Clauses- sintaksa

8/7/2019 Clauses- sintaksa

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Finite ClausesFinite Clauses



Types of Sentences� Simple

� Compound� Complex

� Compound Complex



Clauses� Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence

� Clauses have a verb - one main verbper clause

� Finite Clauses - Verb inflected for tense

� Non-Finite

± Infinitive

± Participial, including Gerunds



Types of Embedded Sentences

� Subordinate Clauses (Adverbial)

± Indicate time, place, manner, cause, or condition

± Usually preceded by a subordinator

� Relative Clauses (Adjectival)

± Relative Pronouns

± Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses

� Complement Clauses (Nominal)



Complement Clauses

� Appear as an NP

� Can be the subject of the sentence[That you like bananas] is surprising.

� Can be an object

I know [that you like bananas.]

� Can be replaced by a pronoun

(It is surprising; I know it .)

� That is a complementizer.



Direct

Discourse

� Direct discourse is when a person is quoted:H e said, ³You took my cheese.´

� IndirectDiscourse is when a person isparaphrased. H e said that you took my cheese.

� In direct discourse, time, place, and participants

are tied to the original utterance.She said, ³The treasure is buried here.´

H e said, ³Is your party tomorrow.´



Interrogative Complement Clauses

� One of the NPs in the complement clause isreplaced by an interrogative pronoun

� Examples:

± I know [who stole my cheese].

± I heard [what you said].

± I wonder [how they did that].

� Notice that the WH-word appears at the beginningof the clause and that no question mark is used.



NonNon--Finite ClausesFinite Clauses



Non-Finite Clause: Infinitives� Introduced by to or for to.

± I want [to buy the cheese].

± [To err] is human.± [For him to err] is terrible.

� Can also appear without to:

± I heard him break the cookie jar.

± H e made me eat my spinach.

� Can be nominal, adverbial (I bought it [to surprise you].),or adjectival ( H e was the last person [to talk to me.]). Seepage 357.



Chris wants (Chris) take my cheese

S

NP VP

MVP

MV

NP

S

NP VP

MV NP

N

N



Chris wants

take cheese



Chris wants Bill take my cheese

S

NP VP

MVP

MV

NP

S

NP VP

MV NP

N

N



Chris wantstake cheese

Bill



To and For/To Infinitives

� Sentences with infinitive clauses as subject usefor if the subject is part of the clause

± For you to say that is shocking.

± To say that is shocking.

� Sentences with for/to clauses as direct objects areless direct than those with to

± She sent him to buy supplies.

± She sent for him to buy supplies.

± She asked him to leave.

± She asked for him to leave.



Bare vs. to Infinitives

� Tied to degree of likelihood that event took place

� She made him shave

She let him shave

--> He shaved

� She asked him to shave.

She wanted him to shave.

--> He might not have shaved.



Types of Verbs Taking

Complement Clause

� Modality Verbs ± want, try, begin, fixing to

� Manipulative Verbs ± make, force, beg,order, let, ask, tell

� Perception ± see, hear, watch

� Cognition ± know, understand, hope, think

� Utterance ± say, reveal, announce

� P-C-U verbs tend to take that complements



Reminder: Non-Finite Clauses

� Infinitives

± To-Infinitives

± For-To-Infinitives

± Bare Infinities

� Participles

± Present Participial Clauses± Past Participial Clauses



Participial ClausesParticipial Clauses



Present Participial Clauses

� Adverbial

± W alking to work, I spotted an eagle.

± W hile walking to work, I spotted an eagle. (ellipticalsubordinate clause)

± Many people having seen the eagle, I am now satisfied.

� Adjectival

± The people standing on the street were watching the

eagle.

� Gerund (Nominal)

± W atching the eagle was fun.



Usage: Dangling Modifiers

� Dangling Infinitives

± E ager to work, my tools lay before me.

± To feel rewarded, a job must be well-paying.

� Dangling Present Participle

± Flying high in the sky, I spotted an eagle.

± Standing on a cliff, the ocean inspired me.

� Dangling Past Participle

± H ard boiled, I took the eggs out of the water.

± Fed well, the entertainment began.

± Sauced and seasoned, I tasted the entrée.



Nominative Absolutes

� Actually Adverbials, but still called ³nominative´

� Tensed form of the verb or auxiliar y BE is deleted

� Examples: (pp. 395-396)± H is mind on the test, Bill entered the classroom.

± The children fed and put to bed, Pat and Chris relaxed.

± My hair a mess, I wandered into the classroom.

± E yes gleaming, they ran into the playground.

± They ran into the playground, their eyes ablaze.



Practice: Adverbial, Adjectival, or Gerund

1. The children playing in the street should bewarned.

2. Visiting professors can be boring. (trick question)

3. W histling loudly, I walked into the dark.

4. E ducated as to the facts, the citizen voted.

5. My jumping into the lake amused my family.6. The test given to the students was easy.

7. Pumped, the kids began the contest.



I spotted eagle

ng

work

Adverbial Present Participle





I spotted eagle

ng

street

Adjectival Present Participle



I spotted an eagle (eagle) walking on the street

S

NP VP

MVP

MV

ADJPS

NP

VP

MV PREPP

PRO NDET

NP

Adjectival Present

Participle



We enjoyed

song



We enjoyed he singing that song

S

NP VP

MVP

MV

NP

S

NP VP

MV NP

PRO

N

(his)

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Clauses- sintaksa