CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF

PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF GLASS BY MAX LANE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG

Student Number: 044214143

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2010

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CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF

PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF GLASS BY MAX LANE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG

Student Number: 044214143

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2010

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. LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLUKASI ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universias Sanata Dharma : Nama : CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG Nomor Mahasiswa : 044214143 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul : CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF GLASS BY MAX LANE beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 28 Maret 2010 Yang menyatakan

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the

ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full

consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas, phrases, or

sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, 4 March, 2010

Cylas Desidarius Rianantang

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Only a LIFE lived

for OTHERS

is WORTH living

(Albert Einstein)

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To Mama’

who sews every night for her beloved son

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to thank God, especially Jesus Christ. I know that You

always listen my prayers. I also would to thank my beloved father and mother Drs. F.X.

Pantasilaban, and sisters Andriyani Yulianti Imokbonang and Brigita Oktaviana

Imokbonang.

I am very grateful to my advisor J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. for

helping me doing my undergraduate thesis with his guidance, patience, and opinion for

almost four semesters. I am grateful to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S. S., M. Hum.

for her very important criticism and opinion. I can improve a lot of my knowledge about

linguistic study, especially for the translation

I also would like to say many thanks to my friends and brothers: Shintya Dwi

Aryani, Hans, Mart, Tirman, Polo, Guido, Tains, Eka Chetavnk, Toras, Dicky, Bodjai,

Wawan, Ronny, Adit, Galih, Galon, Yuli Satyawati, Femme, Taufik, Ison, Toni, Meita,

3Bayu, Hardian, Alfa, Christo, Eling, Elli, Danita, Troy, The Killers, Reena Rai and

Merry from Myanmar, 2Adi, Jojo, Saverin, Diana and friends, Nina, and others. I also

would to thank Sanata Dharma University lectures and staff; Mr. Arianto, Mbak Niek,

Ms. Anna, Mr. Alip, Ms. Ria, Ms. Linda, Ms. Dewi, Father Harry, Mr. Sarwoto, Mr.

Fajar, Mr. Dwijatmoko, Mr. Hir, Ms. Ni Luh, Mr. Pomo, and others. All of you have

made my life colorful in Sanata Dharma. Finally, I must express deep gratitude for Alm.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Max Lane, you have the high quality works.

Cylas Desidarius R.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………..... i APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………………... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .......................................................................................... iii MOTTO PAGE ………………………………………………………………….. vi DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………………... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………………………………………..... ix ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………… xi ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………….. xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………. 1

A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………... 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………. 4 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………….. 4 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………… 5 E. Benefit of the Study ……………………………………………………... 6

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ……………………………………. 7 A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………………. 7 B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………………... 8

1. Theory of Idiom ……………………………………………………... 8 2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language …………………………. 10 3. Theory of Translation ……………………………………………….. 11 4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations ………………... 11

a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form …………………… 12 b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form ………… 12 c. Translation by paraphrase ……………………………………….. 12 d. Translation by omission …………………………………………. 13

5. Theory of Figurative Expressions …………………………………… 13 6. Theory of Equivalent ………………………………………………... 15

a. Figurative Equivalent ……………………………………………. 15 b. Nonfigurative Equivalent ………………………………………... 16

C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………….. 16 D. Research Framework …………………………………………………….. 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 19 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………………… 19 B. Research Procedure …………………………………………………........ 20

1. Objective Data ..……………………………………………………… 20 2. Method of the Study …………………………………………………. 20 3. Data Collection ………………………………………………………. 20 4. Data Analysis ………………………………………………………… 21

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………………….. 23

A. Strategies of Pure Idiom Translation ……………………………………. 23 1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form ……………………….. 24 2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form …………….. 25 3. Translation by paraphrase …………………………………………… 26

B. The Classification of Translation Strategies based on Figurative and Nonfigurative Equivalents ……………………………………………….. 36 1. Figurative Equivalents ………………………………………………. 37 2. Nonfigurative Equivalents …………………………………………... 40

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………………. 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………... 51 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 53 Appendix 1 …………………………………………………………………... 53

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ABSTRACT

CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG. Classification of Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms in The Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca Into House of Glass by Max Lane. Yogyakarta; Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2010. This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalents of the applied strategies of pure idiom translations in House of Glass, the English translation of Rumah Kaca by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This work is related with the idiom usages as a part of cultural language expression, especially in The Indonesian language. The data of this undergraduate thesis are concerned on pure idioms. The consideration lies in the fact that pure idiom is one class of idioms which is categorized as the most complex idiom; it is very possible that not everyone can understand pure idioms, even in condition that they are the native. There are two problems that were analyzed in this thesis. The first problem is what strategies which are applied in translating pure idioms in House of Glass, and the second is how the translation strategies are classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents. The method used in this study is comparative method which was comparing the data from one language to another language. This method was used to probe how the pure idioms in ST (Source Text) were translated and to classify the translation strategies. The first result of this analysis is finding the applied strategies of pure idiom translations in House of Glass, they are using an idiom of similar meaning and form strategy for two translations (8%), using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy for three translations (12%), and translation by paraphrase strategy for twenty translations (80%). The second results are that the equivalents of applied strategies are classified into figurative and nonfigurative usages, and the results are the strategies of using an idiom of similar meaning and form and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form only have figurative equivalents; while the strategy of translation by paraphrase has both figurative and nonfigurative equivalents in the translations inside, secondly, the usages of other figurative ways besides idiom in translation by paraphrase strategy are possible, and figurative equivalents are seven items (28%), nonfigurative equivalents are seventeen items (68%) and nonequivalent translation is one item (4%) from totally 25 translations.

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ABSTRAK

CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG. Classification of Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms in The Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca Into House of Glass by Max Lane. Yogyakarta; Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2010. Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesamaan-kesamaan pada terjemahan dalam terapan strategi penerjemahan idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, yakni versi bahasa inggris dari Rumah Kaca karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Karya ini berkenaan dengan penggunaan idiom-idiom sebagai bagian dari ungkapan kultural suatu bahasa, khusunya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Data pada skripsi ini dititikberatkan pada idiom penuh. Pertimbangannya adalah karena pada kenyataanya idiom penuh merupakan salah satu kelas idiom yang dikategorikan sebagai idiom yang paling kompleks, jadi sangat besar kemungkinan bahwa tidak semua orang dapat mengerti idiom penuh, bahkan untuk penutur asli sekalipun. Terdapat dua masalah yang akan dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Permasalahn pertama adalah strategi apa saja yang diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, dan permasalahan kedua adalah bagaimana strategi-strategi yang diterapkan diklasifikasikan dalam artian kesamaan majas dan kesamaan nonmajas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode perbandingan, yang membandingkan data dari dua versi bahasa. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana idiom-idiom penuh pada teks sumber tersebut diterjemahkan, dan untuk mengklasifikasikan strategi penerjemahannya. Hasil pertama dari analisis ini adalah ditemukannya strategi-strategi terapan pada penerjemahan idiom-idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, yaitu strategi menggunakan idiom yang sama bentuk dan maknanya untuk dua terjemahan (8%), strategi menggunakan idiom yang sama maknanya tetapi berbeda dalam bentuk untuk tiga terjemahan (12%), dan strategi uraian untuk dua puluh terjemahan (80%). Hasil kedua adalah bahwa kesamaan-kesamaan dalam strategi yang diterapkan diklasifikasikan menjadi menurut penggunaan majas dan nonmajas, dan hasilnya adalah strategi menggunakan idiom yang sama bentuk dan maknanya dan menggunakan idiom yang sama maknanya tetapi berbeda dalam bentuk hanya memiliki kesamaan dalam penggunaan majas, sementara terjemahan pada strategi uraian memiliki kesamaan dalam penggunaan majas dan nonmajas di dalam penerjemahannya; yang kedua, pengunaan majas selain idiom dalam terjemahan pada strategi uraian adalah mungkin; dan tujuh (28%) kesamaan majas, tujuh belas (68%) kesamaan nonmajas dan satu (4%) terjemahan yang tidak mempunyai kesamaan dari total 25 terjemahan.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

One of Pramoedya’s four great novels known as the fourth edition of The

Buru Quartet or Tetralogy Pulau Buru is Rumah Kaca. This novel tells about the

Hindia Belanda people (now Indonesia) life in the early 20th century, it was the

time when the Hindia Belanda people were seeking their identities as the

colonized people. This novel contains many social, political, cultural criticisms

for Dutch government in Indonesia as Pramoedya’s allusions for the conditions of

human-right matters in Indonesia government New Order regime, the era when

Indonesia was led by president Soeharto.

Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca was banned in Indonesia. In other words, it

was very hard for everyone to have and read it at that time. Based on linguistic

point of view, this novel contains many cultural language expressions, and one of

them is pure idiom, for examples; berbesar hati in Kamus Idiom Bahasa

Indonesia is defined as ‘merasa bangga’ (to feel proud), the words berbesar and

hati have not literal connections with words ‘merasa bangga’ and muka dua in

Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur’ (dishonest), ‘tidak satu

pendirian’ (to have not a standpoint), the words muka dua have not literal

connections with words ‘tidak jujur’ or ‘tidak satu pendirian’. Chitra Fernando in

Idiom and Idiomaticity states that pure idiom is hardly defined by using the

connection of its literal items (1996:1); it means that not everyone who can have

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and read Rumah Kaca can understand the pure idioms inside, even in condition

that they are the natives. The factual information for this novel is that Rumah

Kaca and three other novels in Tetralogy Pulau Buru let Pramoedya to get PEN

Freedom-to-write Award in 1988, and this novel was also already translated into

English in 1992.

The political and linguistic contents of this novel seem to be hardly

delivered by the public, but the achievement of this novel make it important to be

considered for. Therefore, this phenomenon led the writer who concerns about

this linguistic matter into the questions of how the pure idioms in Rumah Kaca

were translated into English in particular translations strategies, and how are the

applied translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative

equivalents.

