Communication In Smart Grid -Part2 · Communication Range and data rate requirements for different networks in Smart Grid Premises Networks(HAN, BAN, IAN, PAN) NAN/FAN WAN 5m –100

Informatik 7

Rechnernetze und

Kommunikationssysteme

Communication In Smart Grid-Part2

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

2.12.2015

Communication Range and data rate requirements for different networks in Smart Grid

Premises

Networks(HAN,

BAN, IAN, PAN)

NAN/FAN

WAN

5m – 100 m 100m-10km 10km-100km

10kbps-

1Mbps

1Mbps-

100Mbps

100Mbps-

10Gbps

PAN: Personal Area Network

HAN: Home Area Network

BAN: Building Area Network

IAN: Industrial Area Network

NAN: Neighborhood Area Network

FAN: Field Area Network

WAN: Wide Area Network

Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 1

Inhalt

power substation

PEV

charging station

energy smart house

residential

complex with AMI


Communication Technlogies for Premises Networks

Technology Media Data Rate Range

ZigBee Radiofrequency 20-250 kbps 10m to 1.5 km

Z-Wave Radiofrequency 9.6-40 kbps 1m to 70m

Wi-Fi (WLAN) Radiofrequency 11-248 Mbps 30m to 100m

HomePlug Power Line 14-200 Mbps 200 m

Ethernet Twisted pair 10 Mbps to

1Gbps

100 m


Communication Technologies for NAN/FAN Networks


ZigBee Radiofrequency 20-250 kbps 10m to 1.5 km

Z-Wave Radiofrequency 9.6-40 kbps 1m to 70m

Wi-Fi (WLAN) Radiofrequency 11-248 Mbps 30m to 100m

3G/LTE Radiofrequency Up to 100 Mbps kms

WiMAX Radiofrequency Up to 40 Mbps kms

Ethernet Twisted pair 10 Mbps to

1Gbps

100 m


Communication Technologies for WAN Networks


WiMAX Radiofrequency Up to 40 Mbps kms

3G/LTE Radiofrequency Up to 100 Mbps kms

DSL Radiofrequency 11-248 Mbps kms

Ethernet Fiber optics 100 Mbps to

1Gbps

kms


ZigBee

ZigBee is a technological standard designed for control, home automation, sensor networks,..

Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

Created by the ZigBee Alliance


What is ZigBee Alliance?

An organization with a mission to define reliable, cost effective, low-power, wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based on an open global standard

Alliance provides interoperability, certificationtesting, and branding


http://www.zigbee.org/en/

http://www.zigbee.org/en/

IEEE 802.15.4 task group


ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 market feature

Low power consumption

Low cost

Supports large network orders (<= 65k nodes)

Flexible protocol design suitable for many applications


ZigBee/802.15.4 architecture

ZigBee Alliance

45+ companies: semiconductor mfrs, IP providers, OEMs, etc.

Defining upper layers of protocol stack: from network to application, including application profiles

First profiles published mid 2003

IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group

Defining lower layers of

protocol stack: MAC and PHY

Applications

Network

MAC

Physical


ZigBee Application Profiles


ZigBee Applications

ZigBee Home Automation (ZHA)

ZigBee Smart Energy (ZSE)

Commercial Building Automation (CBA)

ZigBee Health Care (ZHC)

ZigBee Telecom Services (ZTS)

ZigBee Remote Control (ZRC)


ZigBee Smart Energy Profile

Supported Features Include:Basic metering [measurements, historical info, etc]

Demand Response (DR) and Load Control

Distributed Energy resources (DER)

Pricing [multiple units & currencies, price tiers, etc.]

Text messages

Device support for Programmable Communicating Thermostats (PCTs),

Load Controllers, Energy Management Systems,

In Home Displays (IHDs), etc.

Security to allow consumer only, utility only, or shared networks

Support for water and gas


14

The current list of application profiles either published, or in the works are:

Released specifications

ZigBee Home Automation

ZigBee Smart Energy 1.0

ZigBee Telecommunication Services

ZigBee Health Care

ZigBee RF4CE - Remote Control

ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0 (April 2013)

ZigBee Building Automation

ZigBee Retail Services

ZigBee Light Link

.

