Climate Change Adaptation of Rural Watersheds

8/3/2019 Climate Change Adaptation of Rural Watersheds

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-adaptation-of-rural-watersheds 1/31

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N| n f`s|y |yep yb n||e||`jg wm`lm bf yme|e CD_| wese dbse effely`ve ymnj yme bymes|+ ym`| psbaelye}nd`jei mbw yme ie|`gj nji `dpkedejyny`bj bf yme selbddejiei CD_| d`gmy ce `dpnlyei c

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Dìwe|y + `| cn|ei bj sn`jfnkk inyn ymsbugm >0=7 -Muff & Njgek+ >003+ wm`lm e}lkuie| bves 3?ens| bf selejy inyn* @y `| k`hek ymny n |`d`kns misbkbg`l njnk|`| cn|ei bj dbse selejy sn`jfnkkinyn wbuki èki jby`lenck i`ffesejy se|uky| fbs vns`bu| ie|`gj |ybsd evejy|* N| lk`dnye njiwenymes pnyyesj| lbjy`jue yb lmnjge+ `y `| ls`y`lnk yb cn|e |ybsdwnyes dnjngedejy ie|`gj

|ynjinsi| bj yme db|y selejy nvn`kncke psel`p`yny`bj inyn*

Ls`y`lnkk e}nd`j`jg yme nppk`lnc`k`y bf ie|`gj |ynjinsi|1 N he fnlybs yb lbj|ìes w`ymse|pely yb ie|`gj |ynjinsi| `| yme nppk`lnc`k`y bf yme |ynjinsi `y|ekf* Fbs e}ndpke+ dnjlbdduj`yè| se~u`se jew ievekbpdejy| yb ieyn`j bs seyn`j yme |ybsdwnyes sujbff n||bl`nyeiw`ym n >??$ens+ 39$mbus |ybsd nji psbvìe lbjvenjle fnl`k`yè| yb mnjike yme sujbff n||bl`nyei w`ym n >?$ens+ 39$mbus |ybsd* N >??$ens |ybsd `| bje w`ym n >% psbcnc`k`y bf blluss`jg ius`jg nj ens* Yme sbke bf |ybsd iusny`bj `j ievekbp`jg yme|e psei`ly`bj| `| jbynkwn| wekk ujies|ybbi* Fbs e}ndpke+ Muff & Njgek ->003 psei`ly nppsb}`dnyek 6$`jlme| bf psel`p`yny`bj fbs n >??$ens+ 39$mbus |ybsd evejy fbs we|y D`lm`gnj jens \ps`jg Knhe cuy bjk<$`jlme| bf psel`p`yny`bj fbs n >??$ens+ 3$mbus evejy `j yme |nde nsen* \`d`kns yseji| nse

bc|esvei fbs bymes dngj`yuie |ybsd evejy|* Bje lbuki en|`k n||bl`nye 6$`jlme| bf psel`p`yny`bj w`ym n >??$ens |ybsd evejy nji jby senk`qe ymny ke|| sn`j bves n |mbsyes iusny`bj`| nk|b lbj|ìesei n >??$ens |ybsd evejy* N| yme penh fkbw| n||bl`nyei w`ym yme |mbsyes iusny`bj |ybsd evejy| nse gsenyes+ lbjvenjle fnl`k`yè| ie|`gjei fbs n >?$ens+ 39$mbus iusny`bj evejy dn celbde `jujinyei fbs n |mbsyes iusny`bj evejy w`ym yme |nde seyusj`jyesvnk* N| wenymes yseji| lbjy`jue yb fnvbs dbse `jyej|e+ |mbsyes iusny`bj evejy|+ e}`|y`jgie|`gj |ynjinsi| dn mndpes yme effely`veje|| bf |ybsdwnyes dnjngedejy psnly`le|* GsenyKnhe| lbdduj`yè| lbuki cejef`y fsbd se$n||e||`jg yme ie|`gj |ynjinsi| u|ei fbs CD_ie|`gj*

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ieyesd`je `f yme nppsbps`nye kevek bf psbyely`bj `| ce`jg psbvìei*

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Se|ybse s`pns`nj cuffes| nkbjg |usfnle wnyes|+ `jlkui`jg |ysend| nji knhe| yb `dpsbve ymelnpnl`y bf yme wnyes cbi yb niau|y yb pes`bi| bf fkbbi`jg nji isbugmy* @jlkuie n i`ves|elbdduj`y bf jny`ve pknjy |pelè|+ w`ym cbym isbugmy ybkesnjy nji fkbbi ybkesnjy |pelè|*

Se|ybse i`ves|e weyknji elb||yed|+ pnsy`luknsk nianlejy yb |usfnle wnyes cbiè|*




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3*? _SBAELY @JYSBIULY@BJ NJI SNY@BJNKE

Yme U*\* Ejv`sbjdejynk _sbyely`bj Ngejl -E_N ief`je| lk`dnye lmnjge n| ‛nj |`gj`f`lnjy lmnjge `jden|use| bf lk`dnye -|ulm n| yedpesnyuse+ psel`p`yny`bj bs w`ji kn|y`jg fbs nj e}yejiei pes`bi+

‛ielnie| bs kbjges— -E_N+ 3?>>* Yme db|y selejy ielnie -3??>$3?>? e}pesèjlei yme wnsde|ynvesnge gkbcnk yedpesnyuse bj selbsi* @jlsen|e| `j yme fse~uejl nji"bs `jyej|`y bf e}ysedeyedpesnyuse|+ psel`p`yny`bj nji bymes lk`dnye pnsndeyes| wese nk|b bc|esvei nlsb|| yme gkbce -JBNN3?>>* Lk`dnye lmnjge fbseln|y| psei`ly ymny `jlsen|e `j nvesnge gkbcnk yedpesnyuse|+ nllbdpnjèi c|`gj`f`lnjy lmnjge| `j bymes den|use| bf lk`dnye+ w`kk lbjy`jue*

Wm`ke ujies|ynji`jg lk`dnye ny yme gkbcnk kevek `| `dpbsynjy+ ujies|ynji`jg lk`dnye pnyyesj| ny yme kblnkkevek `| evej dbse u|efuk `j psepns`jg fbs pbyejy`nk `dpnly| n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge* Dnjlbdduj`yè| w`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe| Cn|`j mnve bc|esvei `jlsen|e| `j vns`bu| misb$deyebsbkbg`lnkpnsndeyes| |ulm n| e}ysede psel`p`yny`bj evejy|+ fkbbi`jg nji"bs isbugmy nji yedpesnyuse e}ysede|*Lmnjge| `j lk`dnye pnsndeyes| lnj |ysn`j+ indnge bs ie|ysb puck`l `jfsn|ysulyuse+ ps`vnye psbpesy

nji vnkuncke jnyusnk se|busle|* Ujies|ynji`jg kblnk lk`dnye `dpnly| lnj mekp lbdduj`yè| psepnse fbs yme jegny`ve `dpnly| n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge*

Ym`| |dnkk psbaely nyyedpyei yb psbvìe nii`y`bjnk ujies|ynji`jg bf mbw lk`dnye lmnjge `| sekevnjy yb|ybsdwnyes ie|`gj+ w`ym |pel`f`l fblu| bj yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei kblnyei `j we|y D`lm`gnj* Yme\ps`jg Knhe wnyes|mei `| bje bf dnj isbwjei s`ves dbuym| kblnyei nkbjg Knhe D`lm`gnj‐| en|yesj|mbsek`je* Yme|e gebkbg`lnk fenyuse| nse sedjnjy| bf yme db|y selejy @le Nge+ wmej seyseny`jg gknl`nk`le dekyei nji fkbbiei yme dbuym| bf yme|e s`ves| wmese yme ejyesei Knhe D`lm`gnj* \ps`jg Knhefkbw| `jyb yme Gsnji S`ves `j jbsymwe|yesj Byynwn Lbujy+ au|y 3*6 jnuy`lnk d`ke| yb yme en|y njiup|ysend bf Knhe D`lm`gnj* Yme wnyes|mei ejlbdpn||e| 53*= |~unse d`ke| `j Byynwn nji Du|hegbjlbujyè|+ nji `jlkuie| >> duj`l`pnk`yè|8 ymese nse ywb lbdduj`yè| ibwj|ysend bf \ps`jg Knhe nkbjg

yme Gsnji S`ves ybwnsi `y| buykey ny Knhe D`lm`gnj* Fbsy$bje peslejy bf yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei `|fbse|yei+ nji bymes jnyusnk fenyuse| `jlkuie yme knhe nji |evesnk ys`cuyns |ysend| -z>+>?? nlse|+nppsb}`dnyek <9? nlse| bf weyknji|+ nji dbse ymnj 3+3?? nlse| bf uscnj nji susnk |msuc njigsn||knji| -GV\U$NWS@+ 3?>?*

Celnu|e bf yme lbdpke} elbkbg`lnk+ pbk`y`lnk+ nji |bl`nk psble||e| n||bl`nyei w`ym |ybsdwnyes dnjngedejy+ D`lm`gnj \en Gsnjy fujiei nj @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy -@N psbaely lnkkei Se`j `j yme Sujbff fbs yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei* @N `| yme |jyme|`| bf e}`|y`jg jnyusnk nji |bl`nk |lèjy`f`lhjbwkeige yb |bkve n jnyusnk se|busle dnjngedejy psbcked bs pbk`l ~ue|y`bj -_ns|bj >0058 M`kkdnjey nk* 3??5* @N `| nj nly`ve nji snpìk ievekbp`jg fèki nji n duky`yuie bf nppsbnlme| e}`|y yb nì `j|bkv`jg ejv`sbjdejynk se|busle dnjngedejy ~ue|y`bj| nji pbk`l `||ue| -M`||lmedökkes ey nk 3??>*

Fbs yme Se`j `j yme Sujbff @N+ n |`}$|yep nppsbnlm buyk`jei `j \lnv`n nji Cs`lhes -3??6 wn| nibpyei1

Ief`je yme pbk`l sekevnjy ~ue|y`bj nsbuji wm`lm yme @N `| yb ce pesfbsdei*

Ibludejy yme |ynyu| nji yseji| bf nppsbps`nye ejv`sbjdejynk+ |bl`nk+ nji elbjbd`l lbji`y`bj|seknyei yb yme `||ue*

Ie|ls`ce yme ejv`sbjdejynk+ |bl`nk+ nji elbjbd`l lnu|e| nji lbj|e~uejle| bf ymb|e yseji|*




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_sbvìe fbseln|y| bf k`hek fuyuse lbji`y`bj| ujies n snjge bf pbk`l bs dnjngedejy bpy`bj|*

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_sbvìe nj n||e||dejy bf yme ujlesyn`jyè| n||bl`nyei w`ym yme `jfbsdny`bj gejesnyei `j \yep|>$5*

N he buylbde bf yme Se`j `j yme Sujbff psbaely wn| nj e}nd`jny`bj bf yme lb|y| nji cejef`y| bf vns`bu| |ybsdwnyes CD_| w`ym`j yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei fbs `dpsbv`jg wnyes ~unk`y w`ym`j \ps`jgKnhe* E}pnji`jg bj yme selbddejiny`bj| fsbd yme Se`j `j yme Sujbff psbaely+ ym`| psbaely e}nd`je|mbw ie|`gj nji `dpkedejyny`bj bf yme selbddejiei CD_| d`gmy ce `dpnlyei c lk`dnye lmnjge+ nji`f nj bf yme selbddejiei CD_| wbuki psbvìe ninpy`ve lnpnl`y fbs yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|meiwmej lbj|ìes`jg yme pbyejy`nk `dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge*

Lmnpyes < bf ym`| sepbsy pse|ejy| nj bvesvèw bf lk`dnye lmnjge w`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe| cn|`j* @jLmnpyes 9+ n |uddns bf |ybsdwnyes CD_| fsbd yme psev`bu|k lbjlkuiei @N `| pse|ejyei* @j Lmnpyes 5+ n lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj pknj `| nsy`luknyei fbs yme wnyes|mei ymny `jlkuie| n |uddns bf vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy+ ninpy`ve dnjngedejy |ysnyeg+ nji ps`bs`y`qny`bj bf vns`bu| CD_| c yme`s effely`veje||* Kn|yk+ n |uddns bf je}y |yep| nse nsy`luknyei `j Lmnpyes 6*




6

<*? LK@DNYE LMNJGE NJI YME GSENY KNHE\ CN\@J

<*> Lk`dnye Yseji| nji _sei`ly`bj|

@j bsies yb ceyyes ujies|ynji mbw lk`dnye lmnjge w`kk `dpnly yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei+ `y `| `dpbsynjyyb ujies|ynji yme gkbcnk nji Gseny Knhe| cn|`j$wìe lk`dnye yseji| nji psei`ly`bj|* Sepbsy| fsbd yme@jyesgbvesjdejynk _njek bj Lk`dnye Lmnjge -Deyq+ ey* nk+ 3??78 _nss ey* nk*+ 3??7 nji \bkbdbj ey* nk*+3??7 psbvìe n lkens de||nge ymny yme gkbcnk lk`dnye `| lmnjg`jg* Dnj bf yme|e lmnjge| nse mnv`jgn i`sely `dpnly bj yme Gseny Knhe| cn|`j+ nji w`kk lbjy`jue `jyb yme fbse|eencke fuyuse* Ym`| |ely`bjbuyk`je| n judces bf yme lmnjge| ymny nse blluss`jg nji |bde bf yme wn| `j wm`lm yme|e lmnjge| w`kknffely yme Gseny Knhe|*

Lk`dnye lmnjge| nse nkseni ce`jg bc|esvei `j yme cn|`j+ nji w`ym`j yme kn|y ielnie+ yme cn|`j mn|ceej |ucaelyei yb e}ysede meny+ fkbbi|+ isbugmy+ jew `j|ely pe|y|+ jew velybs$cbsje i`|en|e| njibymes psbcked| dnie wbs|e c lk`dnye lmnjge* Evej `f yme wbski `| |ulle||fuk `j lbjysbkk`jg lnscbj

ed`||`bj|+ lk`dnye |lèjy`|y| nff`sd ymny lk`dnye lmnjge w`kk lbjy`jue fbs dnj ielnie| fsbd kbjg$k`veigseejmbu|e gn|e| ymny mnve nkseni nlluduknyei `j yme nydb|pmese*

