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CLONINGIn Islamic View

dr M eidona N. M illa, M CE

Department of Anatomy and H istology

Faculty of M edicine

Sultan Agung I slamic University


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Objectives:

By the end of this lecture you will be able toexplain about:

Definition of Cloning

History of Cloning

Types of Cloning

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning

Cloning Process Cloning Results

Islamic Perspective on Cloning


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Definition Cloning in biology is the process of producingsimilar populations of genetically identicalindividuals that occurs in nature when organismssuch as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce

asexually

Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used tocreate copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning),cells(cell cloning), or organisms

The term clone is derived from the AncientGreek word (kln, twig), referring to theprocess whereby a new plant can be createdfrom a twig


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History of Cloning 1944 Oswald Avery found that a cell's genetic

information was carried in DNA

1952 First animal cloning: Robert Briggs and Thomas J.King cloned northern leopard frogs.

1953 Francis Crick and James Watson discovered thestructure of DNA.

1962 Biologist John Gurdon announced that he hadcloned South African frogs using the nucleus of fullydifferentiated adult intestinal cells


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1962 - 65 Robert G. McKinnell, Thomas J. King, andMarie A. Di Berardino produced swimming larvae fromenucleated oocytes that had been injected with adult frogkidney carcinoma cell nuclei.

1963 Biologist J.B.S. Haldane coined the term "clone

1966 John B. Gurdon and V. Uehlinger grew adult frogsafter injecting tadpole intestinal cell nuclei intoenucleated oocytes.

1977 Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe created mice withonly a single parent.


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Types of Cloning Based on the objects:

Mollecular Cloning

Cellular CloningOrganism Cloning

Based on the purpose:

Therapeutic CloningReproductive Cloning


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Advantages & Disadvantages of Cloning

ADVANTAGES:1. Potential benefits to modern m edicine2

Researchs on stem cells have given the fact thatthe cells can be manipulated to mimic othertypes of cells, this can provide new ways totreat diseases like cancer and Alzheimers.

2. H elping infertile couples

Cloning offers couples dealing with fertility thechance to have a child of their own


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3. Pr otecting Endangered Speciessome species are nearing extinction. The

successful cloning of Dolly represents the firststep in protecting endangered wildlife.

4. I mproving food supply

Cloning could provide a means of cultivatingplants that are stronger and more resistant to

diseases, while producing more. The samecould happen to livestock


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DISADVANTAGES:

1/ The Element of Uncer tainty

many embryos were destroyed before the desired result wasachieved. The process started with 277 eggs, and Dolly wasthe single successful outcome.

2/ I nher iting diseases

A human clone would therefore inherit the genetic traits ofits predecessor. This includes genetic abnormalities and

diseases. Dolly the sheep for example exhibited signs ofwhat some suggested were premature aging

3/ The Potential for Abuse

If a couple has a clone that they are not happy with, what

would they do next?


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Cloning Process (Reproduct ive Cloning)


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ReproductiveCloning inHuman


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Therapeutic

Cloning


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Comparison


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Case Example

Therapeutic cloning for diabetes

Require the following steps: A = DNA from Donor with Diabetes (e.g. Ali's DNA) from a

Skin Sample. B = Egg from his healthy female family member (e.g.

Fatima's Egg). Remove DNA from Fatima's Egg until onlyCytoplasm remains.

C = Put in Ali's DNA into Fatima's Cytoplasm, and produceEmbryo by growing it in the Petri Dish into Stem Cells after

5 days. D = Then, Ali's Stem Cell goes back to Ali's pancreas with

Diabetes. Then, he can produce new pancreatic cells andAli's Diabetes will be cured eventually without rejection.


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Perspectives..


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Animals that had been successfully cloned


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Islamic View on Cloning The purpose of cloning in plants and animals is

to improve the quality and productivity and tofind the natural medicine, especially for chronicdisease

The effor ts to impr ove the quali ty of plantsand to increase the productivi ty of animals isare fine according to syara, clssified asmubah


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The use of animals and plants in order to seek

for medicine for var ious diseases is allowed byIslam, classified as sunah as seeking for cure issunah

Imam Ahmad from Anas RA had reported thatRasulullah SAW spoke:

Actually everytime Allah Azza Wa Jalla createa disease, He also created the cur e, so seek for

cur e..


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Human Cloning Cloning that is performed on man or woman in

order to improve the quality of the children, for

example to be able to have smarter, stronger,healthier, better physical appearance and also inorder to have more children thus will increasethe number of the people in a nation or country

is forbidden, classified as haram according toislamic law.