Application Profiles


DERControlType Object

Control modes supported by the DER. Bit positions SHALL be defined as follows:

0 - Volt-VAr Mode

1 - Frequency-Watt Mode

2 - Watt-PowerFactor Mode

3 - Volt-Watt Mode

4 - Low Voltage Ride Through Mode

5 - High Voltage Ride Through Mode

10 - setGenConnect

11 - setStorConnect

12 - Fixed W

13 - Fixed VAr

14 - Fixed PF

15 - Charge mode

16 - Discharge mode


Example Distributed Energy Resources Settings


Example Volt-VAr Curve and Hysteresis


Example

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Content-Type: application/sep+xml

Content-Length: {contentLength}

<DERCurve xmlns="http://zigbee.org/sep" href="/derp/0/dc/3">

<mRID>04BE7A7E57</mRID>

<description>An example Volt-VAr curve</description>

<creationTime>1341446380</creationTime>

<CurveData>

<xvalue>99</xvalue>

<yvalue>50</yvalue>

</CurveData>

<CurveData>

<xvalue>103</xvalue>

<yvalue>-50</yvalue>

</CurveData>

<CurveData> Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 18

Example

<xvalue>101</xvalue>

<yvalue>-50</yvalue>

</CurveData>

<CurveData>

<xvalue>97</xvalue>

<yvalue>50</yvalue>

</CurveData>

<curveType>0</curveType>

<rampDecTms>600</rampDecTms>

<rampIncTms>600</rampIncTms>

<rampPT1Tms>10</rampPT1Tms>

<xMultiplier>0</xMultiplier>

<yMultiplier>0</yMultiplier>

<yRefType>3</yRefType>

</DERCurve>


How is ZigBee related to IEEE 802.15.4?

ZigBee takes full advantage of a powerful physical radio specified by IEEE 802.15.4

ZigBee adds logical network, security and application software

ZigBee continues to work closely with the IEEE to ensure an integrated and complete solution for the market


IEEE 802.15.4 overview


General characteristics

Data rates of 250 kbps , 20 kbps and 40kpbs.

Star or Peer-to-Peer operation.

Support for low latency devices.

CSMA-CA channel access.

Dynamic device addressing.

Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability.

Low power consumption.

Channels:

16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band,

10 channels in the 915MHz ISM band

1 channel in the European 868MHz band.

Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%) Industrial, Scientific and

Medical (ISM)


IEEE 802.15.4 basics

802.15.4 is a simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless networks

Channel Access is via Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and optional time slotting

Message acknowledgement

Optional beacon structure

Target applications

Long battery life, selectable latency for controllers, sensors, remote monitoring and portable electronics

Configured for maximum battery life, has the potential to last as long as the shelf life of most batteries


IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types

There are two different device types :A full function device (FFD)

A reduced function device (RFD)

The FFD can operate in three modes by serving as

Device

Coordinator

PAN coordinator

The RFD can only serve as:

Device


FFD vs RFD

Full function device (FFD)Any topologyNetwork coordinator capableTalks to any other device

Reduced function device (RFD)Limited to star topologyCannot become a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinatorVery simple implementation


Star topology

Full Function Device (FFD)

Reduced Function Device (RFD)

Communications Flow

Networkcoordinator

Master/slave

Networkcoordinator


Peer to peer topology

Communications Flow

Full Function Device (FFD)

Point to point Tree


Device addressing

Two or more devices communicating on the same physical channel constitute a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

A WPAN includes at least one FFD (PAN coordinator)

Each independent PAN will select a unique PAN identifier

Each device operating on a network has a unique 64-bit extended address. This address can be used for direct communication in the PAN

A device also has a 16-bit short address, which is allocated by the PAN coordinator when the device associates with its coordinator.


