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Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)affecting honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies
Dr. Jeff Pettis USDA-ARS Bee Research Lab. Beltsville, Maryland, USA
Pollinator decline, Symptoms of CCDRecent colony losses, research effort and CCD causes
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html
• National Academies of Science
• Status of Pollinators in North America
• 2007
• Pollinators are in decline
North America Pollinators
European Pollinators
• J. C. Biesmeijer, S. P. M. Roberts, M. Reemer, R. Ohlemler, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A. P. Schaffers, S. G. Potts, R. Kleukers, C. D. Thomas, J. Settele, and W. E. Kunin
• 21 July 2006 Science 313 (5785), 351.[DOI:10.1126/science.1127863]
• Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands www.sciencemag.org
Pesticides
Habitat destructionUrbanization
Monocultures
Managed Honey Bee Colonies in the U.S.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
719
45
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Colo
nies
(Mill
io
Parasitic mites introduced into U.S.
NASS data
Major Migratory Routes of Honey Bee Colonies
California almonds require1.2 million honey bee coloniesfrom January through March each year; that representsalmost half of all managedcolonies In the U.S.
Honey bee colonies neededin California almonds
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5Millions
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Bacteria
Parasites Other Insects
FungiNosema
Viruses
Symptoms of CCD
•Rapid loss of adult worker bees
•Few or no dead bees in colony
•Colonies dead w/ excess brood
•Small cluster w/ queen present
• Pollen and Honey stores intact
Varroa mites
Fungi
Nosema
Viruses
Primary Stress
Secondary Pathogen
Working Hypothesis
ManagementNutritionPesticides
Beetox Immune Genes Pathogens ControlCatalase Abaecin A. apis Am52C8
CEst04 Apidaecin ABPV VgMC
CYP306A1 basket Acawood Actin (E)
CYP4G11 Bgluc1 Amoeba RPS5 (E)
CYP6AS14 defensin1 Bact16S
dnc ortholog defensin2 BQCV
GSTS3 dorsal-1 CBPV
PKA-C1 Dredd chitinA
PKA-R1 Dscam DWV
rut ortholog EGFlikeA FungITS
hymenopt germSA
PGRP9710 KBV
PGRPLC710 M. Pluton
PGRPSC2505 Nosapis
PGRPSC4300 Noscer
PPOact SBV
tab Spapis
Bee Forensics Gene Set – New turbo edition
BQCV
DWV
ABPV
KBV
IAPV
Nosc
BQCV
DWV
ABPV
KBV
IAPV
Nosc
Strong Weak
Pathogen Loads and Covariance
ParasiticMites
Viruses
Nutrition
NosemaPesticides
We tend to conduct researchon single factors
Nosema
ParasiticMites
Viruses
Nutrition
NosemaPesticides
Nosema
We ignore interactions
Nutrition
ParasiticMites
Viruses
NosemaPesticides
Nosema
CCD is likely an interaction
ParasiticMites
Viruses
Nutrition
Nosema
Pesticides
Nosema
Interactions could be differentin different operations, years
or countries?
Most Frequently Detected Pesticides in Honey Bee Pollen
020406080
Fluval
inate
Coumaph
osChlo
rpyrifo
sEn
dosulfa
n 1Atraz
ineFen
propat
hrin
Endos
ulfan s
ulfate
Chlorot
haloni
l
Cyhaloth
rin (to
tal)En
dosulfa
n 2Meto
lachlo
rEsf
envale
rateMala
thion
Myclobu
tanil
Carbend
azim
Simazi
ne
Pesticides
Perc
ent F
requ
ePesticide Detections in Pollen % of samples with detections
100
Control1000
500
Survival of worker brood from 4-way comb
Concentration (mg/kg) of coumaphos
Control 100 500 1,000 % S
urvi
val (
mea
n±S
E) o
f Im
mat
ure
Wor
kers
0
20
40
60
80
100a
a b
b
b
Lifespan of worker honey bees exposed to coumaphos during development
Concentration (mg/kg) of coumaphoscontrol 100 500 1000 W
orke
r bee
life
span
(mea
n±S
EM
) in
days
0
5
10
15
20a a
bc
Fluvalinate
POLLEN
MITE CONTROL
COLONY HEALTH
Coumaphos
Fungicides
Pyrethroids
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Herbicides
PesticideInteractions?
SublethalEffects?
InteractionsWith OtherStressors?
What is happening now What is happening now this fall this fall –– winter ?winter ?
Surveyed 22 operations that manage 10% of all the colonies in the U.S., plus Apiary Inspectors of America (AIA) repeated survey from 2007
2007 AIA survey found 30% loss
The average loss in 2008 was 35% with a range of 7% to 80%
Reason for colony losses as yet undetermined
Research continues in four areasStress – Nutrition, moving colonies, management
Parasitic mites – Varroa and tracheal
Pathogens – bacteria, fungi, viruses
Pesticides – in hive mite treatments and Agricultural
25%
50%
75%
100%
Cau
ses
of C
olon
y Lo
ss
Media
CCD
Mites
25%
75%
100%
Beekeeper
Mites
Media
CCD
Mites
50%
Cau
ses
of C
olon
y Lo
ss
25%
75%
100%
Beekeeper
Mites
CCD
Media
CCD
Mites
50%
Cau
ses
of C
olon
y Lo
ss
25%
75%
100%
Beekeeper
Mites
CCD
Other
Media
CCD
Mites
Other
50%
Cau
ses
of C
olon
y Lo
ss
25%
75%
100%
Beekeeper
Mites
CCD
Media
CCD
Mites
Other
Management
50%
Cau
ses
of C
olon
y Lo
ss
25%
75%
100%
Media Beekeeper Reality?
CCD
Mites
Mites
CCD
Other
Management
CCD
Mites
Other
Management
50%
Cau
ses
of C
olon
y Lo
ss
Honey bee healthHoney bee healthcontinues to declinecontinues to decline
Crop acres continue to increase
The number of honey bee colonies remains approximately 2.5 million35% colony losses = few reserves
The ability to feed ourselves with food produced in the U.S.should be a national security issue