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Dr. Mark A. McGinleyTexas Tech University
BIOL 5311Summer 2001
BiodiversitySpecies, Classification,
Biodiversity
Species
Biologists classify organisms into speciesBiological Species
Able to breed with each other to produce offspring
►Most biologists say that species Most biologists say that species are the same species if they can are the same species if they can have children.have children.
XFather Mother
Biological Species Concept.
Inherited TraitsParents pass on inherited traits to their
offspringThus parents and offspring of the same
species tend to resemble each other
SpeciesAll species have a scientific name
Two partsGenus name and Species name
Homo sapiensPinus contortaCanis lupusZea mays
Always capitalize 1st letter of genus nameSpecies name all lower caseUnderline or italicize scientific names
SpeciesSome species have common names
Homo sapiens HumansPinus contorta Lodgepole pineCanis lupus WolfZea mays Corn
Because using common names can be confusing, biologists use scientific names
Telling the Difference Between Telling the Difference Between SpeciesSpecies
►Some Some differences are differences are simple!simple!
►Different Different species look species look different!different!
► Some differences are difficult!Some differences are difficult!
► These two birds look the same These two birds look the same but are actually different but are actually different species!species!
► These ants look different but These ants look different but are actually the same species!are actually the same species!
Telling the Difference Between Species
How Many Species Are There?Good Question!!!
We don’t know the exact answer because scientists are discovering new species all of the time
Scientists have already discovered and described over 1.5 million species
Estimate that there are probably from 5 million to 30 million species living on the earth!!
When there are lots of things to keep track of then
we like to classify them into groups.
Classifying Lubbock, Texas
There are lots of cities in the world
Classifying Lubbock, TexasClassifying Lubbock, Texas
►A planet contains many continentsA planet contains many continents►A continent contains many countriesA continent contains many countries►A country contains many statesA country contains many states►A state contains many countiesA state contains many counties►A county contains many citiesA county contains many cities
Classifying Lubbock, TexasAll Cities on Earth
PlanetCities in North America Continent
Cities in the United States CountryCities in Texas State
o Cities in Lubbock, County Countyo Lubbock City
Classifying SpeciesThere are different ways to classify
organisms- for exampleWhat they eatHow they moveHow they are related
How could we classifyLions, sharks, hawks, manatees, cows, and
fruit bats?
Classify by what animals eatCarnivores- eat meat
Lions, sharks, hawksHerbivores- eat plants
Cows, manatees, fruit bats
Classify by how they moveWalk/run
Lions, cowsFly
Hawks, fruit batsSwim
Manatees, sharks
Classify by how they are relatedFish
SharksBirds
HawksMammals
Lions, cows, manatees, fruit bats
Phylogenetic ClassificationBiologists like to classify species in a way
that helps us to understand how they are relatedPhylogenetic classification
Classifying SpeciesKingdom
PhylumClass
Ordero Familyo Genus species
A Kingdom contain many Phyla
A Phylum contain many Classes
A Class contain many Orders
An Order contain many Families
A Family contain many Genera
A Genus contains many species
Doing it RightUse “Phylum” when you are talking about
only one Phylum – singularUse “Phyla” when you are talking about
more than 1 Phylum- plural
Use “Genus” when you are talking about only one Genus – singular
Use “Genera” when you are talking about more than one Genus - plural
Classifying Species
CLASSIFYING A CATCLASSIFYING A CATFelis catus Felis catus - Cat- Cat
► KingdomKingdom: Animalia: Animalia
► PhylumPhylum: Chordata: Chordata They have a spineThey have a spine
► ClassClass: Mammalia: Mammalia They are mammalsThey are mammals
► OrderOrder: Carnivora: Carnivora They eat meatThey eat meat
► FamilyFamily: Felidae: Felidae This family includes the housecat, tigers, lions, This family includes the housecat, tigers, lions,
jaguar, leopard, cheetah, and lynx. jaguar, leopard, cheetah, and lynx. ► GenusGenus: : FelisFelis► SpeciesSpecies: : catuscatus
Why should we care about biodiversity on earth?
Species play important role in food webs
Species play important role in food websAll species are a source of food for other
speciesAll species compete with other species of
foodMany species use other species for food
Species are connected in a food web
WHY DO WE NEED LOTS OF SPECIES?WHY DO WE NEED LOTS OF SPECIES?
AgricultureAgriculture – we like to grow lots – we like to grow lots of different kinds of plants and of different kinds of plants and animals to eatanimals to eat Some are better at growing in Some are better at growing in
different places different places Some different species taste betterSome different species taste better
WHY DO WE NEED LOTS OF SPECIES?
MedicineMedicine!!
Our medicine was discovered using Our medicine was discovered using chemicals found in plants, animals, chemicals found in plants, animals, and small organisms (bacteria).and small organisms (bacteria).
We need lots of different kinds to be We need lots of different kinds to be able to discover different medicines able to discover different medicines to help people.to help people.
MaterialsMaterials!!
Rubber comes from trees found in Rubber comes from trees found in the rainforestthe rainforest
Woods, dyes, fiber.Woods, dyes, fiber.
WHY DO WE NEED LOTS OF SPECIES?
WHY DO WE NEED LOTS OF SPECIES?
RecreationCampingHikingHuntingFishingScuba diving and
snorkellingPhotography
Biodiversity is Beautiful
Risks to BiodiversitySpecies are at risk of extinction
CausesHabitat lossIntroduced speciesFishing and hunting
Many species are in danger!!!