ZigBee Network Layer Protocols


ZigBee Network Layer Overview

ZigBee coordinator ZigBee router ZigBee end device

(a) (b) (c)

Three kinds of networks are supported: star, tree, and mesh networks


ZigBee Network Layer Overview

Three kinds of devices in the network layerZigBee coordinator: responsible for initializing, maintaining, and controlling the network

ZigBee router: form the network backbone

ZigBee end device: must be connected to router/coordinator

In a tree network, the coordinator and routers can announce beacons.

In a mesh network, there is no regular beacon. Devices in a mesh network can only communicate with each other in a peer-to-peer manner


Address Assignment

In ZigBee, network addresses are assigned to devices by a distributed address assignment scheme

ZigBee coordinator determines three network parameters

the maximum number of children (Cm) of a ZigBee router

the maximum number of child routers (Rm) of a parent node

the depth of the network (Lm)

A parent device utilizes Cm, Rm, and Lm to compute a parameter called Cskip

which is used to compute the size of its children’s address pools

(b) Otherwise ,1

1

(a) 1 if ),1(1

)( 1

Rm

RmCmRmCm

RmdLmCm

dCskip dLm


The network attributes for a node/router with absolute depth d:

depth=0

depth=1

depth=2


Address Assignment

A parent assigns addresses to children based on:

Whether the child is router capable or not.

Let Aparent denote the address of a parent at depth d.

Router Capable Child: [nth such child at depth d+1] (1<=n<=Rm)

)(*)(

,...,1)1(*)(

1)1(*)(

ndCskipAparent

ndCskipAparentckAddressBlo

ndCskipAparentAn


Address Assignment

End‐Device Child: [mth such child at depth d+1]

(1<=m<=Cm-Rm)

Note that each child needs an address.

A router child also needs an address block for its future children.

Overall Idea: Assure having unique addresses for all nodes.

mRmdCskipAAm parent )(*)(


Example

Example: Rm = 1, Cm = 2, and Lm = 3.

Cskip(0) = 1 + 2 x (3 – 0 – 1) = 5

Cskip(1) = 1 + 2 x (3 – 1 – 1) = 3

Cskip(2) = 1 + 2 x (3 – 2 – 1) = 1

5

(b) Otherwise ,1

1

(a) 1 if ),1(1

)( 1

Rm

RmCmRmCm

RmdLmCm

dCskip dLm 3

1

d=0

d=1

d=2


Example

Consider addressing at the network coordinator with Addr = 0.

Router Child: Addr = 0 + 5 x (1 – 1) + 1 = 1

Addr Block = 1 … 5 x 1 = 1 … 5

End‐device Child: Addr = 0 + 5 x 1 + 1 = 6

61

0

1)1(*)( ndCskipAparentAn



Example

At the router node at depth 1 with Aparent = 1.


Addr Block = 2 … 1 + 3 x 1 = 2 … 4


61

0

2 5




Example

At the router node at depth 2 with Aparent = 2.


Addr Block = 3 … 2 + 1 x 1 = 3 … 3


61

0

2 5

3 4




Example

• Example: Rm = 2, Cm = 4, and Lm = 3.

• Cskip(0) = (1 + 4 – 2 – 4 x 2(3‐0‐1)) / (1‐2) = 13

• Cskip(1) = (1 + 4 – 2 – 4 x 2(3‐1‐1)) / (1‐2) = 5

• Cskip(2) = (1 + 4 – 2 – 4 x 2(3‐2‐1)) / (1‐2) = 1

• Show how the address blocks are allocated.


114

0

Rm = 2, Cm = 4, and Lm = 3 mRmdCskipAAm

ndCskipAAn

parent

parent

*)(

1)1(*)(

2728

15

20

2 7

12

13

25

26

21 22 23

24

3

4

5

6 8 9 10 1116

17

18

19


ZigBee Routing Protocols

In a tree network Utilize the address assignment to obtain the routing paths

In a mesh network:Routing Capability: ZigBee coordinators and routers are said to have routing capacity if they have routing table capacitiesand route discovery table capacities

There are 2 options:

‒ Reactive routing: if having “routing capacity”

‒ Tree routing: if having no routing capacity


ZigBee Tree Routing

We need to find a path from a source to a destination node.