Yme jeei yb ninpy yb lk`dnye lmnjge “ yb psbyely yme Gseny Knhe| cn|`j+ `y| l`y`qej|+ `y| elb||yed|nji `y| elbjbd fsbd yme jegny`ve `dpnly| bf gkbcnk wnsd`jg+ `| n dnyyes bf gsbw`jg usgejl* Ymecn|`j jeei| yb ievekbp ninpyny`bj |ysnyegè| ymny w`kk d`j`d`qe yme jegny`ve effely| bf lk`dnye lmnjgenji ynhe nivnjynge bf pbyejy`nk bppbsyuj`yè|* Celnu|e lk`dnye w`kk lbjy`jue yb lmnjge bves yme je}ylejyus+ ninpyny`bj w`kk jby ce n |mbsy$yesd effbsy* Ninpy`jg yb lk`dnye lmnjge se~u`se| iel`|`bj$dnhes|yb lbj|ìes lk`dnye lmnjge `j yme`s pknj| nji psbgsnd| bj nj bjgb`jg cn|`|* Ym`| fsndewbsh ibludejypse|ejy| fbs i`|lu||`bj puspb|e| n psble|| ymny w`kk mekp lbdduj`yè| w`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe| cn|`jninpy*

Bves yme kn|y ielnie+ yme njy`l`pnyei lmnjge| mnve se|ukyei `j lk`dnye lmnjge seknyei |lèjy`f`l `j~u`sn| wekk n| fbsud| bf puck`l i`|lu||`bj| yb bllus w`ym nj `jlsen|ei fse~uejl* W`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe|cn|`j+ n| bf 3?>?+ db|y he feiesnk ngejlè| mni n lk`dnye lmnjge yend nji"bs mni fbsduknyei lk`dnye`dpnly seknyei pbk`l* Yme k`yesnyuse sevèw |ugge|y| n |ey bf lk`dnye seknyei lmnjge| w`ym`j yme cn|`jymny nse |uddns`qei cekbw1

N`s yedpesnyuse 1 In`k m`gm yedpesnyuse| `j yme seg`bj w`kk `jlsen|e 5*9 yb >?*= iegsee|sekny`ve yb wmny wn| yp`lnk fsbd >06>$>00?+ w`ym w`jyes y`de yedpesnyuse| `jlsen|`jg evejdbse ymnj |uddes yedpesnyuse| -MBW+ 3??=* Menk`jg bus Wnyes‐| -MBW “ Gseny Knhe|Lbnk`y`bj‐| sepbsy bj yme ymseny bf gkbcnk wnsd`jg yb yme Gseny Knhe| -3??= `ji`lnye| |lèjy`|y|

nse psei`ly`jg ymny |uddes| `j D`lm`gnj lbuki feek dbse k`he |uddes| `j @ji`njn cdìlejyus+ nji dbse k`he |uddes| `j Nshnj|n| c yme eji bf yme lejyus* N| n se|uky+ ymegsbw`jg |en|bj dn e}yeji n few weeh|+ nji mnsi`je|| qbje| w`kk lbjy`jue e}yeji`jg fusymes jbsymwnsi -Nscbs In Fbujiny`bj+ 3??6*

_sel`p`yny`bj 1 _sel`p`yny`bj `| bje bf yme dbse ujlesyn`j lbdpbjejy| bf lk`dnye lmnjge*_sel`p`yny`bj `| jnyusnkk ~u`ye vns`ncke fsbd |en|bj yb |en|bj+ ens yb ens nji seg`bj ybseg`bj* Lk`dnye dbiek| ib jby lbdpkeyek lnpyuse |bde bf yme fnlybs| ymny nffely psel`p`yny`bj*




7

Lk`dnye lmnjge nppens| yb ce nffely`jg psel`p`yny`bj i`ffesejyk `j i`ffesejy pnsy| bf yme wbski* @ymn| celbde |`gj`f`lnjyk weyyes bves en|yesj Jbsym nji \buym Ndes`ln+ Jbsymesj Eusbpe nji N|`n bves yme kn|y >?? ens| nji ises `j yme Dei`yessnjenj Cn|`j+ dulm bf Nfs`ln nji|buymesj N|`n -\bkbdbj+ 3??7*

G`vej yme ujlesyn`jy+ MBW -3??= db|yk `ji`lnye| ymny nvesnge in`k psel`p`yny`bj `|psbaelyei yb `jlsen|e `j yme |ps`jg nji w`jyes nji ielsen|e `j yme nuyudj nji |uddes* Nkk|en|bj| nse e}pelyei yb |ee n |m`fy ybwnsi dbse menv ibwjpbus| bs |jbwfnkk nji ke|| k`gmypsel`p`yny`bj* Lmnjge| `j psel`p`yny`bj nse jby e}pelyei yb ce uj`fbsd ymsbugmbuy yme |en|bj|bs ymsbugmbuy yme seg`bj*

@j 3??0+ yme Jny`bjnk Wenymes \esv`le sepbsyei ymny yme 3??="3??0 w`jyes |en|bj wn| yme f`fymlbj|eluy`ve w`jyes w`ym ncbve$nvesnge psel`p`yny`bj* @j pnsy`lukns+ |jbwfnkk ius`jg yme3??="3??0 w`jyes wn| wekk ncbve jbsdnk nlsb|| \buymwe|y D`lm`gnj* Ny Gsnji Snpì|+ ymeybynk w`jyes |jbwfnkk bf 09*5 `jlme| -Ieledces ymsbugm Fecsuns wn| bjk ?*9 `jlme| ke|| ymnj

yme selbsi |eyy`jg |en|bj |jbwfnkk bf yme psev`bu| 3??7"3??= |en|bj* Yme ejy`se |jbw |en|bj-Auk >|y ymsbugm Auje <?ym wn| yme fbusym |jbwè|y bj selbsi+ cnlh yb >=05* Yme sepbsy nk|bjbyei ymny bf yme ybp f`ve |jbwè|y |en|bj| `j Gsnji Snpì|+ bjk 3 wese jby w`ym`j yme kn|y >?ens|* Bymes lbdduj`yè| `j yme nsen |mbwei |`d`kns pnyyesj|* Ckbbd`jginke e}pesèjlei yme`s |elbji |jbwè|y |en|bj w`ym yme 3??6"3??7 |en|bj ce`jg yme |jbwè|y+ cnlh yb >0?9">0?5*Me|pes`n e}pesèjlei yme`s |jbwè|y |en|bj `j selbsi+ cnlh yb >0<=">0<0* @j Mn|y`jg|+ n ybynkbf 00*0 `jlme| bf |jbw puy| yme 3??="3??0 w`jyes `j f`s|y pknle w`ym yme psev`bu| w`jyes ce`jg `jym`si pknle -JW\+ 3??0*

Wnyes Yedpesnyuse 1 MBW -3??= nk|b `ji`lnye| ymny yme wnyes `j knhe| nji cbsies`jg |ysend|lbuki ejiuse wnsdes yedpesnyuse|* Inyn fbs Knhe| D`lm`gnj nji Musbj |mbw n |uddes

|usfnle wnyes yedpesnyuse bf 9*5±F `jlsen|e bves yme kn|y 37 ens| -Nu|y`j nji Lbkdnj 3??7*Knhe \upes`bs‐| wnyes yedpesnyuse mn| `jlsen|ei c dbse ymnj 5±F |`jle >0=5 -MBW 3??=*Ymny'| ncbuy >5 peslejy fn|yes ymnj yme bc|esvei n`s ncbve yme knhe nji yw`le n| fn|y n|bc|esvei wnsd`jg bves jensc knji*

Wnyes kevek| 1 M`gmes n`s yedpesnyuse| cs`jg w`ym ymed `jlsen|ei evnpbsny`bj fsbd |usfnlewnyes| `j dnj pnsy| bf yme wbski* @j yme Jbsymesj med`|pmese+ seiulei `le lbves -n||bl`nyeiw`ym wnsdes yedpesnyuse| w`kk `jlsen|e ym`| yejiejl c nkkbw`jg dbse evnpbsny`bj `j w`jyes dbjym|* Ym`| w`kk lbjys`cuye yb kbwes knhe+ s`ves nji |ysend kevek| nji seiulei wnyes `jweyknji|*

Knhe kevek ielk`je| nse e|pel`nkk `dpbsynjy fbs Knhe| D`lm`gnj+ Musbj+ nji \upes`bs+ wmeseevnpbsny`bj `| n knsge peslejynge bf wnyes kb|| `j gejesnk* Db|y lk`dnye dbiek| psei`ly ymnyGseny Knhe| wnyes kevek| w`kk isbp `j yme je}y lejyus -_nss+ ey* nk*+ 3??7* Yme|e dbiek|psei`ly isbp| ius`jg yme je}y lejyus bf bje fbby bj Knhe \upes`bs+ ymsee feey bj Knhe|D`lm`gnj nji Musbj+ ncbuy 3*5 feey bj Knhe Esè+ nji >*7 feey bj Knhe Bjyns`b* @y `| `dpbsynjyyb lbj|ìes ymny knhe kevek| bf \upes`bs nji Bjyns`b nse nk|b nffelyei c yme ||yed bf kblh|+misbpbwes pknjy|+ nji buyfkbw lbjysbk delmnj`|d| seguknyei c yme @jyesjny`bjnk Ab`jyLbdd`||`bj*




=

W`ji \peei| 1 W`ji |peei| dn `jlsen|e `j lesyn`j nsen| iue yb `jlsen|ei n`s nji wnyes |usfnle yedpesnyuse|* Fbs e}ndpke+ `j yme ln|e bf Knhe \upes`bs+ n| wnsd`jg wnyes `jfkuejle|yme yedpesnyuse i`ffesejy`nk ceyweej yme n`s jens yme |usfnle nji yme n`s m`gmes up+ yme

nydb|pmese celbde| dbse yuscukejy* \`jle >0=5+ nvesnge w`ji |peei mn| `jlsen|ei c dbseymnj >? peslejy bves Knhe \upes`bs -U*\* Gkbcnk Lmnjge Se|enslm _sbgsnd+ 3??0*

@le lbves 1 Jby`lencke lmnjge| bllus `j yme y`d`jg bf fseeqe nji ymnw|* N| e}nd`jei c|lèjy`|y| |`jle yme ens >=9?+ fseeqe| nse blluss`jg knyes nji csenhup bf `le `| blluss`jgenskès -Dngju|bj ey* nk*+ 3???* \lèjy`|y| psei`ly `le lbves yb ce ym`jjes+ `jlsen|`jg lbn|ynke}pb|use nji evnpbsny`bj*

<*3 Inyn Gnp| nji Ujlesyn`jy

Ujlesyn`jy `| pse|ejy w`ym`j nkk kevek| bf psei`ly`jg `dpnly| fsbd lk`dnye lmnjge* N judces bf dbiek|+

enlm w`ym duky`pke |lejns`b|+ n||ude vns`bu| kevek| bf nydb|pmes`l lnscbj e}`|y fbs psei`ly`jg `dpnly|ny yme gkbcnk kevek* Yme|e gkbcnk dbiek| nse ievekbpei u|`jg hjbwj ps`jl`pke| bf pm|`l|+ lmed`|ysnji ensym |lèjle+ nji m`|ybs`l"lussejy bc|esvny`bj|* Ujlesyn`jy bf n judces bf `ji`vìunk lbdpbjejy|w`ym`j yme dbiek+ `jlkui`jg yme iegsee bf fuyuse gseejmbu|e gn| ed`||`bj|+ |bkns buypuy nji blenjl`slukny`bj vns`ny`bj|+ lbdpbuji yme ujlesyn`jy bf yme dbiek n| n wmbke* Wm`ke yme nllusnl bf yme|edbiek| `| `jlsen|`jg+ yme lnj ce lbj|ìesei yb ce yme ce|y+ lbkkely`ve gue|| n| yb mbw yme gkbcnklk`dnye ||yed wbsh| -JBNN & \en Gsnjy+ 3?>>*

Ievekbpdejy bf seg`bjnk lk`dnye lmnjge psei`ly`bj| `| bfyej ibje ymsbugm ibwj|lnk`jg bf bje bs dbsebf yme gkbcnk dbiek|* Ibwj|lnk`jg `| yme psble|| se|enslmes| u|e yb bcyn`j seg`bjnk bs kblnknydb|pmes`l vns`ncke| fsbd yme gkbcnk dbiek|* Ym`| psble|| nkkbw| se|enslmes| yb lnpyuse seg`bjnk

lbdpke}`yè| bf lk`dnye lmnjge nji n||e|| `dpnly| ny kblnk kevek|* Yp`lnkk+ seg`bjnk dbiek| `jlkuiedbse pm|`lnk psble||e| nji vns`ncke| lbdpnsei w`ym yme gkbcnk dbiek|* Ujlesyn`jy `jlsen|e| w`ymym`| `jlsen|ei lbdpke}`y* Ymese nse dnj gkbcnk nji seg`bjnk dbiek| nji `y `| i`ff`luky yb n|lesyn`jwm`lm dbiek| d`gmy ce dbse nllusnye ymnj bymes|* Ymny |nì+ yp`lnkk n sevèw bf yme psei`ly`bj| lnjny ken|y mekp yb psbvìe n feek fbs yme snjge bf pb||`c`k`yè| -JBNN & \en Gsnjy+ 3?>>*

Fbs e}ndpke+ bje njnk|`| bf yme se|pbj|e bf yme Gseny Knhe| wnyes kevek| yb fuyuse lk`dnye lmnjge|lejns`b| `jlkuiei ievekbpdejy bf bves 5?? dbiek suj|+ wm`lm se|ukyei `j n wìe snjge bf se|uky| fbs psei`lyei yedpesnyuse|+ psel`p`yny`bj nji knhe kevek|* Lbj|ìes`jg knhe kevek|+ 0?% bf yme psei`ly`bj|fbs Knhe D`lm`gnj snjgei ceyweej nj `jlsen|e bf 3*=0 feey nji n ielsen|e bf 5*0 feey* Yme knsge snjge`j psei`ly`bj| `| nyys`cuyei yb i`ffesejle| `j ed`||`bj| |lejns`b| n| wekk n| ujlesyn`jy `j yme dbiek

|`dukny`bj| -Njgek & Hujhek+ 3??0*

Njbymes |busle bf ujlesyn`jy `j psei`ly`jg lk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly| `| yme sbke bf yme Gseny Knhe| `j`dpnly`jg lk`dnye* Yme Gseny Knhe| nse nj `jyegsnk pnsy bf yme lk`dnye pnyyesj| `j yme Gseny Knhe|Seg`bj* Lmnjg`jg knhe kevek| nji wnyes yedpesnyuse| w`kk `dpnly lk`dnye yseji|* @y `| jby en| ybpsei`ly yme yseji| `j knhe kevek| n| yme nse nffelyei c n judces bf fnlybs| `jlkui`jg w`ji |peei+evnpbsny`bj+ psel`p`yny`bj+ mudì`y nji |bkns sni`ny`bj* _sei`ly`jg mbw enlm bf yme|e fnlybs| w`kklmnjge nii| ey njbymes kevek bf ujlesyn`jy yb psei`ly`bj| bf fuyuse knhe kevek|*




