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The Classification ofLiving Things
The Classification ofLiving Things
Classification (Taxonomy) &Nomenclature (Naming)Classification (Taxonomy) &Nomenclature (Naming)
Reasons for ClassificationReasons for Classification
• Common basis for communicationabout different groups of living things.
• Human attempt to make sense of thetremendous diversity of the livingworld.
• Imply evolutionary relationships (=phylogeny).
• Common basis for communicationabout different groups of living things.
• Human attempt to make sense of thetremendous diversity of the livingworld.
• Imply evolutionary relationships (=phylogeny).
ClassificationClassification
Carl von LinneCarolus Linneaus
1707 -1765
Carl von LinneCarolus Linneaus
1707 -1765
ClassificationClassification
Example of Coral ClassificationExample of Coral Classification
Phylum CnidariaClass Anthozoa
Order ScleractiniaFamily Fungiidae
Genus FungiaSpecies scutaria
Phylum CnidariaClass Anthozoa
Order ScleractiniaFamily Fungiidae
Genus FungiaSpecies scutaria
The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria
The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria
Traditional Kingdoms of LifeTraditional Kingdoms of Life
The Plant Kingdom&
The Animal Kingdom
The Plant Kingdom&
The Animal Kingdom
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Five Kingdoms of LifeFive Kingdoms of Life
ProtistaProtistaMoneraMonera
FungiFungiPlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia
Major Characteristics Used toClassify Organisms into KingdomsMajor Characteristics Used toClassify Organisms into Kingdoms
Cell StructureProkaryote versus EukaryoteCell Wall Present or AbsentCell Wall ChemistryPresence or Absence of other Organelles
CellularityUnicellular versus MulticellularLevel of Organization of Cells into Tissues
Mode of NutritionHeterotrophy versus AutotrophyPhotoautotrophy versus ChemoautotrophySaprophytic versus Ingestive
Cell StructureProkaryote versus EukaryoteCell Wall Present or AbsentCell Wall ChemistryPresence or Absence of other Organelles
CellularityUnicellular versus MulticellularLevel of Organization of Cells into Tissues
Mode of NutritionHeterotrophy versus AutotrophyPhotoautotrophy versus ChemoautotrophySaprophytic versus Ingestive
Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera
l Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms.l While not very diverse morphologically,
they are very diverse at the biochemicallevel, including heterotrophic,photoautotrophic, andchemoautotrophic species.
l Some with cell walls, but cell wallscomposed of peptidoglycan, notcellulose (as in higher plants).
l Includes heterotrophic eubacteria,cyanobacteria, and archaeobacteria.
l Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms.l While not very diverse morphologically,
they are very diverse at the biochemicallevel, including heterotrophic,photoautotrophic, andchemoautotrophic species.
l Some with cell walls, but cell wallscomposed of peptidoglycan, notcellulose (as in higher plants).
l Includes heterotrophic eubacteria,cyanobacteria, and archaeobacteria.
Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera
Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera
Heterotrophic EubacteriaHeterotrophic Eubacteria
Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protistal Eukaryotic, generally single-celled,
organisms.l If multicellular, then cells not well-
oganized into tissues and organs (morecolonies of cells).
l A very heterogeneous group include bothheterotrophic and photoautotrophicforms.
l Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium,Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g.,diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & mostseaweed groups).
l Eukaryotic, generally single-celled,organisms.
l If multicellular, then cells not well-oganized into tissues and organs (morecolonies of cells).
l A very heterogeneous group include bothheterotrophic and photoautotrophicforms.
l Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium,Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g.,diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & mostseaweed groups).