The concern of this thesis is the equivalents of the applied pure idiom

translation strategies. Many theories which are about idiom and its applications in

translation studies, but the writer only uses some theories that have the

similarities idea and related with the writer’s concern in thesis. They are

Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’s theories of idioms, Chaer’s theory

of suffixes in Indonesian Language, Larson’s theory of translation, Baker’s

theory of idiom translation strategy, and Larson’s theories of figurative senses

and equivalent.

According to Fernando idioms are divided into three sub-classes. In order

to make the analysis more specific, the writer will only focus in the translation of

pure-idioms, an idiom that does not easily show connections between its meaning

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and the literal meanings of individual words which make them up. A working

definition of pure idiom which is adequate for the present is a type of

conventionalized, non-literal multiword expressions (1996:1).

In the process of determining pure idioms in Rumah Kaca, Chaer’s theory

of idioms in Indonesian Language takes the important role in this thesis, because

ST is in Indonesian Language. Therefore, the writer can determine pure idiom in

Indonesian Language and probe their forms and meanings by using Chaer’s

Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia as the only reference in providing the meaning of

all pure idioms in Rumah Kaca.

What strategies he used are the first question which guides the writer to

make the study about the strategies of translating idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST)

into House of Glass (TT). Therefore the writer uses Mona Baker’s idiom

translation strategies to probe the applied strategies for each pure idiom; they are

using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning

but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission.

Some references which are used in this step, they are Chaer’s Kamus Idiom

Bahasa Indonesia and Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia, Mona Baker’s in

Other Words: A coursebook on translation, Linda and Roger Flavell’s dictionary

of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, and Larson’s

Meaning-Based Translation: a Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. The

second question which guides the writer to classify the equivalents of the applied

strategies based on the usages of figurative and nonfigurative senses in the

translations, considered that idioms are categorized as one class of figurative

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senses. In addition, the explanation of the usages of other figurative senses

besides idioms in the translation will be a valuable study in elaborating Baker’s

strategies for idiom translation, especially for pure idiom translations from

Indonesian Language into English.

B. Problem Formulation

In this thesis, there are two important points that will be discussed. First

point is finding out what translation strategies that are applied in TT. Second is

the classification of applied strategies in terms of figurative and nonfigurative

equivalences. Those points are briefly formulated as:

1. What the translation strategies for pure idioms are applied in the

translation Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into House of Glass?

2. How are the translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and

nonfigurative equivalents?

C. Objective of the Study

The aims of this research are to examine the applied strategies for

translations of pure idioms in Rumah Kaca which are translated in House of

Glass, and to classify the applied strategies in terms of figurative and

nonfigurative usages in order to explain the equivalents and elaborate Baker’s

theory of translation strategy for idiom translation.

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D. Definition of Terms

Context

According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, context is the multi-

layered extra-textual environment which exerts a determining influence on the

language used (2004:336).

Equivalent

According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, equivalent is a TT segment or

even full text which functions as an equivalent of the ST segment (2004: 339).

Figurative Expression

Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber in Theory and Practice of Translation state

that figurative (meaning, expression) which is used in place of another meaning

or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of

ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201).

Idioms

According to Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation,

idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally

and which function as a unit semantically. Idiom is one class of figurative

expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific

(1984:115).

Paraphrase

Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation state that paraphrase is

the restatement of a meaning in a different form (1974:204).

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E. Benefit of the Study

The prime concern of this thesis is the equivalents of pure idioms

tanslations in the applied strategies. Therefore the results of data analysis in this

thesis have some benefits which are categorized into two segments; they are

theoretical and practical benefits which are related with the concern of this thesis.

1. Theoretical Benefit

The study of this thesis will be useful reference for the other studies

which are related with pure idiom translation, idiom translation strategies, and the

equivalent of translation. The results and the process of the study also can be

learned and compared with the other related study, especially in terms of the

translation of Indonesian pure idioms into English in Pramoedya’s novels and the

their English version.

2. Practical Benefit

The practical benefit of this study is for the translator/s in translating

Indonesian pure idioms into English by using certain strategies. The possibilities

which are found in this study in translating pure idiom by using other figurative

expressions will be the consideration for the translator/s in elaborating Baker’s

translation by paraphrase strategy.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

The problems of translation are closely connected with the cultural

background, strategies of translation, and some effects of translation in TT (target

text). There are two related studies that are connected with those problems.

The first is Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s Undergraduate Thesis The Effects of

Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words

Related to Tools in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of

Mankind Translated by Max Lane. In his thesis, he analyze how the words

connected with ‘tools’ in ST (source text) in Pram’s Bumi Manusia are translated

into English, what translation strategies applied, and what kind of effects from

applying those translation strategies. He categorizes the effects into: ‘loss of

meaning’, ‘loss and gain of meaning’, ‘wrong translation’ and ‘accurate

translation’.

The second is Yunita Wulansari’s Undergraduate Thesis Translation

Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s

Burung-Burung Manyar into The weaverbirds. In her thesis, she analyze what

Javanese expressions found in ST Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung Manyar and

their cultural problems in translation into TT, and what translation strategies

applied for each expressions.

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The similar ideas of Jamil’s, Yunita’s, and the writer are about translation

and its strategies applied in TT, though each of us uses different strategies of

translation and object of the studies. In this study, the writer is trying to find out

the translation strategies for the other object, it is pure idiom.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Idiom

Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation states that

idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally

and which function as a unit semantically.” Idiom is one class of figurative

expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific

(1984:115).

According to Fernando in her Idioms and Idiomaticity, idioms or

conventionalized multiword expressions are indivisible units whose components

cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. She divides idioms into

three sub-classes. First sub-class is pure idioms, idioms that are invariant and

non-literal. Pure idioms are hardly defined by using the connection of its literal

items. A working definition of pure idiom which is adequate for the present is ‘a

type of conventionalized, non-literal multiword expression’. Spill the beans, for

example, has nothing to do with beans. Second sub-class is semi-literal idioms,

idioms that are invariant, but it is literal. It means that one item in idioms has

literal connection with the meaning of idioms. A semi-literal idiom has one or

more literal constituents and at least one with a non-literal sub-sense, usually

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special to that co occurrence relation and no other. The examples are catch one’s

breath ‘check’, foot the bill ‘pay’, etc. And the third sub-class is literal idioms,

for examples: on foot; tall, dark and handsome; waste not, want not; on the

contrary; a (very) happy birthday; a merry Christmas and a happy New Year, etc.

Literal idioms meet the salient criterion for idioms: invariance or restricted

variation. They are, however, less semantically complex then pure and semi-

idioms (1996:36).

Indonesian Idioms are quite similar to English Idioms. Idiom which is

quoted from Abdul Chaer in his dictionary Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia

(1984:7) is a fixed expression of words, phrases, or sentence which cannot be

defined literally.

Idiom adalah satuan bahasa (entah berupa kata, frasa, maupun kalimat) yang maknanya tidak dapat “ditarik” dari kaidah umum gramatikal yang berlaku dalam bahasa tersebut, atau tidak dapat diramalkan dari makna leksikal unsur-unsur yang membentuknya (Chaer, 1984:7). (Idiom is the unity of language (words, phrases, and sentence) which meaning cannot be taken from general grammatical rule which is applied in the language, or defined from the lexical items which construct the unity, translated.) Idioms in Indonesian Language are categorized into two types only, pure

and semi idioms. Pure idioms are idioms which all items have lost its lexical

meaning. For examples; duduk perut means ‘hamil’ pregnant, membanting tulang

means ‘bekerja keras’ to work hard, and tamu tak diundang means ‘pencuri’ a

thief. Semi idioms are idioms which have not lost all their lexical items. For

example; daftar hitam means ‘daftar yamg memuat nama-nama orang yang

dicurigai atau pernah berbuat jahat’ blacklist. In Kamus Idiom Bahasa

Indonesia, Chaer also explains that the using of suffixes are allowed, the suffix

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will be placed below its base stem. For example; ber-, me-, pe- for idiom sakit

hati, they will be bersakit hati, menyakitkan hati, and penyakit hati (1984:11)

2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language

Abdul Chaer in his book Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia

(1998:92, 210-279) explains the suffixes in Indonesian Language, some of them

are affix/s ber-, me-, di- -kan, pe- -an, –nya and -mu. Affix ber- has the function

to form intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to have, to use, to ride, etc. For

examples; ber-ayah means to have ‘ayah’ father, ber-sepatu means to use

‘sepatu’ shoes, and ber-sepeda means to ride ‘sepeda’ bike cycle. Affix me- has

the function to form active intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to do, to work

with tool/s, to create something, etc. For examples; mem-baca means to do ‘baca’

read, meng-gergaji means to work with ‘gergaji’ a saw, and meng-gambar means

to create ‘gambar’ picture. Affixes di- -kan has the function to form passive verb

as the reverse of active verb in suffixes me- -kan. For example; di-gunak-an

means to be used as the reverse of meng-guna-kan which means to use. Affixes

per- -an has the function to form noun from verb, noun, or certain adjective, and

has the meaning: thing/s or event/s. For examples: pem-bina-an means the event

of ‘bina’ to build. Affixes -nya and –mu is the affixes which give the possessive

meaning of noun. For example: mobil-nya means his/her ‘mobil’ car, mobil-mu

means your ‘mobil’ car.

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3. Theory of Translation

Larson in Meaning –Based Translation states that basically translation is

a change of form. The forms refer to the actual words, phrases, clauses,

sentences, paragraphs, etc; which are spoken or written. In translation the form of

source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language

(1984:3). According to her, translation is the matter of transferring the meaning.

Therefore the meaning which is being transferred must be held constant, and only

the form which changes (1984:3).

According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,

translation is the reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second

in terms of style (1974:208).

Idiomatic translation takes the important role in translating figurative

expression, according to Larson, idiomatic translations are meaning-based

translations which make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source

language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Idiomatic translations

use the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical

constructions and the choice of lexical items (1984:15-16).