0

<*< Vukjesnc`k`y N||e||dejy

N| i`|lu||ei `j \ely`bj <*>+ n judces bf jnyusnk ||yed| mnve lmnjgei nji nse psei`lyei yb lbjy`jue

yb lmnjge n| n se|uky bf lk`dnye lmnjge* \m`fy| `j psel`p`yny`bj+ knhe kevek|+ n`s yedpesnyuse|+ eyl*+ mnven pbyejy`nk yb pb|e ymseny| yb mnsd bs ie|ysb vns`bu| lbdduj`y nji jnyusnk n||ey|* Yme vukjesnc`k`ybf yme|e n||ey| w`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe| mn| ceej evnkunyei `j n judces bf lbdpkeyei n||e||dejy|*Vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy| ìejy`f nsen| db|y ny s`|h yb yme `dpnly| n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge*Yncke <*> psbvìe| nj bvesvèw bf yme vukjesncke n||ey| ymny nse db|y |u|lepy`cke yb yme `dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge* \bde e}ndpke| bf pbyejy`nk `dpnly| `jlkuie1

@dpnly| yb \m`pp`jg & Jnv`gny`bj1 Seiulei wnyes kevek| w`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe| Cn|`j w`kknffely yme |m`pp`jg `jiu|ys n| yme jeei fbs yme iseig`jg bf lmnjjek| nji pbsy nlle|| pb`jy|celbde dbse k`hek nji fkulyuny`jg knhe kevek| mnve nj effely bj |m`pp`jg psble||e| `j yesd|bf |m`pp`jg lnpnl`y -D`kkesi+ 3??7*

@dpnly| yb @jfsn|ysulyuse1 \mbsek`je `jfsn|ysulyuse+ `jlkui`jg+ `jynhe| fbs wnyes ysenydejy bs `jiu|ys`nk pknjy| ymny iepeji bj lbj|`|yejy knhe kevek| w`kk ce nffelyei c kbwes knhe kevek|*@jlsen|ei fkbbi`jg w`kk ymsenyej sbni|+ csìge|+ |ybsd |ewes| nji bymes puck`l `jfsn|ysulyuse*

Ejv`sbjdejynk+ Elb||yed & Mnc`yny @dpnly|1 Sekny`vek |dnkk lmnjge| `j yedpesnyuse njiwnyes kevek| lnj mnve dngj`fèi `dpnly| bj yme lbsse|pbji`jg elb||yed nji w`kik`felbdduj`y* W`ym `jlsen|`jg yedpesnyuse| nji nkyesei misbkbg+ |bde mnc`yny| dn celbdeke|| mb|p`yncke yb jny`ve |pelè|+ lnu|`jg n d`gsny`bj yb bymes nsen| ymny psbvìe ceyyes lbji`y`bj| yb ej|use |usv`vnc`k`y* U|`jg yme Gseny Knhe| f`|mesè| n| nj e}ndpke+ wnsd$wnyes f`|m |pelè| lbuki |ee nj `jlsen|e `j yme mnc`yny nvn`kncke iue yb s`|`jg knhe yedpesnyuse|*

Ymbugm ym`| `| n pb|`y`ve `dpnly bj wnsd$wnyes f`|mesè|+ ym`| `| n jegny`ve `dpnly bj lbki$wnyes f`|me|+ |ulm n| |nkdbj nji ysbuy |pelè|+ n| yme`s psefessei mnc`yny nsen| |ms`jh-\mnyyulh+ 3?>?* Fsbd nj elb||yed |ynjipb`jy+ |buymesj ysee |pelè| ymny |usv`ve `j wnsdes lk`dnye| dn lbjy`jue dbv`jg jbsymwnsi n| yedpesnyuse| `jlsen|e+ i`|pknl`jg jny`ve ysee|pelè| ymnynse dbse ninpy`ve yb lbkies lk`dnye|* Weyknji mnc`yny| nji |pelè| w`kk k`hek ce yme db|y|evesek nffelyei c lk`dnye lmnjge |`jle yme nse dbse |u|lepy`cke yb lmnjge| `j misbkbg*Bymes `dpnly| `jlkuie yme s`|h bf pe|y| nj `jlsen|ei pe|y pbpukny`bj+ nji n lmnjge `j ymew`jyes mnsi`je|| qbje| wm`lm `| n den|use bf pknjy |usv`vnc`k`y `j n g`vej seg`bj -\mnyyulh+3?>?*

@dpnly| yb Ngs`lukyuse1 M`gmes yedpesnyuse| lbuki `dpnly ngs`lukyuse c kejgymej`jg ymegsbw`jg |en|bj+ n| wekk n| lnu|`jg fse~uejy pes`bi| bf isbugmy ceyweej sn`j evejy|* N| nse|uky+ `jlsen|ei iednji bj wnyes se|busle| yb |u|yn`j lsbp| ymsbugm celbde| dbse k`hek* @jnii`y`bj+ |bde |yuiè| |ugge|y d`kies w`jyes| dn nk|b ielsen|e |b`k yedpesnyuse n| |jbwlbves nly| n| nj `j|uknybs ius`jg lbki dbjym|* Yme e}pb|use bf |usfnle |b`k yb kbwes yedpesnyuse| ius`jg lbki dbjym| lbuki kbwes |b`k yedpesnyuse| wm`lm `dpnly| pknjy| njinj`dnk| `j yme seg`bj n| wekk n| yme kejgym bf yme gsbw`jg |en|bj -\mnyyulh+ 3?>?*




>?

@dpnly| yb Mudnj Menkym1 M`gm yedpesnyuse| `j yme |uddes dbjym| èki m`gmes meny`jie}e|+ e|pel`nkk w`ym`j m`gmk uscnj`qei nsen| wm`lm e}pb|e| yme gejesnk pbpukbu| yb menyseknyei `kkje||e| nji `j |bde ln|e|+ fnynk`yè|*

YNCKE <*>1 VUKJESNC@K@YP N\\E\\DEJY \UDDNSP

LNU\E\ NJILBJ\EÛEJLE\

N__K@LNCKE_MEJBDEJN

_SBAELYEI@D_NLY\

VUKJESNCKEN\\EY\

Ielsen|ei"Fkulyuny`jg KnheKevek|

@jlsen|ei n`s yedpesnyuse@jlsen|ei |ybsd `jyej|`y"fse~uejl Lmnjg`jgpsel`p`yny`bj pnyyesj|

> $ 3 fbby seiuly`bj `jknhe| kevek| c yme eji bf yme lejyus

\m`pp`jg @jiu|ys\mbsek`je@jfsn|ysulyuse

Seiuly`bj bf

\en|bjnk @le

@jlsen|ei n`s yedpesnyuse@jlsen|ei wnyes yedpesnyuse

Lbjy`juei ielsen|`jgyseji `j Gseny Knhe| `lelbves Lbjy`juei ielsen|`jgyseji `j |b`k yedpesnyuse|

F`|mesè|W`jyes Selseny`bj Ngs`lukyuse

@jlsen|ei Fkbbi`jgnji Isbugmy

@jlsen|ei n`s yedpesnyuse@jlsen|ei |ybsd `jyej|`y"fse~uejl Lmnjg`jgpsel`p`yny`bj pnyyesj|

>?%$9?% `jlsen|e `j yme`jyej|`y bf sn`j evejy| cyme eji bf yme lejyus

_uck`l @jfsn|ysulyuseSelseny`bj Ngs`lukyuse

Elb||yed nji

Mnc`yny \m`fy|

@jlsen|ei n`s yedpesnyuseIelk`j`jg knhe kevek|

@jlsen|ei wnyes yedpesnyuse

\m`fy nji e}pnj|`bj bf |pelè| yb yme jbsym@jlsen|ei snjge `j mnc`ynybf wnsdwnyes f`|m |pelè|Seiulei snjge `j mnc`ynyfbs lbkiwnyes f`|m |pelè|@jlsen|ei lbdpey`y`bj bf `jvn|`ve |pelè|Mnc`yny kb||

F`|mesè|W`kik`fe _bpukny`bj|Jny`ve Elb||yed|

Ymseny| yb MudnjMenkym

@jlsen|ei n`s yedpesnyuse@jlsen|ei wnyes yedpesnyuse

@jlsen|e `j e}ysede menyevejy| eves < ens| c3?=? N| dnj n| =? ienikmeny evejy| bves yme je}y<? ens| `j uscnj nsen|@jlsen|e bf L\B evejy|

E}pelyei |m`fy bf ngs`lukyusnk nsen| yb ymejbsym@jlsen|ei pe|y pbpukny`bj|

Uscnj Nsen|_uck`l @jfsn|ysulyuseWnyes ûnk`ySelseny`bj

Ngs`lukyuse

Vukjesnc`k`y vnsè| nlsb|| gkbcnk+ seg`bjnk nji kblnk |lnke|* Lbjiulyei ny yme kblnk kevek+ vukjesnc`k`yn||e||dejy| lnj mekp lbdduj`yè| ìejy`f yme nly`bj| jeeiei yb d`y`gnye yme gsenye|y s`|h|*




>>

<*9 Ninpy`ve Dnjngedejy

Yme cn|`| bf ninpy`ve dnjngedejy `| iev`|`jg n |ysnyeg yb bff|ey yme `dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge* @y `|e||ejy`nk ymny yme ujlesyn`jy n||bl`nyei w`ym yme psei`ly`bj| fbs lk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly| nse nllbujyei

fbs `j nj ninpy`ve |ysnyeg* Iue yb yme vns`nc`k`y ymny `| n||bl`nyei w`ym psei`ly`jg `dpnly| bf lk`dnyelmnjge+ iev`|`jg n lbdpsemej|`ve ninpy`ve dnjngedejy |ysnyeg lnj ce i`ff`luky*

Yb lbdpej|nye fbs yme ujlesyn`jy bf lk`dnye lmnjge+ |evesnk puck`lny`bj| |yse|| yme jeei fbs `jlsen|ei lbdduj`lny`bj bj duky`pke |lnke|* Inyn |mns`jg bj kblnk nji seg`bjnk kevek| `| u|efuk fbs judesbu| |bl`b$elbjbd`l sen|bj|* Senk$y`de `jfbsdny`bj lnj e~u`p se|enslmes| nji dbiekes| w`ymyme `jfbsdny`bj jeeiei yb psbiule wenymes nji wnyes ~unk`y fbseln|y| n| n puck`l menkym nji |nfey|esv`le* \pel`f`l e}ndpke| `jlkuie wenymes nji wnyes ~unk`y dbj`ybs`jg fbs cenlm selseny`bj+ wenymes dbj`ybs`jg+ nji fbseln|y`jg fbs selseny`bj nji lbddesl`nk dns`je jnv`gny`bj* Nkymbugm yme|e nse |mbsy$yesd cejef`y|+ yme kbjg yesd cejef`y| bf nlludukny`jg inyn `jlkuie n||`|y`jg `j ieyesd`j`jg nj kbjgyesd yseji| `j n lmnjg`jg lk`dnye+ nji psbvì`jg iel`|`bj dnhes| w`ym yme `jfbsdny`bj yme jeei yb

se|bkve knsge |lnke `jfsn|ysulyuse+ kbg`|y`lnk+ nji bpesny`bjnk `||ue|+ |ulm n| dnjng`jg yme |mbsek`je`jfsn|ysulyuse nji yme lbddesl`nk dbvedejy bf gbbi| `j dns`y`de lbdduj`yè| -Jek|bj+ ey* nk+ 3?>>*

Yme 3??= ‛_sepns`jg fbs Lk`dnye Lmnjge `j yme Gseny Knhe| Seg`bj— wbsh|mbp+ meki `j 3??=+ ìejy`fèi|evesnk guìek`je| fbs ievekbp`jg nj ninpy`ve dnjngedejy |ysnyeg* \bde bf yme|e guìek`je| `jlkuie+> fblu|`jg effbsy| bj se|ybs`jg elb||yed se|`kèjl+ 3 pus|u`jg pbk`lè| ymny mnve duky`pke cejef`y|+ <u|`jg e}`|y`jg pbk`lè| yb `jlbspbsnye ninpy`ve |ysnyegè| `jyb e}`|y`jg psbaely|+ nji 9 ìejy`f`jg ynsgey|ymny nse yme db|y fen|`cke nji nlmève yme m`gme|y `dpnly*

Yme fbkkbw`jg `| n k`|y bf ninpy`ve dnjngedejy |ysnyegè| ymny mnve ceej psbpb|ei `j vns`bu|ibludejy|1

Knji _sbyely`bj1 _sbyely`jg knji fsbd ievekbpdejy lnj cbym d`y`gnye lk`dnye lmnjge effely|nji mekp lbdduj`yè| ninpy yb lk`dnye lmnjge* Knji psbyely`bj mekp| yb seyn`j yme misbkbg`lfujly`bj bf jnyusnk fenyuse|+ |ulm n| weyknji|+ fbse|y|+ nji fkbbipkn`j|+ wm`lm psbvìe vnkunckeelbkbg`lnk |esv`le| jele||ns fbs dn`jyn`j`jg ninpy`ve lnpnl`y* F`jnkk+ knji psbyely`bj lnj ceu|ei yb psbyely duj`l`pnk is`jh`jg wnyes |busle|+ |ulm n| meniwnyes| nji n~u`fes selmnsgensen|*

Knji psbyely`bj lnj ce nllbdpk`|mei c deymbi| |ulm n|+ knji nl~u`|`y`bj ymsbugm fee |`dpkepuslmn|e|+ lbj|esvny`bj en|edejy|+ puslmn|e bf ievekbpdejy s`gmy| -_IS+ nji ievekbpdejysegukny`bj|* Kblnk gbvesjdejy| yp`lnkk u|e bveskn qbje| yb psbyely jnyusnk fenyuse| yb yme

qbj`jg bsi`jnjle* Nj bveskn qbje nppkè| nii`y`bjnk segukny`bj| -e*g*+ |eycnlh|+ kby |`qe|+`dpesv`bu| |usfnle yb ievekbpdejy w`ym`j yme qbje* Ym`| `| n u|efuk ybbk fbs psbyely`jg knji|ymny nse `dpbsynjy fbs dn`jyn`j`jg ninpy`ve lnpnl`y+ |ulm n| fkbbipkn`j|+ weyknji|+ njiwbbiknji|* Bveskn qbje| wbsh wekk fbs jnyusnk fenyuse| ymny nse lbjy`jubu|+ |ulm n|gsbujiwnyes selmnsge qbje|+ `jynly fbse|y|+ nji fkbbipkn`j|+ wmesen| ievekbpdejy segukny`bj|nse ceyyes fbs niise||`jg i`|lseye fenyuse| |ulm n| knjidnsh ysee| -I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0*




