Classification Biodiversity Final

Authors: Janice HoLung and Sonia Mc Culloch

Picture credits given. Those without credits are by authors 1

FIVE KINGDOMS

All living organisms are divided into five major groups, called kingdoms.

Organisms share many similarities but can be separated into groups based on differences; with each of the kingdoms and their respective sub-groups (phyla) possessing specific distinguishing features.

Knowledge of the distinguishing features of various sub-groups (phyla, order, family) allows us to easily identify new organisms and make predictions about them.

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In this presentation, you will

1. Learn about the five kingdoms into

which are grouped all living things

2. Be able to describe the

characteristics of selected groups of

living things

3. Be able to compare (similarities and

differences) selected animals and

plants

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FIVE KINGDOMS

Two well known kingdoms of living things are the plant and the animal kingdoms, but they are not the only kingdoms that exist.

The five kingdoms of living things are: 1. Bacteria 2. Protists 3. Fungi 4. Plants 5. Animals We will focus on kingdoms 4 and 5 in this presentation.

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How many kingdoms are shown in

this photograph?

How many are probably there, but

you cannot see them?

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Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria

CHECK

Let‟s look at the plant kingdom.

It contains a great variety of organisms, from the

very small ones to the extremely large ones. 6

PLANT KINGDOM

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Very Small Plants

An example of a very small and simple

plant is the liverwort.

It is found only in very damp places, since it

requires water to reproduce and grow

The following photo shows liverworts

growing flat on soil.

Did you notice what its structure looks like?

Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved

plants are growing between the broader

liverworts?

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Photograph of Liverworts

Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

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Photograph of Liverworts

After looking at the photo on slide 9

showing the liverworts growing flat on soil:

Did you notice what its structure looks like?

Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved

plants are growing between the broader

liverworts?

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Mosses

Mosses, shown in the photograph below, are somewhat more complex plants than the simple liverworts.

11 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com

Mosses

Mosses possess simple structures that look like roots, stems and leaves, but these structures do not contain the same types of tissues that are found in TRUE roots, stems and leaves.

The photo on slide 13 shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only, and those farther away showing their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air.

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Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com 13

The photo shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only.

MORE

Mosses farther away from the camera show their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air.

Ferns

Ferns are more complex than mosses, and also grow to much larger sizes.

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Ferns

Ferns reproduce in two ways, one of which is seen in the photo on the previous slide. On the underside of their leaves (called fronds), are found many groups (aggregates) of their sporangia, that contain their reproductive spores.

Notice that ferns may be found not only in wet places, but also can withstand some dry conditions sometimes.

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Gymnosperms

These are cone bearing plants with needle like leaves and cones, instead of fruit. Often they are called in Jamaica, fir trees/Christmas trees.

These cones contain the reproductive organs, and the female cones will develop seeds once they are fertilized.

Their seeds do not occur within a seed case, so they are called naked seeds.

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Photo of a gymnosperm/”fir”

tree

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Photo of another

gymnosperm/”fir” tree

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Flowering Plants

DICOTYLEDONS

These are classified on the basis that their seeds have two cotyledons or seed leaves

They also show other special characteristics, e.g., their leaves have veins in a net-like pattern, and the arrangement of their transport system (vascular bundles) is different to that of the monocots

Their flowers usually have petals, of numbers 4,5, or 6.

MONOCOTYLEDONS

Their seeds do not have two cotyledons.

Their leaves have veins in a parallel pattern

Their flowers usually have either 3 or 5 petals, and many may not have easily observable petals, as you may notice in the photos of the coconut and the grass flowers.

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This is an example of a dicotyledon flower. It is Pride

of Barbados. Can you see the four main parts of the

flower – the petals, sepals, pistil and stamens? Clue

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ovary (pistil)

petal

stamen

sepal

This time, can you see the different parts?

How many petals does it have? Click here for answer.

Example of a dicotyledon flower

– the Bauhinia or Wild Orchid.

