Classification of Living Classification of Living Things:Things:

ClassificationClassificationMajor KingdomsMajor Kingdoms

History of ClassificationHistory of Classification

AristotleAristotle 384 BC384 BC Species were Species were

identified as Plants identified as Plants or Animals or Animals

History of ClassificationHistory of Classification

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus 1707-17781707-1778 Developed our modern Developed our modern

classification systemclassification system Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature (two names)(two names)

• Ex. Ex. Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

CAPITALIZED lowercase

Italicize!!!

Linnaean ClassificationLinnaean Classification

Organizes organisms into groups and Organizes organisms into groups and subgroups based on evolutionary subgroups based on evolutionary relationshipsrelationships

Often revised when new relationships are Often revised when new relationships are discovered (DNA evidence)discovered (DNA evidence) Example: Example: Pseudocalanus spp.Pseudocalanus spp.

Classification levels:Classification levels:

Kingdom (broad)Kingdom (broad) PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus Species (specific)Species (specific)

6 Kingdoms of Life6 Kingdoms of Life

Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates and WH Freeman

http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/ZooLabs/Introduction%20to%20Taxonomy.htm

Prokaryotic KingdomsProkaryotic Kingdoms

The Monera Kingdom The Monera Kingdom split into split into Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria

Only kingdoms of prokaryotic organismsOnly kingdoms of prokaryotic organisms Have a cell wallHave a cell wall Lack membrane-bound organellesLack membrane-bound organelles Lack multicellular forms. Lack multicellular forms.

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular Unicellular Prokayotic Prokayotic Extreme environments (near volcanic activity) Extreme environments (near volcanic activity)

don’t need oxygen, light don’t need oxygen, light Three divisions of archaebacteria:Three divisions of archaebacteria:

Methanogens: methane producing organismsMethanogens: methane producing organisms Thermophiles: These can live in extremely hot, acidic Thermophiles: These can live in extremely hot, acidic

environments like sulfur springs.environments like sulfur springs. Halophiles: Can only live in bodies of concentrated Halophiles: Can only live in bodies of concentrated

salt water, like the Dead Sea. salt water, like the Dead Sea.

KINGDOM EUBACTERIAKINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular Unicellular Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Extreme environments Extreme environments HETEROTROPHS: HETEROTROPHS:

This bacteria lives about anywhere, including in your body in the This bacteria lives about anywhere, including in your body in the form of a parasite. form of a parasite.

AUTOTROPHS: AUTOTROPHS: Obtain energy through photosynthesis. Obtain energy through photosynthesis. blue-green bacteria blue-green bacteria chlorophyll chlorophyll

• They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist regions.They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist regions. CHEMOTROPHS: CHEMOTROPHS:

Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into organic Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into organic matter. matter.

http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id6.html

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

The most ancient eukaryotic kingdomThe most ancient eukaryotic kingdom A variety of eukaryotic body forms:A variety of eukaryotic body forms:

Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellularCan be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular Can be heterotrophic or autotrophicCan be heterotrophic or autotrophic Basically eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, Basically eukaryotes that are NOT fungi,

animals, or plants. animals, or plants.

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi EukaryoticEukaryotic HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Usually multicellular group Usually multicellular group multinucleated multinucleated

cells enclosed in cells with cell walls cells enclosed in cells with cell walls Obtain energy by decomposition and absorptionObtain energy by decomposition and absorption Some fungi Some fungi

Cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts),Cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), Others are useful in baking, brewing, and sources for Others are useful in baking, brewing, and sources for

antibiotics.antibiotics.

http://mycorrhizas.info/ecmf.html

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Immobile Immobile Multicellular eukaryotesMulticellular eukaryotes Produce their food by photosynthesis Produce their food by photosynthesis

(autotrophs) (autotrophs) Cell wall (cellulose) Cell wall (cellulose) Important sources of oxygen, food, and Important sources of oxygen, food, and

clothing/construction materials, as well as clothing/construction materials, as well as pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs. pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs.

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Multicellular Multicellular Heterotrophic eukaryotes Heterotrophic eukaryotes Mobile at some stage during their livesMobile at some stage during their lives Lack cell walls Lack cell walls Animals provide food, clothing, fats, Animals provide food, clothing, fats,

scents, companionship, and labor.scents, companionship, and labor.

CladisticsCladistics

Organisms are defined and grouped based Organisms are defined and grouped based

on shared features (called on shared features (called characterscharacters) )

derived from a common ancestor.derived from a common ancestor.

CladisticsCladisticsUUses branching diagrams called ses branching diagrams called cladogramscladograms

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/phylogenetics_02

Parts of a CladogramParts of a Cladogram

Feature(s) or Character(s)Feature(s) or Character(s)

Node Node Name of Group Name of Group

Organism Organism

BranchesBranches

Reading a CladogramReading a Cladogram Each “V” shows Each “V” shows

organisms that share a organisms that share a common ancestorcommon ancestor

Common Common Ancestor of Ancestor of Organisms Organisms A and BA and B

Organism BOrganism B

Organism AOrganism A

Reading a CladogramReading a Cladogram The smaller the V, the The smaller the V, the

more closely related the more closely related the organisms are…organisms are…

Common Common Ancestor of Ancestor of Organisms Organisms A and BA and B

Organism BOrganism B

Organism AOrganism A

……and the more and the more characters they characters they share… share…

Reading a CladogramReading a Cladogram

Common Common Ancestor of Ancestor of Organisms Organisms A and BA and B

Organism BOrganism B

Organism AOrganism A

All the characters All the characters below the V!below the V!

Reading a CladogramReading a Cladogram

Common Common Ancestor of Ancestor of Organisms Organisms A, B and CA, B and C

Organism BOrganism BOrganism AOrganism A

Organism COrganism C

Reading a CladogramReading a Cladogram

Common Common Ancestor of Ancestor of Organisms A, Organisms A, B, C and DB, C and D

Organism BOrganism B Organism AOrganism A

Organism COrganism COrganism DOrganism D

Reading a CladogramReading a Cladogram

Common Common Ancestor of Ancestor of Organisms A, Organisms A, B, C, D and EB, C, D and E

Organism BOrganism B Organism AOrganism A

Organism COrganism COrganism DOrganism D

Organism EOrganism E

Step 1: Make a tableStep 1: Make a table

NESNES SNESSNES N64N64 GameCubeGameCube Wii RemoteWii Remote

Directional Directional PadPad

Curved Curved EdgeEdge

Control Control StickStick

WirelessWireless

Motion Motion SensitiveSensitive

Step 2: Complete a Venn Step 2: Complete a Venn DiagramDiagram

Step 3: Draw a CladogramStep 3: Draw a Cladogram