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1. RED 9. BLUE 17. GREEN
2. PURPLE 10. RED 18. PURPLE
3. GREEN 11. BLUE 19. BLUE
4. BLUE 12. PURPLE 20. RED
5. BROWN 13. BROWN
6. GREEN 14. RED
7. PURPLE 15. GREEN
8. BROWN 16. BROWN
Social Uses of StroopKarylowski, Motes, Curry, & Van Liempd (2002)
Race of Person
InkColor
B
W
Bill Cosby
Oprah Winfrey
African-american“Black”
Rosie O’Donnell
Jerry Seinfeld
Caucasian“White”
ResultsKarylowski, Motes, Curry, & Van Liempd (2002)
Result: Faster to read ink color when color and racial category label match than when they mismatch
react
ion
tim
e (
ms)
ink color
“Automatic”“Automatic” “Controlled”“Controlled”~ Reflexes~ Stroop Effect~ Size constancy
~ Reflexes~ Stroop Effect~ Size constancy
~ Calculus~ Actions on 1st date~ What you say when you raise your hand in class
~ Calculus~ Actions on 1st date~ What you say when you raise your hand in class
yellowyellow greengreen
blueblue
What about...Breathing?
Driving?
What about...Breathing?
Driving?
Warm/Cold Study TA read description of guest lecturer
before 2 different classes 4 characteristics same in both classes 1 class - described as WARM - other
class described as COLD Results
WARM professor rated more favorably and had more interaction after class
Automatic Effects on Social Judgment(Kelley, 1950)
The classic “Donald” study
Part 1: Scrambled sentences task; words either related to hostility (e.g., “he kicked her bit”) or not
Part 2: Read paragraph about “Donald” and form judgments about him
Automatic Effects on Social Judgment(Srull & Wyer, 1979)
I ran into my old acquaintance Donald the other day, and I decided to go over and visit him, since by coincidence we took our vacations at the same time. Soon after I arrived, a salesman knocked at the door, but Donald refused to let him enter. He also told me that he was refusing to pay his rent until the landlord repaints his apartment. We talked for a while, had lunch, and then went out for a ride. We used my car, since Donald’s car had broken down that morning, and he told the garage mechanic that he would have to go somewhere else if he couldn’t fix his car that same day. We went to the park for about an hour and then stopped at a hardware store. I was sort of preoccupied, but Donald bought some gadget, and then I heard him demand his money back from the sales clerk. I couldn’t find what I was looking for, so we left and walked a few blocks to another store.
Donald rated more hostile when scrambled sentences task involved hostile words than when it didn’t
Effect seems to happen without awareness, intention, or control
Results(Srull & Wyer, 1979)
Part 1:
Pronounce 40 non-famous names (e.g., Sebastian Weisdorf)
Part 2:
Test either immediately or 24 hours later
Moderately famous names and non-famous names
Some old and some new non-famous names
“Is this person famous?”
Becoming Famous Overnight...(Jacoby et al., 1989)
Immediate test:
Mistakes less common for old non-famous names than new ones
24 hours later:
Mistakes MORE common for old non-famous names than new ones
Results(Jacoby et al., 1989)
Scrambled sentences task including either:
Elderly stereotype words (e.g., Florida, wrinkle, old, knits)
Neutral words (e.g., thirsty, clean, private)
Told that experiment is over
Time how long it takes subject to walk to elevator
John BarghJohn Bargh
Automatic Effects on Behavior(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 2)
Automatic Effects on Behavior(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 3)
Boring task
Priming manipulation: Black or White male faces flashed outside of awareness (~20 ms) before each trial
Automatic Effects on Behavior(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 3)
After 300th trial I’m sorry, but it looks like you’ll have to do
the experiment over
F1 Error:Failure saving
data
F1 Error:Failure saving
data
Automatic Effects on Behavior(Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg, 1998)
Stereotypes: Professors (Study 2) Soccer Hooligans (Study 3)Priming procedure: Write about the behavior, lifestyle, appearance, and attributes of the typical XTrivia Quiz: 60 questionse.g., “Who painted La Guernica?” a) Dali, b) Miro, c) Picasso, d) Velasquez
Results(Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg, 1998)
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Professor Soccer Hooligan
None
2 mins
9 mins
Automatic Effects on Goals(Bargh et al, 2001)
Priming manipulation: Word-find task with words related to achievement--e.g., win, achieve, compete, attain neutral--e.g., ranch, shampoo, river, carpet
Scrabble task: create as many words as possible out of 8 tiles
Measure persistence at task After 2 min. told to stop via intercom
Results(Bargh et al, 2001)
Proportion who continued to work after the experimenter said, “stop” over the intercom57% in achievement condition22% in neutral condition
Observation of the Invisible
The Implicit Association Test is designed to tap automatic associations between concepts and attributes (e.g., male:science female:liberal arts)
Implicit Stereotypes
"I was taken aback by my inability to make the intended association, the difficulty in making the counter-stereotypical association between, say, female and career, or male and home."
“If we are aware of our biases, we can correct for them—as when driving a car that drifts to the right, we steer left to go where we intend."
-- Mahzarin Banaji
Mahzarin Banaji