>3

Kbw @dpnly Ievekbpdejy 1 Kbw `dpnly ievekbpdejy -K@I `| nj nkyesjny`ve nppsbnlm yb|ybsdwnyes dnjngedejy ymny nyyedpy| yb dnjnge sujbff lkb|es yb `y| |busle c u|`jg bj$|`yejnyusnk fenyuse| bs |dnkk |lnke misbkbg`l lbjysbk|* \bde bf yme|e fenyuse| `jlkuie gseej sbbf|+sn`j cnssek|+ sn`j gnsiej|+ pesdencke pnv`jg+ |wnke|+ nji wnyes seyejy`bj pbji|* K@I d`d`l|

jnyusnk misbkbg c seiul`jg sujbff vbkude+ nkkbw`jg `y yb `jf`kysnye yme gsbuji bs evnpbsnyenfyes n |ybsd+ snymes ymnj p`p`jg `y bff|`ye* Kblnk gbvesjdejy| lnj u|e yme`s seguknybs nuymbs`yyb nkkbw+ ejlbusnge+ bs se~u`se K@I*

E|pel`nkk wmej u|ei `j lbjaujly`bj w`ym knji psbyely`bj+ K@I lnj mekp yb seiule ybynk sujbff nji psbvìe `j`y`nk ysenydejy bf pbkkuyei sujbff+ wm`lm mekp lbdduj`yè| nvbì lbdc`jei |ewes bvesfkbw evejy| nji seiule pbkkuynjy kbni| ejyes`jg |ybsdwnyes |ewes ||yed| nji wnyes cbiè|* Yme|e |ysnyegè| w`kk mekp lbdduj`yè| ninpy yb dbse fse~uejy menv |ybsd evejy|n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge w`ymbuy mnv`jg yb nii ysenydejy lnpnl`y+ ymesec |nv`jgse|busle| fbs u|e `j bymes nsen| -I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0* K@I lnj nk|b `dpsbve yme `jf`kysny`velnpnl`y bf bje bs dbse |`ye|+ ymu| `dpsbv`jg gsbujiwnyes selmnsge*

Cbb|y Bsgnj`qny`bjnk Lnpnl`y bf Wnyes|mei Lbujl`k| nji Knji Ysu|y| 1 Celnu|e ymewnyes seg`de `| n lsul`nk n|pely bf lk`dnye lmnjge w`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe| cn|`j+ n wnyes|meinppsbnlm dn ce nj ìenk wn yb niise|| lk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly| bj n kblnk kevek* Wnyes|meigsbup| lnj mnve n ysedejibu| `dpnly bj ievekbp`jg nji `dpkedejy`jg he |ysnyegè| fbs `jlsen|`jg ninpy`ve lnpnl`y ymsbugm yme`s wnyes|mei pknjj`jg nji K@I effbsy|* _sbgsnd| lnjce wìe$snjg`jg nji `jlkuie pbkkuy`bj psevejy`bj+ jnyusnk se|busle pknjj`jg+ s`ves dbj`ybs`jg+l`y`qej nji dn|| dei`n eiulny`bj nji fkbbipkn`j psbyely`bj* Wnyes|mei lbujl`k| lnj wbsh w`ymkblnk gbvesjdejy| w`ym`j yme wnyes|mei yb ejnly pknj| nji bsi`jnjle| yb psbyely wnyes|meise|busle| nji dnjnge |ybsdwnyes* @j nii`y`bj yb wnyes|mei lbujl`k|+ knji ysu|y| nse ‛jbj$psbf`y bsgnj`qny`bj| ymny wbsh w`ym knjibwjes| nji yme lbdduj`y yb lbj|esve knji c

nl~u`s`jg lbj|esvny`bj en|edejy| bs psbvì`jg |yewnsi|m`p bj yme knji— nji mnve yme pbyejy`nkyb pkn n p`vbynk sbke `j psepns`jg lbdduj`yè| fbs lk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly| ymsbugm knjipsbyely`bj effbsy| -I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0*

\mbsek`je Knji U|e Segukny`bj| 1 Gseny Knhe| |mbsek`je| nse seguknyei nsen| ymny nse db|y`dpnlyei c fkulyuny`jg knhe kevek| nji w`kk se~u`se |`gj`f`lnjy nyyejy`bj n| yme effely| bf lk`dnyelmnjge celbde dbse evìejy* Lussejy segukny`bj| nse jby nie~unye yb ienk w`ym yme fbsdesk|ucdesgei knji ymny w`kk ce e}pb|ei `f knhe kevek| isbp n| psei`lyei* Bj n feiesnk kevek+ ymeLbn|ynk Qbje Dnjngedejy Nly + bs \ely`bj 9?9 bf yme Lkenj Wnyes Nly nse ywb pèle| bf keg`|kny`bj ymny lbuki `jyegsnye lk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly|* \ynye| nji duj`l`pnk`yè| mnve|`gj`f`lnjy “ `f jby dbse |`gj`f`lnjy “ nuymbs`yè| ymnj feiesnk ngejlè| yb dnjnge kblnk knji u|e

iel`|`bj|+ `jlkui`jg lbn|ynk ievekbpdejy -I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0*

Wnyes Lbj|esvny`bj nji Eff`lèjl1 Bje bf yme |`dpke|y wn| yb e}pnji ninpy`ve lnpnl`y `jyme fnle bf `jlsen|ei wnyes iednji `| yb u|e Gseny Knhe| wnyes dbse eff`lèjyk* Wnyes lbj|esvny`bj lnj d`y`gnye lk`dnye lmnjge -`y seiule| ejesg lbj|udei fbs pudp`jg njiyseny`jg n| wekk n| ce nj ninpyny`bj den|use -`y |nve| wnyes+ `j ln|e bf isbugmy* Fsbd nwnyes |uppk pes|pely`ve+ wnyes lbj|esvny`bj `jvbkve| sepknledejy bf `jeff`lèjy nji bki`jfsn|ysulyuse+ wm`ke bj yme lbj|udpy`bj |ìe+ `y `jvbkve| seysbf`yy`jg cu`ki`jg| yb seiule kenhnge




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nji `jeff`lèjlè| nji sepknl`jg `jeff`lèjy f`}yuse| nji nppk`njle| `j nii`y`bj yb e}nd`j`jg u|epnyyesj| nji niau|y`jg ymb|e yb seiule ndbujy| u|ei ny penh y`de| -I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0*\ybsdwnyes lnpyuse nji se$u|e `| njbymes delmnj`|d fbs lbj|esv`jg wnyes*

Evnkuny`bj bf Weyknji Se|ybsny`bj _sbgsnd|1 E}`|y`jg weyknji se|ybsny`bj pbk`lè| njipsbgsnd| jeei yb ce niau|yei yb ynhe `jyb nllbujy yme dbse fse~uejy nji `jyej|e sn`j |ybsd|ymny nse psei`lyei yb lbde w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge* Nj evnkuny`bj bf e}`|y`jg weyknji se|ybsny`bjpsbgsnd| dn ce u|efuk yb ìejy`f yme n|pely| bf yme psbgsnd| ymny nse wbsh`jg yb ejlbusngenji |ulle||fukk se|ybse weyknji|* @j nii`y`bj+ yme lbdpkey`bj bf nii`y`bjnk dnpp`jg ymnyìejy`fè| m`gmk |ej|`y`ve nsen| n| wekk n| nsen| wmese se|ybsny`bj wbuki db|y seiule fkbbipenh| wbuki ce cejef`l`nk `j ynsgey`jg wmese weyknji se|ybsny`bj fuji| wbuki ce ce|y nppkèi-I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0*

Ind Sedbvnk 1 Ind sedbvnk lnj ce bje bf yme db|y effely`ve deymbi| fbs se|ybs`jgelbkbg`lnk se|`kèjle `j n wnyes|mei* Wm`ke jby eves ind lnj ce sedbvei+ sedbvnk psbaely|

|mbuki ce ìejy`fèi ymny wbuki psbvìe yme db|y cejef`y `j yesd| bf fkbbi |ybsnge lnpnl`y+ f`|mpn||nge+ jnyusnk fkbw seg`de se|ybsny`bj+ mnc`yny+ nji mudnj |nfey* @y `| `dpbsynjy yb jbye ymnyind sedbvnk nkbje w`kk jby fukk se|ybse elbkbg`lnk se|`kèjle* Nly`ve weyknji se|ybsny`bj+sefbse|yny`bj+ nji bymes wnyes|mei dnjngedejy nly`v`yè| yb se|ybse nji ejmnjle elbkbg`lnkfujly`bj w`kk nk|b ce jeeiei pb|y ind sedbvnk* @j nsen| wmese ind sedbvnk `| jby fen|`cke+ind dnjngedejy lnj ce u|ei n| n ybbk yb niau|y wnyes seg`de| `j se|pbj|e yb lk`dnye lmnjge`dpnly|* Fbs e}ndpke+ ind| dn nlyunkk mekp `j lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj c mbki`jg wnyes `j se|esvb`s| ius`jg isbugmy pes`bi| -I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0*

Fkbbipkn`j Dnjngedejy 1 Fkbbipkn`j dnjngedejy nkkbw| lbdduj`yè| yb ynhe lbssely`ve njipsevejyny`ve den|use| yb seiule fkbbi indnge c segukny`jg mbw ievekbpdejy bllus| w`ym`j

fkbbipkn`j| ymsbugm fkbbipkn`j qbj`jg nji bymes knji u|e pknjj`jg yelmj`~ue|* Ym`| `jlkuie||u|yn`jncke ievekbpdejy `j fkbbipkn`j|+ psbyely`jg nji se|ybs`jg s`ves| nji |ysend|+ pse|esv`jgbs se|ybs`jg yme jnyusnk lbji`y`bj| bf fkbbipkn`j| n| `jujiny`bj nsen|+ nji dnpp`jg fkbbiejinjgesei nsen| yb `jfbsd yme puck`l v`n `jyesjey ncbuy yme s`|h| bf fkbbi`jg* Bj n feiesnkkevek+ `jlbspbsny`bj bf lk`dnye lmnjge `jyb feiesnk pbk`lè| wbuki mnve n |ysbjg kblnk `dpnly csev`|`y`jg fkbbi `j|usnjle psbgsnd|+ nji yb seief`j`jg yme >??$ens fkbbi dnp| ynh`jg psei`lyeilk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly| `jyb nllbujy -I`j|e+ ey* nk+ 3??0*

Dns`je Ysnj|pbsyny`bj @jfsn|ysulyuse 1 W`ym yme psbaelyei ielsen|e `j knhe kevek|+ lbupkeiw`ym yme lussejy jeei| fbs |mbsek`je ysnj|pbsyny`bj `jfsn|ysulyuse `dpsbvedejy -`*e* jnv`gny`bjlmnjjek|+ csenhwnkk|+ pès|+ eyl*+ ymese nse |evesnk |ysnyegè| ymny jeei yb ce lbj|ìesei wmej

ninpy`jg yb lk`dnye lmnjge* N|ìe fsbd `jfsn|ysulyuse `dpsbvedejy| nji iseig`jg+psbgsnddny`l nji bpesny`bjnk |ysnyegè| lnj ce vnkuncke ybbk|* Yme|e wbuki `jlkuie pbsy njimnscbs pknjj`jg+ dbi`f`lny`bj bf bpesny`bj| |ysnyegè| fbs kblh| nji lmnjjek|+ ve||ekdn`jyejnjle nji bpesny`bj|+ pbsy dn`jyejnjle+ yme lbbsi`jny`bj bf seg`bjnk jeei| bj |ynyenji feiesnk kevek|+ |mbsek`je `jvejybsè|+ nji pbsy lbj|bkìny`bj nji knji |ìe ysnj|pbsyny`bjjeywbsh| -Jek|bj+ ey* nk+ 3?>>*




>9

<*5 @dpk`lny`bj| ny yme Duj`l`pnk Kevek nji Nvn`kncke Ybbk|

Yseji| `j yme gkbcnk nji seg`bjnk lk`dnye w`kk k`hek mnve |uc|ynjy`nk `dpnly| ny yme kblnk kevek* Dnjlbdduj`yè| mnve nkseni e}pesèjlei `dpnly| n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye yseji|* Kblnk`qei nji seg`bj$

wìe fkbbi`jg nji pbwes buynge| n||bl`nyei w`ym |evese wenymes evejy|+ `jlsen|ei wnyes iednjiius`jg pes`bi| bf isbugmy nji lmnjge| `j selseny`bjnk bppbsyuj`yè| n||bl`nyei w`ym kbw wnyes kevek|nse n few e}ndpke|* Elbkbg`lnk `dpnly| n||bl`nyei w`ym kbwes knhe kevek|+ |m`fy`jg psel`p`yny`bj pnyyesj|nji wnsdes yedpesnyuse| lnj `dpnly kblnk elbkbg`lnk nji selseny`bjnk se|busle|* _knj| fbs ninpy`jg yblk`dnye lmnjge lnj n||`|y n lbdduj`y `j seiul`jg yme`s vukjesnc`k`y yb yme pbyejy`nk lmnjge|n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge+ segnsike|| bf wmeymes bs jby yme lbdduj`y `| lbdd`yyei yb d`y`gny`bjbf lk`dnye lmnjge* N ln|e |yui lbdpkeyei `j 3??? -Penske fbuji ymny kblnk hjbwkeige wn| psbvej ybce dbse |ej|`y`ve yb kblnk |`yuny`bj| ymnj dnj e}pesy bp`j`bj|* Ym`| `dpkè| ymny kblnk `jpuy `| ls`y`lnk `jyme ievekbpdejy bf effely`ve ninpyny`bj |ysnyegè|*

\pel`f`l e}ndpke| bf selejy e}ysede wenymes evejy| |mbw yme senk lb|y| n||bl`nyei w`ym n lmnjg`jg

lk`dnye nji |uppbsy yme ln|e fbs lbdpkey`jg vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy| nji `dpkedejy`jg ninpy`vednjngedejy |ysnyegè| ny yme kblnk kevek*

@j Dnj`|yee nji Dn|bj Lbujyè| `j D`lm`gnj+ n dnabs |ybsd evejy psbiulei nj e|y`dnyei >> `jlme| bf sn`j bves |`} mbus| nji w`ji gu|y| up yb =? d`ke| pes mbus* Yme v`bkejy |ybsd hjblhei ibwj ysee|+indngei cu`ki`jg| nji csbugmy wìe$|pseni fkbbi`jg yb yme nsen* Cn|ei bj U\G\ |ysend gnge`jfbsdny`bj+ yme Auje ><$>9+ 3??= fkbbi`jg bj yme C`g \ncke nji K`yyke Dnj`|yee S`ves| e}leeiei n5??$ens fkbbi evejy* Fkbbi`jg bj yme _ese Dns~ueyye nji Dnj`|yee S`ves| wn| nppsb}`dnyek n 3?$ens fkbbi evejy nji fkbbi`jg bj yme _`je S`ves wn| e|y`dnyei yb ce ceyweej n 3??$ens nji 5??$ens fkbbi evejy* @j nii`y`bj yb wìe |pseni fkbbi`jg ymny indngei fnsd fèki| nji mbde|+ mujisei| bf d`ke|bf sbni| `j yme seg`bj wese nffelyei c wn|mbuy| nji lkb|use| iue yb fkbbi`jg* N 99?$fbby |ely`bj bf

