Classification of Living Things

Chapter 18

http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their

_________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?

__________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago.

(300 B.C.)

Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

Aristotle’s system

Based on size of stem

_____________Based on where they lived

_____________

By: Riedell

Problems?1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s

2 groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi

Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpghttp://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg

Problems?2. Common names can be misleading

Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!

Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish

Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

Problems?3. Common names vary from

place to place

Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal

Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

Problems?4. Same organisms have different

names in different countries.

ChipmunkStreifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Solution?Some early scientists devised

scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN.

RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis

setaceo-mucronatis

PROBLEMS?Names too hard and long to remember!

“oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles”

Names don’t show relationships between different animals

Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!

Devised a new classification system based on _________________

(Organism’s form and structure)

(1707-1778)

Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

Linnaeus’s System

Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels

Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________

Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrder

Family Genus

Species

Kids PreferCheeseOverFriedGreenSpinach

KingdomPhylum

Class Order

Family Genus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

CarnivoraFelidae

Pantheraleo

http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

Kidspiration by Riedell

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

(2 name naming system)• 1st name = _______________

–Always capitalized•2nd name = _________________

–Always lower case•Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

Binomial Nomenclature

Vampire batDesmodus rotundus

Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus

Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg

Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Binomial nomenclature

Humans

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

So what do we use now?

Still use Linnaeus’s system:but we have added more _____________

Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.

MODERN TAXONOMY

Modern Taxonomy

Kidspiration by Riedell

MODERN TAXONOMYorganizes living things in the context of _________________

http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

MODERN TAXONOMYScientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms:1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________4. ______________________5. ______________________

1. FOSSIL RECORD

Evolutionary history = _____________

We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record.

http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function

 Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

MORPHOLOGY_________________ characteristics: same embryological origin

(may have similar structure and function) EX: __________________________

Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________.

Bat wing and human armdevelop from same embryonic structures

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

MORPHOLOGYANALOGOUS______________ characteristics:may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin

EX: _______________________

ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately.Organisms ________________________.

Bird wing and butterfly winghave evolved with similar function BUTdifferent structureinside.

Insects and birds NOT closely related!

ANALOGOUSSTRUCTURES

http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html

http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg

amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnionshttp://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg

Even differences show relatedness

3. EMBRYOLOGY

Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related

4. CHROMOSOMES

Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships.

Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.pngChimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

Even differences show relatedness

Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.pngChimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes

Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t haveHumans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.

____________________All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication.

http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html

TELOMERES IN MIDDLE

2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together.

http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

→

→

→

_________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . .suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together.

Which chromosomes?

http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

→

EXTRA CENTROMERE

________________________If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2

http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

BANDING PATTERN MATCHES

5. MACROMOLECULES

Compare molecules like _________________ _________________

Organisms with similar sequences are

probably more closely related.See page 334-335

So what do we use now?_________________-based on multiple kinds of evidence

6 KINGDOMS

Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Shows evolutionary relationships based on:

Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

6 KINGDOM SYSTEM These relationships

can be shown in a diagram called a

_____________________

Image from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

So what do we use now?

_____________Shows evolutionary relationships based on: _____________________________

OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:

CLADISTICSCladistic relationships are shown in a

diagram called a_________________

Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

3 DOMAIN SYSTEM

Group organisms based on the kind of ______________ they have

Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:

So what do we use now?