4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations

The translator’s strategies in translating the idioms need the theory of

translation strategies for idioms. Baker states that the more difficult an expression

is to understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a

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translator will recognize it as an idiom. It is because they do not make sense if

they are interpreted literally. According to Baker, there are some strategies that

may help in translating idioms after the meaning of the idioms in the SL are

discovered, they are using an idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of

similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and translation by

omission (1992: 72-78).

a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form

This strategy involves using an idiom in target language which conveys

roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom, in addition,

consists of equivalent lexical items (1992:72).

b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target

language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression,

but which consists of different lexical items (1992:74). Translator uses an idiom

in the TL which has the similar meaning as the SL idiom although the form is not

similar.

c. Translation by paraphrase

According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,

paraphrase is the restatement of a meaning in a different form (1974:204).

Paraphrase is the process to restate the meaning by changing the form or using

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the other form. Translation by paraphrase strategy is used when the translator

cannot find any idiomatic form in the TL. Therefore the translator may

paraphrase the idiom in SL.

This is by far the most common way of translating idioms when a match cannot be found in target language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target languages. You may or may not find the paraphrase accurate;… (1992:75)

d. Translation by omission

This strategy is used when there is no close match in the target text or

cannot be easily paraphrased. The translator may omit the idiom in the

translations.

5. Theory of Figurative Expressions

According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,

figurative expression is an expression which is used in place of another meaning

or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of

ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201). Larson in

Meaning-based Translation explains what figurative senses are. He quotes from

Beekman and Callow’s Skewing of the Lexical and Grammatical Hierarchies

which states that figurative senses are words which are based on associative

relations with the primary sense, the sense which will come to the minds of most

speakers of the language when the word is cited in isolation (1984:111). Some

types of figure of speech are metonymy, synecdoche, idioms, euphemism,

hyperbole, and symbol. Metonymy is the use of words in a figurative sense

  14

involving association. For example, ”The kettle is boiling.”, however a kettle

cannot boil. That sentence means the water is boiling, kettle is used to associate

water which is usually boiled in a kettle. Synecdoche is figurative sense which

based on part-whole relationships. For example, “give us this day our daily

bread.”, bread associates food, because bread is a part of food (1984:113).

Nyoman K.R. in Stilistika: Kajian Puitika Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya states that

synecdoche is divided into two types; Pars Prototo or part for whole relationships

and Totem Proparte or whole for part relationship (2009:446). Idiom is one class

of figurative expressions which occurs in all language, but which is very

language specific. For example, “He has a hard heart.” has the meaning; he is

indifferent to the needs of others. Euphemism is a figurative expression which is

used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one

that is unpleasant. For example, The Jews avoided mention of the name of God

by using the word heaven. Hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more

said than the writer intended the reader to understand. For example, I’m frozen to

death, this hyperbole has the meaning; very cold (1984:117). According to

Michelson’s explanation which is quoted from Mahmoud Ordudari‘s journal

How to Face Challenging Symbols: Translating Symbol from Persian to English,

considers a symbol is something which associates something else.

Michelson considers a figure of speech "an image transferred by something that stands for or represents something else, like flag for country, or autumn for maturity." Symbols can represent ideas embodied in the image without stating them. Symbols can be subject to a diversity of connotations; therefore, both the poet and the reader must exercise sensible discretion to avoid misinterpretation (Mahmoud Ordudari, 2008).

  15

6. Theory of Equivalent

According to Basil H. and J. Munday in Translation: An advanced

resource book, equivalent is a TT segment or even full text which functions as an

equivalent of the ST segment, the function in context means the use of language

for a particular purpose (2004:339).

Larson in his book Meaning-Based Translation states that secondary and

figurative senses will almost never be translated with the equivalent lexical item

of the source languge. In finding an adequate lexical equivalent, the translator

must build into the context sufficient collocates to indicate the desired meaning.

Translators who want to make a good idiomatic translation often find figures of speech especially challenging. ... Figures of speech are often based on stories or historical incidents (Larson, 1984:21). The desired meaning of figurative senses are possible to be translated, it is

based on the usages in figurative or nonfigurative ways. In order to translate the

desired meaning of ST, Larson categorizes the translations into figurative

equivalent and nonfigurative equivalent (1984).

Figurative senses and figures of speech will almost always need adjustment in translation. Sometime a nonfigurative equivalent will be needed in the receptor language; sometimes a different figure of speech with the same meaning may be found. All figurative usage should not be eliminated from the translation. Sometimes it will be possible to translate a nonfigurative word of the source language with a figurative equivalent (Larson, 1984:159).

a. Figurative Equivalent

Figurative equivalents are figurative term/s which is/are used as the

translations in order to find the indicated meaning of ST. The translation will be

  16

defined as figurative equivalent if the translator uses figurative expressions to

indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense in ST.

b. Nonfigurative Equivalent

The translation will be defined as nonfigurative equivalent if the translator

uses nonfigurative expressions to indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense

in ST. It means that the usages translations are not categorized as figurative

expressions.

C. Theoretical Framework

Considering the problems formulations that probe translations in and

translation strategies of pure idioms from ST Paramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into

target text House of Glass translated by Max Lane, some related studies and

theories are needed to compare some ideas in the studies with writer’s idea about

pure idioms in order to find some information and comparisons of theories and

elements that are important for the writer’s ideas development in his study and

also to help the writer in arranging the data with its formulized definitions and

explanations.

The studies, Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s The Effects of Using Translation

Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words Related to Tools

in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of Mankind

Translated by Max Lane and Yunita Wulansari’s Translation Strategies in

Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung

  17

Manyar into The weaverbirds are about translation and its applied strategies.

From their studies, the writer wants to show their general context of study that is

same with the writer’s, it is translation. But the ideas and objects of the studies

make us quite different.

The writer develops his study of pure idioms by elaborate the applied data

with some theories; they are Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’s

theories and examples about idioms and some types of idiom, Chaer’s theory

about suffixes in Indonesian Language, Baker’s theory of Idiom Translation

Strategy, Larson’s theories of translation, idiomatic translation, figurative senses

and equivalents. From Larson, Fernando and Chaer’s theories and examples of

idioms, the writer applies the theory to categorize pure idioms in ST and the

translations of all pure idioms. From Larson’s theory of translation, the writer

applies the theory to probe the translation of pure idioms with their context

connected phrases and sentences. Chaer’s theory of affixes in Indonesian

Language is applied to define the meanings of pure idioms which are added by

suffixes in ST. Baker’s theory of idiom translation strategy is applied to find out

the translation strategies for each translation of pure idioms. Finally Based on

Larson’s theories of equivalents and figurative senses, the writer applies these

theories to probe figurative and nonfigurative equivalents of the applied Baker’s

applied strategies.

  18

D. Research Framework

Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca (Indonesia 

version) 

Pramoedya’s House of Glass translated by Max Lane (English version) 

pure idoms 

 

translations of pure idioms (English) 

Baker’s translation strategies of idioms: 

‐ Idiom ∞ idiom (similar form) ‐ Idiom ∞ idiom (different form) ‐ Idiom ∞ paraphrase ‐ Idiom ∞ omission  

Beckman and

Callow, , Fernando,

and Chaer’s theories  of idioms and sub‐classes of idioms 

Larson’s theory of transla‐tion 

Applied translations strategies for translation of pure idioms in  Rumah Kaca (Indonesia – English) 

Conclusion: the equivalents classification of the applied strategies shows their equivalents in each strategy, the possibilities of other figurative senses usages besides idioms, and the equivalents itself. 

larrson’s theory of 

equiva‐lents (in 

translation) 

The Equivalents classifications of the applied Strategies in terms of Figurative and Nonfigurative usages.  

 

19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The thesis is about how equivalent pure idioms translations from

Indonesian ST to their translation in English as TT, therefore, there are some data

that are collected. First data is Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca which was

published by Hasta Mitra in Yogyakarta, 1988. Rumah Kaca is the fourth of Buru

Quartet that told about Hindia life under the colonialization in 19-20th century.

This novel contents some pure idioms as one element of cultural language

expressions in Indonesian Language. The second is Pramoedya’s English version

House of Glass which is translated by Max Lane. The third is the pure idioms in

Rumah Kaca, the reason of only choosing the pure idioms is because the pure

idioms are the most complex idioms, and also the writer wants to make the data

much more specific. Pure idioms are the idioms that are hardly defined by using

the connection of its lexical items which construct its unity. Therefore the studies

of pure idiom concern with non-literal multiword expression, and also the phrases

and sentences which are connected with the contexts of those pure idioms in

order to hold each of them in one understanding context. Finally, the fourth is the

translations of those pure idioms with the context connected phrases and

sentences.

  20

B. Research Procedure

1. Objective Data

The most prevailing data are taken from the library. Therefore the study

can be categorized as a library research. The data are 25 translations of 19 pure

idioms of the novels Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca and the translations in English

version House of Glass. All pure idioms are formalized; it means the pure idioms

are categorized based on the dictionaries like dictionaries of idioms and other

published English dictionaries.

2. Method of the Study

The comparison method is used in the study, because the main data are

the pure idioms in ST and their translations. The writer needs to compare both

data, especially for categorizing the applied strategies and finding the equivalents

between them.

3. Data Collection

In order to collect the pure idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST), understanding

about what the pure idiom is very important in determining what the pure idioms

in ST are. The writer also needs to collect the phrases and sentences that are

contextually connected with the pure idioms in ST. Then, after determining and

collecting the pure idioms from ST, the writer needs to find out their translation

in House of Glass (TT) by using theory of translation.

The data of translations in TT is not only the translation of each pure

idiom, but also the translation of mentioned phrases and sentences in ST. So there

  21

are two main data that be processed in the application of theories used by the

writer; first, the pure idioms with context connected phrases and sentences in ST,

and second are their translations in TT.