U\$<> wn| ejy`sek wn|mei buy wm`lm |evesei yme dn`j lbjjely`bj ceyweej Dnj`|yee nji Kui`jgybjnji se|ukyei `j nj =?$d`ke ieybus fbs is`ves|* Sepn`s bf ym`| sbni wn| e|y`dnyei yb lb|y )35?+???* @jKui`jgybj+ yme sn`j bvesyn}ei yme |ewes fbsledn`j nji lnu|ei n 5?$fbby |ely`bj bf Dni`|bj \yseey yblbkknp|e* Nppsb}`dnyek 0? peslejy bf yme l`y‐| snw |ewnge i`|lmnsgei i`selyk `jyb _ese Dns~ueyyeKnhe* Yme snw |ewnge lbjy`juei yb i`|lmnsge `jyb yme knhe fbs 6? mbus| wm`ke yme fbsledn`j wn|sepn`sei* Nj e|y`dnyei >5 d`kk`bj gnkkbj| bf ujysenyei |ewnge nji >? d`kk`bj gnkkbj| bf |ybsd wnyes wejy `jyb yme knhe* @j Dn|bj Lbujy nkbje+ yme fkbbi`jg fsbd ym`| |ybsd evejy lnu|ei nj e|y`dnyei )9*=d`kk`bj `j indnge| yb puck`l `jfsn|ysulyuse+ lkenjup lb|y| nji bymes |esv`le| -Lbjsni|bj+ 3??=*

Yme |nde nsen| mni psev`bu|k ceej nffelyei c fkbbi| `j \epyedces bf >0=6+ wm`lm ny yme y`delnu|ei ujpseleiejyei indnge* Yme >0=6 evejy lbjys`cuyei yb yme fn`kuse bf >9 ind|+ `jlkui`jg yme

Mnsy Ind+ wm`ke sbni+ csìge nji lukvesy fn`kuse| dnie bves <+6?? d`ke| bf sbni| `dpn||ncke* Ybynkindnge yb mbde|+ cu|`je||e|+ puck`l |ysulyuse| nji fnsd| wn| e|y`dnyei yb ce )5?? d`kk`bj -U\G\+3??5*

Nk|b bf lbjlesj `| n pnyyesj bf `jlsen|ei w`jyes |jbwfnkk nji psel`p`yny`bj* \ps`jgy`de -bs w`jyes sn`jevejy| lbdc`jei w`ym knsge ~unjy`yè| bf |jbw lnj lnu|e |uc|ynjy`nk fkbbi`jg* Ius`jg yme w`jyes bf 3??="3??0+ |buymwe|y Kbwes D`lm`gnj e}pesèjlei ywb dnabs fkbbi evejy| se|uky`jg fsbd menv sn`j




>5

evejy|* Wm`ke yme sn`j evejy| ymed|ekve| bjk csbugmy bves nj `jlm bf sn`j bves 39 mbus|+ yme wnsdes n`s nji menv sn`j dekyei jensk nkk bf yme |jbw lbves `j nppsb}`dnyek bje in -JW\+ 3??0*

N| dbse nji dbse `jfbsdny`bj celbde| nvn`kncke segnsi`jg lk`dnye lmnjge yseji| nji psei`ly`bj|+ n

judces bf kblnk nji seg`bjnk ejy`yè| nse ynh`jg nly`bj yb d`y`gnye nji"bs ninpy yb lk`dnye lmnjge* YmeL`y bf Lm`lngb mn| n pknj fbs d`y`gny`jg `y| `dpnly bj lk`dnye lmnjge ymny nk|b `jlkuie| pknj| fbs ninpyny`bj* Yme`s pknj `jlkuie| inyn fbs lnklukny`jg s`|h| wm`lm nkkbw| yme l`y yb db|y effely`veknkkblnye se|busle| nji ps`bs`y`qe ninpyny`bj pknj| -Lm`lngb Nly`bj _knj+ 3?>?* Yme |ynye bf JewMndp|m`se mn| ievekbpei n Lk`dnye Nly`bj _knj ymny `jlkuie| cbym d`y`gny`bj nji ninpyny`bj|ysnyegè|* Selbddejiny`bj| fbs ninpyny`bj `jlkuie |ysejgymej`jg psbyely`bj fbs jnyusnk se|busle| njicu`ki`jg elb||yed se|`kèjle -Jew Mndp|m`se Ejesg nji Lk`dnye Lbkkncbsny`ve+ 3?>?* Ninpyny`bj `|nk|b |ynsy`jg yb bllus `j Bjyns`b+ Lnjnin* Lk`dnye lmnjge mn| ceej `jlbspbsnyei `jyb |bde kbjg yesdpknjj`jg nji iel`|`bj$dnh`jg c |bde lbj|esvny`bj nuymbs`yè| lbjlesj`jg |ybsdwnyes dnjngedejynji puck`l menkym iepnsydejy| -w`ym meny$menkym nkesy ||yed| -Lm`byyk & Knvejies+ 3??7*

N judces bf ybbk| nse nvn`kncke yb lbdduj`yè| fbs ievekbp`jg lk`dnye lmnjge nly`bj pknj| njininpyny`bj |ysnyegè|* Yme _njek bj \ysnyegè| nji Deymbi| fbs Lk`dnye$Seknyei Iel`|`bj \uppbsybffes| j`je selbddejiny`bj| yb fnl`k`ynye effely`ve ievekbpdejy bf lk`dnye$seknyei iel`|`bj |uppbsylnpnc`k`yè| nlsb|| dnj kevek| bf gbvesjdejy| nji yme ps`vnye |elybs nji |yse||e| yme `dpbsynjle bf seg`bjnk dnjngedejy -Jny`bjnk Se|enslm Lbujl`k+ 3??0* Yme Uj`yei Jny`bj| Ievekbpdejy_sbgsndde -3??9 lsenyei n ibludejy wm`lm guìe| kenies| ymsbugm lseny`jg nji `dpkedejy`jgpbk`lè| ymny w`kk mekp lbdduj`yè| ninpy yb lk`dnye lmnjge* Yme selbddejiny`bj `jlkuie| f`ve |ynge|1-> \lbp`jg nji Ievekbp`jg nj Ninpyny`bj _sbaely8 -3 N||e||`jg Lussejy Vukjesnc`k`y bf IevekbpdejyBcaely`ve| yb Lk`dnye8 -< N||e||`jg Fuyuse Lk`dnye Lmnjge S`|h| yb yme Ievekbpdejy Bcaely`ve8 -9Fbsdukny`jg nji Ninpyny`bj \ysnyeg8 nji -5 Lbjy`ju`jg yme Ninpyny`bj _sble|| ymsbugm Dbj`ybs`jgnji Evnkuny`bj* Nj E_N ievekbpei ybbk ->00=+ n||`|y| |dnkk nji deiùd lbdduj`yè| nji lbj|ìes|

yme |pel`nk`qei `||ue| ymny dn `dpnly lbdduj`yè| ny n kblnk kevek*

Yme @jyesjny`bjnk Sei Lsb|| -_sbVejy`bj Lbj|bsyùd ey* nk*+ 3?>? nji yme Uj`yei H`jgibd Lk`dnye@dpnly _sbgsndde -UHL@_ -3?>?n enlm |uppbsy inyncn|e| fbs |mns`jg `jfbsdny`bj sekny`ve ybninpyny`bj |ysnyegè| nji pknj|* @j nii`y`bj yb yme`s inyncn|e+ yme Uj`yei H`jgibd Lk`dnye @dpnly|_sbgsndde lsenyei n judces bf ybbk| fbs lk`dnye lmnjge ninpy`bj pknj|* Bje ybbk -UHL@_ 3?>?lnkkbw| u|es| yb ieyesd`je yme lb|y n||bl`nyei w`ym ninpyny`bj `j bsies yb pesfbsd n lb|y njnk|`|* Yme‛Ninpyny`bj W`qnsi— -UHL@_ 3?>?c psbvìe| n f`ve$|yep psble|| ymny n||`|y| u|es| `j ieyesd`j`jg wmnyeffely lk`dnye lmnjge dn mnve bj yme`s nsen nji mbw yb ninpy yb ymb|e lmnjge|* Njbymes ybbk -UHL@_3?>?i `| `jyejiei yb mekp kblnk lbdduj`yè| ieyesd`je wmny lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj| dn cejele||ns `j yme`s nsen*

Gseej `jfsn|ysulyuse lnj ke||ej yme `dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge nji cu`ki dbse se|`kèjy lbdduj`yè|*Yme Jny`bjnk N||bl`ny`bj bf Lbujyè| Gseej @jfsn|ysulyuse _sbgsnd mekp| lbujyè| yb u|e dnjngedejybf jnyusnk se|busle| yb ejmnjle wnyes ~unk`y+ ncnye fkbbi`jg nji kbwes meny `j uscnj lejyes| -JNLb+3?>?*

\mbsek`je nji lbn|ynk lbdduj`yè| dn mnve nii`y`bjnk `dpnly| ymnj `jknji lbdduj`yè| n| knhekevek| lmnjge `j yme Gseny Knhe|* Ninpyny`bj |ysnyegè| du|y ce nppsbps`nye yb yme jeei| bf i`ffesejy




>6

lbdduj`yè|* Ninpyny`bj lnj ce n senly`bj yb ymseny| cuy nk|b n wn yb ynhe nivnjynge bf bppbsyuj`yè|*-Nuki ey* Nk*+ 3??6* N JBNN puck`lny`bj+ \dnsy Gsbwym fbs Lbn|ynk nji Wnyesfsbjy Lbdduj`yè| -3??0`| n guìnjle ibludejy ymny ie|ls`ce| yme lbn|ynk nji wnyesfsbjy |dnsy gsbwym ekedejy| yb mekplbdduj`yè| pknj fbs gsbwym wm`ke psbyely`jg yme`s jnyusnk nji elbjbd`l se|busle|* N judces bf yme|e

|ugge|y`bj| nse nppk`lncke yb lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj* Nii`y`bjnkk+ JBNN |uppbsy| n wec|`yebffes`jg ybbk| fbs lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj fbs lbn|ynk lbdduj`yè|* Se|busle| psbvìei bj ym`|wecpnge `jlkuie8 Ninpyny`bj Guìe|+ _knj| nji E}ndpke|8 Ybbk| fbs Ninpyny`bj8 @dpnly| bf Lk`dnyeLmnjge8 Buysenlm nji Eiulny`bj8 S`|h nji Vukjesnc`k`y N||e||dejy| nji \en Kevek"Knhe Lmnjge-JBNN 3?>?*

Njbymes lbjlesj w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge `| yme `dpnly bf lmnjg`jg wenymes nji lk`dnye pnyyesj| bjelb||yed|* \ysnyegè| fbs psbyely`jg elb||yed| nji c`bi`ves|`y w`kk vns cn|ei bj yme se|busle| bf enlm lbdduj`y* Dulm bf yme e}`|y`jg k`yesnyuse nvn`kncke fbs elb||yed se|`kèjl `| cn|ei bj njny`bjnk |lnke* Lbdduj`yè| wbuki cejef`y fsbd ìejy`f`jg vnkuncke elb||yed| w`ym`j yme`s bwjlbdduj`y nji evnkunye mbw yb ce|y psbyely yme se|busle|*

@j nii`y`bj yb yme ybbk| nvn`kncke fbs psepns`jg lk`dnye lmnjge nly`bj pknj| nji ninpyny`bj |ysnyegè|+ njudces bf se|busle| nse nk|b nvn`kncke fbs lbdduj`yè| yb niise|| yme `ji`vìunk s`|h| n||bl`nyei w`ymlk`dnye lmnjge* Yme|e lnj ce u|efuk fbs duj`l`pnk`yè| wmese bje bs dbse s`|h| nse ieyesd`jei yb ce bf gsenyes nji"bs `ddei`nye `dpbsynjle*

@jlsen|ei fkbbi`jg `| bje bf dnj s`|h| n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge* Yme wec|`ye fbs Lmnymnd+Dn||nlmu|eyy| psbvìe| |ugge|y`bj| fbs ievekbp`jg dn|yes pknj| ymny lbj|ìes s`|h kevek| nji yme`dpbsynjle bf qbj`jg nji knji u|e `j d`y`gny`jg s`|h|* Nii`y`bjnkk+ pknjj`jg fbs `jfsn|ysulyuse se|`kèjlyb mnqnsi| `| i`|lu||ei -L`y bf Lmnymnd+ 3?>?*

N| wenymes pnyyesj| lbjy`jue yb |m`fy ybwnsi `jlsen|ei psel`p`yny`bj `j yme w`jyes+ e}le|| |jbw dncelbde n lbjlesj fbs |bde lbdduj`yè|* Yme L`y bf Cuffnkb+ Jew Pbsh‐| \en|bjnk Ysnj|pbsyny`bj_knj+ upinyei nfyes |evese |jbwfnkk| lnu|ei psbcked| `j 3??=+ lbj|ìes| yme `||ue| bf edesgejlysnvek sbuye| iue yb wenymes$seknyei sbni lbji`y`bj|* -Cuffnkb+ JP+ 3?>?* N| lbdduj`yè| e}pesèjle`jlsen|ei |jbwfnkk+ ievekbpdejy bf |`d`kns pknj| dn ce jele||ns*

Bj yme bppb|`ye eji bf yme |pelysud+ isbugmy `| nk|b n dnabs lbjlesj wmej lbj|ìes`jg yme `dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge* Kblnk lbdduj`yè| w`kk `dpnly effely| bf isbugmy i`ffesejyk+ iepeji`jg bj yme`s kblnkwnyes |busle-|* Yme |ynye bf @kk`jb`| mn| `jlkuiei isbugmy `j `y| wnyes |uppk pknjj`jg nji lbj|ìes|lk`dnye vns`nc`k`y nji lk`dnye lmnjge n| fnlybs| ymny nffely wnyes |uppkè|* M`|ybs`lnk lk`dnye selbsi|wese u|ei yb ~unjy`f yme dngj`yuie| nji iusny`bj| bf psev`bu| isbugmy| ymny mnve bllussei

ymsbugmbuy yme |ynye* Yme m`|ybs`lnk inyn wn| u|ei yb lmnsnlyes`qe fuyuse isbugmy| cn|ei bj ymen||udpy`bj ymny wmny mn| bllussei `j yme pn|y lnj bllus ngn`j `j yme fuyuse -W`j|ynjek ey*nk+ 3??6n*Yme |nde yend bf nuymbs| ievekbpei selbddejiny`bj| fbs isbugmy pknjj`jg fbs |dnkk lbdduj`ywnyes ||yed| -W`j|ynjke ey* nk+ 3??6c*




