Clean Coal Technologies - Colégio Satc · 2008-04-01 · Clean Coal Technologies International Seminar: ... RWE’s Proposed IGCC with CCS plant Drying Coal gasification Gas treatment

Clean Coal Technologies

International Seminar: Does Fossil Energy have a role in

© IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk

International Seminar: Does Fossil Energy have a role insustainability and security of supply?

Dr John TopperManaging Director, IEA Clean Coal Centre

27 June 2007, Brasilia

MEMBERS

Italy JapanRep. ofKorea UK

Spain

USA

AustriaCanada

Germany

CEC


BHELIndia

Anglo Coal S. Africa

ESKOM S. Africa

Netherlands Group

BG Group, UK

BRICC China

ACIC, Australia

CANZ, New Zealand

Eletrobras,Brazil

DPG, Denmark

Suek,Russia

SIG, Sweden

Schlumberger in process

CONTENTS OF THIS PRESENTATION

Coal for Power Generation– Current state of the art and impending

developments in efficiencies

Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies


Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies– Coal combustion and gasification systems– Storage

Coal to Liquids

COAL FOR POWER TODAY


What is State-of-the-Art and what are theprospects?

Pulverised coal combustion

100’s of GWe units to ~1000 MWe

Efficiency to mid-40s% (HHV) in bestlocations

Conventional emissions control wellestablished

How will it be in 10 or 20 years?Still the most deployed coal technology

~

Mills


Still the most deployed coal technology

Advanced emissions control

Further incremental efficiencyimprovements

Progression to very high steam conditions~ 50% efficiencies

CCS on some plants using flue gasscrubbing or oxygen firing

Limestoneslurry

Gypsum

Mills

Air heater

Ash

Air

Coal

AshStack

FGD

SCRFlue gas

Operating Supercritical Plant


Nordjylland 3, Denmark, 1998 (384 MWe net)bituminous coals


Courtesy Vattenfall

Niederaussem K, Germany, 2002 (965 MWe net)lignite


Courtesy RWE Power

Isogo New Unit 1, Japan, 2002 (568 MWe net)mainly bituminous coals


Courtesy J-POWER

Isogo New Unit 1, Japan – highlights

• Near zero conventional emissions (NOx 20 mg/m3, sulphur oxides 6mg/m3, particulates 1 mg/m3, at 6% O2, dry); full waste utilisation

• Highest steam conditions: 25.0 MPa/600C/610C at turbine: ASME

USC, tower boiler, opposed wall firing, intbitum and Japanese coals, warm sea water


• Highest steam conditions: 25.0 MPa/600C/610C at turbine: ASMECC 2328 steels in S/H; P122 for main steam pipework

• Operating net efficiency >42% LHV/40.6% HHV• Efficiency tempered slightly by 21C CW, fewer FW heating stages• Dry regenerable activated coke FGD (ReACT)• NOx abatement Combustion measures and SCR• Particulates removal ESP• Isogo New Unit 2 will use ReACT specifically for multi-pollutant

control, including mercury

Host Plant, Scholven F, E.ON COMTES700


Lagisza Supercritical CFBC – new design

• The world’s first CFBCunit with supercriticalsteam conditions

• Largest CFBC; 460 MWe

• Start-up in 2009


• Start-up in 2009

• Emissions of SOx, NOxand particulates lowerthan required by latestEU LCPD limits.

• Located to NE ofKatowice, Poland

TOWARDS ZERO EMISSIONS


CarbonReduction

`IncreasedEfficiency`

`Zero Emissions`Trajectory

Key issue will be value of CO2

Carbon Abatement TechnologyOptions are complementary


Time

Efficiency`Trajectory

Near-term Mid-term Long-term

Zero emissions will need the most efficient plant

Capture and Storage Process(Courtesy of CO2CRC)


©C

O2C

RC

Schematic representation of capturesystems.


160 T/D CO2 Capture Plant(Supplied by MHI of Japan and using their KS 1

Solvent)

Client: Petronas Fertilizer (Keda) Sdn. Bhd.

Location: Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

CO2 Capture: in Malaysia


Feed Gas: Steam Reformer Flue Gas

Capacity: Flue Gas 47,000 Nm3/H(Max. Capacity = 210 T/D)

Use of CO2: Urea Production

Start Up: October 1999

CASTOR CO2 capture pilot plant


Esbjerg power plantCapacity: 1 t CO2 / h5000 Nm3/h flue gas (coalcombustion)In operation since early 2006

Potential for Cost Reduction

250

300

350

400

450REDUCTIONS IN FGD COSTS IN USA

(Boward and Brinkmann, 1998)


