Communication & Personal Identity1 Focus Questions What is the self? What is the self? How does communication influence personal identity? How does communication

Communication & Personal IdentitCommunication & Personal Identityy

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Focus QuestionsFocus Questions

• What is the self?What is the self?• How does communication influence How does communication influence

personal identity?personal identity?• How can you resist destructive patterns How can you resist destructive patterns

in communication with yourself?in communication with yourself?• What are values and risks of self-What are values and risks of self-

disclosing communication?disclosing communication?• How can you foster your personal How can you foster your personal

growth?growth?


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自我自我 Self : Self : 網路書店搜尋結果網路書店搜尋結果

• 博客來網路書店博客來網路書店– 搜尋結果：前搜尋結果：前1010本書本書

• AmazonAmazon– 搜尋結果：前搜尋結果：前1010本書本書


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Self, Identity and MulticultureSelf, Identity and Multiculture

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Communication & Personal Communication & Personal IdentityIdentity

• ““Self” is a process. Continuously evolvSelf” is a process. Continuously evolves and changes.es and changes.

• The self consists of perspectives:The self consists of perspectives:– Views about ourselves,Views about ourselves,– about others, andabout others, and– about social life that changes over time as wabout social life that changes over time as w

e interact with others.e interact with others.• 自我發展量表自我發展量表 (( 民民 8080 ：江南發：江南發 ))


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The self arises in The self arises in communication with otherscommunication with others• Self is not innate but is acquired (Mead, 1934). Self is not innate but is acquired (Mead, 1934). • Self-fulfilling prophesy: expectations, judgment of Self-fulfilling prophesy: expectations, judgment of

ourselves (internalized labels)ourselves (internalized labels)• Particular others: parents, siblings, peersParticular others: parents, siblings, peers

– Reflected appraisals: a process of seeing ourselves through Reflected appraisals: a process of seeing ourselves through the eyes of othersthe eyes of others

– (Significant others)(Significant others)

• Generalized others: collection of rules, roles, Generalized others: collection of rules, roles, attitudesattitudes– Communicated by people we interact with,Communicated by people we interact with,– By media,By media,– By institutions: Judicial system, marriage, education systemBy institutions: Judicial system, marriage, education system


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Communication with family Communication with family membersmembers• Direct definition: Explicitly toldDirect definition: Explicitly told• Identity scripts: Rules of living and identity of a Identity scripts: Rules of living and identity of a

familyfamily• Attachment styles: Patterns of parenting; how to Attachment styles: Patterns of parenting; how to

approach relationship (next slide)approach relationship (next slide)– Secure attachment: Consistent, attentive; self-worthSecure attachment: Consistent, attentive; self-worth– Fearful attachment: Rejecting, abusive; unworthy of loveFearful attachment: Rejecting, abusive; unworthy of love– Dismissive attachment: Rejecting, abusive; dismissing Dismissive attachment: Rejecting, abusive; dismissing

others as unworthyothers as unworthy– Anxious/ambivalent attachment: Inconsistent parenting; Anxious/ambivalent attachment: Inconsistent parenting;

assuming others right / self unworthy of loveassuming others right / self unworthy of love


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Attachment StylesAttachment Styles

Secure

Dismissive Fearful

Anxious/Ambivalent

Positive Negative

Positive

Negative

Views of self

Views of

others

Consistent, Consistent, attentive; attentive; self-worthself-worth

Rejecting, Rejecting, abusive; abusive; unworthy of unworthy of lovelove

Inconsistent parenting; Inconsistent parenting; assuming others right / assuming others right / self unworthy of loveself unworthy of love

Rejecting, Rejecting, abusive; abusive; dismissing dismissing others as others as unworthyunworthy


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Communication with PeersCommunication with Peers

• Playmates, classmates, friends, partners…Playmates, classmates, friends, partners…• Reflected appraisalsReflected appraisals• Social comparisonsSocial comparisons

– Judgment about talents, qualities, abilities…Judgment about talents, qualities, abilities…• Self-disclosureSelf-disclosure

– Revelation of personal information about ourselvesRevelation of personal information about ourselves– Hopes, fears, experiences, perceptions…Hopes, fears, experiences, perceptions…– The Johari Window: four types of information (knoThe Johari Window: four types of information (kno

wledge) about us (p. 214)wledge) about us (p. 214)


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The Johari WindowThe Johari Window

Open Area

Hidden Area Unknown Area

Blind Area

Known to self Unknown to self

Known to others

Unknown to others


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Communication with societyCommunication with society

• Four aspects of identityFour aspects of identity– RaceRace– GenderGender– Sexual orientationSexual orientation– Socioeconomic levelSocioeconomic level

• Other social valuesOther social values– Intelligence, weight (slimness), height…Intelligence, weight (slimness), height…


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Challenges in Communicating Challenges in Communicating with Ourselveswith Ourselves

• Reflecting critically on social perspectivesReflecting critically on social perspectives– Ethical obligation to promote positive social values and a Ethical obligation to promote positive social values and a

fair social worldfair social world– Individual & collective efforts to revise social meaningIndividual & collective efforts to revise social meaning

• Seeking personal growth as a communicatorSeeking personal growth as a communicator– Set realistic goalsSet realistic goals– Assess yourself fairly (reasonable social comparison)Assess yourself fairly (reasonable social comparison)– Self disclose appropriately: safe, gradual, reciprocalSelf disclose appropriately: safe, gradual, reciprocal– Creative a supportive climate for changeCreative a supportive climate for change

• Uppers: who communicates positively about usUppers: who communicates positively about us• Downers: who communicates negatively about usDowners: who communicates negatively about us• Vultures: an extreme form of downers; who attacks our self-Vultures: an extreme form of downers; who attacks our self-

conceptsconcepts

Documents

Communication & Personal Identity1 Focus Questions What is the self? What is the self? How does communication influence personal identity? How does communication