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The haram daleels

1. The children from the cloning process arecreated from non natural process

QS An Najm 45-46

And that He creates the two mates - the male andfemale - From a sperm-drop when it is emitted

dan Bahwasanya Dialah yang menciptakanberpasang-pasangan laki-laki dan perempuan,dar i air mani apabila dipancarkan.(QS. An Najm: 45-46)


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QS Al Qiyamah 37-38

He should bear in mind that he has passed throughvar ious stages of evolut ion to attain the human form. Inthe beginning he was a dr op of semen which wasdropped in the womb;

Then in the mother 's womb He formed it into an embryothat was suspended and by var ious combinations, andfashioned it into an excellent ly propor tioned shape

Bukankah dia dahulu setetes mani yangditumpahkan (ke dalam rahim), kemudian mani itumenjadi segumpal dar ah, lalu Allahmenciptakannya, dan menyempur nakannya. (QS.Al Qiyaamah : 37-38)


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2. Cloned children from a woman only will not have a

mother, and on the contrary, from a father only willnot have a mother as surrogate mother will notcount as a real mother. This is considered as takehuman for granted.

QS Al H ujur at: 13

O mankind, indeed We have created you fr om maleand female

Hai manusia, sesunguhnya Kami menciptakan

kalian dari seorang laki-laki dan seorangperempuan. (QS. Al Hujuraat : 13)


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QS. Al Ahzaab : 5

Call them by [the names of] their fathers; it ismore just in the sight of Allah

Panggillah mereka (anak-anak angkat itu)dengan (memakai) nama bapak-bapak mereka.(QS. Al Ahzaab : 5)


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3. human cloning will erase the nasab. In fact,nasab is important and must be carefullymaintained.

Hadith from Ibnu Abbas RA, reported that

Rasulullah SAW had declared:

Siapa saja yang menghubungkan nasabkepada orang yang bukan ayahnya, atau

(seorang budak) ber tuan (loyal/ taat) kepadaselain tuannya, maka dia akan mendapatlaknat dar i Allah, para malaikat, dan seluruhmanusia. (HR. Ibnu Majah)


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4. Producing children through the cloning processwill prevent many shariah laws, such asmarriage, nasab, nafqah, right and obligation

between children and parents, mahram,

inheritance, child care, etc. Furthermore,cloning will mix up and errase the nasab, this isagaints the fitrah of human in the childbirth


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From theRecommendations of the 9th

Fiqh-Medical Seminar in 1983 on"Reproduction in Islam"

I. All cases introducing third parties into amarriage, whether a womb, an egg, a sperm or acloning cell are not permissible.

II. Ordinary human cloning, in which thenucleus of a living somatic cell from anindividual is placed into the cytoplasm ofan eggdevoid of its nucleus, is not to be permitted. Ifexceptional cases emerge in the future, theyshould be considered to verify compliance withthe Shari'ah.


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Cloning according to MUI

National Meeting VI , 23-27 Rabiul Akhir 1421 H./ 25-29 Juli 2000 M.

Human cloning in every way that w ill resultin the mult iplication of human isharam


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QS Al Mukminum 12-14

"And certainly We created man from an extractof clay,

"Then We placed him (as a drop of) sperm in asafe lodging;

Then We made the sperm-drop into a clingingclot, and We made the clot into a lump [of flesh],

and We made [from] the lump, bones, and Wecovered the bones with flesh; then We developedhim into another creation. So blessed is Allah ,the best of creators.


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Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakarmanusia dar i sar ipati (berasal) dar i tanah.Kemudiar Kami jadikan sar ipati i tu air mani(yang disimpan ; dalam tempat yang kokoh

(rahim). Kemudian air man: i tu Kami jadikansegumpal darah, lalu segumpa. darah itu Kami

jadikan segumpal daging, dar . segumpaldaging itu Kami jadikan tulang belulan, lalu

tulang belulang itu Kami bungkus dengandagir i 27 Kemudian Kami jadikan dia makhluk(berbentuk) lain. Maha sucilah Allah, PenciptaPaling baik(QS. al-M uminun (23] : 12-14) .


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How about therapeut ic cloning?Pros

according to the Sharia, reproductive cloning ofpeople is forbidden. Cloning of animals andplants, however, are viewed as permissable

Those endorsing therapeutic cloning among theIslamic jurists see the destruction of embryos aspermissible according to the Sharia legalprinciple of the common good (maslaha).


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Cons

Some Islam ic scholar s, such as the well-

known sheik Y?suf al-Qaradawi, have raisedobjections, however , against therapeuticcloning, because it entai ls the destr uctionof embryos.


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In between..

only the direct cloning of organs is

permissible,whereas the production and

destruction of embryos or living replacementpart storage units is forbidden by the Sharia. Bydirect cloning he means the cultur e oftissue engineer ing, pr esum ably in ananim al organism.


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Closing.

Cloning, like so many otherissues that have facedmodern science, must be

carefully evaluated. Therewill always be detractors,those who feel that anyoneinvolved in cloning is playingGod. And this may not be too

far from the truth. However,any discussion on cloningmust be looked at in thecontext of its inherent value

to mankind.


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References

Zallum AQ, 1997, Hukmu Asy Syari fi AlIstinsakh, Naqlul Adlaa, Al Ijhadl, Athfaalul

Anabib, Ajhizatul Inasy Ath Thibbiyah, AlHayah wal Maut Darul Ummah, Beirut, Libanon,

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