4. Data Analysis

There are some processes in explaining the technique of analysis for this

study. First step is determining pure idioms from ST, the writer uses Beckman

and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’ theories of idiom. The writer uses their

interpretations about idioms in order to find the categories of idioms, so that they

can be able to be differentiated by the other types of words in ST, and then the

writer probe those pure idioms by using Chaer’s Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia.

Second step is to find out the English translation for those pure idioms

and their context connected phrases and sentences by using Kamus Besar Bahasa

Indonesia, dictionary of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, and Larson’s theory of translation. The writer uses those theories and

dictionaries to probe the translations for the pure idioms and their context

connected phrases and sentences, so they will be scientific to be analyzed and

explained.

Third step is organizing all of them (the pure idioms with their context

connected phrases and sentences in ST and their translation in TT) in the table

which is placed in appendices pages to make them easier to be explained

systematically. Fourth step is finding out the strategies for those pure idioms

translations by using Baker’s theory of translation strategies for idioms.

According to Baker, there are four strategies in translating the idioms; using a

  22

idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar

form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission.

In fifth step, based on the usages of figurative and nonfigurative

expressions in translating pure idiom, the writer classifies the applied strategies in

terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents, therefore the writer can find the

equivalents of the applied strategies. In this step of analysis, Larson’s theories of

figurative and nonfigurative equivalents are used. Especially for nonfigurative

equivalents analysis, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary is frequently to be

the reference in determining the meaning of lexical items in pure idiom

translation. Chaer’s theory of affixes in Indonesian Language is also used in

analyzing the meaning of pure idioms which are added by some affixes.

 

23

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. Strategies of Pure Idiom Translations

Based on the definitions of idioms provided previously, 25 translations of

19 pure idioms have been found in ST (Rumah Kaca novel). Thus the pure

idioms were translated using different strategies in House of Glass by the

translator; Baker’s strategies of idiom translation are used in this analysis.

The analysis of the pure idioms translations of Rumah Kaca translated

into House of Glass employed Baker’s four basic translation strategies in

translating idioms: using an idiom of similar meaning and form, and using an

idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and

translation by omission.

The applied strategies will be explained based on the relations between 19

pure idioms in ST and their translations, to see whether the translations are

categorized as idiom, paraphrase; or omitted in TT. Some sentences and phrases

in appendix 1 will be included in the explanation in order to make the

adjustments used by translation easier to be understood. The translations can be

seen in the following applied strategies.

  24

1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form

The translation of an idiom is very similar in its form and meaning to the source

language idiom, it means, the translations roughly have the same meaning and

equivalent lexical items.

a. bermuka dua translated into being two-faced

ST: Rupanya aku kurang pandai bersandiwara, bermuka dua.

TT: It seemed I was not very clever at putting on an act at being two-faced.

Their meanings are quite similar each other. The idiom bermuka dua in

Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur‘ (dishonest), ‘tidak satu

pendirian‘ (have not a standpoint), and the pure idiom being two faced in

dictionary of idioms and their origins is defined as hypocritical, saying one thing

and meaning another. Their forms are also similar as pure idioms, because idiom

muka dua in Indonesian is from same origin of an English idiom, two-faced. Two

faces under one hood was the original expression of duplicity (2005: 194).

b. menara gading translated into an ivory tower

ST: Dia melihat dunia ini dari suatu tingkat di dalam menara gading.

TT: He would be viewing the world from one floor or another of an ivory tower.

The idiom menara gading in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as

‘tempat (yang ada dalam pikiran atau anggapan) yang jauh dari dunia nyata.’ (a

place (in mind or assumption) which is far away from realities). an ivory tower is

an idiom which has similar meaning with menara gading, because in dictionary

  25

of idioms and their origins, it is defined as a sheltered existence away from the

problems and realities of life. An ivory tower also has same form with menara

gading in ST, since they are from same origin of a French idiom, tour d’ivoire

which means ivory tower in English or menara gading in Indonesian.

2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

An idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy is translation of

idiom by using an idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form in the target

language. In this case the lexical items of an idiom are not preserved.

a. membanting tulang translated into working their guts out

ST: Semua pun tahu, anak-anak di Holland membanting tulang dalam kuliah mereka, …

TT: Everyone knew that the children in Holland were working their guts out in their studies; …

The idioms membanting tulang and working their guts out are quite

similar in meaning, because banting tulang in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is

defined as ‘bekerja keras‘ (to work hard), and idiom work their guts out in

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as to work very hard to achieve

something. But they are dissimilar in form; membanting tulang is a pure idiom,

while working their guts out is a semi idiom.

b. gulung tikar translated into close up shop

1. ST: …seakan-akan Hindia Belanda akan gulung tikar tanpa seorang Pangemanann.

TT: …as if the Indies itself would have to close up shop if there were no

Pangemanann.

  26

2. ST: …dia, kalau tidak gulung tikar, akan tetap menjadi organisasi sosial,…

TT: No, if in fact it doesn’t just close up shop, it will never be anything more than just a social organization,…

There are two translations for gulung tikar, both translations of them are

close up shop (see appendix 1, no. 8 and 9). Both of them are used to explain the

bankrupt condition of both organization, Indies and Sarekat Islam. The idiom

close up shop in Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms is defined as to stop

doing bissines. The translator only uses the adjustment in form which

corresponds to the similar meaning of gulung tikar which is in Kamus Idiom

Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘bangkrut‘ (bankrupt) or ‘terhenti usaha dagang

karena kehabisan modal’ (the business was stopped because of loss of capital or

money).

3. Translation by paraphrase

This strategy is usually used in translating idioms when a match cannot be

found in the target language. In this kind of strategy, the translator transfers the

meaning of an idiom using a single word or a group of words in order to

correspond to the meaning of idiom but is not an idiom itself.

a. anak buah translated into men

1. ST: Bawa anak buahmu sesedikit mungkin.

TT: Bring only the minimum number of men.

2. ST: Jangan berlagak punya anak buah yang dapat diandalkan.

TT: And don’t pretend you haven’t got enough reliable men.

  27

There are two translations for anak buah, both idioms anak buahmu and

anak buah are translated into men. Their translations men are not classified as

idiom, they are the adjustments used by the translator to correspond to the

meaning of idiom anak buah which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is

defined as ‘pembantu dalam suatu pekerjaan‘ (an assistance/s in a particular

work).

b. angkat kaki translated into pulled up camp and left

ST: Mereka angkat kaki dari bumi Papua, untuk kemudian digantikan oleh Belanda,…

TT: The English pulled up camp and left Papua, to be replaced by the Dutch,…

The idiom angkat kaki in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as

‘pergi‘ (to go) or ‘lari‘ (to run). The translator use the adjustment in translating

angkat kaki by using pulled up camp and left in order to correspond to the

meaning of idiom angkat kaki, because the match for idiom angkat kaki cannot

be found in TT.

c. membanting tulang translated into working with all their might

ST: Ia didakwa membanting-tulang untuk mencapai kebalikan daripada cita-citanya sendiri.

TT: They have been accused of working with all their might only to achieve the opposite of their own ideals.

The translator’s adjustment for idiom membanting tulang is working with

all their might, to explain how Dutch government was accused that they had

  28

worked hard to achieve the reverse of their own ideals. The words working with

all their might in the translation above are not an idiom, but paraphrase of using a

group of words that roughly correspond to the meaning of idiom membanting

tulang.

d. berbesar hati translated into feel so proud

ST: Bagaimana orang yang sudah menjelang setengah abad begini bisa berbesar hati karena pujian,…

TT: How was it possible that someone who was almost half a century old could feel so proud just because of praise like that,…

The match or idiomatic language in TT cannot be found for idiom besar hati

which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘merasa bangga

(gembira, girang)‘ (to feel proud (glad, joyful)), therefore, the word feel so proud

is used by the translator to express the meaning of this idiom.

e. lemah lembut translated into a gentle and refined person

ST: Dan nampaknya dia memang lemah lembut.

TT: And it seemed that she was indeed a gentle and refined person.

The idiom lemah lembut in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as

‘sopan santun‘ (politeness), ‘baik budi‘ (well behaved). Thus there is no

idiomatic English to match idiom lemah lembut, a gentle and refined person is

used by translator to express the meaning of idiom lemah lembut.

  29

f. bermain mata and permainan matanya translated into talking and their

support

1. ST: …segala kemungkinan seyogianya dicegah agar Inggris menghentikan bermain mata dengan Aceh untuk kemudian mencaploknya.

TT: …everything should be done to prevent the English from talking with the Acehnese with the ultimate aim of taking over Aceh.

2. ST: …kejadian di Filipina bisa memberanikan Inggris melanjutkan permainan matanya.

TT: …the rebellion in the Philippines might embolden the British to resume their support for Aceh.

There are two translations for anak buah, they are bermain mata

translated into talking and permainan matanya translated into their support. The

pure idiom main mata itself in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as

‘bersekongkol (dengan memberi uang sogok, dsb)‘ (to plot or conspire (by giving

bribe, etc)). First translation of main mata, the translator uses a single word

talking to express the meaning of bermain mata, and in other translation, the

words their support are used to express the meaning of permainan matanya. Both

translations are categorized as paraphrases which are used to explain the

conspiracy between English and Aceh.

g. membuang muka translated into turned the other way

ST: Aku membuang muka dan berjalan ke luar Molukken.

TT: I turned the other way and walked outside.

  30

The idiom membuang muka in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined

as ‘berpaling‘(to turn) or ‘tidak mau melihat (karena benci)‘ (do not want to see

(because of hate)). turned the other way is used by the translator to express how

Pangemannan’s act in corresponding to the meaning of membuang muka. The

words turned the other way in the translation above are not an idiom, but

paraphrase of using a group of words.

h. memutar otak translated into put my brain to work

ST: Aku memutar otak. Betapa sulitnya mencari nama.

TT: I put my brain to work. How difficult it was to find a name.