>7

9*? CE\Y DNJNGEDEJY _SNLY@LE\ _SB_B\EI @J YME\_S@JG KNHE WNYES\MEI

9*> \uddns bf Ce|y Dnjngedejy _snly`le| -CD_|)1 Effely`veje|| nji Lb|y|

N judces bf |ysulyusnk |ybsdwnyes ce|y dnjngedejy psnly`le -CD_ nkyesjny`ve| nppsbps`nye fbs `dpkedejyny`bj `j yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei wese ìejy`fèi `j yme f`jnk psbaely sepbsy fbs yme Se`j `jyme Sujbff @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy psbaely -GV\$NWS@+ 3?>?* Yme|e CD_| wese ìejy`fèi n|nppsbps`nye fbs `dpsbv`jg |ybsdwnyes nji |usfnle wnyes ~unk`y `j yme wnyes|mei* Nii`y`bjnkk+ ymepsbaely `jlkuiei n dnlsb$|lnke CD_ |ekely`bj njnk|`| nji ìejy`f`lny`bj bf |evesnk bppbsyuj`yè| fbs CD_ `dpkedejyny`bj w`ym`j yme wnyes|mei* CD_ bppbsyuj`yè| wese gsbupei `jyb f`ve lnyegbsè|+ n|fbkkbw|1

@jf`kysny`bj CD_| 1 \u`yncke fbs nsen| bf m`gm$pesdenc`k`y |b`k|+ yme|e CD_| seiule|ybsdwnyes sujbff vbkude nji `dpsbve wnyes ~unk`y c psbdby`jg `jf`kysny`bj bf |ybsdwnyes*

\pel`f`l e}ndpke| `jlkuie `jf`kysny`bj |wnke|+ nji sn`j gnsiej|*

F`kysny`bj CD_| 1 \u`yncke fbs nsen| bf kbw$pesdenc`k`y |b`k| -bs |b`k lbjynd`jny`bj+ ymef`kysny`bj CD_| uy`k`qe vegeyny`bj bs |b`k dei`n yb sedbve |ei`dejy nji juysèjy| fsbd|ybsdwnyes* \pel`f`l e}ndpke| `jlkuie vegeynyei |wnke|+ c`b|wnke| nji c`bseyejy`bj cn|`j|*

Seg`bjnk \ybsnge Nsen| 1 Db|y |u`yncke `j e}`|y`jg m`gmk ievekbpei nsen|+ wmese bj$|`yeysenydejy bf |ybsdwnyes `| jby fen|`cke+ n seg`bjnk |ybsnge nsen lnj psbvìe seyejy`bj bs ieyejy`bj bf |ybsdwnyes sujbff fsbd n knsge isn`jnge nsen*

Seg`bjnk Ysenydejy Nsen| 1 \`d`kns yb Seg`bjnk \ybsnge Nsen|+ yme|e CD_| nkkbw fbs

ysenydejy bf |ybsdwnyes fsbd duky`pke |`ye|* Iepeji`jg bj |b`k lbji`y`bj|+ e}ndpke| bf yme|eCD_| `jlkuie `jf`kysny`bj cn|`j|+ |ei`dejyny`bj"f`kysny`bj cn|`j|+ nji delmnj`lnk ysenydejyiev`le|*

\`ye $\pel`f`l CD_| 1 @j|ynkkny`bj bf CD_| bj puck`l psbpesy wn| lbj|ìesei yb ce n |epnsnyegsbup bf CD_| n| `j|ynkkny`bj lnj ce ibje w`ymbuy lbdpk`lnyei knji bwjes|m`p lbjlesj|* Nii`y`bjnkk+ `j|ynkkny`bj bf yme|e CD_| lnj psbvìe iedbj|ysny`bj nji eiulny`bjnkbppbsyuj`yè|*

Nkymbugm jby `jlkuiei `j yme ncbve lnyegbsè|+ s`pns`nj cuffes| nji jny`ve vegeyny`bj fbs wnyesfsbjypsbpesyè| -knhe|+ s`ves| nji |ysend| wn| ìejy`fèi yb ce `dpbsynjy fbs `dpsbv`jg wnyes ~unk`y `j

\ps`jg Knhe nji ymsbugmbuy yme wnyes|mei* \evesnk jbj$|ysulyusnk CD_\+ `jlkui`jg |ybsdwnyes eiulny`bj+ bsi`jnjle| nji nj`dnk wn|ye dnjngedejy wese ìejy`fèi n| wekk*

Yme Se`j `j yme Sujbff |yui nk|b `jlkuiei n lb|y"cejef`y njnk|`| bf yme |ysulyusnk CD_|* Yme njnk|`|lbj|ìesei `j|ynkkny`bj nji dn`jyejnjle lb|y| nkbjg w`ym bppbsyuj`y lb|y| nji cejef`y|* @j ess`jg bjyme |ìe bf lbj|esvnjl fbs jby bves e|y`dny`jg cejef`y|+ dnj i`sely cejef`y| wese jby `jlkuiei `j ymenjnk|`|* \pel`f`lnkk+ yme pbyejy`nk yb seiule dn`jyejnjle bf e}`|y`jg |ybsd |ewes ||yed|+ seiuleiejesg lb|y| n||bl`nyei w`ym gseej sbbf|+ seiulei |nky u|nge fbs pesv`bu| pnvedejy|+ eyl wese jby




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nllbujyei fbs* Nii`y`bjnkk+ yme njnk|`| iì jby evnkunye yme pbyejy`nk fbs `jlsen|ei psbpesy vnkue|nji selseny`bj cejef`y| n||bl`nyei w`ym `dpsbvei wnyes ~unk`y `j \ps`jg Knhe* Lb|y| wese niau|yei ybnllbujy fbs yme effely`veje|| bf enlm CD_ `j seiul`jg pbkkuynjy|*

Yme |yui fbuji ymny vegeynyei"c`b |wnke| nji lbj|ysulyei weyknji| wese lb|y effely`ve CD_| yb`dpkedejy w`ym`j yme wnyes|mei+ evej w`ymbuy yme cejef`y| bf seiulei pbkkuynjy kbni| yb kblnkwnyescbiè|* C`bseyejy`bj cn|`j| nji sn`j gnsiej|+ w`ym yme`s |dnkk fbbyps`jy|+ wese fbuji yb ce ceyyes |u`yei elbjbd`lnkk fbs nsen| wmese knji `| nvn`kncke cuy jby ncujinjy* Gsbw qbje|+ sn`j cnssek| njiysee pknjy`jg| wese jby i`|lu||ei |epnsnyek fsbd yme lb|y"cejef`y njnk|`| iue yb yme knsge vns`ny`bj `jjey cejef`y| ndbjg bymes fnlybs|* S`pns`nj cuffes| wese jby i`|lu||ei `j yme lb|y"cejef`y njnk|`|*

K`d`yei nji wìek vns`ncke inyn `| nvn`kncke segnsi`jg lb|y| nji cejef`y| bf `ji`vìunk CD_|+ n|nlhjbwkeige c yme @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy* Lb|y| nse jby nkwn| wekk ibludejyei nji w`kk vnscn|ei bj |`ye lbj|ysn`jy| nji ie|`gj iel`|`bj|* Sn`j gnsiej|+ fbs e}ndpke lnj `jlkuie |b`kndejidejy|+ |nji |uc$knes| bs bymes |uc|usfnle dbi`f`lny`bj| cn|ei bj e}`|y`jg |b`k lbji`y`bj| nji

ie|`gjes| dn `j|ynkk dnyuse pknjy| snymes ymnj |eei d`}e|+ cbym isndny`lnkk `jlsen|`jg lb|y|* Dbselbdpke} ymnj e|y`dny`jg CD_ lb|y| `| yme yn|h bf ~unjy`f`jg cejef`y| bf CD_|* Seiulei sujbff vbkude|+ seiulei fkbbi`jg+ `jlsen|ei `jf`kysny`bj+ `dpsbvei wnyes ~unk`y+ dn`jyejnjle bf bs `dpsbveiselseny`bjnk bppbsyuj`yè|+ ejmnjlei ne|ymey`l| nji `jlsen|ei psbpesy vnkue| nse |bde bf yme cejef`y|ymny wese jby ~unjy`fèi `j yme @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy njnk|`|+ db|yk iue yb lbdpke}`y nji k`d`yeinvn`kncke inyn*

Dnj bf yme cejef`y| n||bl`nyei w`ym |bde CD_| lnj mekp lbdduj`yè| ninpy yb lk`dnye lmnjge* Fbs e}ndpke+ `jf`kysny`ve CD_| seiule ybynk sujbff vbkude|+ ymu| seiul`jg yme `jyej|`y nji fse~uejl bf fkbbi`jg* Yme|e CD_| nk|b psbdbye `jf`kysny`bj nji `jlsen|ei cn|e fkbw fbs |usfnle wnyes|+ se|uky`jg `jseiulei wnyes yedpesnyuse|* @j nii`y`bj yb `dpsbv`jg sujbff ~unk`y nji psbyely`jg ngn`j cnjh esb|`bj+

s`pns`nj cuffes| lnj mekp |usfnle wnyes| niau|y yb fkulyuny`bj| `j wnyes kevek|* Lnpyuse nji seu|e CD_|+`jlkui`jg l`|yesj| nji sn`j cnssek|+ nkymbugm jby |pel`f`lnkk selbddejiei `j yme @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy lnj mekp `ji`vìunk| nji lbdduj`yè| seiule wnyes iednji nji ceyyes lbpe w`ym isbugmylbji`y`bj| `j nii`y`bj yb seiul`jg |ybsdwnyes sujbff vbkude|*

9*3 _byejy`nk @dpnly| yb CD_ Nppk`lnc`k`y nji Ie|`gj \ynjinsi|

\ybsdwnyes CD_| lnj ce n u|efuk ybbk `j d`y`gny`jg lk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly|* Selejy effbsy| fbs psbdby`jg CD_ `j|ynkkny`bj mn| lejyesei bj psbyely`jg nji"bs `dpsbv`jg |usfnle wnyes ~unk`y* Yme sbkebf ybynk sujbff vbkude `| ceyyes ujies|ybbi ymnj `y wn| wmej |ybsdwnyes segukny`bj| wese f`s|yievekbpei* Selejy |ybsdwnyes |ynjinsi|+ `jlkui`jg yme Kbw @dpnly Ievekbpdejy Dnjunk fbs D`lm`gnj +

-\EDLBG+ 3??= selbddeji lbjysbkk`jg |ybsdwnyes vbkude| -ymsbugm `jf`kysny`bj bs se$u|e bf |dnkk|ybsd evejy| `j nii`y`bj yb lbjysbkk`jg penh fkbw| fbs knsges+ dbse `jfse~uejy evejy|* Ym`| yeji| yb ceyyes dn`jyn`j yme jnyusnk fkbw pnyyesj lbdpnsei yb nppsbnlme| ymny fblu| bj lbjysbkk`jg penh snye| bjk*Yme ìen bf lbjysbkk`jg |ybsdwnyes vbkude nji ys`jg yb d`d`l yme jnyusnk misbkbg`l llke w`kk lbjy`jueyb gn`j `dpbsynjle n| yme lk`dnye lmnjge|* @j lbj|ìes`jg yme pbyejy`nk `dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge+ `y `|evej dbse ls`y`lnk yb psbdbye CD_| ymny dbse lkb|ek d`d`l yme jnyusnk misbkbg`l llke* N| ymelk`dnye lmnjge|+ ysni`y`bjnk nji `jjbvny`ve CD_| w`kk |y`kk ce nppk`lncke fbs dnjng`jg |ybsdwnyes sujbff




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nji `dpsbv`jg |usfnle wnyes ~unk`y cuy |bde CD_| w`kk ceyyes nkkbw lbdduj`yè| yb ninpy yb `dpnly|ymnj bymes|*

N| ibludejyei `j psev`bu| |ely`bj|+ lk`dnye yseji| mnve ceej psbiul`jg dbse fse~uejy+ |mbsy+ `jyej|e

sn`j evejy| `j dnj nsen| w`ym`j yme Gseny Knhe|* Dnj CD_| nse ie|`gjei yb yseny penh sujbff snye|bs vbkude| n||bl`nyei w`ym n g`vej ie|`gj |ybsd* Kblnk+ seg`bjnk bs |ynye segukny`bj| gejesnkk ìejy`fyme psefessei bs se~u`sei ie|`gj |ybsd evejy* E~uny`bj| fbs ieyesd`j`jg penh sn`jfnkk `jyej|`yè| -u|eiyb lnkluknye penh fkbw snye| fbs vns`bu| |ybsd evejy nse bfyej `jlkuiei `j puck`|mei ie|`gj |ynjinsi|* @y`| jby bfyej lkens wmny pes`bi bf sn`jfnkk inyn wn| u|ei yb ievekbp yme|e nji bymes lbddbjk u|eiie|`gj e~uny`bj|* @y `| k`hek ymny yme ie|`gj e~uny`bj| nse buy bf inye sekny`ve yb e}`|y`jg sn`jfnkk inyn*Wmej lbj|ìes`jg ybynk sn`jfnkk fbs n g`vej |ybsd evejy+ bje lbddbjk u|ei misbkbg`l sefesejle+Sn`jfnkk Fse~uejl Nykn| bf yme Dìwe|y + ibe| jby lbj|ìes psel`p`yny`bj inyn lbkkelyei nfyes >0=7 -Muff & Njgek+ >003+ wm`lm jbw e}lkuie| bves 3? ens| bf selejy inyn* @y `| k`hek ymny n |`d`kns njnk|`|cn|ei bj dbse selejy sn`jfnkk inyn wbuki èki jby`lenck i`ffesejy se|uky|* N| lk`dnye nji wenymes pnyyesj| lbjy`jue yb lmnjge+ `y `| ls`y`lnk yb cn|e |ybsdwnyes dnjngedejy ie|`gj |ynjinsi| bj yme

db|y selejy nvn`kncke psel`p`yny`bj inyn*

Njbymes fnlybs yb lbj|ìes w`ym se|pely yb ie|`gj |ynjinsi| `| yme nppk`lnc`k`y bf yme |ynjinsi `y|ekf* Fbs e}ndpke+ dnj lbdduj`yè| se~u`se jew ievekbpdejy| yb ieyn`j bs seyn`j yme |ybsdwnyes sujbff n||bl`nyei w`ym n >??$ens+ 39$mbus |ybsd nji psbvìe lbjvenjle fnl`k`yè| yb mnjike sujbff fsbd n >?$ens+ 39$mbus ie|`gj |ybsd* N >??$ens |ybsd `| bje w`ym n >% psbcnc`k`y bf blluss`jg ius`jg nj ens*Yme sbke bf |ybsd iusny`bj `j ievekbp`jg yme|e psei`ly`bj| `| jby nkwn| wekk ujies|ybbi* Fbs e}ndpke+Muff & Njgek ->003 psei`ly nppsb}`dnyek 6$`jlme| bf psel`p`yny`bj fbs n >??$ens+ 39$mbus |ybsd evejyfbs we|y D`lm`gnj jens \ps`jg Knhe cuy bjk <$`jlme| bf psel`p`yny`bj fbs n >??$ens+ 3$mbus evejy `j yme|nde nsen* \`d`kns yseji| nse bc|esvei fbs bymes dngj`yuie |ybsd evejy|* Bje lbuki en|`k n||bl`nye6$`jlme| bf psel`p`yny`bj w`ym n >??$ens |ybsd evejy nji jby senk`qe ymny ke|| sn`j bves n |mbsyes

iusny`bj `| nk|b lbj|ìesei n >??$ens |ybsd evejy* N| yme penh fkbw| n||bl`nyei w`ym yme |mbsyes iusny`bj |ybsd evejy| nse gsenyes+ lbjvenjle fnl`k`yè| ie|`gjei fbs n >?$ens+ 39$mbus iusny`bj evejydn celbde `jujinyei fbs n |mbsyes iusny`bj evejy w`ym yme |nde seyusj `jyesvnk* N| wenymes yseji|lbjy`jue yb fnvbs dbse `jyej|e+ |mbsyes iusny`bj evejy|+ e}`|y`jg ie|`gj |ynjinsi| dn mndpes ymeeffely`veje|| bf |ybsdwnyes dnjngedejy psnly`le|* Lbdduj`yè| `j \ps`jg Knhe lbuki cejef`y fsbd se$n||e||`jg yme ie|`gj |ynjinsi| u|ei fbs CD_ ie|`gj*

