Biodiversity classification 2013

Biodiversity of Life: Introduction to Biological Classification

S106

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Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

BiosphereBiosphere• While the earth is huge, life is found in a While the earth is huge, life is found in a

very narrow layer, called the biosphere. If very narrow layer, called the biosphere. If the earth could be shrunk to the size of an the earth could be shrunk to the size of an apple, the biosphere would be no thicker apple, the biosphere would be no thicker than the apple's skin.than the apple's skin.

• The biosphere, like the human body, is The biosphere, like the human body, is made up of systems that interact and are made up of systems that interact and are dependent on each other. dependent on each other.

BiosphereBiosphere

• Biosphere is part of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere that contains living organisms.


• The biosphere’s systems are called ECOSYSTEMS.

• All ecosystems must have a constant source of energy (usually the sun) and cycles or systems to reuse raw materials.

• Examples: water, nitrogen and carbon cycles etc.


Ecological Levels

BioBiodiversitydiversity

Diversity = Variety

What does “Diversity” mean?

BioBiodiversitydiversity

Diversity = Variety

Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential

interdependence of all living things.

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Biodiversity• Biodiversity:

The total number of species (est. 15 million)

The variability of their genes, and

The ecosystems in which they live

• Extinction:

The death of the last member of a species

Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

3 components of biodiversity

1. Diversity of genesChihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all dogs—but they're not the same because their genes are different.

ChihuahuaChihuahua BeagleBeagle

RottweilersRottweilers


2. Diversity of speciesFor example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. are all different species.

Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty


3. Variety of Ecosystems3. Variety of Ecosystems

Prairies, Ponds, and tropical rain forests are all Prairies, Ponds, and tropical rain forests are all ecosystems. Each one is different, with its own ecosystems. Each one is different, with its own set of species living in it.set of species living in it.

Paines PrairieHoh Rain Forest

Florida Sand Pond

The Challenge

• Biologists have identified and named over 15 million species so far.

• They estimate that about 100 million species have yet to be identified.

Why Do We Classify Organisms?• ____________ • is the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming,

and classifying organisms.• Systematics – Broader science of classifying organisms based on similarity,

biogeography, etc.– Systematic zoologists have three goals

• To discover all species of animals• To reconstruct their evolutionary relationships• To classify animals according to their evolutionary

relationships

• 1. Why Classify?– To study the diversity of life– To organize and name organisms

• 2. Why give scientific names?– Common names are misleading

Finding Order in Diversity

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jellyfish silverfish star fish

None of these animals are fish!

Some organisms have several common names

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This cat is commonly known as:

•Florida panther

•Mountain lion

•Puma

•Cougar

Scientific name: Felis concolor

Scientific name means “coat of one color”

Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

Origin of Scientific Names

• By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing.

• Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species.

• They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.

Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy

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Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification –

binomial nomenclature

a. Two name naming system

b. Gave organisms 2 names

Genus (noun) and species (adjective)

Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778)

Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for

modern taxonomy

Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy

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Carolus Linnaeus

Carolus Linnaeus

Rules for naming organisms

1. Written is Latin (unchanging)

2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase

3. Both names are italicized or underlined

EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man

Hierarchical Classification

• Taxonomic categories– Kingdom King– Phylum Philip– Class Came– Order Over– Family For– Genus Green– Species Soup

Kingdoms and Domains

• In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae.

• By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.

The Five Kingdom SystemMonera

bacteria

Protista

Amoeba, slime mold

Fungi mushrooms, yeasts, molds

Plantae flowering plants, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants

Animalia mammals, birds, insects, fishes, worms, sponges

The Six Kingdom System

• In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups.

• As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-kingdom system of classification.

Classification of Living Things

The three-domain system

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

EubacteriaArchae-bacteria

Protista Plantae Animalia

The six-kingdom system

Fungi

The Three-Domain System

• Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently.

• This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain.

The Three Domains

• The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following:

• Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals

• Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria.

• Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.

Modern Classification

• Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent.

• Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus.

Genus: Felis Genus: Canis

Similarities in DNA and RNA

• Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships.

• They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda

Red fox Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

Hierarchical Ordering of Classification

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As we move from the kingdom level

to the species level, more and more members are

removed.

Each level is more specific.