The translation put my brain to work is used by the translator to express

how hard and seriously Pangemannan (one of characters in ST) thought about

something. The words put my brain to work in the translation above are not an

idiom, but paraphrase of using a group of words that roughly corresponds to the

meaning of memutar otak which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined

as ‘berpikir dengan susah payah dan bersungguh-sungguh‘ (to think hard and

seriously).

i. minta diri translated into excused myself

ST: Hanya akan membikin aku kebingungan dan membungkuk-bungkuk aku minta diri.

TT: It would only throw me into more confusion, so I stood and, bowing, excused myself.

  31

The match or idiomatic language in TT cannot be found for idiom minta

diri which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘mengharap supaya

diijinkan pergi (pulang, dsb)‘ (to hope the permission to go (to go home, etc)),

therefore, the adjustment excused myself is used by the translator to express the

meaning of idiom minta diri.

j. naik pitam translated into furious

ST: Pakai sepatu sekotor itu ke dalam rumah akan bikin istriku naik pitam.

TT: My wife would be furious if I wore such dirty shoes into the house.

The single word furious in the translation above is not classified as an

idiom, but a single word in order to correspond to the meaning of naik pitam. The

idiom naik pitam in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘marah sekali‘

(very angry). furious is used by the translator to express how angry

Pangemannan’s wife would be.

k. patah arang translated into severed all links

ST: Goenawan telah patah-arang dengan Syarikat,…

TT: Goenawan had severed all links with the Sarekat…

The translation severed all links is used by the translator to paraphrase how

broken Goenawan’s relationship with the Sarekat was, because the idiom patah

arang in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘sudah putus sama sekali

(tidak dapat didamaikan lagi)‘ (completely broken (it cannot be reconciled

anymore)).

  32

l. rendah hati translated into humble

ST: Sepku mendengarkan dengan tertib seperti seorang mahasiswa yang rendah hati, seakan dia bukan sepku,…

TT: My boss listened to this very attentively as if he were a humble university student, as if he weren’t my boss,…

The idiom rendah hati in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as

‘tidak sombong‘ (not arrogant), ‘tidak menonjolkan kehebatan diri‘ (do not to

show self quality). The single word humble in the translation above is not

classified as an idiom, it is used by the translator to express how Pangemannan’s

boss acted in corresponding to the meaning of rendah hati.

m. tanah air translated into the environment and your country

1. ST: Anak-anak, aku sering membawa kalian ke alam terbuka dengan hanya satu tujuan agar kalian mengenal tanah-air kalian sendiri,…

TT: Children, I often took you out into the open classes. Why? For no

other reason than that you should get to know the environment around you,

2. ST: Kalau itu benar, tentu dia lupa, bahwa meninggalkan tanah-air dan mengadu nasib di negeri orang adalah satu ijazah kemampuan dan keberanian bertualang.

TT: If that was the case, then he had also forgotten that to leave behind your country and seek your fate in another country was the equivalent of receiving a diploma confirming your courage and ability to set out on a real adventure.

3. ST: Dan kau Wardi, kau baru meninggalkan orang tua dan kampung halaman, belum lagi tanah-air.

TT: And you, Wardi, you have left only your parents and your village, not your country.

  33

There are three translations for tanah air, they are tanah air translated

into the environment, and two translations of tanah air that are translated into

your country. First translation of tanah air, the translator uses the environment to

correspond to the meaning of tanah air, and in other translations, the words your

country are used to correspond the meaning of tanah air. Three translations

above are paraphrases that are used by the translator to correspond the meaning

of tanah air which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘negeri

tempat kelahiran‘ (a country where a person was born or a homeland).

n. dititik beratkan translated into the main concern

ST: Pengawasan terhadap organisasi-organisasi Pribumi terutama dititik-beratkan untuk menghindarkannya dari kontak dengan orang-orang Jerman dan Turki.

TT: The main concern was to ensure that Native organizations had no contact with Germans and Turks.

The match or idiomatic language in TT cannot be found for idiom titik

berat which is in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘hal yang sangat

dipentingkan atau diutamakan‘ (something which is very important and primary),

therefore, in order to correspond to the meaning of idiom titik berat the translator

makes an adjustment in translating this idiom into the main concern in TT.

o. bertulang punggung translated into to fall back on

ST: Kami tidak bertulang punggung tanah, sawah ataupun ladang.

TT: We have no land, paddy fields or garden, to fall back on.

  34

Idiom tulang punggung in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as

‘yang menjadi poko kekuatan‘ (the main strength), bertulang punggung is verb

form of tulang punggung which can means to have main strength. The translator

makes an adjustment for idiom bertulang punggung by using phrasal verb to fall

back on which is in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as to have

something to use when you are in difficulty.

p. mengundurkan diri translated into retire

ST: Kalau kelak akhirnya aku kalah, aku hanya akan mengundurkan diri dari kursiku. Pensiunku telah terjamin.

TT: If in the end I am defeated, all that will happen to me is that I will retire from my office. There will be a pension waiting for me.

The single word retire in the translation above is not classified as an

idiom, but a single word which is used by translator in order to correspond to the

meaning of menundurkan diri. The idiom menundurkan diri in Kamus Idiom

Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘berhenti dari suatu jabatan (tugas) atas

kemauan sendiri‘ (to stop doing your job (duty) because of self will). retire is

used by the translator to express contextually what Pangemannan would do in

order to deal with the situation he faced.

Some Baker’s strategies are used by the translator to translate 25

translations of 19 pure idioms in Rumah Kaca. The strategies which are applied

for pure idioms translations in Pram’s Rumah Kaca translated into House of

Glass are idiom to idiom translation which comprises using an idiom of similar

meaning and form, and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

  35

and translation by paraphrase, while omission strategy is not found in the

translations.

There are two translations categorized in using an idiom of similar

meaning and form strategy, three translations categorized in using an idiom of

similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy, and 19 translations categorized in

translation by paraphrase strategy. The most prevailing strategy in translations

by Max Lane is translation by paraphrase. This strategy comprises even 19 of 25

pure idioms translations. This data confirms the fact that Indonesia language and

English are quite different, it is not only in language, but also in the constructed

components inside. The majorities of pure idioms in ST (Source Text) have not

match in TT (Target Text). The table 1 below will shows the percentage of the

applied strategies for pure idioms translation in House of Glass.

Table 1. The percentages of applied strategies used for translation of pure idioms in House of Glass (1992)

No. Strategies the translations in TT

Percentage (the translations in TT: total x 100)

1. using an idiom of similar meaning and form

2 8%

2. using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

3 12%

3. translation by paraphrase 20 80%

4. translation by omission 0 0

Total 25 100%

  36

Table 1 shows the translations percentages of the applied strategies. The

translations of the strategy of using an idiom of similar meaning and form is 8%,

using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form is 12%, and translation by

paraphrase is 80% from total 25 pure idiom translations in House of Glass.

B. The Classification of Translation Strategies in terms of Figurative and

Nonfigurative Equivalents

In analyzing the equivalents of pure idiom translation strategies,

Larsson’s equivalents in figurative sense translation is used to clarify that the

analyzed equivalents focus attention on the desired meaning which is conveyed in

the translation. The translations fulfill the requirements of equivalents as long as

they can convey the desired meaning of figurative expressions in source

language.

Depending on the usage of the adequate lexical equivalents for figurative

sense translations, Larson divides the translations into two segments; they are

figurative equivalent and nonfigurative equivalent. Since the translations have

been classified in some strategies, the writer will probe the equivalents of the

translations in their applied strategies. The classifications can be seen in the

following figurative and nonfigurative equivalents.

  37

1. Figurative Equivalents

Figurative equivalents are figurative term/s which is/are used as the

translations in order to find the indicated meaning of ST. The translations are

classified as figurative as long as the figurative way is used in translating ST. The

figurative equivalents can be seen in the translations of the following figurative

usages in the translations.

a. Idiom

Idiom is one class of figurative expressions which of at least two words

which cannot be understood literally and which function as a unit semantically

(1984: 115). The usages of idioms as the figurative equivalents can be seen in the

following applied strategies and the translations inside.

1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form

a. bermuka dua translated into being two-faced

An idiom being two-faced in TT conveys intended meaning of an idiom

bermuka dua in ST which means to have not a standpoint, because the meaning

of idiom being two-faced is hypocritical or saying one thing and meaning another

that is used for reflecting someone who has not a standpoint.

b. menara gading translated into an ivory tower

An idiom an ivory tower in TT conveys the desired meaning of idiom

menara gading in ST which means a place (in mind or assumption) which is far

  38

away from realities, because the meaning of idiom an ivory tower is a sheltered

existence away from the problems and realities of life.

2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

a. membanting tulang translated into working their guts out

An idiom working their guts out in TT conveys the desired meaning of an

idiom membanting tulang in ST which means work hard, because the meaning of

idiom working their guts out is to work very hard to achieve something.

b. gulung tikar translated into close up shop

Both idioms gulung tikar in ST are translated into idiom close up shop.

The idiom close up shop which is defined as to stop doing business has a quite

similar meaning with idiom gulung tikar which is defined as bankrupt or the

business is stoped because of loss of capital or money.

b. Symbol

Symbol is something which stands for something else more abstract.

Symbol is a type of figure of speech, because it associates ST into something

else. The usage of symbol as a figurative equivalent can be seen in the following

applied strategies and the translations inside.

  39

1. Translation by paraphrase

a. angkat kaki translated into pulled up camp and left

The terms pulled up camp and left are used by the translator as the

translation of idiom angkat kaki which is defined as to go, to run. Although the

term left has represented ‘go’ as the desired meaning of idiom angkat kaki in ST,

the additional information of terms are found in its translation, they are pulled up

camp. Based on the context of the sentence “The English pulled up camp and left

Papua, to be replaced by the Dutch, who established their headquarters at

Manokwari.”, a word camp which in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is

defined as a place where people live temporally in tents or huts can be

categorized as a symbol of English temporary establishment in Papua, and the

words pull up in pull up camp and left is used to relate camp with certain action

which associates English action in removing their temporary establishment and

leaving from Papua. (see appendix 1, no. 2).

c. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is one of figurative senses; this figurative sense is based on

the part-whole relationship. The usage of synecdoche as a figurative equivalent

can be seen in the following applied strategies and the translations inside.