400

275200

100125

0

50

100

150

200

250

1970 1980 1990 1997 2000

$/kW

Path to zero emissions for PCC

Hg activities:removal methodscharacterisation

First commercial salesPCC-ZETs Advanced PCC-ZETsBest SO , NOx, particulates

Advanced USC PCC demonon-CO2 capture

Advanced USC PCCcommercial

non-CO2 capture

Post 2015Now 2010


S/C PCC

PCC-ZETsretrofits and new

Advanced PCC-ZETsBest SO2, NOx, particulatescontrol deployment

CO2 capture:large plant

chemical scrubbing demo

CO2 capture R&D activities:solvents, heat integration

other absorbentsmembrane contactors

adsorptionoxy-coal test programmes

Non-cryogenic oxygenplants commercial

Oxy-coal demos

Oxy-coal large plant demo

COCO22 Capture Ready PlantCapture Ready Plant• A plant which can include CO2 capture when the

necessary regulatory or economic drivers are in place• Avoids the risk of stranded assets and ‘carbon lock-in’• Developers must eliminate factors which would

www.ieagreen.org.uk

• Developers must eliminate factors which wouldprevent installation and operation of CO2 capture

• This might include• A study of options for capture retrofit• Include sufficient space and access for additional

facilities• Identify reasonable route(s) to storage of CO2

Vattenfall Oxy Fuel Technology(Courtesy Vatenfall)

The size of the plant will be about 30 MWth and theenergy will be utilized

The technologyused is the“Oxyfueltechnology”

Adjacent to the


Adjacent to theSchwarze PumpePower plant andwill utiliseinfrastructure.

Fuel will belignite, and hardcoal

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)

Demonstrations in USA and Europeand, shortly, in Japan

Cost/availability concerns have heldback orders but reference plants soon

Efficiency ~40-43% HHV

V. low emissions, Hg capture simpleCoal andoxygen Raw

gas


V. low emissions, Hg capture simple

How will it be in 10 or 20 years?More widely deployed

Advanced performance and lower cost

New gasifier designs &polygeneration

CCS using pre-combustion capture

Gasification

gas

Cleanfuel gas

~Gasturbine

Waste heatboiler

Stack

Steamturbine ~

Byproductsand wastes

Slag

Air

Gascleaning

RWE’s Proposed IGCC with CCS plant

Drying Coal gasification Gas treatmentCO capture

Gas and steamturbine


CO2 capture turbine

Power

Dry coal

Raw coal

Carbon

USA: New Technologies Emerging from R&D

Fuel Cells


Gasification withCleanup Separation System

Integration

CarbonSequestration

OptimizedTurbinesH2 Production

Path to zero emissions for IGCC

HGCU R&D:particulates

SO2, NH3, CO2

Demonstration/commercialIGCC plants

Plus some slipstream CO2 capture projects

Post 2015Now 2010


CurrentIGCCplants

IGCC ZETsdemonstrations

Commercial IGCCZETs plants

various technologiesmulti-productsnon-cryogenic oxygen

plants commercialCO2 capture R&D:membrane separationmembrane reactors

PSA

F-class hydrogen turbinedevelopment

and commercialisation(other markets)

Storage of CO2Storage of CO2

www.ieagreen.org.uk

COCO22 storage effectiveness increases with depthstorage effectiveness increases with depthCourtesy ofCO2CRC

www.ieagreen.org.uk

www.ieagreen.org.ukCourtesy of CO2CRC

COCO22 Injection and Storage ActivitiesInjection and Storage Activities

Nagaoka

HokkaidoQinshui Basin

Snohvit

Sleipner

SibillaRECOPOL

CO2 SINK

K-12B

West Pearl Queen

MountaineerWeyburn

Penn WestAlberta ECBM

Teapot DomeRangely

4 New CO2-EOR Pilots inCanada

50 Acid Gasinjection sites inNorth America

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Nagaoka

In Salah

Key

ECBM projects

EOR projects

Gas production Fields

Saline aquifier

Cerro Fortunoso

Frio

West Pearl QueenRangelyBurlington

70 CO2-EORprojects in U.S.A.

GorgonDepleted Oil Field

Otway Basin

www.co2captureandstorage.info

Source: National OccupationalHealth and Safety CommissionCompendium of Worker’sCompensation Statistics,Australia, 2001 -02, December2003

APPEA Safety IncidentDatabase 2003

www.ieagreen.org.uk

*Frequency rate is calculatedfor one week or more lost time

**Data used is 2003 statistics

Courtesy of CO2CRC

Current MembershipCurrent Membership

www.ieagreen.org.uk

COAL TO LIQUIDS


All slides sourced from IEA CIAB workshopon Coal to Liquids, Paris, November 2006

World is Consuming More Oiland Finding Less

30

40

50

60B

illio

ns

ofB

arre

ls

30

40

50

60

Past

Future

Production


Past discoveryby ExxonMobil

0

10

20

30

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Bill

ion

sof

Bar

rels

0

10

20

30

“GrowingGap”