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petal

sepal

pistil

stamen

SHOW ME

Flowers of Coconut


Flower without

petals

Flowers of grass plants

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Notice there are no petals, only the

actual stamens and pistil.


stamen

feathery

stigmas -

part of pistil

SHOW ME

Leaf with net veins

Notice the main large vein in the centre.

See the several side veins that branch out from it.

And finally, notice the network of veins coming from

these.


Midrib/main

vein

side veins

network of veins

SHOW ME

.

Grass leaf with parallel veins

Notice how many veins there are.

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Roots

Notice the two patterns of root growth

shown in the next two diagrams.

Generally, monocotyledon plants show

one type (often fibrous type), and

generally dicotyledonous plants show

the other type (tap root pattern)

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Tap roots and fibrous roots

Tap Fibrous


ANIMAL KINGDOM

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ANIMAL KINGDOM

Key features of animals include the fact that they are multi-cellular, heterotrophic, (they rely on other organisms as a food source; food is ingested before it is digested) and motile (they move about).

There are many different groups of animals, but there are two broad groups: vertebrates (having backbones) and invertebrates (no backbones)

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Invertebrates

Interesting groups of invertebrate animals are the ringed worms, the molluscs, the arthropods.

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Ringed Worms

Examples of these are the earthworms,

which live in the soil.

1. Does the worm have limbs? Why?

2. Do they fall into the invertebrates? Or

the vertebrates?

3. What are the characteristics of these

ringed worms?

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CHECK

Answers 1. No limbs. Their bodies have

muscular rings used for moving through soil. 2.

They are invertebrates, for they have no internal

skeleton, or backbone. 3. Ringed worms do not

have a head with sense organs, they have ring-

like segments and have bristles.

Molluscs

Molluscs have protection, usually in the form of an outside tough shell.

1.Why do they need a shell?

2.Do these animals have eyes? Ears? Mouth?

3.Many of the molluscs live in the water. Can you think of a reason?

Look at the next photo which shows a native Jamaican mollusc. 33

CHECK

Answers

1. They need the tough shell for protection against predators. Their

bodies are very soft, and they have no defenses.

2. They usually have eyes and a mouth, but no ears.

3. Because their body is soft and has mucous, they prefer to live in damp

places where they will not become dehydrated.

Photograph by M.L.Gentles, 2006

Photo of a Mollusc

Notice the features:

1. See the tough

outer shell (dark

brown)

2. The muscular

“foot” – really the

body, with the

head and its

eyes on stalks

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Arthropods

These are the most numerous animals on earth. Can you think why?

They have a tough outside „skeleton‟ or skin made of thick chitin, and jointed limbs.

There are several different groups of arthropods, from lobsters and shrimp to bees, wasps and cockroaches.

They live on land, in the water and in the air.

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Photograph by M. Earle 2008

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bee

Vertebrates

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VERTEBRATES

Interesting groups of vertebrate animals are

the fish, the birds and the mammals.

These all have backbones !

Consider their features – what do lizards,

birds, humans and elephants have in

common? Write it down!

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CHECK

All of them have backbones, they all have four appendages, and

all have heads with sense organs.


Photo of a mammal – an

elephant

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Common Features

Now then, what do humans and

elephants have in common? Write that

down!

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CHECK

Both are vertebrates, have hair on their skin,

feed young from mammary glands, have a

diaphragm and a four chambered heart.


Photo of a lizard – a vertebrate

& a reptile

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Photograph by J. Earle 2008

Photo of a duck – a

vertebrate & a bird

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Any more common features?

Finally, how can we separate humans from elephants? Which features do we have that elephants do not have? Write that down!

If you have looked carefully, and considered, you will have found out some important features of the major groups of vertebrates.

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CHECK

Humans walk on two legs, not four! Humans have five

fingers and five toes with joints, elephants don‟t.

Elephants have a long trunk instead of a small nose.

Classification & Biodiversity

You have just made a quick survey of the

major groups of living things – plants and

animals,

You have also looked at the different groups

of plants, and the different groups of

animals

This survey showed you the great numbers

of different living things – that is, the bio-

diversity that exists here on earth.

This diversity must be cared for and kept,

so that the earth will continue to nourish all

living things. 44

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Classification Biodiversity Final