Kingdom Protista: ProtozoaKingdom Protista: Protozoa
amoebaamoeba
parameciumparamecium
stentorstentor
vorticellavorticella
Kingdom Protista: ProtozoaKingdom Protista: Protozoa
heliozoanheliozoan
radiolarianradiolarian
foraminiferanforaminiferan
Kingdom Protista: AlgaeKingdom Protista: Algae
diatomsdiatoms
dinoflagellatesdinoflagellates
volvoxvolvox
spirogyraspirogyra
Kingdom Protista: AlgaeKingdom Protista: Algae
seaweedsseaweeds
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
l Eukaryotic, generally multicellular,organisms (a few species, e.g., yeastare unicellular).
l Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive)nutrition.
l Most with cell walls (usually composedof chitin) and complex life histories.
l Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, andmushrooms.
l Eukaryotic, generally multicellular,organisms (a few species, e.g., yeastare unicellular).
l Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive)nutrition.
l Most with cell walls (usually composedof chitin) and complex life histories.
l Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, andmushrooms.
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Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
l Eukaryotic, multicellular organismswith cells organized into distincttissues.
l Photoautotrophic nutrition.l Most adapted for a terrestrial existence
and possessing vascular tissues.l Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose
cell walls.l Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees,
cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
l Eukaryotic, multicellular organismswith cells organized into distincttissues.
l Photoautotrophic nutrition.l Most adapted for a terrestrial existence
and possessing vascular tissues.l Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose
cell walls.l Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees,
cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
sea grassessea grasses mangrovemangrove
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
l Eukaryotic, multicellular organismswith cells organized into distincttissues.
l Heterotrophic, ingestive nutrition.l Most exhibit significant capacity for
locomotion.l Cells not surrounded by cell walls.l Includes sponges, sea anemones,
snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles,birds, and human beings.
l Eukaryotic, multicellular organismswith cells organized into distincttissues.
l Heterotrophic, ingestive nutrition.l Most exhibit significant capacity for
locomotion.l Cells not surrounded by cell walls.l Includes sponges, sea anemones,
snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles,birds, and human beings.
Kingdom Animalia: InvertebratesKingdom Animalia: Invertebrates
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Kingdom Animalia: VertebratesKingdom Animalia: Vertebrates Major Groupings of Living ThingsModern IdeasMajor Groupings of Living ThingsModern Ideas
What is aSpecies?What is aSpecies?
Typological SpeciesTypological Species
Definition based upon themorphological and anatomicalcharacteristics of organisms.
Definition based upon themorphological and anatomicalcharacteristics of organisms.
Biological SpeciesBiological Species
Definition based upon the abilityof organisms to interbreed andproduce viable, fertile offspring.
Definition based upon the abilityof organisms to interbreed andproduce viable, fertile offspring.
Biological NomenclatureBiological Nomenclature
A species is identified by both itsgenus name and specific name.
Example: Fungia scutaria
A species is identified by both itsgenus name and specific name.
Example: Fungia scutaria
Fungia = genus namescutaria = specific name
Fungia = genus namescutaria = specific name
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Biological Nomenclature RulesBiological Nomenclature Rules
l No two different species with thesame combination of genus andspecific names.
l No species given more than onecombination of genus and specificname.
l Genus name always capitalized &italicized (or underlined).
l Specific name not capitalized, but isalways italicized (or underlined).
l No two different species with thesame combination of genus andspecific names.
l No species given more than onecombination of genus and specificname.
l Genus name always capitalized &italicized (or underlined).
l Specific name not capitalized, but isalways italicized (or underlined).
Examples of Scientific Names forSelected SpeciesExamples of Scientific Names forSelected Species
BearsUrsus arctos Alaskan Brown BearUrsus maritimus Polar BearUrsus americanus American Black Bear
LobstersHomarus americanus Atlantic Clawed LobsterPanulirus marginatus White-Margined Hawaiian
Spiny LobsterPanulirus penicellatus Green Hawaiian Spiny
Lobster
BearsUrsus arctos Alaskan Brown BearUrsus maritimus Polar BearUrsus americanus American Black Bear
LobstersHomarus americanus Atlantic Clawed LobsterPanulirus marginatus White-Margined Hawaiian
Spiny LobsterPanulirus penicellatus Green Hawaiian Spiny
Lobster