Oil Markets

50

60

70

80

2005

2006

US$/bbl Dated Brent


10

20

30

40

50

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

2004

2003

Source: Platt’s

DOE Fuel Price Forecasts 2003-2030

$10.00

$12.00

$14.00$16.00

$18.00

$20.00

$/m

mb

tu

Oil

Coal v’s Oil price forecasts in USA


Source: US DOE Annual Energy Outlook 2006

$0.00

$2.00

$4.00

$6.00

$8.00

$10.00

200

3

200

7

201

1

201

5

201

9

202

3

202

7

$/m

mb

tu

Oil

Coal

Coal to Liquids Technologies

Indirect Liquefaction

Based on gasificationConverts syngas (H2 and CO)into clean methanol orhydrocarbon liquidsCan also produce ultra-clean

Direct Liquefaction

Based on high-pressuredissolution and hydrogenationof coalMore energy efficient thanindirect liquefaction


Can also produce ultra-cleandiesel or jet fuelCO2 can be captured forsequestrationCan co-produce electricpower or hydrogen

indirect liquefactionProduces high energy densityfuels

– Diesel with Low Cetane#

– High aromaticsUsed by Germany in WW 2,improved by U.S., now beingdeployed in China

Direct Coal Conversion to Liquid Fuels

Gas RecoveryTreatment

RefiningHydro-

treatingUnit

Coalconversion Diesel Fuel

Gasoline

LPG

Methane& Ethane

H2S, NH3, COx

H-Donor

Recycled H2Make-upH2

Coal +Catalyst


Fractionation

SolventDeashing

Ash Reject

Heavy VacuumGas Oil

H-DonorSlurry

Slurry

Deashed OilGasifier

Unconverted Coal

Maturing Direct Coal Conversion

Originally developed in Germany in early 1900sUsed to produce military fuel in WWIIUS spent $3.6 billion on DCL from 1975-2000Technologies licensed to China in 2002


Lawrenceville, NJ3 TPD

Catlettsburg, KY250 – 600 TPD

Inner Mongolia, China4,200 TPD

Direct Conversion

Advantages

Conceptually simpleprocessProduces high-octanegasolineMore energy efficient thanindirect conversion (i.e.more fuel / BTUs produced

Disadvantages

High aromatic contentLow-cetane number dieselPotential water and airemissions issuesFuels produced are not a


indirect conversion (i.e.more fuel / BTUs producedper ton of coal)Products have higherenergy density(BTU/gallon) than indirectconversion

Fuels produced are not agood environmental fit forthe U.S. marketMay have higher operatingexpenses than indirectconversion

Indirect Coal Conversion

Gasification &Gas Cleaning

Fischer-TropschSynthesis

FT ProductSeparation &

Upgrading

Oxygen/Steam

CoalBiomass

etc

H2 + COSyngas

CxHyLiquids& Wax

Catalyst


Electric PowerGeneration

Sulfur,CO2

and Ash

Steam

Electricity

Steam Tail GasWater

&Oxygenates

Ultra-CleanLiquid Fuels& ChemicalFeedstocks

LiquidsSynthesis

Slurry / Fixed/ Fluid Bed

Indirect Coal Conversion

CoalNatural GasPet CokeBiomassWaste

Synthesis GasProduction• Gasification• Reforming

- Steam- POX- ATR

O2

ProductRecovery

TailGas Power

Generation

HydrogenRecovery

Wax

CO2Removal

H2 + COSyngas


/ Fluid BedOxygen

PlantAir

NaphthaDiesel FuelChemicals

WaxHydrocracking

Liquids

Liquids

GE ConocoPhillipsKBR Shell Siemens

Catalyst

Indirect Conversion

Advantages

Ultra-clean productsWell suited for CO2captureWell suited for electricpower co-production

Disadvantages

Conceptually morecomplex than directconversionLess efficient fuelproduction than direct


power co-productionMay have lower operatingexpenses than directconversion

production than directProduces low-octanegasolineFewer BTUs per gallonthan direct conversionproducts

Key drivers for a viable CTL business(Sasol’s View)

Access to:

large reserves of low cost gasifiablecoal (a minimum of approximately 2 – 4billion tons) at proposed location.

Minimum plant capacity: 80 000barrels per day to realize economy ofscale benefits.


scale benefits.

“Stranded coal” (e.g. due to quality orlocation) which can not be easilymonetised in other ways.

Drive for energy security supported by currentglobal energy dynamics

Ability and will to provide enabling support

THE END – Thank you for listening


Documents

Clean Coal Technologies - Colégio Satc · 2008-04-01 · Clean Coal Technologies International Seminar: ... RWE’s Proposed IGCC with CCS plant Drying Coal gasification Gas treatment