Key observation: For a router device at depth d+1, we have

We can rewrite the address block as

We can rewrite the address block at depth d as

)(*)(

,...,1)1(*)(

1)1(*)(

ndCskipAparent

ndCskipAparentckAddressBlo

ndCskipAparentAn

1)(..., dCskipAnAnckAddressBlo

1)1(..., dCskipAnAnckAddressBloDr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 43

ZigBee Tree Routing

Assume that such router at depth d is searching for a path for address D.

If the following is True, then D is a descendent of the router:

Otherwise, the router should forward the message to its parent.

Thus, we can easily find a router with D as its descendent.

)1(

1)1(

dCskipAnDAn

dCskipAnDAn


ZigBee Tree Routing

Next, we should find a way for a router to forward the message:

To the right child at next depth level.

This is trivial if D is the address for an end‐device.

Otherwise, the address of the right router child is obtained as

)()(

)1(1 dCskip

dCskip

AnDAn


ZigBee Tree Routing

When a device receives a packet, it first checks if it is the destination or one of its child end devices is the destination

If so, accept the packet or forward it to a child

Otherwise, relay it along the tree ,

Example:

3 11

3 22

)1( dCskipAnDAn

)()(

)1(1 dCskip

dCskip

AnDAn

114

027

28

15

20

2 7

12

13

25

26

21 22 2324

3

4

5

6 8 910

1116

17

18

19


ZigBee Tree Routing

YesNode

NONode

NONode

?131111:1

?52112:2

?13113:3

111*1

)17(1117:7

?77117

75*5

)11(1111

1

Node

YES

routerrightthefindsnode

114

027

28

15

20

2 7

12

13

25

26

21 22 2324

3

4

5

6 8 910

1116

17

18

19


ZigBee Tree Routing

routerrightthefinds

AddrrCoordinatoPAN

NONode

NONode

NONode

)0(

?131221:1

?72222:2

?13223:3

221*1

)120(22120:20

205*5

)114(22114:14

?13142214:14

1413*13

)10(2210

N

N

YESN

114

027

28

15

20

2 7

12

13

25

26

21 22 2324

3

4

5

6 8 910

1116

17

18

19


Address Assignment in an Example Network

Rm = 4, Cm = 6, and Lm = 3


ZigBee Mesh Routing

AODV: Ad‐hoc On‐demand Distance Vector

Route discovery by AODV-like routing protocol The cost of a link is defined based on the packet delivery probability on that link

Route discovery procedure The source broadcasts a route request packet

The source will build the routing table based on route reply


Routing in a Mesh network: Example

A B



AODV route discovery is done using:

• Route Request (RREQ) and Route

Reply (RREP) Messages

Source floods RREQ messages:

A B


Revere paths are formed when

nodes hear RREP:

AODV route discovery is done using:

Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply

(RREP) Messages



RREQ flooding continues in the

network:

A B




nodes hear RREP:

A B



A B


network:


A B


nodes hear RREP:



A B


network:


A B


nodes hear RREP:



Eventually, this will lead to

forming / discovering forward

path

A B


Bibliography

Smart Grid: Technology and Applications, 2012, ISBN 1119968682, Wiley, by Janaka Ekanayake, KithsiriLiyanage, Jianzhong Wu, Akihiko Yokoyama, Nick Jenkins

ZigBee Alliance, Smart Energy Profile 2 Application Protocol Standard

Smart Grid : Applications, Communications, and Security by Lars T. Berger and Krzysztof Iniewski

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, Communications & Control in Smart Grid (Slides)

IEEE Std. 802.15.4

Y.-C. Tseng, ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Overview (Slides)


Documents

Communication In Smart Grid -Part2 · Communication Range and data rate requirements for different networks in Smart Grid Premises Networks(HAN, BAN, IAN, PAN) NAN/FAN WAN 5m –100