N k`yesnyuse sevèw iì jby |ugge|y ymnj nj bf yme ncbve CD_| wbuki jb kbjges ce nppk`lncke n| ymelk`dnye lbjy`jue| yb lmnjge* Mbweves+ lesyn`j CD_| dn psbve yb ce dbse effely`ve ny d`y`gny`jg yme`dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge nji"bs psbvì`jg ninpy`ve lnpnl`y fbs n lbdduj`y* Fbs e}ndpke+ s`pns`njcuffes|+ wm`ke jby n |`gj`f`lnjy lnpybs bf sujbff vbkude psbvìe |uc|ynjy`nk cejef`y| yb knhe|+ s`ves| nji

|ysend|* @j nii`y`bj yb f`kyes`jg |ei`dejy nji juysèjy| fsbd sujbff+ yme|e nsen| psbvìe se|`kèjl yb|usfnle wnyes| ngn`j|y fkulyuny`bj| `j wnyes kevek| nji fkbw snye|* Jbj|ysulyusnk CD_|+ `jlkui`jgbsi`jnjle| nji knji u|e se|ys`ly`bj| lnj ce uy`k`qei yb psbyely |ej|`y`ve jnyusnk nsen| nji se|ys`lyievekbpdejy `j nsen| wmese fkbbi`jg bs bymes lk`dnye lmnjge `dpnly| nse e}pelyei yb bllus*

Kb|| bf weyknji| `| njbymes e}pelyei `dpnly n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge* N| |ulm+ u|e bf lbj|ysulyei weyknji| fbs yseny`jg |ybsdwnyes dn mnve nii`y`bjnk vnkue fsbd yme pes|pely`ve bf




3?

sepknl`jg n kb|y se|busle* @jf`kysny`ve CD_| lnj mekp yb psbyely weyknji| c d`d`lh`jg yme jnyusnkmisbkbg`l llke nji dn`jyn`j`jg gsbuji wnyes fkbw*




3>

5*? LK@DNYE LMNJGE NIN_YNY@BJ SEKNYEISELBDDEJINY@BJ\ FBS \_S@JG KNHE WNYES\MEI

5*> Lk`dnye Lmnjge Ninpyny`bj _knj fbs yme Wnyes|mei

N| psev`bu| |ely`bj| mnve iedbj|ysnyei+ |uff`lèjy evìejle e}`|y| yb |uppbsy ymny yme Gseny Knhe|Lk`dnye `| lmnjg`jg* Ie|p`ye |bde ujlesyn`jy n||bl`nyei w`ym psei`ly`bj| bf fuyuse lmnjge|+ `y `| lkens ymny lbdduj`yè| w`ym`j yme cn|`j+ `jlkui`jg \ps`jg Knhe nse vukjesncke yb yme `dpnly| bf lk`dnyelmnjge* Ievekbpdejy bf n lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj pknj fbs yme wnyes|mei lnj mekp lbdduj`yè|psepnse fbs yme `dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge `j n psbnly`ve+ snymes ymnj senly`ve wn*

5*3 Vukjesnc`k`y N||e||dejy fbs \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei

Lbdpkey`bj bf n vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy fbs yme wnyes|mei lbuki psbvìe vnkuncke `j|`gmy `jybievekbp`jg n lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj pknj fbs yme wnyes|mei* W`ymbuy n ieyn`kei vukjesnc`k`y

n||e||dejy+ kblnk e}pesy`|e lnj psbvìe `jpuy `jyb yme nsen| wmese yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei dn cedb|y vukjesncke* Bc|esvny`bj| bf `jlsen|ei fkbbi`jg+ wnyes iednji+ bllussejle| bf `jvn|`ve |pelè|+seiulei wnyes ~unk`y+ eyl* dn nkseni ce blluss`jg w`ym`j yme wnyes|mei* Lbj|ìesny`bj bf edesgejlse|pbj|e| lnj psbvìe nii`y`bjnk `j|`gmy `jyb wmese yme lbdduj`y dn ce db|y vukjesncke n| lk`dnyelmnjge yseji| lbjy`jue*

N| nj e}ndpke bf mbw kblnkk nvn`kncke e}pesy`|e lnj ce u|ei yb ìejy`f vukjesncke nsen| w`ymbuy nieyn`kei vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy+ \ps`jg Knhe Ybwj|m`p |ynff en|`k ìejy`fèi |bde nsen| dbse|u|lepy`cke yb fkbbi`jg `j yme`s lbdduj`y+ `jlkui`jg1

Yme nsen gejesnkk |ussbuji`jg yme Kkbi| Cnbu Csìge Kbw pbsy`bj| bf D>?9 \d`ym| Csìge Se|ìejle| bj \ps`jg Knhe jens Knhe \yseey Cbbd Sbni

Nkymbugm `j|y`yuy`bjnk hjbwkeige nji njelibynk evìejle lnj mekp yb ìejy`f vukjesnc`k`yè|+ `y lnj jbyce e}pelyei yb sepknle n lbdpkeye vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy* Bje e}ndpke bf n pbyejy`nk vukjesnc`k`yymny d`gmy jby ce bcv`bu| yb se|ìejy| nji |ynff bf \ps`jg Knhe Lbdduj`yè| `| wnyes |uppk* Db|y bf yme wnyes|mei sekè| bj wnyes |uppk fsbd Knhe D`lm`gnj+ v`n n ysenydejy ||yed `j Gsnji Mnvej* Ymewnyes |uppk `jynhe| nse |u|lepy`cke yb lmnjg`jg knhe kevek|*

5*< _s`bs`y`qny`bj bf CD_| v`|$ï$v`| Lk`dnye Lmnjge

\ely`bj 9*> ieyn`k| vns`bu| CD_| ìejy`fèi fbs yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei `j yme Se`j `j yme Sujbff @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy psbaely -GV\$NWS@+ 3?>?* Wm`ke+ dnj+ `f jby nkk bf yme|e w`kk mekp \ps`jg Knheninpy yb lk`dnye lmnjge+ |bde w`kk psbvìe dbse cejef`y ymnj bymes|* W`ymbuy nj n||e||dejy bf vukjesnc`k`y w`ym`j yme wnyes|mei+ `y `| i`ff`luky yb ps`bs`y`qe CD_| cn|ei bj yme`s pbyejy`nk yb psbvìecejef`y| fbs ninpy`jg yb lk`dnye lmnjge* Mbweves+ cn|ei bj n gejesnk ujies|ynji`jg bf yme pbyejy`nk`dpnly| bf lk`dnye lmnjge nji lbj|ìesny`bj bf yme nu}`k`ns cejef`y| bf CD_|+ psek`d`jns lbjlku|`bj|




33

w`ym se|pely yb yme sekny`ve effely`veje|| bf CD_| yb psbvìe lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj cejef`y| lnj cednie* Yncke 9$> `j yme @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy -GK\$NWS@+ 3?>? psbvìe| n |uddns bf |ysulyusnkce|y dnjngedejy psnly`le| ymny nse lbj|ìesei nppsbps`nye fbs `dpkedejyny`bj w`ym`j yme \ps`jg KnheWnyes|mei* Yncke 5*> ieyn`k| yme pbyejy`nk fbs enlm bf yme ìejy`fèi |ysulyusnk CD_|+ nkbjg w`ym

S`pns`nj Cuffes| nji jbj$|ysulyusnk CD_| fbs psbvì`jg lk`dnye lmnjge ninpyny`bj cejef`y|*

YNCKE 5*> LK@DNYE LMNJGE NIN_YNY@BJ CEJEF@Y\ BF CD_\

CD_ Ie|ls`py `bj _byejy`nk Cejef`y| Sekny`ve yb Lk`dnye Lmnjge

C`bseyejy`bj"Sn`jGnsiej|

\mnkkbw knji|lnpei |usfnleiepse||`bj| ie|`gjei yb `jf`kysnye bs f`kysnye |ybsdwnyes

Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei penh sujbff fkbw snye|Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei sujbff vbkude|-`jf`kysny`ve bjk@jlsen|ei cn|e fkbw nji seiulei wnyes yedpesnyuse| fbs ibwj|ysend |usfnle wnyes|-`jf`kysny`ve bjk

_byejy`nk fbs seiulei wnyes iednji -cn|ei bjvegeyny`bjGsbujiwnyes selmnsge -`jf`kysny`ve bjk

Vegeynyei"C`b\wnke|

\ybsdwnyes lbjvenjle lmnjjekie|`gjei yb f`kyes bs `jf`kysnye|ybsdwnyes

Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei penh sujbff fkbw snye|Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei sujbff vbkude|-`jf`kysny`ve bjk@jlsen|ei cn|e fkbw nji seiulei wnyes yedpesnyuse| fbs ibwj|ysend |usfnle wnyes|-`jf`kysny`ve bjk

Gsbw Qbje| Jny`ve pknjy`jg nsen Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei penh sujbff fkbw snye|nji vbkude@dpsbvei `jf`kysny`bj lnpnl`y bf yme |b`k -se|uky| `j

`jlsen|ei cn|e fkbw nji seiulei wnyes yedpesnyuse| fbs ibwj|ysend |usfnle wnyes|_byejy`nk seiuly`bj `j wnyes iednji -lbdpnsei ybyusf gsn||

Lnpyuse & Seu|e-L`|yesj|"Sn`jCnssek|

\ybs`jg nji seu|`jg |ybsdwnyes sujbff

Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei penh sujbff fkbw snye|nji vbkudeSeiuly`bj `j wnyes iednji

Ysee _knjy`jg @jlsen|ei ysee lbves Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei penh sujbff fkbw snye|nji vbkude -`jyeslepy`bj bf psel`p`yny`bj fsbdcelbd`jg sujbffYsee lnjbp"|mni`jg lnj seiule n`s nji wnyes -`f |mni`jg n wnyes cbi yedpesnyuse|

Gseej Sbbf| Sbbfybp| pnsy`nkk bs lbdpkeyeklbvesei w`ym vegeyny`bj

Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei penh sujbff fkbw snye|nji vbkude -`jyeslepy`bj bf psel`p`yny`bj fsbdcelbd`jg sujbffSeiulei meny `|knji effely

_esv`bu|_nvedejy

_nvedejy| ymny nkkbw fbs `jf`kysny`bjbf |ybsdwnyes

Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei penh sujbff fkbw snye|Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei sujbff vbkude|-`jf`kysny`ve bjk@jlsen|ei cn|e fkbw nji seiulei wnyes




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CD_ Ie|ls`py `bj _byejy`nk Cejef`y| Sekny`ve yb Lk`dnye Lmnjge

yedpesnyuse| fbs ibwj|ysend |usfnle wnyes|-`jf`kysny`ve bjkGsbujiwnyes selmnsge -`jf`kysny`ve bjk

@jf`kysny`bjFnl`k`yè|

Fnl`k`yè| -ncbve bs cekbw gsbujiymny nkkbw fbs `jf`kysny`bj bf |ybsdwnyes

Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei sujbff vbkude| njipenh fkbw snye|@jlsen|ei cn|e fkbw nji seiulei wnyes yedpesnyuse| fbs ibwj|ysend |usfnle wnyes|-`jf`kysny`ve bjkGsbujiwnyes selmnsge

Lbj|ysulyeiWeyknji|

Weyknji lbj|ysulyei fbs yme puspb|ebf yseny`jg |ybsdwnyes

Seiulei fkbbi`jg v`n seiulei sujbff vbkude| njipenh fkbw snye|Lseny`bj bf nii`y`bjnk weyknji mnc`yny

\ybsdwnyes Seysbf`y|

Ejmnjledejy| yb nj e}`|y`jg|ybsdwnyes dnjngedejy ||yed bf |`ye ymny psbvìe| `dpsbvei|ybsdwnyes ysenydejy

Vnsè| cn|ei bj seysbf`y

S`pns`nj Cuffes| Vegeynyei cuffes jens n knhe+ s`ves bs |ysend

@dpsbvei se|`kèjl fbs yme wnyes cbi ngn`j|yfkulyuny`bj| `j wnyes kevek|_byejy`nk fbs seiulei wnyes yedpesnyuse| -cn|ei bjvegeyny`bj ype

Bsi`jnjle| Dn `jlkuie1 |ybsdwnyes segukny`bj|8weyknji+ wbbiknji+ s`pns`nj cuffes bs bymes jnyusnk fenyuse psbyely`bj8knji|lnpe se~u`sedejy|8 qbj`jgbsi`jnjle|

Vnsè| cn|ei bj bsi`jnjle\ybsdwnyes bsi`jnjle lbuki seiule fkbbi`jg+`jlsen|e cn|efkbw nji gsbuji wnyes selmnsge+ eyl*Jnyusnk fenyuse bsi`jnjle| lnj psbyely e}`|y`jgse|busle|Knji|lnpe bsi`jnjle| lnj `dpsbve fkbbi`jg njiseiule wnyes iednji `f jny`ve vegeyny`bjse~u`sedejy| nse `jlkuiei