1. Translation by paraphrase

a. main mata translated into talking

A term talking which in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined

as to speak in order to give information or to express feeling is categorized as

  40

synecdoche based on the part-whole relationship with the meaning of a pure

idiom main mata that is defined as to plot or to conspire, because talking is a part

of the whole activity in conspiring (see appendix 1, no. 11). Talking is being used

figuratively in TT ”…, everything should be done to prevent the English from

talking with the Acehnese with the ultimate aim of taking over Aceh.” which

means ”…, everything should be done to prevent the English from conspiring

with the Acehnese with the ultimate aim of taking over Aceh.”

2. Nonfigurative Equivalents

Nonfigurative equivalents are nonfigurative term/s which is/are used as

the translations in order to find the indicated meaning of ST. The translations are

classified as nonfigurative terms as long as there is no figurative usage in

translating ST. The nonfigurative equivalents can be seen in the translations of

the following applied strategies and the translations inside.

1. Translation by paraphrase

a. anak buah translated into men

There are two idioms of anak buah which are used in Rumah Kaca, both

applied translations of them are men. Anak buah is defined as assistance/s in a

particular work. The indicated meanings of both idioms anak buah are the

assistants, persons who work for or support somebody which is a person of

higher rank. In first translation of idiom anak buah, men is considered as the

translation that has the desired meaning of idiom anak buah, because men in

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as a soldier or a male worker

  41

who obeys the instructions of a person of higher rank. The same matter also

happens in the second translation of idiom anak buah. The translation men has

the indicated meaning of idiom anak buah in ST (see appendix 1 and 2).

b. ber-besar hati translated into feel so proud

An idiom besar hati is defined as to feel proud (glad, joyful). feel so

proud is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom besar

hati, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, a word so in feel

so proud is defined as to such a great degree, so feel so proud means to feel such

a great degree of pride which expresses glad or joyful pride (see appendix 1, no.

7).

c. lemah lembut translated into a gentle and refined person

An idiom lemah lembut is defined as politeness, well behaved. a gentle

and refined person is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of

idiom lemah lembut, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

gentle is defined as calm and kind; doing things in quiet and careful way, and

refined is defined as polite. The meaning of well behaved is represented by

gentle, and the meaning of politeness is represented by refined, so a gentle and

refined person means a polite and well behaved person.

d. permainan matanya translated into their support

An idiom permainan matanya is noun form of idiom main mata which is

defined as to plot or conspire (by giving bribe, etc). their support is considered as

  42

the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom permainan matanya which

addresses to English in ST context, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, support is defined as encouragement and help that you give to

somebody/something because you approve of them and want them to be

successful. their support means English action in giving the weapons and advices

in order to help Aceh, this action represents the conspiracy between English and

Aceh (see appendix 1, no. 12).

e. membuang muka translated into turned the other way

An idiom membuang muka in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined

as to turn or do not want to see (because of hate). turned the other way is

considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom membuang

muka, based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, turn is defined as facing

a different direction (see appendix 1, no. 13).

f. memutar otak translated into put my brain to work

An idiom memutar otak is defined as to think hard and seriously. put my

brain to work is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of

idiom memutar otak, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

put is defined as to bring somebody/something into the state or condition

mentioned, brain is defined as the ability to learn quickly and think about things

in logical and intelligent way, and work is defined as to make effort to achieve

something; so put my brain to work means to bring my ability to think in order to

make effort to achieve something (see appendix 1, no. 14).

  43

g. minta diri translated into excused myself

An idiom minta diri is defined as to hope the permission to go (to go

home, etc). excused myself is considered as the translation that has the desired

meaning of idiom minta diri, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, a word excused in excused myself is defined as to say in polite way

that you are leaving, so excused myself means to say in polite way that I am

leaving in TT (see appendix 1, no. 16).

h. naik pitam translated into furious

An idom naik pitam is defined as very angry. Furious is considered as the

translation that has the desired meaning of idiom naik pitam, because based on

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, furious is defined as very angry.

i. patah arang translated into severd all links

An idiom patah arang is defined as completely broken (it cannot be

reconciled anymore). Severed all links is considered as the translation that has the

desired meaning of idiom patah arang, because based on Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary, sever is defined as to completely end a relationship or all

communication with somebody, all is defined as the whole amount, and links is

defined as a relationship between two or more people, countries or organizations;

so severed all links means to completely end all relationship or communication

(see appendix 1, no. 18).

  44

j. rendah hati translated into humble

An idom rendah hati is defined as not arrogant, do not to show self

quality. Humble is considered as the translation that has the indicated meaning of

idiom rendah hati, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

humble is defined as showing you do not think that you are as important as other

people (see appendix 1, no. 19).

k. tanah air translated into your country

There are two idioms of tanah air which are translated into your country.

Tanah air is defined as country where a person was born or homeland. In first

and second translation of idiom tanah air, your country is considered as

nonfigurative equivalents, because the desired meaning of both idioms tanah air

is the country. (see appendix 1, no. 21 and 22).

l. dititik-beratkan translated into the main concern

An idiom dititik-beratkan is verb form of idiom titik berat which is

defined as something which is very important and primary. Although translation

adjustment happens from verb in ST into noun in TT, the main concern is still

considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of idiom dititik-

beratkan, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, concern is

defined as something that is important to a person, an organization, etc, so the

main concern means the main important thing to an organization (see appendix 1,

no. 23).

  45

m. bertulang punggung translated into to fall back on

An idiom bertulang punggung is verb form of idiom tulang punggung

which is defined as the main strength; affix ber- in bertulang punggung means to

have the main strength. Based on ST context, the main strength is land, paddy

field or garden. to fall back on is considered as the translation that has the desired

meaning of idiom bertulang belakang, because based on Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary, to fall back on is defined as to have something to use when

you are in difficulty, and based on TT context the word something above refers to

land, paddy fields or garden as the main strength in ST (see appendix 1, no. 24).

n. mengundurkan diri translated into retire

An idiom undur diri is defined as to stop doing your job (duty) because of

self will. Retire is considered as the translation that has the desired meaning of

idiom undur diri, because based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

retire is defined as to stop doing your job, especially because you have reached a

particular age or because you are ill/sick. Based on ST context, Pangemannan

will stop doing his job, not only because the game but also his age which is

related with his pension (see appendix 1, no. 25).

The analysis of translation equivalents are classified into figurative and

nonfigurative usages which show that the figurative equivalents are found in all

applied strategies; idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form and translation by paraphrase. The strategy of

Idiom of similar meaning and form has two figurative equivalents, the strategy of

  46

using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form has three figurative

equivalents, and the strategy of translation by paraphrase has two figurative

equivalents. While nonfigurative equivalents are only found in translation by

paraphrase strategy, this strategy has 17 nonfigurative equivalents.

Both strategies idiom of similar meaning and form and using an idiom of

similar meaning but dissimilar form have the most equivalents based on the

usages of figurative sense in the translation, because the idioms are categorized as

figurative expressions. The strategy of translation by paraphrase has two

figurative equivalents by using symbol and synecdoche of figure of speech, and

17 nonfigurative equivalents from 20 translations in this strategy. One translation

is reduced, the pure idiom is tanah air which is translated into environment.

Tanah air is translated into the environment. Tanah air is defined as country

where a person was born or homeland, but in the translation in appendix 1 no. 16,

1st part, the environment which is defined as the physical conditions that

somebody/something exists in in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is used.

The translation is not equivalent, therefore this translation cannot be categorized

as figurative nor nonfigurative equivalent.

Both usages of symbol and synecdoche in the pure idioms traslations of

Rumah Kaca translated into House of Glass are the proof that Larson’s theory is

applied in finding a different figurative expression with the same meaning in the

translations of the pure idiom. The possibilities of using other figurative senses in

translating idioms are found in this analysis. The usages of symbol in translating

  47

pure idiom angkat kaki into pulled up camp and left, and synecdoche in

translating pure idiom main mata into talking in translation by paraphrase

strategy show that this strategy is divided into two usages in order to find the

equivalents, they are figurative and nonfigurative equivalents. The table 2 below

will shows the percentage of the applied strategies for pure idioms translation in

House of Glass

Table 2. Percentage of Figurative and Nonfigurative Equivalents in the applied strategies used for 25 translations of pure idioms in House of Glass (1992)

No.

Items

using an idiom of similar meaning and form

using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

Translation by paraphrase

Total item

s

Percentage

(Items : translations [25] x 100)

1. Figurative Equivalents

2 3 2 7 28%

2. Nonfigurative Equivalents

- - 17 17 68%

3. Nonequivalent Item

- - 1 1 4%

Total of translation strategies

2 3 20 25 100%

  Table 2 shows the equivalents percentage of figurative and nonfigurative

equivalents in the applied strategies. Figurative equivalents in the strategy of

using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning

but dissimilar form and translation by paraphrase are 28%, while nonfigurative

equivalents are only found in the strategy translation by paraphrase which is

68%, and nonequivalent item is 4%.

48

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this study was to classify the equivalents of applied

strategies in the translations of pure idioms which were collected from the

Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca translated by Max Lane. The data of pure

idioms and the translations which were collected are 19 from 25 translations; all

translations were translated into some particular strategies. The writer used the

Baker’s translation strategies for idiom translations to categorize each pure idiom

and their translation into these strategies. The strategies are; using an idiom of

similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar

form, translation by paraphrase, translation by omission.

The result of this step of analysis shows that the applied strategies for

pure idioms translations from Rumah Kaca into House of Glass were three

applied strategies for idiom. They are; using an idiom of similar meaning and

form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, and translation by

paraphrase.