Kingdom Archaebacteria

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Cell Type Prokaryote

Number of Cells Unicellular

Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph

Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs

Examples Methanogens

Thermophiles

Kingdom Eubacteria

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E. coli

Streptococcus

Cell Type Prokaryote

Number of Cells Unicellular


Examples Streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Bacteria and Archaea Roles in Ecosystem

• Can cause disease

– Lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis

• Photosynthesis and oxygen production

• Food source

• Nutrient transfer

• Decomposition

• Some oil deposits attributed to cyanobacteria

Spirulina

Kingdom Protista

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Paramecium

Green algae

Amoeba

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular


Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,

The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom

Protista – Roles in Ecosystem• Photosynthesis and oxygen

production• Food source (brown, red, green

algae)– Animal feed, fertilizers– Algae sheets used in some Japanese

dishes– Additive to puddings, ice cream, salad

dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate)

• Can cause disease– Avian malaria, human malaria,

amoebic dysentery

Protista and Red Tides• Population explosion

of dinoflagellates• Neurotoxin released• Shellfish concentrate

toxin• Humans can be

killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin

http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/noctiluca.jpg

Kingdom Fungi

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Mildew on Leaf

Mushroom

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar

Nutrition Heterotroph

Example Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold

Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS

American chestnut, late 1800s

Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem• Food source

– Mushrooms, truffles, morels

– Fungal colonies in cheeses give them their flavor

– Beer and wine produced with yeasts

• Antibiotics

• Crop parasites– Cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious

disease

• Claviceps purpurea causes a crop disease called wild ergot (natural source for LSD)

• Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight

Claviceps purpureaClaviceps purpurea

Caribou feeding on lichens

• Benefit wildlife– Food, nest sites, hiding cover

Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem

• Symbiosis - mutualism– Lichens (fungus+alga)

– Mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizal fungi

Lichen

Kingdom Plantae

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Ferns : seedless vascular

Sunflowers: seeds in flowers

Douglas fir: seeds in cones

Mosses growing on trees

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Multicellular

Nutrition Autotroph

Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

American chestnut, late 1800s

Plants – Roles in Ecosystem• Food source• Generate oxygen• Provide habitat for

humans and wildlife

List 3 functional roles that plants play in your life.

Kingdom Animalia

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Sage grouse

Poison dart frog

Bumble bee

Sponge

Jellyfish

Hydra

Cell Type Eukaryote

Number of Cells Multicellular

Nutrition Heterotroph

Examples Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals

Animals – 2 main groups

Invertebrates & Vertebrates

Animals - Invertebrates• Phylum Porifera

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Phylum Mollusca

• Phylum Echinodermata

• Phylum Arthropoda

Animals - Invertebrates

• Phylum Proifera– Sponges, primitive filter feeders

• Phylum Cnidaria– Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

• Phylum Mollusca– Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams– Gastropods – snails, slugs– Cephalopods – squids, octopi

• Phylum Echinodermata– Sea urchins and sea stars

• Phylum Arthropoda– Spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects, millipedes, and

more

Animals - Vertebrates• 50,000 vertebrates

• 2 groups– Jawless forms (Class Agnatha)

• Hagfishes, lampreys

– Jawed forms – most of the animals we know• Condrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes, sharks, rays

• Osteichthyes – bony fishes

• Amphibia – salamanders, frogs, toads

• Reptilia – snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles

• Aves – birds

• Mammalia - mammals

Animals – Vertebrate Classes

CondrichthyesCondrichthyes

www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm


OsteichthyesOsteichthyes

www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm


AmphibiaAmphibia

www.natureserve.org


ReptiliaReptilia

www.natureserve.org


AvesAves


MammaliaMammalia

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God’s Creation

EcologyEcologyGod RestedGod Rested77

Zoology, Cytology, Zoology, Cytology, Genetics, Genetics,

Land animals; manLand animals; man66

Ornithology, IchthyologyOrnithology, IchthyologyBirds and FishesBirds and Fishes55

Astronomy, CosmologyAstronomy, CosmologySun, moon, starsSun, moon, stars44

Oceanography, Geography, Oceanography, Geography, Marine biology, BotanyMarine biology, BotanyLand, water, plantsLand, water, plants33

MeteorologyMeteorologySky Sky 22

Physics, MathematicsPhysics, MathematicsLightLight11

Branch of ScienceBranch of ScienceCreationCreationDayDay

• God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.

• Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array.

• By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work. Then God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done.

• Genesis 1:31-Genesis 2:1-2

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God’s Creation

EcologyEcologyGod RestedGod Rested77

Zoology, Cytology, Zoology, Cytology, Genetics, Genetics,

Land animals; manLand animals; man66

Ornithology, IchthyologyOrnithology, IchthyologyBirds and FishesBirds and Fishes55

Astronomy, CosmologyAstronomy, CosmologySun, moon, starsSun, moon, stars44

Oceanography, Geography, Oceanography, Geography, Marine biology, BotanyMarine biology, Botany

Land, water, plantsLand, water, plants33

MeteorologyMeteorologySky Sky 22

Physics, MathematicsPhysics, MathematicsLightLight11

Branch of ScienceBranch of ScienceCreationCreationDayDay

Very good, Completed, Blessed, Holy

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Biodiversity classification 2013