Knji U|eSegukny`bj|

Dn `jlkuie se|ys`ly`bj| fbs ievekbpdejy `j fkbbi$psbje nsen|8se|ys`ly`bj| fbs ievekbpdejy `jejv`sbjdejynkk |ej|`y`ve nsen|+ eyl*

Vnsè| cn|ei bj segukny`bj




39

6*? JE]Y \YE_\

Lbdduj`yè| w`ym`j \ps`jg Knhe lnj `dpsbve yme`s ninpy`ve lnpnl`y `j n judces bf wn|* N kbg`lnk f`s|y|yep wbuki ce yb lbdpkeye n vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy yb ìejy`f nsen| db|y ny s`|h yb yme `dpnly|

n||bl`nyei w`ym lk`dnye lmnjge* N vukjesnc`k`y n||e||dejy wbuki mekp lbdduj`yè| ìejy`f nly`bj|jeeiei yb d`y`gnye yme gsenye|y s`|h|* \pel`f`l nly`bj| yb `dpsbve ninpy`ve lnpnl`y `j \ps`jg Knhe nsepsbpb|ei cekbw1

N||e|| yme |u`ync`k`y bf lussejy |ybsdwnyes lbjvenjle nji |ybsnge ie|`gj |ynjinsi| ybieyesd`je `f yme nppsbps`nye kevek bf psbyely`bj `| ce`jg psbvìei*

@dpkedejy CD_| nlsb|| yme wnyes|mei yb seiule fkbbi`jg pbyejy`nk+ fblu|`jg bj nsen|lussejyk psbje yb fkbbi`jg*

Se|ybse s`pns`nj cuffes| nkbjg |usfnle wnyes|+ `jlkui`jg |ysend| nji knhe| yb `dpsbve yme

lnpnl`y bf yme wnyes cbi yb niau|y yb pes`bi| bf fkbbi`jg nji isbugmy* @jlkuie n i`ves|elbdduj`y bf jny`ve pknjy |pelè|+ w`ym cbym isbugmy ybkesnjy nji fkbbi ybkesnjy |pelè|*

Se|ybse i`ves|e weyknji elb||yed|+ pnsy`luknsk nianlejy yb |usfnle wnyes cbiè|*




35

7*? SEFESEJLE\

Nscbs In Fbujiny`bj* 3??6* I`ffesejle| ceyweej >00? U\IN Mnsi`je|| Qbje| nji 3??6 nscbsin*bsg Mnsi`je|| Qbje| * myyp1""www*nscbsin*bsg"dei`n"dnpRlmnjge*lfd

Njgek+ A* nji Hujhek+ H* 3??0* Yme Se|pbj|e bf Gseny Knhe| Wnyes Kevek| yb Fuyuse Lk`dnye Lmnjge \lejns`b| w`ym nj Edpmn|`| bj Knhe D`lm`gnj * Abusjnk bf Gseny Knhe Se|enslm+ `j sevèw*

Nuki+ Menymes+ _nuk N* Gns+ Ibj Mnke+ Anj Hkn||ej+ Menymes Hbjjefny+ Ibj Dnl@ves+ Ibj DlJ`lbk+_eyes J`dds`lmyes+ Hnsk \lmèfes+ Dnsh Ynkbs* 3??6* Lbn|ynk Qbje nji Lk`dnye Lmnjge bj yme Gseny Knhe|1 F`jnk Sepbsy* Jnyusnk Se|busle| Lnjnin*

Nu|y`j+ A*N* nji \*D* Lbkednj* 3??7* Knhe \upes`bs \uddnse Wnyes Yedpesnyuse| nse @jlsen|`jg Dbse Snpìk ymnj Seg`bjnk N`s Yedpesnyuse|1 N _b|`y`ve @le$Nkceib Feeicnlh* Gebpm|`lnk Se|enslmKeyyes*

Lm`lngb Lk`dnye Nly`bj _knj* 3?>?* www*lm`lngblk`dnyenly`bj*bsg

Lm`byyk+ ^* & Knvejies C* 3??=* Bjyns`b * Lmnpyes 6 `j I*\* Keddej+ F*A* Wnssej+ A* KnLsb`}+ A* nji E*Cu|m+ ei`ybs|* Fsbd @dpnly| yb Ninpyny`bj1 Lnjnin `j n Lmnjg`jg Lk`dnye 3??7* Byynwn+ BJ*Gbvesjdejy bf Lnjnin*

L`y bf Cuffnkb+ Jew Pbsh* 3?>?* \en|bjnk Ysnj|pbsyny`bj _knj* www*l`"cuffnkb*j*u|"Mbde"L`yRIepnsydejy|"ED\"\en|bjnkYsnj|pbsyny`bj_knj *

L`y bf Lmnymnd+ Dn||nlmu|eyy|* 3?>?* myyp1""www*dn||*gbv"lqd"|ybsd|dnsy*

Lbjsni|bj+ \ue* 3??=* Fsìn yme ><ym `j Jbsymesj D`lm`gnj* Nsy`lke `j Fkbbi Jew| fbs D`lm`gnjFkbbipkn`j Dnjnges|1 N Jew|keyyes fbs yme Knji nji Wnyes Dnjngedejy I`v`|`bj* \uddes+ 3??=*

I`j|e+ H*+ A* Seni+ nji I* \lnv`n* 3??0* _sepns`jg fbs Lk`dnye Lmnjge `j yme Gseny Knhe| Seg`bj* XD@LMU ?0$>?<T Njj Nscbs+ D@1 D`lm`gnj \en Gsnjy*

Ejv`sbjdejynk _sbyely`bj Ngejl -E_N 3?>>* Lk`dnye Lmnjge wecpnge* Nlle||ei <"3>"3?>>*myyp1""www*epn*gbv"lk`dnyelmnjge"cn|`l`jfb*mydk *

Ejv`sbjdejynk _sbyely`bj Ngejl -E_N >00=* Ejv`sbjdejynk _knjj`jg fbs \dnkk Lbdduj`yè|

-YS@KBGP*

Gsnji Vnkke \ynye Uj`ves|`y$Njj`| Wnyes Se|busle| @j|y`yuye -GV\U$NWS@* 3?>?* Se`j `j yme Sujbff $ Nkyesjny`ve \ybsdwnyes Dnjngedejy _snly`le| ymny Niise|| yme Ejv`sbjdejynk+ \bl`nk+ nji Elbjbd`l N|pely| bf Wnyes Se|busle| `j yme \ps`jg Knhe Wnyes|mei -D@)1 F`jnk _sbaely Sepbsy*Sev`|ei Anjuns 3?>?*




36

Menk`jg bus Wnyes| -MBW Gseny Knhe| Lbnk`y`bj* 3??=* Gseny Knhe| Se|ybsny`bj nji yme Ymseny bf Gkbcnk Wnsd`jg * Dn+ 3??=*

M`kkdnj+ Y*+ K* Lsn|e+ C* Fsuqe+ A* Njnin+ nji I* Dncess* 3??5* Dukyì`|l`pk`jns Nppsbnlme| yb

Jnyusnk Se|busle| Dnjngedejy* Misbc`bkbg`n 553*

M`||lmedökkes+ D* Ybk+ S* nji Vekk`jgn+ _* 3??>* Yme Sekevnjle bf _nsy`l`pnybs Nppsbnlme| @jyegsnyei Ejv`sbjdejynk N||e||dejy * @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy+ Vbk* 3*

Muff+ Fkbi N* nji Ande| S* Njgek* >003* Sn`jfnkk Fse~uejl Nykn| bf yme Dìwe|y* @kk`jb`| \ynye Wnyes \usve+ Lmndpn`gj* Cukkey`j 7>*

Dngju|bj+ A*A*+ I*D* Sbcesy|bj+ C*A* Cej|bj+ S*M* Wjje+ I*D* K`v`jg|ybje+ Y* Nsn`+ S*N* N||ek+ S*G*Cnss+ V* Lnsi+ E* Huu|`|yb+ J*G* Gsnj`j+ Y*I* _sbw|e+ H*D* \yewnsy nji V*\* Vugk`j|h`* 3???*M`|ybs`lnk Yseji| `j Knhe nji S`ves @le Lbves `j yme Jbsymesj Med`|pmese* \lèjle =* Vbkude 3=0*

\epyedces 3???*

Deyq+ C*+ B*S* Invì|bj+ _*S* Cb|lm+ S* Inve+ K*N* Dees+ Ei|* 3??7* Lk`dnye Lmnjge 3??71 D`y`gny`bj bf Lk`dnye Lmnjge* Lbjys`cuy`bj bf Wbsh`jg Gsbup @@@ yb yme Fbusym N||e||dejy Sepbsy bf yme @jyesgbvesjdejynk _njek bj Lk`dnye Lmnjge* @jyesgbvesjdejynk _njek bj Lk`dnye Lmnjge*Lndcsìge Uj`ves|`y _se||+ Lndcsìge+ Uj`yei H`jgibd & Jew Pbsh+ J*P*

D`kkesi+ Fsnjh* 3??7* Gkbcnk Lk`dnye Lmnjge nji Gseny Knhe| @jyesjny`bjnk \m`pp`jg* Wnyeskbb+Bjyns`b* Dn 3??7*

JNLb* 3?>?* Yme Jny`bjnk N||bl`ny`bj bf Lbujyè| Gseej @jfsn|ysulyuse _sbgsnd*

www*jnlb*ye*lfd2\ely`bj4Ejv`sbjdejyREjesgRnjiRKnjiRU|e&yedpknye4"LbjyejyDnjngedejy"LbjyejyI`|pkn4<303=*

Jny`bjnk Se|enslm Lbujl`k* 3??0* @jfbsd`jg Iel`|`bj| `j n Lmnjg`jg Lk`dnye* _njek bj \ysnyegè| njiDeymbi| fbs Lk`dnye$Seknyei Iel`|`bj \uppbsy* myyp1""ww*jnp*eiu"lnynkbg">3636*mydk

Jny`bjnk Blenj`l & Nydb|pmes`l Nid`j`|ysny`bj -JBNN Lbn|ynk \esv`le| Lejyes* 3?>?* Lbn|ynk Lk`dnye Ninpyny`bj*myyp1""lbdduj`y*l|l*jbnn*gbv"lk`ndyeninpnyn`bj"`jie}*pmp2bpy`bj4lbdRibldnj&@yedì4<3 *

Jny`bjnk Blenj`l & Nydb|pmes`l Nid`j`|ysny`bj -JBNN Jny`bjnk Lk`dny`l Inyn Lejyes* 3?>>* \ynye bf yme Lk`dnye1 Gkbcnk Njnk|`| fbs Ieledces 3?>?* _uck`|mei bjk`je Anjuns 3?>>+ seysèvei bj Dnslm33+ 3?>>* myyp1""www*jlil*jbnn*gbv"|byl"gkbcnk"3?>?"><*

JBNN Gseny Knhe| Seg`bjnk Lbkkncbsny`bj Yend nji yme Gseny Knhe| \en Gsnjy Jeywbsh* 3?>>*Lk`dnye Seni Gseny Knhe|1 Ysn`j`jg Dbiuke| @ ymsbugm @@@ *myyp1""www*seg`bj|*jbnn*gbv"gsenyRknhe|"lk`dnyeRseni*mydk




37

Jny`bjnk Blenj`l & Nydb|pmes`l Nid`j`|ysny`bj -JBNN* 3??0* \dnsy Gsbwym fbs Lbn|ynk nji Wnyesfsbjy Lbdduj`yè|* \epyedces 3??0* myyp1""lbn|ynk|dnsygsbwym*jbnn*gbv*

Jny`bjnk Wenymes \esv`le -JW\ Gsnji Snpì|+ D@* 3??0* W`jyes 3??="3??0 Lk`dnye \uddns fbs

\buymwe|y Kbwes D`lm`gnj*

Jek|bj+ I*+ M* Ekdes+ M*+ S* Meki+ I*+ Fbse|yme nji \* Ln|e* 3?>>* Knusejy`nj Gseny Knhe| Cn|`j Lk`dnye Lmnjge Ninpyny`bj* JBNN Yelmj`lnk Dedbsnjiud GKESK$>5<*

Jew Mndp|m`se Ejesg nji Lk`dnye Lbkkncbsny`ve* 3?>?* myyp1""jmlbkkncbsny`ve*bsg*

_nss+ D*K*+ B*F* Lnjq`nj`+ A*_* _nkuy`hbf+ _*A* vnj ies K`jiej nji L*E* Mnj|bj+ Ei|* 3??7* Lk`dnye Lmnjge 3??71 @dpnly|+ Ninpyny`bj nji Vukjesnc`k`y* Lbjys`cuy`bj bf Wbsh`jg Gsbup @@ yb yme Fbusym N||e||dejy Sepbsy bf yme @jyesgbvesjdejynk _njek bj Lk`dnye Lmnjge* @jyesgbvesjdejynk _njek bjLk`dnye Lmnjge* Lndcsìge Uj`ves|`y _se||+ Lndcsìge+ Uj`yei H`jgibd & Jew Pbsh+ J*P*

_ns|bj+ E*N* >005* @jyegsnyei N||e||dejy nji Ejv`sbjdejynk _bk`l Dnh`jg * Ejesg _bk`l 3<-9"5*

_sbVejy`bj Lbj|bsyùd+ yme @jyesjny`bjnk Feiesny`bj bf Sei Lsb|| nji Sei Lse|lejy \blèyè|* 3?>?*Lbdduj`y S`|h N||e||dejy Deymbibkbgè| nji Ln|e \yuiè|*myyp1""www*psbvejy`bjlbj|bsyùd*bsg"2pngeì49< *

\lnv`n+ I* nji \* C* Cs`lhes* 3??6* Lbn|ynk Euysbpm`lny`bj N||e||dejy `j yme Uj`yei \ynye|*C`bgeblmed`|ys 70*

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\bkbdbj+ \*+ I* ^`j+ D* Dnjj`jg+ Q* Lmej+ D* Dns~u`|+ H*C* Nvesy+ D* Y`gjbs nji M*K* D`kkes+ Ei|*3??7* Lk`dnye Lmnjge 3??71 Yme _m|`lnk \lèjle Cn|`|* Lbjys`cuy`bj bf Wbsh`jg Gsbup @ yb yme Fbusym N||e||dejy Sepbsy bf yme @jyesgbvesjdejynk _njek bj Lk`dnye Lmnjge* @jyesgbvesjdejynk_njek bj Lk`dnye Lmnjge* Lndcsìge Uj`ves|`y _se||+ Lndcsìge+ Uj`yei H`jgibd & Jew Pbsh+ J*P*

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