The numbers of percentages are used by the writer to show the translation

tendency in the usages of each applied strategies. The percentages of applied

strategies used for translation of pure idioms in House of Glass (1992) illustrate

that the most prevailing strategy in translations by Max Lane is translation by

  49

paraphrase. This strategy comprises even 80% of pure idioms translations. The

using an idiom of similar meaning and form strategy comprises 8% of pure

idioms translations, and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

strategy comprises 12% pure idioms translation in Pramoedya’s House of Glass

translated by Max Lane. This data confirms that Indonesia language and English

have the limitations of match pure idioms. The majorities of pure idioms in ST

(Indonesian Language) have not match in TT (English).

The strategies in first step of analysis are the important data for the writer

to classify the equivalents of applied strategies of pure idiom translations in

Pramoedya’s House of Glass translated by Max Lane.

The writer finally can take three final remarks from the classifying the

applied strategies in order to explain the equivalents of pure idiom translations

and elaborate Baker’s theory of translation strategy for idiom translation in

Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into the English version House of Glass. Firstly, the

applied strategies are classified based on figurative and nonfigurative equivalents,

and the results are the strategies of using an idiom of similar meaning and form

and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form only have figurative

equivalents in their translations, it means that there is no nonfigurative in these

applied strategies, and these strategies are only used to find the figurative

equivalents; while the strategy of translation by paraphrase has both figurative

and nonfigurative equivalents in the translations inside, although the equivalents

are dominated by nonfigurative equivalents, the strategy of translation by

  50

paraphrase can be used to find both figurative and nonfigurative equivalents.

Secondly, the usages of other figurative ways besides idiom in translation by

paraphrase strategy are possible, there are two figurative usages besides idiom

which are found, they are symbol and synecdoche usages. Thirdly, from the

percentages of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents in the applied strategies

used for translation of pure idioms in House of Glass (1992), figurative

equivalents are seven items (28%), nonfigurative equivalents are seventeen items

(68%) and nonequivalent translation is one item (4%) from totally 25

translations. Therefore, the assumption of this analysis is that the translator tried

to indicate the desired meaning of pure idiom in ST, and used as many

equivalents as possible.

 

 

 

51

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ardiansah, J. N. The Effects of Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words Related to Tools in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of Mankind Translated by Max Lane. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.

Baker, M. In Other Words: A coursebook on translation. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Chaer, A. Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia. Ende: Nusa Indah, 1984.

Chaer, A. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1998.

Echols, J. M. and Shadily, H. Kamus Inggris-Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2003.

Fernando, C. Idiom and Idiomaticity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Hatim. B and J. Munday. Translation: A advance resource book. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1990.

Larson, Mildred. L. Meaning-Based Translation, A guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York: University Press of America, inc. 1984.

Leaney, C. Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms. Cambridge University Press, 2006. <http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/close+up+shop> (5 February 2010)

Linda and R. Flavell. dictionary of idioms and their origins. London: Kyle Cathie Limited, 2005.

Nida, Eugene, A. and Taber, C. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: Brill, 1974.

Ordudari, Mahmoud. How to Face Challenging Symbols: Translating Symbol from Persian to English. Translation Journal. Isfahan University, 2008. <http://accurapid.com/journal/46symbol.htm> (1 February 2010).

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Ratna, Nyoman, K. Stilistika: Kajian Puitika Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. Rumah Kaca. Yogyakarta: Hasta Mitra, 2002.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. House of Glass. New York: Penguin Books, 1996.

Wulansari, Y. Translation Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung Manyar into The weaverbirds. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007.

 

 

 

 

53

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Pure Idoms in Rumah Kaca and their translations in House of Glass

No pure-idoms

( in Indonesian Language)

Rumah Kaca

(in sentences)

House of Glass

(in sentences)

The applied strategies

The classifica-tion based on figurative and non-figurative equivalent

1. anak buah

anak buah-mu

Bawa anak buahmu sesedikit mungkin.

“Baik, Tuan, tiga orang dengan diriku sendiri.” (page 15 _line 32)

Bring only the minimum number of men.

“Good, Tuan. There will be three of us, besides myself.” (page 12 _line 28)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

2. anak buah Jangan berlagak punya anak buah yang dapat diandalkan. Jangan berlagak jagoan. (page 163 _line 6)

And don’t pretend you haven’t got enough reliable men. Don’t do anything too smart either. (page 121 _line 37)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

3. angkat kaki Pada 1784 Inggris telah mencoba menguasai Papua Barat, tetapi terpaksa meninggalkan kembali. Bukan saja penduduknya yang terlalu primitif, juga karena demam hitam adalah malaikat maut yang menakutkan. Bila orang mulai kena demam itu dan kencing mulai berwarna hitam seperti coklat, tumpaslah ia dari muka bumi ini. Mereka angkat kaki dari bumi Papua,

The English tried to occupy West Papua in 1784 but were forced to leave, not just because its inhabitants were too primitive, but because blackwater fever was a terrifying angel of death. Once somebody was struck down by blackwater fever, his urine turning black like chocolate, he was wiped from the face of the earth. The English pulled up camp and left Papua,

translation by paraphrase

Figurative equivalent (symbol)

  54

untuk kemudian digantikan oleh Belanda, dan mendirikan pusat kekuasaannya di Manokwari. (page 87 _line 2)

to be replaced by the Dutch, who established their headquarters at Manokwari. (page 65 _line 41 – page 66 _line 1)

4. banting tulang

mem-banting tulang

Semua pun tahu, anak-anak di Holland membanting tulang dalam kuliah mereka, pelajaran-pelajaran yang mungkin tidak berguna untuk hidup dan penghidupan mereka kelak. (page 33_line 34)

Everyone knew that the children in Holland were working their guts out in their studies; studies that might never be of any use to them in their life or in their seeking a livelihood. (page 26 _line 20)

using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

Figurative equivalent (idiom)

5. banting tulang

mem-banting tulang

Bukankah Tuan-tuan dari Boedi Moeljo tahu benar, lulusannya bakalnya tidak bekerja pada bangsanya? Apalah gunanya ia masih terus juga bersusah-payah dan meluarkan modal untuk berupeti tenaga-tenaga berbahasa Belanda kepada Gubermen? Dan dengan demikian ikut mengukuhkan imperialisme Belanda atas bangsanya? Tidakkah Pribumi harus berprihatin karena keadaannya? Apalagi sekarang dengan adanya perang di Eropa? … Pretensinya telah disobek-sobek di depan umum. Ia didakwa membanting-tulang

Don’t all you gentlemen from BO really understand that all your graduates will not work for the people at all? What is the use of striving so hard just to deliver more tribute to the government in the form of Dutch-speaking manpower? And in that way help strengthen Dutch imperialism’s hold over your people? Isn’t now the time for Natives to be more concerned about their situation? Especially now with war raging in Europe? … Their pretensions have been torn to pieces in full public view. They have been

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

  55

untuk mencapai kebalikan daripada cita-citanya sendiri.” (page 338 _line 21)

accused of working with all their might only to achieve the opposite of their own ideals.” (page 253 _line 5)

6. bermuka dua Ya, sebenarnya aku sendiri memang tidak tulus. Rupanya aku kurang pandai bersandiwara, bermuka dua. Seperti juga dia selama ini kiranya, juga aku hanya bermuka satu, berhati satu – sebagai priyayi tentu. Dia lebih konsekwen. Bermuka tunggal sebagai manusia. (page 22 _ line 24)

And, yes, I had to admit I wasn’t being genuine conversation with him anyway. It seemed I was not very clever at putting on an act at being two-faced. In that, I was like him. I had only one face, one heart – the face and heart of a priyayi, of course. Yes, he too faced the world without hypocrisy, but as a human being. (page 17 _line 39)

using an idiom of similar meaning and form

Figurative equivalent (idiom)

7. besar hati

ber-besar hati

Hati besar kubawa pulang. Dadaku seperti mau meledak. Sebaliknya aku pun merasa sangat, sangat malu. Bagaimana orang yang sudah menjelang setengah abad begini bisa berbesar hati karena pujian, dan mungkin tak berdasar pula? (page 33 _line 5)

I went home in high spirits. I felt as if my chest would explode with pride. On the other hand, I also felt very, very ashamed. How was it possible that someone who was almost half a century old could feel so proud just because of praise like that, which could even be groundless? (page25 _line 37)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

8. gulung tikar Maka aku bekerja giat seperti orang yang sangat penting, seakan-akan seluruh Hindia Belanda

And so I worked on as if I were somebody very important, as if the whole Indies

using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar

Figurative equivalent (idiom)

  56

tergantung pada diriku, seakan-akan Hindia Belanda akan gulung tikar tanpa seorang Pangemanann. (page 423 _ line 27)

depended on me, as if the Indies itself would have to close up shop if there were no Pangemanann. (page 317 _line 18)

form

9. gulung tikar Syarikatmu tak akan ikut-ikut menjadi partai, dia, kalau tidak gulung tikar, akan tetap menjadi organisasi sosial, dan harus tidak bisa berbuat apa-apa… (page 170 _line 9)

Your Sarekat won’t turn into party. No, if in fact it doesn’t just close up shop, it will never be anything more than just a social organization, and indeed, it must never be able to become anything more than that. (page 127 _line 4)

using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

Figurative equivalent (idiom)

10. lemah lembut

Tak bisa lain yang kuperbuat daripada membenarkan, memang dia rupawan dalam kesederhanaan pemunculannya. Wajahnya memanga berbentuk daun sirih seperti yang dikatakan oleh Kepala Polisi Madiun dengan dagu meruncing. Sepasang mata besar memancar seperti sedang mengawasi tingkah-laku, dan sedang mengamat-amati polah umat manusia dengan hati prihatin. Betapa akan berbahagia pria yang bakal dapat menawan hatinya. Dan nampaknya dia memang lemah

I could do nothing but confirm that she was indeed handsome. Her beauty lay in the simplicity of her appearance. Her face was like that of a betel leaf, just as Madiun police chief had said, with a pointed chin. A pair of big, shining eyes peered out, full of compassion and concern, as if studying everything that humankind was doing, all its excesses and extravagances. And it seemed that she was indeed a gentle and refined person. (page 208 _line 25)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

  57

lembut.

