g u l a n t . B r J H a e m a t o l 1 9 8 9 ; 7 3 : 1 3 9 - 4 2 .

5 5 H a r r i s E N , G h a r a v i A E , B o e y M L, e t a l . A n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d i e s : d e t e c t i o n b y r a di o i m m u n o a ss a y a n d a s s o c i a -t i o n w i t h t h r o m b o s i s i n s ys t e m i c l u p us e ry t h em a t o su s.L a n c e t 1 9 8 3 ; i i : 1 2 1 1 - 4 .

5 6 M a c k w o r t h - Y o u n g CG , L o i z o u CG, W a l p o r t M J . A n t i -p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s a n d d i s e a s e . Q J M e d 1 9 8 9 ;7 2 : 7 6 7 - 7 7 .

5 7 H a r r i s EN, C h a n SHK, A s h e r s o n R A , A b e r V R , G h a r a v iA E , H u g h e s GRV. T h r o m b o s i s r e c u r r e n t f e t a l l o s s a n dt h r o m b o c y t o p e n i a : p r e d i c t i v e v a l ue o f t h e a n t i c a r d i o l i p i na n t i b o d i e s t e s t s . A r c h I n t e r n M e d 1 9 8 6 ; 1 4 6 : 2 1 5 3 - 6 .

5 8 L o c k s i n M D, D r u z i n M L, G o e i S . A n t i b o d y t o c a r d i o l i p i na s a p r e d i c t o r o f f e t a l d i s t r e s s o r d e a t h i n p r e g n a n t p a t i e n t sw i t h s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s . N E n g l J M e d1 9 8 5 ; 3 1 3 : 1 5 2 - 6 .

5 9 T r i p l e t t DA, B r a n d t J T , M u s g r a v e K A, O r r C A . Th er e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n l u p u s a n t i c o a gu l a n t s a n d a n t i b o d i e st o p h o s p h o l i p i d . JAMA 1 9 8 8 ; 2 5 9 : 5 5 0 - 4 .

6 0 T r i p l e t t DA . A n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s a n d r e c u r r e n tp r e g n a n c y l o s s . Am J R e p r o d I m m u n o l 1 9 8 9 ; 2 0 : 5 2 - 6 7 .

6 1 H u g h e s GRV. T h r o m b o s i s , a b o r t i o n , c e r e b r a l d i s e a s e , a n dt h e l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t . B r M e d J 1 9 8 3 ; 2 8 7 : 1 0 8 8 - 9 .

6 2 G l u e c k H I , K a n t KS, W e i s s M A, P o l l a k V E , M i l l e r M A,C o o t s M. T h r o m b o s i s i n s y st e m i c l u p u s e ry t h e ma t o s u s:r e l a t i o n t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i c o a g u l a n t . A r c h

I n t e r n M e d 1 9 8 5 ; 1 4 5 : 1 3 8 9 - 9 5 .6 3 V i o l o i F , F e r r o D , V a l e s i n i G , e t a l . H i g h l e v e l s o f t i s s u e -p l a s m i n o g e n a c t i v a t o r i n h i b i t o r i n p a t i e n t s w i t h s y s t e m i cl u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s a n d t h r o m b o s i s . B r M e d J 1 9 9 0 ;3 0 0 : 1 0 9 9 - 1 0 2 .

6 4 L o v e E P , S a n t o r o S A . A n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e s : a n t i c a r -d i o l i p i n a n d t h e l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t i n s y s t e m i c l u p u s

e r y t h e m a t o s u s ( S L E ) a n d i n non-SLE d i s o r d e r s . An n I n tM e d 1 9 9 0 ; 1 1 2 : 6 8 2 - 9 8 .

6 5 A l v i n g BM , B a r r C F , Tang DB. C o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n l u p u sA n t i c o a g u l a n t s a n d a n t i c a r d i o l i p i n a n t i b o d i e s i n p a t i e n t sw i t h p r o l o n g e d a c t i v a t e d p a r t i a l t h r o m b o p l a s t i n t i m e . AmJ M e d 1 9 9 0 ; 8 8 : 1 1 2 - 6 .

6 6 T h i a g a r a j a n P , S h a pi r o S S. L u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t s . I n C o l -man RW, e d . D i s o r d e r s o f t h r o m b o s i s f o r m a t i o n . Ne w Y o r k :C h u r c h i l l L i v i n g s t o n e , 1 9 8 4 : 1 0 1 - 8 .

6 7 S t a u b HL , H a r r i s EN, K h a m a s h t a M A, S a v i d g e G ,C h a h a d e WH, H u g h e s GRV. A n t i b o d y t o p h o s p h a t i d y -l e t h a n o l a m i n e i n a p a t i e n t w i t h l u p u s a n t i c o a g u l a n t a n dt h r o m b o s i s . A n n R heum D i s 1 9 8 9 ; 4 8 : 1 6 6 - 9 .

6 8 E x n e r T , M c R e a J . S t u d i e s o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

" a n t i p h o s p h o l i p i d a n t i b o d i e sa n d

t h el u p u s a n t i c o a g u -

l a n t " . B l o o d C o a g u l a t i o n a n d F i b r i n o l y s i s . 1 9 9 0 ; 1 : 1 7 - 2 1 .

3 3 8