(page 280 _line 1)

11. main mata

ber-main mata

Kertas-kertas selanjutnya dari masa pemerintahan Rooseboom, Gubernur Jendral pengganti Van Der Wijck, antaranya dari Algemeene Secretarie dalam bentuk catatan kepada Gubernur Jendral berisi saran, agar menjelang penyelesaian Perang Aceh, segala kemungkinan seyogianya dicegah agar Inggris menghentikan bermain mata dengan Aceh untuk kemudian mencaploknya. … Inggris sudah banyak memberikan bantuan pada Aceh dalam bentuk senjata dan saran, baik secara tidak langsung maupun isyarat-isyarat … (page 81 _line 18)

There was also another document from the period of Van Der Wijck’s successor, Rosenboom, in the form of a recommendation from the Algemeene Secretariat concerning English intentions about Aceh. The note recommended that as the Aceh war came to an end, everything should be done to prevent the English from talking with the Acehnese with the ultimate aim of taking over Aceh. … England had given considerable assistance to Aceh, in the form of arms and advice, both directly and through hints and signs. … (page 61 _line 40)

translation by paraphrase

Figurative equivalent (synecdoche)

12. main mata

per-main-an mata-nya

Walau sekarang Aceh telah kehilangan arti perlawanan secara militer, kejadian di Filipina bisa memberanikan Inggris melanjutkan permainan matanya. (page 82 _line 7)

Although the Acehnese resistance was no longer militarily significant, the rebellion in the Philippines might embolden the British to resume their support for Aceh. (page 62 _line 19)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

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13. membuang muka

“Aku belum bebas,” Minke menengok padaku dan Meneer Darman mengikuti pandangnya.

Aku membuang muka dan berjalan ke luar Molukken.

(page 413 _line 18)

“I am not free yet.” Minke looked at me and Meneer Darman followed his gaze.

I turned the other way and walked outside. (page 309 _line 21)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

14. memutar otak “Nama? Nama yang paling tepat!” Aku memutar otak. Betapa sulitnya mencari nama. … God! Bahkan soal yang sekecil itu saja aku tidak pernah memikirkannya. (page 222 _line 22)

A name? What was the best name? I put my brain to work. How difficult it was to find a name. … God! I had never thought about anything as detailed as that. (page 165 _line 41)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

15. menara gading Bagi bangsa-bangsa Eropa yang menghormati hukum antara sesama Eropa, tidak ada alasan membikin pertikaian memperebutkan negara-negara tetangga. Satu-satunya alasan hanya bila Pribumi jajahan itu sendiri yang bergolak dan mengundang intervensi.

Orang bilang, sepandai-pandainya sarjana Barat, bila dia tidak mendalami pengetahuan colonial, dia tetap tidak akan tahu dunia. Dia melihat dunia ini dari suatu tingkat di dalam menara

Among themselves the Europeans respected the law, so they had no grounds to start disputes with their neighbors over these colonies. The only opportunity arose when the Natives of the colonies themselves revolted and invited intervention.

It has been said that no matter how clever a Western scholar might be, if he did not understand colonial affairs, he would never understand the world. He would be viewing the world from one floor or another of an ivory

using an idiom of similar meaning and form

Figurative equivalent (idiom)

  59

gading. Sepanjang sejarah umat manusia sampai dewasa ini suatu negara menjadi dunia karena jajahannya. (page 86 _line 7)

tower. Throughout the history of humankind, it was having colonies that turned a country into a whole world in itself. (page 65 _line 19)

16. minta diri Percakapan seperti ini tidak bisa diteruskan. Hanya akan membikin aku kebingungan dan membungkuk-bungkuk aku minta diri. (page 23 _line 7)

There was no point in trying to prolong a conversation like this. It would only throw me into more confusion, so I stood and, bowing, excused myself. (page 18 _line 14)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

17. naik pitam Aku lepas sepatu di depan pintu. Pembantu rumahtangga besok akan membenahkan. Pakai sepatu sekotor itu ke dalam rumah akan bikin istriku naik pitam. (page 65 _line 30)

I took off my shoes outside the door. The servant would clean them tomorrow. My wife would be furious if I wore such dirty shoes into the house. (page 50 _line 10)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

18. patah-arang Sungguh satu ironi, seorang pelopor pers pribumi yang tidak mendapatkan tempat dalam pers pada salah satu bagian terpenting dalam hidupnya. Oetosan Hindia, Koran Syarikat yang terbit di Surabaya sama sekali tidak tahu menahu tentang kedatangannya. Goenawan telah patah-arang dengan Syarikat, maka tidak memberitakan kedatangannya pada semua penerbitan Syarikat. (page 439 _line 21)

It was truly an irony that a pioneer of the Native press should get no place in the press at such an important moment in his life as this. The Oetoesan Hindia, the Sarekat paper, knew nothing of his arrival in Betawi. Goenawan had severed all links with the Sarekat and so did not inform any of the Sarekat publications. (page 328 _line34)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

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19. rendah hati Sepku mendengarkan dengan tertib seperti seorang mahasiswa yang rendah hati, seakan dia bukan sepku, seakan ia bukan salah seorang dewa yang ikut menentukan nasib Hindia. (page 338 _line 24)

My boss listened to this very attentively as if he were a humble university student, as if he weren’t my boss, as if he weren’t one of the gods that helped decide the fate of the Indies. (page 253 _line 8)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

20. tanah air Anak-anak, aku sering membawa kalian ke alam terbuka dengan hanya satu tujuan agar kalian mengenal tanah-air kalian sendiri, karena memang di situlah kalian kelak akan hidup dan berkembang. Cintailah alam sekelilingmu, karena semua itu adalah milikmu sendiri. Aku akan sangat bersenang hati bila ada adalah milikmu sendiri. Aku akan sangat bersenang hati bila ada salah seorang di antara kalian sungguh-sungguh mencintainya, dan mengerti, bahwa semua itu adalah milik kalian sendiri. (page 304 _line 26)

Children, I often took you out into the open classes. Why? For no other reason than that you should get to know the environment around you, in which you will live and grow. You must love the environment around you, in which you will live and grow. You must love the environment around you because it all belongs to you. I will be so happy if just one of you truly learns to love the world around you and understands that it belongs to all of you, and no one else. (page 253 _line 6)

translation by paraphrase

-

21. tanah air Boleh jadi Wardi telah terbakar oleh dongengan Douwager tentang Afrika Selatan, di mana pendatang Belanda bisa mendirikan negara sendiri. Kalau itu benar, tentu dia lupa, bahwa meninggalkan tanah-

It is possible that Wardi could have been carried away by Douwager’s stories about South Africa. If that was the case, then he had also forgotten that to leave behind your country and seek your fate in another

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

  61

air dan mengadu nasib di negeri orang adalah satu ijazah kemampuan dan keberanian bertualang. (page 192 _line 8)

country was the equivalent of receiving a diploma confirming your courage and ability to set out on a real adventure.(page 143 _line 30)

22. tanah air Berhasil mendirikan negara adalah hasil dari ijazah, dan hasil itu tak lain dari karunia yang langsung diulurkan oleh tangan Tuhan. Tanpa ridonya takkan berdiri Republik Afrika Selatan. Dan kau Wardi, kau baru meninggalkan orang tua dan kampung halaman, belum lagi tanah-air. (page 192 _line 14)

The founding of a new country was the prize that went along with that diploma, and such a prize was itself a blessing that came straight from God. Without God’s blessing there could never have been a Republic of South Africa. And you, Wardi, you have left only your parents and your village, not your country. (page 143 _line 36)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

23. titik berat di-titik-berat-kan

Pengawasan terhadap pemuda-pemuda Turki yang masuk secara terang juga diperketat, dipersukar dan dipertajam. Dinas mata-mata dalam pemerintahan-pemerintahan setempat, yang bekerja sendiri-sendiri, telah dibenarkan dan mulai dikoordinasi. Pengawasan terhadap organisasi-organisasi Pribumi terutama dititik-beratkan untuk menghindarkannya dari kontak dengan orang-orang Jerman dan Turki. (page 279 _line 20)

Surveillance of all the young Turks who had been openly entering the country was intensified. They were harassed too. The spy service that had developed separately in the provinces were coordinated and made official. The main concern was to ensure that Native organizations had no contact with Germans and Turks. (page 208 _line 12)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

  62

24. tulang punggung ber-tulang-punggung

“Memang begitulah kehidupan kami golongan Peranakan Eropa. Sulit. Kami tidak bertulang punggung tanah, sawah ataupun ladang. Juga pedagang pun bukan. Pada umumnya kami hanya pejabat-pejabat kecil.” (page 176 _line 28)

“Yes, that’s how it is among us Eurasians. It’s difficult. We have no land, paddy fields or garden, to fall back on. We’re not traders either. Most of us are just low-level employees.” (page 132 _line 21)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent

25. undur diri meng-undur-kan diri

Kalau kelak akhirnya aku kalah, aku hanya akan mengundurkan diri dari kursiku. Pensiunku telah terjamin. Sedang Syarikatmu yang terlalu gemuk itu, bila jatuh, dia akan terjerembab kerubuhan berat badannya sendiri. Begitulah permainannya. Aku hanya kehilangan jabatan kalau kalah. (page 169 _line 21)

If in the end I am defeated, all that will happen to me is that I will retire from my office. There will be a pension waiting for me. While your Sarekat, bloated with too many members, if it falls, will be crushed under its own weight. That’s how the game is played. I will only lose my job if I am defeated. (page 126 _line 25)

translation by paraphrase

Non-figurative equivalent